Reaction rate:

Differential rate equation: 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g)

Given rate for formation of water is 0.05 M s-1, calculate rate for disappearance of ammonia and formation of
nitrogen monoxide.

Zero Order First Order Second Order

Rate law

Unit of k

Integrated
rate law

Straight line
graph

Half-life, t1/2

Graph for
half-life
HOW TO DETERMINE RATE LAW:

TABLE 1 shows the experimental data obtained at 27

0
C for the reaction
CH3CH(Cl)CH3 + NaOH → CH3CHOHCH3 + NaCl
TABLE 1
Exp Initial Rate of reaction
CHconcentration(M)
CHClCH NaOH (M min–1)
3 3

1 0.15 0.25 3 x 10-3

2 0.15 0.50 6 x 10-3
3 0.45 0.25 9 x 10-3

Determine
i. the order of reaction with respect to 2-
chloropropane and sodium hydroxide.
ii. the rate law for the reaction.
iii. The rate constant, k.

In reaction for decomposition of H2O2 (aq), given that

k = 3.66 x 10-3 s-1 and [H2O2]o = 0.882 M, determine:
a) the time at which [H2O2] = 0.600 M
b) the half life of [H2O2 ].
Calculate the half life of radium if 5% of a sample of
radium took 2½ years to decay.

FIGURE 2 shows the graph for the decomposition of

N2O5.

In [N 2 O5 ]

time (min)

FIGURE 2

(i) Determine the order of reaction

(ii) Write the rate law
(iii) If the slope of the graph is -6.18 x 10-4 min-1,
calculate the half-life of the decomposition reaction.

Factors affecting reaction rate, k Temperature:

a) Temperature

• The area under curve represent the total number of

molecules in the reaction
• At the higher temperature T2, the fraction of molecules that
have sufficient energy (KE ≥ Ea) to react is bigger compared to
T1. More molecules reacted at higher T, increasing the
frequency of effective collisions.
• So the rate of reaction will increase with increasing of
temperature.

Function of catalyst:
b) Catalyst
To speed up the reaction rate by providing an alternative
pathway by lowering the activation energy.

Addition of a catalyst increases the reaction rate by increasing

the frequency of effective collision.

Arrhenius equation
c) Concentration

Pressure

d) Particle size
The rate constants for decomposition of ln k
-1
1/T (K )
acetaldehyde
2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g) 14.860 1.80 x 10
-3

were measured at five different

-3
temperatures. The data are shown below. 10.408 1.59 x 10
Plot ln k versus 1/T, and determine 8.426 1.50 x 10
-3

the activation energy (in kJ mol-) for the -3

reaction. 6.759 1.43 x 10
-3
k (1/M s) T (oC) 3.231 1.28 x 10

3.52 x 10-7 283

3.02 x 10-5 356
2.19 x 10-4 393
1.16 x 10-3 427
3.95 x 10-2 508

Example:
The rate constant of a first-order reaction is
3.46 x 10-2 s-1 at 298 K. What is the rate
constant at 350 K if the activation energy for
the reaction is 50.2 kJ mol-1?
Enthalpy of formation of NaCl

Enthalpy of combustion of C2H6

Enthalpy of atomisation of Al

Enthalpy of neutralisation

Enthalpy of hydration of Na

Enthalpy of solution/dissolution of NaCl

Lattice energy of NaCl

1st Electron affinity of O

2nd Electron affinity of O

1st Ionisation energy of Mg

2nd Ionisation energy of Mg

Bond energy of F2

HESS’S LAW:
 The overall enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual
steps in the reaction.
 The enthalpy change depends only on the nature of the reactants and products and is independent of the
route taken.
The industrial process for the production of sulphuric
acid has three steps.

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) ∆H = -296.83 KJ

2SO3(g) → O2(g) + 2SO2(g) ∆H = -198.20KJ
SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4 (l) ∆H = -227.72 KJ

Using the above data, calculate the enthalpy of the

reaction,
2S(s) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(l)

Calculate the enthalpy of hydration of Cl- in the

dissolution process of LiCl in water using energy cycle
method.
Given:

Lattice energy of LiCl = -846 kJmol-1

Enthalpy of solution of LiCl in water = -37 kJmol-1
Enthalpy of hydration of Li+ =-510kJmol-1
Construct a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium fluoride, MgF2, by using the data below:

Enthalpy of atomization of magnesium +148 kJmol-1

Enthalpy of atomization of fluorine +159 kJmol-1
First ionization energy of magnesium +738 kJmol-1
Second ionization energy of magnesium +1450 kJmol-1
Electron affinity of fluorine -328 kJmol-1
Standard enthalpy of formation of magnesium fluoride -1123 kJmol-1

Based on the Born-Haber cycle, determine the lattice energy of magnesium fluoride.
 Calorimeter

Example:

A 466 g sample of water is heated from 8.50 °C to

74.60 °C. Calculate the amount of heat absorbed by
the water.

A sample of magnesium metal weighing 0.14 g is

combusted in a bomb calorimeter containing 3.0 x
102 g water at an initial temperature of 25.0°C. The
maximum temperature recorded was 26.0°C. If the
heat capacity of the calorimeter 1769 J/°C and the
specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g.°C

i. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of

magnesium.

ii. Write the thermochemical equation for the

combustion of magnesium.

The enthalpy of combustion of benzoic acid is

-3226.7 kJmol-1. When 3.2g benzoic acid, C6H5COOH
is completely combusted in a bomb calorimeter
containing 2.0 kg of water, the temperature of the
water increased by 3.8oC. Calculate the heat
capacity of the calorimeter.

Given that:

2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

ΔH = -1452 kJ

A 2.00 g sample of methanol, CH3OH, is burned in a

constant volume bomb calorimeter that has a heat
capacity of 1340 JoC-1. If the calorimeter contains
500 g of water and the initial temperature of the
calorimeter is 25oC, calculate the final temperature
of the calorimeter.
 Name: CHAP 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
O.I.L.R.I.G.

Galvanic Cell @ Voltaic Cell Electrolytic Cell

Draw:

Cell notation:

Drawing standard hydrogen electrode (SHE): Reaction equation:

Example: electrolysis of Molten NaCl

Anode:

Cathode:

Overall:
 Name: CHAP 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Half-cell equation at: Factors affecting species selected at electrode:
Anode: 1. Standard Reduction Potential

Cathode: 2. Concentration
i. Diluted
Overall:
ii. Concentrated/aqueous

E0cell =
3. Nature of electrode

Faraday’s Law used to calculate amount of:

Nernst Equation:
a. Metal deposited
b. Volume of gas released
c. Current/charge passed through

We use formula:

The cell notation for selected standard galvanic cells is given in TABLE 1: Exercise:
An electrolysis of molten calcium bromide, CaBr2 was carried out by using carbon
Cell notation Eocell (V) electrodes.
Fe/Fe2+//Ni2+/Ni 0.19 Draw a completely labelled diagram for the electrolysis. Write equations for the
2+ +
Ni/Ni //H /H2/Pt 0.25 reactions that occurred at the anode and cathode. If an electric current of 5.0 A was
passed through the molten salt for one hour, calculate the quantity of electric, in
Al/Al3+//Ni2+/Ni 1.41
Faraday and the number of moles of calcium atoms produced
TABLE 1
Write equations that correspond to the standard reduction potentials of Ni/Ni2+,
Al/Al3+ and Fe/Fe2+ respectively.
Draw a labelled cell diagram for the spontaneous cell reaction between the Al/Al3+
and Fe2+/Fe electrodes. Subsequently, write the cell notation and indicate the
direction of electron flow.
 Name: CHAP 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
TABLE 1 shows the electrode potentials for various metals Electrolysis of molten, dilute and concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl using
platinum electrode yielded different products. State the products formed in all
TABLE 1 three electrolysis above and give your explanation.
+ 2+
Metal ion / Metal B /B C /C D2+/D E2+/E F3+/F
Eo(V) +0.80 –0.28 +0.34 –0.76 +1.42

(i) Arrange the metals given above in order of increasing strength as reducing
agent.

(ii) With reference to the cell notation given below, write the redox equation for
the cell reaction. Calculate Ecell at 25 oC, if the concentration of C2+ and D2+ ions
are 0.01 M and 0.10 M respectively.

C(s) / C2+(aq) // D2+ (aq)/ D(s)

The cell potential for the galvanic cell below is 2.299 V at 25oC. Electrolysis of water at room temperature yielded oxygen gas at platinum
anode by using current of 0.30 A for 30 minutes. Calculate the volume of oxygen
Zn(s)│Zn2+(0.040M) ║ Cl2(g,1atm) │Cl-(0.005M) │Pt(s) gas produced in this electrolysis.

Write the half-cell equation of the anode and cathode, and the overall cell
reaction equation.
Calculate the standard electrode potential, Eo for the Cl2│Cl- electrode. Determine
the equilibrium constant of the reaction.
[Eo Zn2+/Zn = -0.763 V]
Circle and name all the functional groups in the compound
given:

O Cl
COOH
C C H
C
O
C O
O
Addition Reactions of Alkenes
Other Reactions of Alkenes
CHAP 7: HALOALKANE
CHAP 7: HALOALKANE
CHAP 7: HALOALKANE
CHAP 8: HYDROXY
CHAP 8: HYDROXY
CHAP 8: HYDROXY
CHAP 9: CARBONYL
CHAP 9: CARBONYL
CHAP 9: CARBONYL
CHAP 10: CARBOXYLIC ACID
CHAP 10: CARBOXYLIC ACID
CHAP 10: CARBOXYLIC ACID
CHAP 11: AMINE
CHAP 11: AMINE
CHAP 11: AMINE
CHAP 12: AMINO ACID
CHAP 12: AMINO ACID
CHAP 13: POLYMER
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (IMF)
Van Der Waals Forces Hydrogen Bond

-Very weak intermolecular forces. -Strong intermolecular forces.

-Less energy required to break the interaction. Low melting -More energy required to break
and boiling point. the interaction. High melting and
boiling point.
1. When size/mass increase, strength of IMF will
increase. Melting/boiling point will increase as
well. 1. The greater the
electronegativity of atom, the
stronger the Hydrogen bond.
2. IF size/mass quite similar: linear molecular
shape (big surface area) has stronger IMF than H-N ˂ H-O ˂ H-F
branched molecular shape(small surface area).
Melting/boiling point linear shape higher than 2. The greater number of
melting/boiling point branched shape. Hydrogen bond per molecule
the stronger the Hydrogen
3. IF same size and shape: the more polar bond.
molecules will have stronger IMF than the less
polar / non polar molecules. Melting/boiling CH3OH ˂ H2O
point polar molecules higher than
melting/boiling point of non polar molecules. 3. Position of Hydrogen bond:
linear shape with Hydrogen
bond is stronger than branced
shape with Hydrogen bond.
Show the conversion of:

ethane to ethanal

1-bromo-3-methylbutane to 3-methylbutanoic acid

1,2-dibromocyclopentane from bromocyclopentane

chlorocyclohexane from cyclohexanol

 HOMOLOG CHAIN PART 2

By using 1-chlorobutane show the preparation of 1-pentanol.

Show the conversion of 1-bromo-3-methylbutane to 4-methylpentanoic acid

Show the synthesis of propanoic acid from ethene

Suggest two synthetic routes for the preparation of pentanoic acid from 1- chlorobutane.
 HOMOLOG CHAIN
Synthetic pathway for formation of organic compound