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Table of Logic Symbols
Table of Logic Symbols
of logic symbols
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Table of logic symbols)
See also: Logical connective
In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. As logicians are familiar with these
symbols, they are not explained each time they are used. So, for students of logic, the following table lists many
common symbols together with their name, pronunciation, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the third
column contains an informal definition, and the fourth column gives a short example.
Be aware that, outside of logic, different symbols have the same meaning, and the same symbol has, depending on the
context, different meanings.
Basic logic symbols
Name
Should be Unicode HTML LaTeX
Symbol Explanation Examples
read as Value Entity symbol
Category
material A ⇒ B is true
implication just in the case
implies; if .. that either A is
then false or B is
true, or both.
→ may mean
⇒ the same as ⇒
(the symbol
may also U+21D2 ⇒
x = 2 ⇒ x 2 = 4 is true, \Rightarrow
indicate the
but x 2 = 4 ⇒ x = 2 is in
→ domain and
general false (since x
U+2192 →
\to
\supset
propositional codomain of a could be −2). \implies
logic, Heyting function; see U+2283 ⊃
algebra table of
⊃ mathematical
symbols).
⊃ may mean
the same as ⇒
(the symbol
may also mean
superset).
⇔ material
equivalence A ⇔ B is true
if and only if; just in case U+21D4 ⇔
\Leftrightarrow
≡ iff; means the either both A
same as and B are
x + 5 = y + 2 ⇔ x + 3 =
y U+2261 ≡
\equiv
false, or both \leftrightarrow
false, or both \leftrightarrow
A and B are U+2194 ↔ \iff
propositional
↔ logic
true.
negation The statement
¬A is true if
¬ not
and only if A is
false.
U+00AC ¬;
˜ A slash placed ¬(¬A) ⇔ A
propositional through x ≠ y ⇔ ¬(x = y)
\lnot or \neg
\sim
U+02DC ˜ ~
logic another
operator is the
! same as "¬"
placed in
front.
∧ logical
conjunction
and The statement
A ∧ B is true n < 4 ∧ n >2 ⇔ n = 3 U+2227 &and; \wedge or
• propositional if A and B are when n is a natural
\land
logic, both true; else number. U+0026 &; \&[1]
Boolean it is false.
& algebra
∨ logical
disjunction The statement
A ∨ B is true
or if A or B (or
n ≥ 4 ∨ n ≤ 2 ⇔ n ≠ 3
both) are true;
+ propositional if both are
when n is a natural
number.
U+2228 &or; \lor or \vee
logic, false, the
Boolean statement is
ǀǀ algebra false.
exclusive The statement
disjunction A ⊕ B is true
⊕ xor when either A
(¬A) ⊕ A is always true,
U+2295
\oplus
propositional or B, but not &oplus;
A ⊕ A is always false. \veebar
logic, both, are true. U+22BB
⊻ Boolean
algebra
A ⊻ B means
the same.
Tautology
⊤ top, verum
The statement
⊤ is
A ⇒ ⊤ is always true. U+22A4 T \top
unconditionally
propositional
T logic, true.
Boolean
Boolean
algebra
1
Contradiction
⊥ bottom,
falsum
The statement
⊥ is
F propositional unconditionally ⊥ ⇒ A is always true. U+22A5
&perp;
F
\bot
logic, false.
Boolean
0 algebra
universal
∀ quantification ∀ x: P(x) or
for all; for (x) P(x)
∀ n ∈ ℕ: n2 ≥ n. U+2200 &forall; \forall
any; for each means P(x) is
() firstorder true for all x.
logic
existential ∃ x: P(x)
quantification means there is
∃ there exists at least one x ∃ n ∈ ℕ: n is even. U+2203 &exist; \exists
firstorder such that P(x)
logic is true.
uniqueness
quantification ∃! x: P(x)
means there is
∃! there exists
exactly one
exactly one x ∃! n ∈ ℕ: n + 5 = 2n. U+2203 U+0021 &exist; ! \exists !
such that P(x)
firstorder is true.
logic
definition x := y or x ≡ y
means x is
defined to be
:= is defined as another name
for y (but note
U+2254 :=
that ≡ can also cosh x := (1/2)(exp x +
mean other exp (−x)) (U+003A U+003D) : :=
things, such as \equiv
≡ congruence). A XOR B :⇔
(A ∨ B) ∧ ¬(A ∧ B)
U+2261 &equiv;
\Leftrightarrow
everywhere P :⇔ Q means U+003A U+229C &hArr;
P is defined to
:⇔ be logically
equivalent to
Q.
Q.
precedence Perform the
grouping operations (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1,
( ) parentheses, inside the but 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) = 8 ÷ 2 = U+0028 U+0029 ( ) ( )
brackets parentheses 4.
everywhere first.
Turnstile x ⊢ y means
provable y is provable
⊢ from x (in
propositional some specified A → B ⊢ ¬B → ¬A U+22A2 ⊢; \vdash
logic, first formal
order logic system).
double
turnstile
x ⊨ y means
⊨ entails x semantically A → B ⊨ ¬B → ¬A U+22A8 ⊨; \models
propositional entails y
logic, first
order logic
Advanced and rarely used logical symbols
These symbols are sorted by their Unicode value:
U+00B7 ∙ MIDDLE DOT , an outdated way for denoting AND[citation needed], still in use in electronics; for
example "A∙B" is the same as "A&B"
∙: Center dot with a line above it. Outdated way for denoting NAND, for example "A∙B" is the same as "A
NAND B" or "A|B" or "¬(A & B)". See also Unicode U+22C5 ⋅ DOT OPERAT OR.
U+0305 ̅ COMBINING OVERLINE, used as abbreviation for standard numerals. For example, using HTML style
"4̅
" is a shorthand for the standard numeral "SSSS0".
Overline, is also a rarely used format for denoting Gödel numbers, for example "AVB" says the Gödel number
of "(AVB)"
Overline is also an outdated way for denoting negation, still in use in electronics; for example "AVB" is the same
as "¬(AVB)"
U+2310 ⌐ REVERSED NOT SIGN
Note that the following operators are rarely supported by natively installed fonts. If you wish to use these in a web
page, you should always embed the necessary fonts so the page viewer can see the web page without having the
necessary fonts installed in their computer.
See also
Logic Alphabet, a suggested set of logical symbols
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Polish notation
List of mathematical symbols
Notes
1. ^ Although this character is available in LaTeX, the MediaWiki TeX system doesn't support this character.
2. ^ Quine, W.V. (1981): Mathematical Logic, §6
External links
Named character entities (http://www.w3.org/TR/WDhtml40970708/sgml/entities.html) in HTML 4.0
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_logic_symbols&oldid=589580220"
Categories: Mathematical notation Logic symbols
This page was last modified on 7 January 2014 at 10:05.
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