LEARNING MODULE 1

MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD

Prepared by:

CAROLINA SAMSON-ESTRADA, LPT/MA Ed.

General Education Department

These modules or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner
whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for
educational purposes but with a citation to this source.
For Permission: Contact Bataan Heroes College, Roman Super Hi-way, Balanga City,
Bataan, Philippines.
About the faculty.
Carolina Samson-Estrada, a Licensed Professional Teacher and
Master of Arts in Education graduate. She finished her degree in
Bachelor of Science in Commerce, major in Accounting at Bataan
Heroes Memorial College, City of Balanga, Bataan, year 1984.
Graduated also of Bachelor of Science in Education major in
Mathematics and minor in Filipino at Bataan Community College, year
1987. She finished her Master of Arts in Education, major in
Mathematics at the National Teachers College, Quiapo, Manila, year
2013. She started working as a College Instructor at Bataan Heroes
College since 1992 up to the present. She served as Junior
High School Principal in the same institution for five years, from 2014 –
2019.

Course Purpose and Description

This course deals with mathematics as a system of knowing or understanding our
surroundings. Mathematics is the study of pattern and structure which are universal and
fundamental to almost every aspect of human endeavor. Modern world applications should allow
for appreciation in their complexities by opening up the simple ways towards their
understanding. These will encourage students to explore beyond what they perceive as mundane
encounters with numbers and formulas.

Key Learning Competencies

Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Discuss and argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is represented and
used;
2. Identify and describe the patterns in our nature;
3. Use mathematical language appropriately in speaking and writing mathematical ideas;
4. Introduce basic symbolic logic and set theory;
5. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical concepts;
 6. Distinguish inductive from deductive reasoning;
7. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data;
8. Appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday life;
9. Solve practical application problems involving simple interest, compound interest and
annuities;
10. Define modular arithmetic and gives examples of abstract mathematical system; and
11. Affirm honesty and integrity in the application of mathematics to various human
endeavors.

Course Details:

● Course Code: GE 102

● Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World
● No. of Units: 3
● Classification: Online (Synchronous & Asynchronous)
● Prerequisite / Co-requisite: None
● Semester and Academic Year: 1st Semester & A.Y. 2021-2022
● Name of Faculty: Ms. Carolina Samson-Estrada
● Contact Details
Email: samsonkarol5859@gmail.com
FB Account: Karol Leenah Samson

Grading System

Assignment/Activities 25%
Quizzes 25%
Attendance and Online Class Participation 10%
Term Exam 40%
Total 100%

Course Policy

For the online and offline discussion, (Synchronous and Asynchronous) please adhere to the
following guidelines:
● Bear in mind that you are attending a class, dress appropriately.
● Treat your instructor and classmates with respect in online or any other communication,
● Always use your instructors’ proper title: Dr. or Prof., Sir or Ma’am, or if in doubt use Mr. or
Ms.
● Use clear and concise language.
 ● Be cautious when using humor or sarcasm as tone is sometimes lost in a discussion post and
your message might be taken seriously or sound offensive.
● Be sure to read all the instructions before answering.
● Don’t copy someone else’s answer, do it by yourself.
● Always be respectful of others’ opinions even when they differ from your own during the
class discussion.
● When you disagree with someone, you should express your differing opinion in a respectful,
non-critical way.
● Do not make personal or insulting remarks.
● Be open-minded.
● For all the Homework, Activities and other related tasks, submit it on time to avoid deduction,
too late assignment or activities will not be entertained or accepted.

Module Overview

Module 1: Mathematics in our World

Module Description
This module will look at patterns and regularities in the world, and how mathematics comes
into play, both in nature and in human endeavors. It enables you to explore its applications and in
what phenomena and activities in life this field can be helpful.

Objectives of the Module

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

a. Explain the nature of mathematics;

b. Discuss how mathematics is exhibited in nature; and
c. Use the nature of mathematics to resolve issues that pertain to human activities, natural
occurrences and social system.
What do I need to know?
Mathematics

● Is the science that deals with the logic of shape, quantity and arrangement.
● Mathematics is all around you. It is in everything you do.
● It is the principal language of science. The symbolic language of mathematics has been
used as a means of communicating particularly for expressing scientific ideas and
concepts.
 ● Mathematics is a science of patterns. It exists in objects, plants, animals, andeverywhere.
● Mathematics relies on both logic and creativity, the use of inductive reasoning enables
you to look for patterns.
● Mathematics makes up a large part of your everyday life where you need to think
critically and analyze every possibility to have the best solutions to a problem.
● Mathematics is not all about numbers, rather it is more about reasoning of making
logical inferences and generalizations.
Nature of Mathematics

● A science of measures – measurement is an integral part of modern science as well as of

and daily life.
- It is an activity that involves interaction with a concrete system with the aim of
representing aspects of that system in abstract terms if “concrete” implies “real”
- It often involves the representation of ideal system.
● Intellectual game – intellectual games are games of skill that require significant
intelligence and cognitive effort.
- It is based on a wide or deep knowledge, where the major test is the person’s ability
to remember and recall.
● The art of drawing conclusions – making sense of mathematics using logical thinking is
the foundation of reasoning and proof standard.
- Reasoning is a way to use mathematical knowledge and to generate new
mathematical ideas.
● A tool subject – in many fields of human activity, mathematics is undeniably a highly
powerful instrument of investigation.
● A system of logical procedure – problem solving is an important component of
mathematics.
- It is more than a vehicle for teaching and reinforcing mathematical knowledge
and helping to meet everyday challenges.
- Problem solving is also a skill which can enhance our logical reasoning.
● An intuitive method – mathematicians have traditionally regarded intuition as a way of
understanding proofs and conceptualizing problems.
● A system of logical procedure – problem solving is an important component of
mathematics.
- It is more than a vehicle for teaching and reinforcing mathematical knowledge
and helping to meet everyday challenges.
- Problem solving is also a skill which can enhance our logical reasoning.

Mathematics as a Science of Patterns

● The characterization of mathematics as the “study of patterns” had been first made by
British mathematician, G. H. Hardy. In his book, he said that “A mathematician, like a
painter or a poet, is a master of patterns. If his patterns are more permanent than theirs,
it is because they are made with ideas” (Hardy, 1992, p.84).
 ● Patterns, in a mathematical sense, refer to the study of “tilings” and “wall paper
symmetries”.
● In the modern world, the patterns of counting, measuring, reasoning, motion, shape,
position and prediction, reveal the powerful influence mathematics has over people’s
perception of reality.
● Pattern recognition is a key determinant of logical, verbal, numerical and spatial
abilities.
● A pattern is a visible regularity in the world or in a man-made design.

Most Commonly Used Patterns

1. Logic patterns - one kind of logic pattern deals with the characteristics of
various objects.
- Another kind deals with order.
- Some patterns appear in a sequence while some possess similar attributes
- To construct or solve a pattern, find the rule for the pattern, understand the nature of
the sequence and analyze the difference between the two successive terms.

Watch this video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH-yGgrHI4sP

Examples:

a. What will be the next figure in this sequence?

A B C D
⮚ Notice that the first figure in the sequence is a single heart. The second figure has
two hearts. The third figure has four hearts. What must be the next?
⮚ The answer is letter D. why?

⮚ Notice that the second figure is just a double of the first figure, so it has two hearts.
The third figure is the double of the second figure, thus it has four hearts. The fourth
figure must be the double of the third figure and so it should have eight hearts.

b. What do you think will be the next face in the sequence?

⮚ It should be easy enough to note that the pattern is made up of two smiling faces –
one without teeth and one with teeth. Beginning with a toothless face, the two faces
then alternate. Logically the face that should follow is

c. What is the next figure in the pattern below?

 ?

A B

⮚ Looking at the given figures, the lines seems to rotate at 90-degree intervals in a
counterclockwise direction, always parallel to one side of the square. Hence either A or
B could be the answer. Checking the other patterns, the length of the lines inside the
square follow a decreasing trend. So again, either A or B could be the answer. Finally
looking at the number of the lines inside the box, each succeeding figure has the
number of lines increased by 1. This means that the next figure should have five lines
inside. This leads to option A as the correct choice.

Watch this video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH-yGgrHI4sP

2. Number Patterns – mathematics is very useful in making predictions.
- The first step in determining the rule that defines the pattern is to look for
differences between two consecutive numbers.
- The number pattern helps make a generalization of how the numbers are arranged
in a sequence.
- If there is no logic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, squares,
cubes, prime, etc.) in the differences, find other operations used in the
pattern.
- If the number in the pattern change in the same way or in the same value each
time, then that type of pattern is called a repeating pattern.

Examples:

a. What number comes next in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ?

Solution:
⮚ Looking at the given numbers, the sequence is increasing, with each term being two
more than the previous term: 3 = 1 + 2; 5 = 3 + 2; 7 = 5 + 2; 9 = 7 + 2; 11 = 9 + 2; 13
= 11 + 2. Therefore, the next term should be 15 = 13 + 2.
 b. Find the next two numbers in the number sequence: 7, 20, 47, 94, 167 , .

Solution:
⮚ If you get the differences, you will get 13, 27, 47, and 73, which do not tell you
anything.
⮚ They are not squares nor cubes of small numbers

⮚ Let us look at the cubes of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

⮚ 13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64, and 53 = 125

⮚ If you subtract the cubes from the pattern, you get

7 20 47 94 167
1 8 27 64 125
6 12 20 30 42
⮚ These differences are simply the product of (2 x 3) = 6, (3 x 4) = 12, (4 x 5) = 20, (5 x 6)
= 30, and (6 x 7 ) = 42, (7 x 8)=56, (8x9)=72
⮚ Then add these products to the cubes: 13 = 1 + 6 = 7
23 = 8 + 12 = 20
33 = 27 + 20 = 47
43 = 64 + 30 = 94
53 = 125 + 42 = 167
So the next number in the pattern
must be 63= 216 + 56 = 272
73= 343 + 72 + 415

c. Find the next number in the sequence: 11, 23, 48, 99, 202,

Solution:
⮚ Finding the differences, you will get

23 – 11 = 12 and simple 11 + 1
48 – 23 = 25, or 23 + 2
99 – 48 = 51, or 48 + 3
202 – 99 = 103, or 99 + 4
⮚ From these, know that the first term is fixed at 11.

⮚ The second term is the sum of twice the first term plus 1.
 ⮚ The third term is the sum of twice the second term plus 2.

⮚ The fourth term is the sum of twice the third term plus 3.

⮚ The fifth term is the sum of twice the fourth term plus 4.

⮚ Therefore, the nth term can be calculated as two times the previous term plus n – 1.
Hence, the sixth term in the pattern must be 2 x 202 + 5 =409.
Kindly watch these video in you tube to fully understand the number patterns.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7An1mcFHBU&list=PLPPsDIdbG32Auf61Nq_mFwIe7Xel3VfsW&ind
ex=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o68FAFj04Vg&list=PLPPsDIdbG32Auf61Nq_mFwIe7Xel3VfsW&index
=2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax8mLKp6ouU&list=PLPPsDIdbG32Auf61Nq_mFwIe7Xel3VfsW&ind
ex=3

3. Word Patterns - patterns can also be found in language.

- The metrical patterns of poems and the syntactic patterns of how nouns are made
plural or how verbs are changed to past tense are both word patterns.
- Language is a way to communicate in inductive mathematics.
a. consonant blends (words with a group of two or three consonants that each
make its own sound – grow, blend, sleeve, stair, sweet, free, blood, clothes).
cl- br- str- spl-
claw bread straw split
cliff brother stretch splash
climb braid string splendid

b. consonant digraphs (words with two or three letters that come together to create
a single sound, for example, chest, shop, sheep, brush, shirt, shade).
4. Patterns in Nature – millions of patterns can be found in the environment
- These patterns occur in various forms and in different context which can be
modelled mathematically.
a. Symmetry – mathematically symmetry means that one shape becomes exactly
like another shape when you move it in some way: turn, flip, or slide.
- For two objects to be symmetrical, they must be of the same size and shape,
with one object having a different orientation from the first.
- Not all objects have symmetry, if an object is not symmetrical, it is called
asymmetric.
The butterfly is symmetric about the axis indicated by the
line. Note that the left and right portion are exactly the same.
This type of symmetry is called bilateral symmetry.

Note that if you rotate the starfish you can still achieve the
same appearance as its original position. This is known as the
rotational symmetry.

Translational Symmetry occurs when something was moved in

a specified direction whether to the right, left, up or down and
yet its size and shape doesn’t change. Its pattern is repeated
over and over again.

b. Trees in mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, are undirected graph in
which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path.
c. Tessellation or a tiling – is a pattern of shapes that fit perfectly together, that is, a
pattern of shapes that have no overlaps or gaps.
d. Waves – people are familiar with waves especially if they love seas and oceans.
- It is possible to look at waves mathematically because the shape of a wave
 repeats

itself over a consistent period of time.

e. Spots and stripes – current researchers in biology have created convincing models of
patterns as diverse as zebra stripes, giraffe blotches, jaguar spots (medium-dark
patches surrounded by dark broken rings), and ladybird shell patterns (different
geometrical layouts of spots and stripes).

Activity No. 1

1. What is the next three terms of the following sequences? Consider the
following sequences. Explain your answer.

a. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ___

b. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ___
c. 1, 4, 9, 16, ___
d. 1, 4, 11, 29, 76, 199, _____

Assessment No. 1
Direction: Identify the next figure in the sequence. Write the letters only.

1.

A B C D

2.

A B C D
3.

A B C D
4.

A B C D

5.
?

A B
 Assignment No. 1

Direction: Determine what comes next in the given patterns. Send photo of your solutions.

1. 764, 778, 753, 767, 742, ___.

2. 13, 14, 18, 27, 43, ___.

3. 0, 6, 24, 60, 120, ___.

4. 2, 8, 20, 44, 92, ___.

5. 4, 11, 30, 67, 128, 219, ___.

6. 16384, 8192, 2048, 256, 16, ___.

7. 7, 16, 29, 46, 67, ___.

8. 2, 8, 20, 44, 92, ___.

9. 4, 12, 48, 240, 1440, ___.

10. 8, -24, 72, -216, 648, -1944, ___.

 References:
Calingasan, R, M, (et al) 2018. Mathematics in the Modern World, C & E Publishing, Inc.
Earnhart, R.T. (et al) 2018 Mathematics in the Modern World, C & E Publishing, Inc.

Quintos, Jr. (et al) 2018 Mathematics in the Modern World, St. Andrew Publishing House

https://blog.maketaketeach.com/free-consonant-digraphs-posters
/ https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/aasgg
https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/aaiiz
https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/ccbhp

https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/anko
m
https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/acrlk
https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/anuws
https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/aegcp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH-yGgrHI4sP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7An1mcFHBU&list=PLPPsDIdbG32Auf61Nq_mFwIe7Xel3VfsW&index=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o68FAFj04Vg&list=PLPPsDIdbG32Auf61Nq_mFwIe7Xel3VfsW&index=2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax8mLKp6ouU&list=PLPPsDIdbG32Auf61Nq_mFwIe7Xel3VfsW&index=3
It often involves the representation of ideal system.
● Intellectual game – intellectual games are games of skill that require
significant intelligence and cognitive effort.
- It is based on a wide or deep knowledge, where the major test is the person’s
ability to remember and recall.
● The art of drawing conclusions – making sense of mathematics using logical
thinking is the foundation of reasoning and proof standard.
- Reasoning is a way to use mathematical knowledge and to generate new
mathematical ideas.
● A tool subject – in many fields of human activity, mathematics is undeniably a
highly powerful instrument of investigation.
● A system of logical procedure – problem solving is an important
component of mathematics.
- It is more than a vehicle for teaching and reinforcing mathematical
knowledge and helping to meet everyday challenges.
- Problem solving is also a skill which can enhance our logical reasoning.
● An intuitive method – mathematicians have traditionally regarded intuition as a
way of understanding proofs and conceptualizing problems.
● A system of logical procedure – problem solving is an important
component of mathematics.
- It is more than a vehicle for teaching and reinforcing mathematical
knowledge and helping to meet everyday challenges.
- Problem solving is also a skill which can enhance our logical reasoning.

Mathematics as a Science of Patterns

● The characterization of mathematics as the “study of patterns” had been first made
by British mathematician, G. H. Hardy. In his book, he said that “A
mathematician, like a painter or a poet, is a master of patterns. If his patterns are
more permanent than theirs, it is because they are made with ideas” (Hardy, 1992,
p.84).
● Patterns, in a mathematical sense, refer to the study of “tilings” and “wall paper
symmetries”.
● In the modern world, the patterns of counting, measuring, reasoning, motion,
shape, position and prediction, reveal the powerful influence mathematics has over
people’s perception of reality.
● Pattern recognition is a key determinant of logical, verbal, numerical and spatial
abilities.
● A pattern is a visible regularity in the world or in a man-made design.