Social Sciences – are regarded simply as the study of people and societies.

Communities – are the driving forces for civilization.

Anthropological Perspective
Charles Darwin – human evolution theory

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

- Hunter and gatherers
- 2.5 million yrs ago

Oldowan Stone tool industry – the earliest known period where men first
attained such feats of craftsmanship.

Acheulean tradition – 1.6 yrs ago slowly improve their tools as they had more
robust construction and more symmetrical.

Foraging – one of the earliest forms of social stratification where roles given to
certain members of the group.

Mesolithic Age (middle stone age)

- Horticultural and agricultural
- Arguably the turning point of human evolution
- Many of our ancestors settle near bodies of water
- Building communities that were less nomadic
- The start of communal settlements

Parts of diet of our ancestors

- Nuts
 - Plants
- Fish
- And other animals

Neolithic Age
- Agrarian
- Communes were more efficient than in the previous two ages
- Agriculture was scaled down during this period as more efficient way of
farming were developed.

Birth to the earliest known civilizations

- Mesopotamia( Iraq )
- Egypt
- China
- Indus valley

Sociological Perspective
Sociology – branch of social science that analyzes the history, evolution,
structure, and functions of societies.

1. Social Stratification – cluster of identifiable traits to distinguish individuals and

groups from one another.

2. Social Class – classifying people according to material wealth, relative social

value, or other traits.

3. Social Mobility – the study of how individuals or groups move across

classifications and stratification.
4. Religion - classified by using core religious beliefs and practices as an
identifiable social characteristic.

5. Sexuality – identify people and groups through their sexual norms, orientation,
interest, and behavior.

6. Deviance – deviance “act” and deviant “person”, have feeling of unease,

interaction of society with a certain social anomaly such as deviant act or norm-
defying stunt.

Political Perspective
- Study of politics is all about power and society

Politics – is not just study of power or systems nor about leaders or laws.

Political Science – field of study, intersects other branches of knowledge and

inquiry.

Political Science – views communities as composed of citizens guided under one

constitution or government

Harold Laswell – politics can be summed up as to “who gets what, when, and
how.”

Nation – is composed of individuals that share a common background such as

language, history, or religion

Nation-State – when both nation and state come together to form unified body
has all four characteristics and bound by culture, language, and history.

State – is a political entity that has the four characteristics:

- Population
- Territory
- Sovereignty
 - Government

Population – people sharing geographical space (towns, cities, counties)

Territory – physical area under the rule of jurisdiction under a political system or
ruler

Sovereignty – authority of a state for self-governance and rule

Government – a group of individuals that administers the functions of the state

Foreign Policy – government as representative has the power, legitimacy and

authority to represent the nation which is directed toward other nation-states.
Greg Githens – defined strategic thinking as the individuals capacity for thinking
conceptually, imaginatively, systematically, and opportunistically with regard to
the success in the future.

MENTAL PROCESSES

- Conceptual ( abstraction using analogy to translate across contexts)

- Systematic (composed of different components with interfaces that
interact to produce intended behaviors, pattern finding, and connecting
situation that are not obviously related)
- Imaginative (creative and visual)
- Opportunistic (searching for and grasping new information and value
propositions).

Intuitive thinking – is “quick and ready insight”

Intuitive thinking – referred to as gut feeling, sixth sense, inner sense, instinct,
inner voice, spiritual guide, etc.

WELL KNOWN PEOPLE FOR INTUITION

1. Albert Einstein (theoretical physicist and known for theory of relativity)

- The only real valuable thing is intuition

2. John Naisbitt ( former executive of IBM and Kodak Eastman)

- Intuition becomes increasingly valuable in the new information society
precisely because there is so much data

3. Alexis Carrel (Frenchman surgeon, biologist, eugenicist)

- All great men are gifted with intuition. They know without reasoning or
analysis what they need to know.
 4. Henry Reed ( British poet)
- Intuition is the very force or activity of the soul in its experience through
whatever has been the experience of the soul itself.

5. Immanuel Kant ( German philosopher)

- Intuition and concepts constitute… the elements of all our knowledge, so
that neither concepts without an intuition in some way corresponding to
them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge.

6. George Crumb (American composer of modern and avant garde music)

- In general, I feel that the more rationalistic approaches to pitch
organization including specifically serial technique, have given away,
largely, to a more intuitive approach.

7. Robert Graves (English poet, scholar and novelist)

- Intuition is the supra logic that cuts out all the routine processes of thought
and leaps straight from the problem to the answer.

8. Lao Tzu (Ancient Chinese Philosopher)

- The power of intuitive understanding will protect you from harm until the
end of your days.

9. Anne Wilson Schaef ( writer and lecturer)

- Trusting our intuition often saves us from disaster.

Uncritical, Selfish, and Fair Minded Critical Thinkers

By: PAUL, BINKER, AND WEIL

1. Uncritical Person
- Not developed intellectual skills
- NAÏVE
- CONFORMIST
- EASILY MANIPULATED
- OFTEN FLEXIBLE
- EASILY CONFUSED
- TYPICALLY UNCLEAR
- NARROW MINDED
- CONSISTENTLY INEFFECTIVE
- Naïve Nancy – “I understand everything”

2. Selfish Critical Persons

- Skilled thinkers who do not accept values of C.T.
- Intellectual skills selectively
- Self deceptively
- Selfish Sam – “helps me trick people”

3. Fair Minded Critical Persons

- Skilled thinkers who do accept and honor the values of C.T.
- Intellectual skills to accurately reconstruct the strongest version of their
point of view.
- Fair Minded Fran – “help me figure out things out”

ELEMENTS OF REASONING
By: Richard Paul and Linda Elder

2 essential dimension of thinking

 Able to identify the parts of your own

 Able to asses these parts of thinking
 All reasoning has purpose
 All reasoning is an attempt
 All reasoning is based on assumptions
 All reasoning is done from some points of view
 All reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence
 All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by concepts and ideas
 All reasoning contains inferences
 All reasoning leading somewhere has implications and consequences

Traditional Folktales – can influence many challenges

JUAN, THE SON OF FABIO AND SOFIA

“Buhay na pinagdaanan ni Juan Tamad na Anac ni Fabio at Sofia sa Caharian ng

Portugal”

“the life of lived by juan tamad, son of Fabio and sofia, in the kingdom of
Portugal”

1919 – Book published

- Consisting of 78 pages of 4 lines stanzas at seven stanzas per page.

- Juan Tamad Story Illustrates extreme laziness and stupidity.

JUAN TAMAD AND THE FLEA KILLER

By: Nieves S. Villaflores

Apathy – lack of interests

Cynicism – feeling of distrust

Stupidity – behavior that shows lack of goodness and judgement

Divergent – tending to be different

Erudite – intelligent

Abnegation – self less

Candor – honest

Amity – peaceful

Hip hop – is a form of popular music that is comprised mainly four elements:

- Emceeing
- Deejaying
- Graffiti
- Breakdancing

Rap - is a form of music that originated from hip hop culture.

Hip hop – is a lifestyle with its own lingo, dress code, etc.

KRS one – “hip hop is something you live, rap is something you do”.

IMAGINE BY JOHN LENNON

By: Dave McClure

- First appeared on the billboard charts on SEPTEMBER 18, 1971 reaching
number 1 spending total of 30 weeks.
- Recorded in john’s home studio in England.