List of logic symbols

In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related
field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents,[1] and the LaTeX symbol.

Basic logic symbols

Unicode HTML HTML
LaTeX
Symbol value value entity Logic Name Read as Category Explanation Examples
symbol
(hexadecimal) (decimal) (named)

is false
when A is true and B
is false
but true otherwise.

may mean the

same as
⇒ U+21D2 ⇒ ⇒
\Rightarrow
(the symbol may is true, but
also indicate the
→ U+2192 → →
\implies
\to or \rightarrow
material
implication
implies; if ...
then
propositional logic,
Heyting algebra
domain and
codomain of a general false
is in

\supset (since x could be −2).

⊃ U+2283 ⊃ ⊃ function; see table of
mathematical
symbols).

may mean the

same as (the
symbol may also
mean superset).

⇔ U+21D4 ⇔ ⇔

\Leftrightarrow
if and only if;
is true only if
\equiv material both A and B are
≡ U+2261 ≡ ≡
\leftrightarrow equivalence
iff; means
the same as
propositional logic
false, or both
\iff A and B are true.
↔ U+2194 ↔ ↔

\lnot or \neg The statement is

¬ U+00AC ¬ ¬
true if and only if
A is false.
˜ U+02DC ˜ ˜ \sim negation not propositional logic
A slash placed

! U+0021 ! !

through another
operator is the same
as placed in front.

Domain of Domain of Predicate

U+1D53B 𝔻 𝔻 \mathbb{D}
discourse predicate (mathematical logic)

∧ U+2227 ∧ ∧

The statement A ∧ B
\wedge or \land logical propositional logic, n < 4  ∧  n >2  ⇔  n = 3 when
· U+00B7 &#183; &middot;
\cdot \&[2] conjunction
and
Boolean algebra
is true if A and B are
both true; otherwise, n is a natural number.
it is false.
& U+0026 &#38; &amp;

U+2228 &#8744; &or; \lor or \vee logical or propositional logic, The statement A ∨ B n ≥ 4  ∨  n ≤ 2  ⇔ n ≠ 3 when
∨ (inclusive) Boolean algebra is true if A or B (or n is a natural number.
U+002B &#43; disjunction both) are true; if both
+ &plus; are false, the
U+2225 &#8741; statement is false.
∥
\parallel
 &parallel;

U+21AE &#8622; \oplus

&oplus;
↮ U+2295 &#8853; The statement
A ↮ B is true when
(¬A) ↮ A is always true, and A
⊕ U+22BB &#8891; &veebar;
\veebar exclusive xor; either ... propositional logic, either A or B, but not
both, are true.
↮ A always false, if vacuous
disjunction or Boolean algebra
truth is excluded.
⊻ &nequiv;
A ⊻ B means the
same.
U+2262 &#8802; \not\equiv
≢

⊤
U+22A4
&#8868;
T U+25A0
&top; \top Tautology
top, truth, full
clause
propositional logic,
Boolean algebra,
⊤ is unconditionally
true.
⊤(A) ⇒ A is always true.
first-order logic
1
■

⊥ U+22A5 &#8869; &perp; bottom,

⊥ is unconditionally

F U+25A1
\bot Contradiction
falsum,
falsity, empty
propositional logic,
Boolean algebra,
false.
(The symbol ⊥ may ⊥(A) ⇒ A is always false.
first-order logic
0 clause also refer to
perpendicular lines.)

□
∀ U+2200 &#8704; &forall;
\forall
universal for all; for
first-order logic
∀ x: P(x) or (x) P(x)
means P(x) is true
quantification any; for each
() for all x.

∃ x: P(x) means

existential there exists at
∃ U+2203 &#8707; &exist; \exists
quantification
there exists first-order logic
least one x such
n is even.
that P(x) is true.

∃! x: P(x) means

uniqueness there exists there exists exactly
∃! U+2203 U+0021 &#8707; &#33; &exist;! \exists !
quantification exactly one
first-order logic
one x such that
P(x) is true.

x ≔ y or x ≡ y
means x is defined
:= to be
&#8788; (&#58; &#61;) &coloneq;
another name for y
≔ U+2254
(U+003A U+003D)
( The symbol ≡ can
\equiv also mean other
≡ U+2261
&#8801; &equiv; definition is defined as everywhere things, such as
congruence).
:⇔ U+003A U+21D4 &#8860; &hArr;
:\Leftrightarrow P :⇔ Q means P is
A ⊕ B :⇔ (A ∨ B) ∧ ¬(A ∧ B)

defined to be
logically equivalent
to Q.

U+0028 U+0029 &#40; &#41; &lpar; (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1, but

() ( ) precedence
grouping
parentheses;
brackets
everywhere Perform the
operations inside the 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) = 8 ÷ 2 = 4.
 &rpar; parentheses first.

x ⊢ y means x
propositional logic, proves
⊢ U+22A2 &#8866; &vdash; \vdash turnstile proves
first-order logic (syntactically entails)
(A → B) ⊢ (¬B → ¬A)
y

x ⊨ y means x
double propositional logic, models
⊨ U+22A8 &#8872; &vDash; \vDash, \models
turnstile
models
first-order logic (semantically entails)
(A → B) ⊨ (¬B → ¬A)
y

Advanced and rarely used logical symbols

These symbols are sorted by their Unicode value:
 Unicode HTML HTML
LaTeX
Symbol value value entity Logic Name Read as Category Explanation Examples
symbol
(hexadecimal) (decimal) (named)

using HTML style "4̅" is a
shorthand for the
standard numeral "SSSS0".
used format for denoting Gödel numbers.

̅ U+0305
COMBINING
OVERLINE denoting negation used primarily in electronics.
"A ∨ B" says the Gödel
number of "(A ∨ B)". "A ∨
B" is the same as "¬(A ∨
B)".

↑ U+2191
UPWARDS
ARROW
Sheffer stroke,

| U+007C
VERTICAL LINE
the sign for the NAND operator (negation of conjunction).

↓ U+2193
DOWNWARDS
ARROW
Peirce Arrow,
the sign for the NOR operator (negation of disjunction).

CIRCLED DOT
⊙ U+2299 \odot
OPERATOR
the sign for the XNOR operator (negation of exclusive disjunction).

∁ U+2201 COMPLEMENT

THERE DOES
∄ U+2204 ∄\nexists
NOT EXIST
strike out existential quantifier, same as "¬∃"

∴ U+2234 ∴\therefore THEREFORE Therefore

∵ U+2235 ∵\because BECAUSE because

⊧ U+22A7 MODELS is a model of (or "is a valuation satisfying")

⊨ U+22A8 ⊨\vDash TRUE is true of

DOES NOT T ⊬ P says "P is not a theorem

⊬ U+22AC ⊬\nvdash
PROVE
negated ⊢, the sign for "does not prove"
of T"

is not true
⊭ U+22AD ⊭\nvDash NOT TRUE
of

† U+2020 DAGGER
it is true
that ...
Affirmation operator

⊼ U+22BC NAND NAND operator

⊽ U+22BD NOR NOR operator

modal operator for "it is possible that", "it is not necessarily not" or rarely

◇ U+25C7 WHITE DIAMOND
"it is not probably not" (in most modal logics it is defined as "¬◻¬")

⋆ U+22C6 STAR OPERATOR usually used for ad-hoc operators

 ⊥ U+22A5
UP TACK
DOWNWARDS
Webb-operator or Peirce arrow, the sign for NOR.
U+2193 Confusingly, "⊥" is also the sign for contradiction or absurdity.
↓ ARROW

⌐ U+2310
REVERSED NOT
SIGN

corner quotes, also called "Quine quotes"; for quasi-quotation, i.e.

quoting specific context of unspecified ("variable") expressions;[3] also
\ulcorner TOP LEFT used for denoting Gödel number;[4] for example "⌜G⌝" denotes the
⌜ U+231C CORNER Gödel number of G. (Typographical note: although the quotes appears
U+231D \urcorner TOP RIGHT as a "pair" in unicode (231C and 231D), they are not symmetrical in
⌝ CORNER some fonts. In some fonts (for example Arial) they are only symmetrical
in certain sizes. Alternatively the quotes can be rendered as ⌈ and ⌉
(U+2308 and U+2309) or by using a negation symbol and a reversed
negation symbol ⌐ ¬ in superscript mode. )

modal operator for "it is necessary that"

◻ U+25FB
WHITE MEDIUM
SQUARE
(in modal logic), or "it is provable that"
(in provability logic), or "it is obligatory that"
U+25A1
□ WHITE SQUARE (in deontic logic), or "it is believed that"
(in doxastic logic); also as empty clause (alternatives: and ⊥)

LEFT AND RIGHT semantic

⟛ U+27DB
TACK equivalent

WHITE CONCAVE- modal

⟡ U+27E1
SIDED DIAMOND
never
operator

WHITE CONCAVE-
SIDED DIAMOND was modal
⟢ U+27E2
WITH never operator
LEFTWARDS TICK
WHITE CONCAVE-
SIDED DIAMOND
will never modal
⟣ U+27E3 WITH
RIGHTWARDS
be operator
TICK

□ U+25A1 WHITE SQUARE always

modal
operator

WHITE SQUARE
was modal
⟤ U+25A4 WITH
LEFTWARDS TICK
always operator

WHITE SQUARE
will modal
⟥ U+25A5 WITH
RIGHTWARDS TIC
always be operator

sometimes used for "relation", also used for denoting various ad hoc
relations (for example, for denoting "witnessing" in the context of
Rosser's trick) The fish hook is also used as strict implication by
⥽ U+297D \strictif RIGHT FISH TAIL
C.I.Lewis ⥽ . See here (https://www.fileformat.info/info/u
nicode/char/297d/index.htm) for an image of glyph. Added to Unicode
3.2.0.

TWO LOGICAL
⨇ U+2A07
AND OPERATOR

Usage in various countries

Poland

As of 2014 in Poland, the universal quantifier is sometimes written ∧, and the existential quantifier as ∨. The same applies for Germany.

Japan

The ⇒ symbol is often used in text to mean "result" or "conclusion", as in "We examined whether to sell the product ⇒ We will not sell it". Also, the → symbol is often used to denote "changed to", as in the
sentence "The interest rate changed. March 20% → April 21%".

See also
Józef Maria Bocheński
Philosophy portal
List of notation used in Principia Mathematica
List of mathematical symbols
Logic alphabet, a suggested set of logical symbols
Logic gate § Symbols
Logical connective
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Non-logical symbol
Polish notation
Truth function
Truth table
Wikipedia:WikiProject Logic/Standards for notation

References
1. "Named character references" (http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/master/syntax.html#named-character-references). HTML 5.1 Nightly. W3C. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
2. Although this character is available in LaTeX, the MediaWiki TeX system does not support it.
3. Quine, W.V. (1981): Mathematical Logic, §6
4. Hintikka, Jaakko (1998), The Principles of Mathematics Revisited (https://books.google.com/books?id=JHBnE0EQ6VgC&pg=PA113), Cambridge University Press, p. 113, ISBN 9780521624985.

Further reading
Józef Maria Bocheński (1959), A Précis of Mathematical Logic, trans., Otto Bird, from the French and German editions, Dordrecht, South Holland: D. Reidel.

External links
Named character entities (http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-html40-970708/sgml/entities.html) in HTML 4.0

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_logic_symbols&oldid=1158933594"