JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL (CBSE)

Class - 9 Chemistry
Chapter – 3 Atoms and Molecules
Part – 2 (Pg:37 –44 )

Writing chemical formulae of compounds

Chemical formulae: ​It is the symbolic representation of the composition of the compound.

Molecular compound: ​It is formed between different atoms in one molecule Eg: HCl, HNO​3

Ionic compound:​ It is formed between ions of metals and nonmetals Eg: NaCl,MgO

Valency: ​The combining capacity of an atom of an element

Monovalent cations Divalent cations Trivalent cations

(Valency = 1) (Valency = 2) (Valency = 3)

Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol

Hydrogen + Magnesium 2+ Aluminium 3+

H​ Mg​ Al​

Sodium + Calcium 2+ Chromium 3+

Na​ Ca​ Cr​

Potassium + Barium 2+ Iron (III) 3+

K​ Ba​ Fe​

Silver + Copper (II) 2+ Gold (II) 3+

Ag​ Cu​ Au​

Copper + Iron (II) 2+

Cu​ Fe​

Gold + Zinc 2+
Au​ Zn​

Ammonium + Cobalt 2+
NH​4​ Co​

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 Monovalent Anions Divalent Anions Trivalent Anions
(Valency = 1) (Valency = 2) (Valency = 3)

Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol

Hydride - Carbonate 2- Phosphate 3-

H​ CO​ PO​

Hydroxide - Sulphite 2- Borate 3-

OH​ SO​3​ BO​3​

Chloride - Sulphate 2- Arsenate 3-

Cl​ SO​4​ AsO​4​

Bromide - Sulphide 2- Nitride 3-

Br​ S​ N​

Iodide - Oxide 2- Phosphide 3-

I​ O​ P​

Nitrite - Manganate 2-
NO​2​ MnO​4​

Nitrate - Oxalate 2-
NO​3​ C​2​O​4​

Bicarbonate - Chromate 2-
HCO​ CrO​4​

Permangana - DiChromate 2-
MnO​4​ Cr​2​O​7​
te

Cyanide -
CN​

Chlorate -
ClO​3​

Rules of chemical formulae:

1. We first write the symbols of the elements present in the component.

2. Below the symbol of each element we write down its valency.
3. When a compound consists of a metal and a nonmetal the symbols of the
metal are written first. Eg: Sodium Chloride(NaCl) and nonmetals are written
on the right (Chlorine, Oxygen etc are nonmetals). Hence they are written on
the right.
4. Polyatomic ions of the compounds are enclosed in a bracket before writing

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 the number to indicate the ratio.
5. If the number of polyatomic ions is one, then the bracket is not required. Eg:
NaOH.
6. Write the concern valencies below the elements and cross over the valencies.
Formulae of Simple Compounds:
Binary Compound: ​The simplest compounds which are made up of two different elements.
Formula of Hydrogen Sulphide:
Elements Hydrogen Sulphide
Symbols ​H S

Valency 1 2
Formula H​2​S
Formula of water:
Elements Hydrogen Oxygen
Symbols ​H O

Valency 1 2
Formula H​2​O
Chemical formula of simple ionic compounds:
Formula of Sodium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride
Elements Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Chlorine
Symbols ​Na Cl Mg Cl

Valency 1 1 2 1
Formula NaCl MgCl​2

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Q!!​ An element X shows a valency 3. What is the formula of the oxide formed by it?
Ans:
Symbols ​X O

Valency 3 2
Formula X​2​O​3
Molecular Mass: ​It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the
substance.
Q!! ​Calculate the molecular mass of H​2​O, HNO​3
Ans:
H​2​O:
Atomic Mass of H - 1u Atomic Mass of O - 16u
Molecular mass of H​2​O = 2 X At. Mass of H + 1 X At. Mass of O
= 2 X 1 + 1 X 16
= 2 + 16 = 18u
HNO​3​:
At. Mass of N - 14u
Molecular mass of HNO​3​ = 1 X At. Mass of H + 1 X At. Mass of N + 3 X At. Mass of O
= 1 X 1 + 1 X 14 + 3 X 16
= 1 + 14 + 48 = 63u
Calculate the molecular mass of
● H​2​:
○ At. Mass of H - 1u
Molecular mass of H​2​ = 2 X At. Mass of H
= 2 X 1 = 2u
● O​2​:
○ At. Mass of O - 16u
Molecular mass of O​2​ = 2 X At. Mass of O
= 2 X 16 = 32u
● Cl​2​:
○ At. Mass of Cl - 35.5u
Molecular mass of Cl​2​ = 2 X At. Mass of Cl

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 = 2 X 35.5 = 71u
● CO​2​:
○ At. Mass of C - 12u & At. Mass of O - 16u
Molecular mass of CO​2​ =1 X At. Mass of C + 2 X At. Mass of O
= 1 X 12 + 2 X 16 = 44u
● CH​4​:
○ At. Mass of C - 12u & At. Mass of H - 1u
Molecular mass of CH​4​ = 1 X At. Mass of C + 4 X At. Mass of H
= 1 X 12 + 4 X 1 = 162u
● C​2​H​6​:
○ At. Mass of C - 12u & At. Mass of H - 1u
Molecular mass of C​2​H​6​ = 2 X At. Mass of C + 6 X At. Mass of H
= 2 X 12 + 6 X 1 = 30u
● C​2​H​4​:
○ At. Mass of C - 12u & At. Mass of H - 1u
Molecular mass of C​2​H​4​ = 2 X At. Mass of C + 4 X At. Mass of H
= 2 X 12 + 4 X 1 = 28u
● NH​3​:
○ At. Mass of N - 14u & At. Mass of H - 1u
Molecular mass of NH​3​ = 1 X At. Mass of N + 3 X At. Mass of H
= 1 X 14 + 3 X 1 = 17u
● CH​3​OH:
○ At. Mass of C - 12u, At. Mass of O - 16u & At. Mass of H - 1u
Molecular mass of CH​3​OH = 1 X At.Mass of C +1 X At.Mass of O+4 X At. Mass
of H
= 1 X 12 + 1 X 16 + 4 X 1 = 32u
Formula Unit Mass: ​It is a sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a
compound.
Q!! ​Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na​2​O & K​2​O​3
Ans:
ZnO:
Atomic Mass of Zn - 65u Atomic Mass of O - 16u
Formula unit mass of ZnO = 1 X At. Mass of Zn + 1 X At. Mass of O
= 1 X 65 + 1 X 16
= 65 + 16 = 81u
Na​2​O:
Atomic Mass of Na - 23u Atomic Mass of O - 16u

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 Formula unit mass of Na​2​O​ ​= 2 X At. Mass of Na + 1 X At. Mass of O
= 2 X 23 + 1 X 16
= 46 + 16 = 62u
K​2​CO​3​:
Atomic Mass of K -39u, Atomic Mass of C - 12u & Atomic Mass of O - 16u
Formula unit mass of K​2​CO​3​ =​ 2 X At. Mass of K + 1 X At.Mass of C+ 3 X At. Mass of O
= 2 X 39 + 1 X 12 + 3 X 16
= 78 + 12 + 48 = 138u

Mole Concept
Need for Mole Concept:
In everyday life, we buy things in terms of numbers or in terms of mass(or weight). Further,
generally a bigger unit for counting numbers such as dozen(for 12), score( for 20) or
gross(for 144) is used and similarly, a bigger unit for mass like kilogram or quintal etc. is
used. For example, we buy eggs, bananas, oranges etc. in dozens whereas we buy Wheat,
Rice, sugar etc. in Kilograms. We don’t buy wheat by counting grains because a small mass
of wheat contains a very large number of grains. Similarly, atoms and molecules are so small
particles that they cannot be seen. Hence to handle them, a large amount of the chemical
substance has to be taken. Chemists introduced “Mole” as the bigger unit of expressing a
definite amount of a chemical substance, which was derived by Wihelm Ostwald in 1896.
Mole: ​It is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles( Atoms,
Molecules/ Ions / Formula Units) as there are atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon -12
Gram Atomic Mass: ​The atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams.
Eg:
At. Mass of H = 1u
Gram At. Mass of H = 1g
Gram Molecular Mass: ​The amount of a substance whose mass in grams is numerically
equal to its molecular mass.
Molecular Mass of O​2​ = 2 X 16 = 32u
Gram Molecular Mass of O​2​ = 32g
Avogadro Constant: ​It is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon 12.
Avogadro number = ​6.022 X 10​23
Molar mass: ​The mass of one mole of a substance.

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Formula for calculation of mass, mole, no. of atoms.
I. Mole(n) = Given Mass/Molar Mass = m/M
II. Mass(m) = Mole(n) X Molar Mass(M)
III. No. of particles (N) = Mole(n) X Avogadro No.
= n X 6.022 X10​23
IV. Mole(n) = Given Particles N​A​ / Avogadro No = N​A​/No
V. Mass(m) = (Given Particles/Avogadro No) X Molar Mass
Calculate the mass of the following:
I. 0.5 mole of N​2​ gas At.Mass of N = 14u
Mass = Mole X Molar Mass
Molar Mass of N​2​ = 2 X At. Mass of N
= 2 X 14 = 28u
Molar Mass of N​2​ = 28 g/mole
Mass = 0.5 X 28 = 14g
II. 0.5 mole of N atoms
At.Mass of N = 14u
Molar Mass of N = 14g
Mass = 0.5 X 14 = 7g
III. 3.011 X 10​23​ number of N atoms
At. mass of N = 14u
Mole = Given Particles/Avogadro No
= 3.011 X 10​23​/ 6.011 X 10​23
= 0.5 mole
Mass = Mole X Molar mass
= 0.5 X 14 = 7g
IV. 6.022 X 10​23​ number of N​2
Molecular mass of N​2​ = 2 X At.mass of N
= 2 X 14 = 28u
Molar mass = 28g
Mass(m) = M X (N/No)
= 28 X (6.022 X 10​23​/6.022 X 10​23​) = 28g
Q!! ​Calculate the molar mass of
Ans: ​Ethyne C​2​H​2
At. mass of C - 12u & H - 1u
Molecular mass of C​2​H​2​ = 2 X At. mass of C + 2 X At. mass of H
= 2 X 12 + 2 X 1
= 24 + 2 = 26u
Molar mass of C​2​H​2 =​ 26 g/mole
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