Conditionals

In Academic English we can use Present Conditionals to make predictions about

certain situations in the future. Our choice of Present Conditional depends on
how likely we believe it is that something will happen.

Present Real Conditionals

We can use Present Real Conditionals to talk about possibilities in the future
that are real and likely.

Form

If + Simple Present, Will (Can,May) + Base Form

Example:
● If I become a doctor, I will specialize in the treatment of cancer.
● If doctors diagnose cancer early enough, they can treat it successfully.
● If you ask the librarian, she’ll/will show you where to find the section on
new housing developments.
● If they don’t win the election, he will have to step down as leader.

Form Question

If + Simple Present, Will + Base Form?

Example:
● If he doesn’t find another partner, will you help him handle the data?
● Will you help him handle the data if he doesn’t find another partner?
Present Unreal Conditionals
We can use Present Unreal Conditionals to talk about possibilities in the future
which are unreal and unlikely.

Form
If + Simple Past, Woud (Could,Might) + Base Form (Infinitive)

Example:
● If museums were free, more people would visit them.
● If there was a change in the distribution of wealth, there wouldn’t be so
many people struggling to make a living.
● If I were a politician, I would force employers to pay their employees a
living wage.
● If governments spent less money on space research, they would be able
to spend more on health care.

NOTE: we often use “If I were …” not “If I was …” in conditional sentences.

Form Question

If + Simple Past, Would + Base Form?

Example:
● If the government reduced fares on public transport, would more people
use it?
● Would more people use public transport if the government reduced the
fares?
EXERCISES CONDITIONALS

1. If children have less pressure from their parents to do well, they would get
better results in their exams. ✖ had
Reason
This is an example of an unreal present conditional so we need to use the past
simple not the present simple in the “if” clause.

2.If someone has a desire to do well, they achieve their ambition. ✖will achieve
Reason
In real present conditional sentences, we need WILL +BASE FORM in the main
clause.

3.If people are stressed at work, it will put a strain on their family life. ✔

4.If employees would chose their own working hours, they would be more
effective in the workplace. ✖
Reason
In unreal present conditional sentences, we only need to use “would” in the main
clause not both clauses.

5.If employers offered a more realistic wage, they would be able to find more
people to fill the job vacancies. ✔

6.If teachers had less marking to do, they won’t find their work so stressful. ✖
wouldn’t
Reason
This is an example of a Unreal Present Conditional so we need to use “wouldn’t”
not “won’t” in the main clause.

7.If people going abroad to work, they will have to learn a new language. ✖ go
Reason
We need to use the SIMPLE PRESENT In the “if” clause of a Real Present
Conditional not the VERB +ING.

8.If migrants don’t learn the new language, it’ll be hard for them to fit in. ✔
Support Opinions

Giving an example: Giving a reason: Supporting an opinion:

For example, This is because For example
For instance, The reason for this is For instance
Let me explain
Let me elaborate
This is because

Explaining further: Giving an opinion:

Let me explain I think that …
Let me just add that I feel that…
I don't feel that...
In my opinion…

Causes and effects

Palabra Significado

The reason La razón

Due to Debido a
As a result of Como resultado de
Resulted in El resultado de
Leads to Lleva a
One cause of Una causa de
Another cause of Otra causa de
Therefore Por lo tanto
Consequently Como consecuencia de

● It seems modern lives are the reason parents are facing a range of
pressures
● It can also be difficult to achieve a good work-life balance due to the
financial pressures of modern life
 ● In many countries, it is difficult to pay for a good lifestyle if only one
parent works
● All are ways of comparing ourselves to others and all result in pressure to
earn more money to pay for them
● The pressure to be perfect is so strong that it leads to many parents lying
about how much their baby sleeps at night
● One cause of stress is wanting to be popular among other people
● As a result of technology, people compare themselves to others more
often
● We see the lives of the rich and famous and therefore want a similar life
for ourselves
● Consequently, parents worry and put even more pressure on young
people to do well

Hedging Boosting
Opinion not 100% sure - Possibly Opinion sure and stronger - Certain

May Clearly
Is thought Surely
Is believed Definitely
Might No doubt that

● Clearly , being a doctor is one of the most stressful jobs

● It is believed young people want to be rich and famous

● Family is thought to be more stressful than work

● There is no doubt that coursework shows a student's ability better than

an exam
● Hard work might be more important than luck in being successful

● Surely pressure is one of the biggest health concerns in the modern

world

● There may be less stress in the modern world than in the past

● There is definitely a lot of pressure on young people to go to college

Vocabulary

Ambition: Pressure: Presión Result: Resultado Achievement:

Ambición Logro

Work-life Compare: Lifestyle: Estilo Insist: Insistir

balance: Comparar de vida
Equilibrio
trabajo-vida

Celebrity: Childhood: Last: Durar Limited:

Celebridad Niñez/Infancia Limitado

Put in: Dedicar Satisfaction: Status: Estatus Youth: Juventud

tiempo a algo Satisfacción

Call sb sth- Direct: Directo Exact: Exacto Peer: Grupo con

Llamar alguien de quien compartes
alguna forma algo en común

Logical: Lógico Left out:Quedar Reasonable - Disappointed -

excluido Razonable Decepcionado

Reduce - Reducir Psychological - Compete - Outline -

Psicológico Competir Bosquejo,esquem
a

Demands - Distract - Expectations -

Asuntos Distraer Expectativas
pendientes
Vocabulary Get
Get in touch - Ponerse en contacto
Feel feel to get in touch if you want to study together

Get in trouble - Meterse en problemas

Sam studied very hard for this exam as he didn't want to get in trouble

Get good grades - Sacar buenas calificaciones

Sally always gets good grades,she is the best

Get the message - Entender el mensaje

You don't have to repeat, I get the message

Get going - Ponerse en marcha

We need to get going if we want to arrive by the evening

Get started - Empezar algo

We have to finish the project today, so let's get started

Get nowhere - No llegar a algún lado/acuerdo, Fallar

When I try to study for tests I feel like I'm get nowhere. I never seem to improve

Get behind someone - Apoyar a alguien

If you choose to make a complaint about the hotel, you know I will get behind
you

UNIDAD 7
Vocabulary

Get over: Superar Breathing Cope: Afrontar Harm: Dañino

exercises:
Ejercicios de
Respiración
Face: Enfrentar Panic: Pánico Phobia: Fobia Confront:
Confrontar

Extreme: Extremo Genetic: Genético Classified: Practices: Práctica

Clasificado

Proof: Prueba Topic: Tema Athletes: Atletas Speech: Discurso

Memorize: Limit: Limitado - Involve: Envolver Connect: Conectar

Memorizar Limite

Audience: Scared: Asustado Reaction: Reacción Protect: Proteger

Audiencia

Hormone: Hormona Escape: Escapar Energy: Energía Defense: Defensa

Calm: Calma Landmarks: Un Awful: Horrible, Certain: Cierto

edificio famoso o Terrible
una vista

Control:Control Frightened: Impair: Perjudicar Overcome:Superar

Asustado

Technique: Técnica Resource: Recurso Definition: Automatic:

Definición Automático

Author: Autor Survey: Encuesta Affect: Afectar Seek: Buscar

Powerless: Sin
poder, impotencia

Academic Words

Adjust: Ajustar Aware: Consciente Encounter:Encuent External:Externo

ro

Injure: Lesionar Internal: Interno Minimize: Minimizar Response:

Respuesta

Prepositions Collocations

Focus on: Comment on: Suffer from:Sufrir Recover from:

Concentrarse en Comentar sobre de Recuperarse de
Run away from: Protect from: With the help of: Breathe in and out:
Correr de Proteger de Con la ayuda de Inhala y Exhala

Present Perfect Simple

● We use the present perfect to talk about events that happened at an unspecified
point in the time, or to connect the past with the present
● Often used to report research findings

FORM

Subject + Have/ Has + Past participle

He has/’s found a lot of useful information on the Internet.

FORM QUESTIONS
Have/ Has + Subject + Past participle?
Has he found all the books on the reading list?

Question Word + Have/ Has + Subject + Past participle?

How have you coped with the heavy workload?

Have / Has + Subject + Ever + Past participle?

Have you ever attended a seminar without preparing for it?

Ever: Since: For:

We can use “ever” in questions To talk about when something To talk about how long something
to emphasize the fact that we started has lasted
are talking about a whole
lifetime.

Have you ever been to one of She’s published two books since She’s worked on the team for 3
her lectures? she’s been at the university. years.

Adverb Placement Example

Still Before has/have I still haven´t finished my

report

Already Before the past participle I have already chosen my

topic

Ever Before the past participle Have you ever spoken in

public

Never Before the past participle I have never spoken in

 public

Yet At end of question Have you prepared your talk

yet?

Not yet At end of sentence I haven´t prepared my talk

yet

Past Simple
● It is used to talk past habits, events, states

FORM

Subject + Verb in past + ...

Subject + didn´t + Verb in present + ...
I came to Puebla in 1995 I didn´t go to bed yesterday

Past Progressive
● It is used to describe an event that was in progress in the past
● It is used to provide the background of a story or event
● When used with past simple, the action in past simple interrupts the action in past
progressive

FORM

Subject + Was/Were + Verb -ing

I was doing homework when you came

Past Perfect
It is used to talk aboput an action in the past that was completed before another action in the
past

FORM
 Subject + Had + Verb past participle
I had already done my homework when you came in

UNIDAD 8
Vocabulary
Alphabet: Alfabeto By hand: A mano Entertain: Equipment:Equipo
Entretener

Inform: Informar Novel: Novela Print: Impresión o The written word:

imprimir La palabra escrita

Chapter: Capítulo Edition: Edición Conduct: Hacer Enable: Permitir

algo de forma
organizada

Image: Imagen, Locate: Localizar, Publication: Revolution:

reputación ubicar Publicación Revolución

Afford: Permitirse Counter: Encimera Curious: Curioso Obvious: Obvio

Miss: Perder Reserve: Reserva System: Sistema Visa: Visa

Writing

By the early: A As soon as: Tan Not until: No hasta Shortly after: Poco
principios pronto después de

Recently: Constantly: Eventually: Previously:

Recientemente Constantemente Eventualmente Previamente

Stories:

Chronological order Indicate one event happened before

another
Firt, Earlier,
Then, Previously,
After that, Before,
Next, Prior to that
Finally,
Later,
The next day,