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GCSE/iGCSE Maths Formulae Sheet
2D Shapes Statistics Right Angled Trigonometry
! Frequency Density 67/85/-.9
Frequency density = .4,** :)(+; Pythagoras !! + # ! = % !
Area of Triangle x base x height if given hyp⟹subtract, if finding hyp⟹add
"
SOHCAHTOA "## &'( "##
Area of Parallelogram base x height sin * ° =
$%#
, c,- *° =
$%#
, 0!1 *° =
&'(
Pie chart .,+/<379 67/85/-.9
Area of Rectangle !×# Angle= +3+,4
× 360
Area of Trapezoid ! Cumulative frequency This is a running total of the frequencies
× (sum of parallel sides) x height Box Plot
"
Circumference & Area: % = 2(), + = () " Exact Trig Values
Circle
Length of an arc #
× 2()
$%&
Area of a Sector # Fractions/Decimals/Percentages Non Right-Angled Trigonometry
× () " & - /
$%& Sine Rule
Simplifying Fractions Step 1: Find a factor of both numbers i.e. a number that fits in both Finding a side: = =
3D Shapes the numerator AND denominator )*+,
123 ,
)*+.
123 .
)*+0
123 0
Cuboid Surface area 34 = 2#% + 2#7 + 2%7
Step 2: Say how many times for each Finding an angle: = =
Step 3: Check whether you can do steps 1 and 2 again. & - /
where x, y , z are side lengths
Fraction Of Amount
!
of amount Cosine Rule Finding a side: !! = #! + % ! − 2#% cos <
"
Cuboid Volume 8 = #%7 -!6/ !4&!
Step 1: Divide amount by b Finding an angle: < = cos 45 = >
where x, y , z are side lengths Step 2: Multiply answer found by T !-/
Cylinder Surface Area 34 = 29:ℎ + 29: # Improper to Mixed Step 1: Divide the numerator by the denominator. Area of Triangle 1
Step 2: Write down the whole number a !#-@1A
Note: Curved part: 2πrh 2
Step 3: Put the remainder in the numerator. The new denominator & - /
Cylinder Volume 8 = 9: #ℎ remains the same as that of the original improper fraction. Sine Rule Finding a side: = =
)*+, )*+. )*+0
Cone Surface Area 34 = 9:? + 9: # Mixed to Improper Step 1: Multiply the whole number by the fraction’s denominator & - /
Note: Curved part: 9:?, ? is slant length Step 2: Add that to the numerator Finding an angle: = =
)*+, )*+. )*+0
Step 3: Then write the result on the top of the original denominator
Cone Volume 1 Functions
8 = 9: #ℎ + JKL − Fractions Need a common denominator (the smallest number that that both
3 the numerator and denominator fit into) Inverse Replace !(#) with %, swap # & %, solve for %
Sphere Surface Area 34 = 49: # × Fractions Don’t need common denominator.
Note: Hemisphere 39: # Can cancel diagonally or vertically, not horizontally. Composite !((#) means plug ((#) into !(#)
Sphere Volume 4 ÷ Fractions Don’t need a common denominator.
C = 9: $ “Keep change flip” Transformations a=vertical stretch sf ), b=horizontal stretch sf "
!
3
# Decimal to Fraction Write over 10,100,1000 etc depending on how many places after )!(*# + ,) + -
Note: Hemisphere= $ 9: $ the decimal and simplify. c=translation c units x direction, d=translation d
“anything in a bracket affects units in y direction
Prism Volume 8 =Area of cross section x height Decimal to Percent Multiply by 100
!
# and does the opposite” !(−#)=reflcn in %, axis − !(#)=reflcn in # axis
Pyramid Volume 8 = $ × *)EF ):F) × ℎ Fraction to Decimal Write as an equivalent fraction over 10,100,1000 etc and then easy
to divide by this number
Circle Theorems
Indices OR
Use short division if can’t write as an equivalent fraction
Multiplication * & × * - = * &6- Fraction to Percent Turn into a decimal and then just a decimal to percent question i.e. Angle at the centre is double the angle at the circumference
(* & )- = * &- multiply decimal found by 100
Percent to Decimal Divide by 100
(%* & U - )' = % ' * &' U -'
Percent to Fraction Write over 100 and simplify
Division *&
* & ÷ * - = - = * &4- Geometry
*
Negative Powers 1 Straight Line Equation • Slope intercept % = M# + ,
* 4+ = +
* • General )# + *% + - = 0
Fractions ; 4+ %# ; + ;# To get this form we put all the terms from form 1 on one side
=%> = # and =%> = # and multiply all terms by the denominators to get rid of the
; %
+ fractions (if we have them) Angles subtended in the same Angle in a semicircle is a
Fractional Powers $ +
!> = W √!Y Straight Line Gradient/Slope slope =
>!?>% > ?>
OR @%?@! segment by a chord are equal right angle
@!?@%
Percentages Between 2 Points % !
In English this formula just says: subtract the y coordinates and
(#! , %! ), (## , %#) divide by the answer we get by subtracting the U coordinates. It
One amount as a % of the ! as a percentage of " doesn’t matter which way round we subtract, just so long as we
!
other amount × 100
keep the same direction

(wants answer as a %) " Coordinates of midpoint of 2 midpoint = Z

@%&@! >%&>!
, # [
#
Look for the words as a percent of points T#! , %! U , (## , %# ) In English this formula just says: Add the U coordinates and divide
?2@@A9A3BA
Percentage gain/loss × 100 by 2 (i.e. find the average) and add the V coordinates and divide by
C92D237E 2 (i.e. find the average)
(wants answer as a %) Look for the words percentage Distance Between 2 Points distance = ](## − #! )# + (%# − %!)#
gain/loss/increase/decrease (#! , %! ) , (## , %#)
Find percentage of an % Methods to find the equation of a straight line
× amount Tangents which meet at a point are equal Opposite angles of a cyclic
amount 100
D2FA3 7GCH3I in length quadrilateral add to BCD°
Given % of an amount, %
find the full amount &'' We use the letter M to represent slope and , to represent % intercept. If we can find the
gradient M and % intercept , then we are done.
Increasing/decreasing by amount-1 ±
%
/ Step 1: Find the gradient M using one of the following 5 ways
5KK
a% + if increase • Way 1: If given a graph ⟹ pick any 2 points on the graph and use AEF
ABCD

− if decrease
LGCH3I
Reverse percentage %
5±&''
+ if increase ⟹
− if decrease Watch out: All points need
Look for the words originally, at the to be on the circumference!
beginning, before… Alternate segment theorem: A tangent meets a radius at
Pyramid Method For Percentages: The angle between a tangent and a side of ED°
a triangle is equal to the opposite angle
• Way 2: If given a graph ⟹ pick any 2 points on the graph and use the slope formula
Pink horizontal line means divide (÷)
blue line means multiply (×) ⟹ The graph on the left has the following coordinates

• any pair of coordinates.

Pick Told parallel to another
Let’s choose line ⟹
(−3,5) and (3,3)
Cross off what you want and do the resulting operation (multiplication or division)
Note: we use the pyramid on the right if increasing/decreasing by an amount
Simple Interest %
amount + =amount × × time>
5KK
(interest on initial amount) %
Interest = amount × × time Extra helpful facts to remember
5KK
Note: Make sure t and % are same unit of time • Way 3: If given another line parallel to ⟹ locate M for this line and use same slope
' = )* − , ' =*+) ' = −* + . ' = −) + /* ' = ) − .*
Compound Interest (interest N O 0 = 22 − 1 0 =2+2 0 =2+2 Need to re-order Need to re-order
FV = PV=1 + > this first since it is this first
added also earns interest) 5KK We can spot this This means the This means the not in the form 0 =
FV=future value, PV=present value straight away
gradient = 2
same as
0 = 12 + 2
same as
0 = −12 + 4
52 + 6
0 = 32 − 2
0 = −42 + 2

0=time, \= interest rate gradient = −4

gradient = 1 gradient = −1 gradient = 3
Quadratics '+* =. ' − )* = 8 )* + .' = 8 8* − )' = 9 * + )' + 8 = :
We need to use We need to use We need to use We need to use We need to use
Quadratic Function: Solutions 4-±√-!4R&/ For two intersecting chords, the products of their diagonals are equal
*= , !≠0 algebra to re- algebra to re- algebra to re- algebra to re- algebra to re-
to ]^P + _^ + ` = D !& arrange arrange arrange
40 = −22 + 5
arrange
−20 = −52 + 7
arrange
!# = %F !(! + #) = %(% + F)
0 = −2 + 4 0 = 22 + 5 20 = −2 − 5
−22 + 5 −52 + 7
Completing The Square - ! -! 0= 0=
! =* ± > +%− This means the 4 −2
0=
−2 − 5
]^P ± _^ + ` = D !& R& same as gradient = 2 We can split this up
in order to separate
We can split this up
in order to separate
2
We can split this up
Max/Min Value -! 0 = −12 + 4 the gradient and 0 the gradient and 0 in order to separate
% − intercept intercept the gradient and 0
R& gradient = −1 intercept
2 5 5 7
Compound Measures 0=− 2+
4 4
0= 2−
2 2 1
0=− 2−
5
2 2
Speed ()*+,-./ We can simplify the #
speed= +)1/ fraction
gradient = "
!
gradient = − "
1,** 1 5
Density density= 23451/ 0=− 2+
2 4 Series (iGCSE only)
Pressure 637./
pressure= ,7/,
!
gradient = − " Arithmetic sequence: IJK term:
• Way 4: If given another line old perpendicular to ⟹ locate M for this line and don’t u3 = a + (n − 1)d
use the same slope but instead ”flip the fraction and change the sign” (this I just the sum of n terms
Pink horizontal line means divide (÷) n 1
Green vertical line means multiply (×) fact that perpendicular slopes multiply to make −1. S3 = [2a + (n − 1)d] = (! + P)
o
#
If a line has slope 2 Wnote: this means the same as $b then a perpendicular slope is − #
$
2 2
o
#
If a line has slope − % then a perpendicular slope is #
% ! =first term, d= common diff, P=last term
cross off what you want and do the resulting operation (multiplication or division) $ Geometric sequence: u3 = ar 345
o If a line has slope % then a perpendicular slope is −3
Congruent Shapes • Way 5: If given 2 points ⟹ use formula
>!?>%
S3 =
7(549")
=
7(9"45)
,r≠1
@!?@% 549 945
SSS (side side side) Three sides of each triangle equal where ! =first term, r= common ratio
Step 2: Find the _ intercept ` using one of the following 2 ways
SAS (side angle side) Two sides and included angle equal • reading it off the graph (if given the graph this is where the graph crosses the % axis Differentiation (iGCSE only)
AAS (angle angle side) Two angles and corresponding side equal • plugging the point given (#, %) into the equation (replace # with the # value and %
RHS (right hypotenuse leg) Contains right angle and hypotenuse and with the % value).
Rule * + ⟹ 1* +45
Remember: Constants go to 0
another side equal '%
Make sure the slope M from step 1 is plugged in and solve/re-arrange for , using Turning/Stationary Points Solve =0
RHS (right hypotenuse leg) Contains right angle and hypotenuse and algebra. Make sure you plug in the correct point that the line passes through, not ';
(Max/Min)
another side equal just any point. Proving whether Max/Min Use knowledge of shape of graph
Direct/Indirect Proportion U is … proportional to * Circles (# − ))# + (% − *)# = : # +* ! happy face min
S centre (), *), radius :
Directly: U = b* , Inversely: U = −* ! sad face max
; <
+* max on left, min on right
<
−* min on left, max on right