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Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions

4.0 International”. https://www.immae.eu/cours/

τ ! # " !

= τ $ = ε% +
µ%

& " = τ'

(
'
) * " " +
'

, ( -

'

.
, .

/ ! & Σ &
Σ

/ =− ⋅ + σ τ
Σ

/ =π -
= −σ 0 '

" =− π⋅ − τ
Σ

∂
+ ∇ ⋅π = −
∂
, 1
/

• " - &
'
• - "
'

• )&
" 2
δ =− τ'
• +
3 2
/ & 4 = # + ∧
) = ⋅ = ⋅
3

/ = = ⋅ = ⋅ τ
∈ τ ∈ τ

) = ⋅ '
τ

•
/ =σ '

) =σ =
σ
) > %" 6 373 &
'

8 . " = = '
• 9 "
< >= ( ( ⋅ : = ) ⋅ : ( #σ = ( #σ " σ=
σ%
− ωτ
'
3 ; ωτ << " 6 373 τ << '
σ%
/ σ ≈σ%" < >= = # =
σ% &&

# - " & < =

9
 σ%
3 ; ωτ >> " σ = " < >= %'
ωτ
#> " & 3 &

1 & +
/

& + '

? -

• )&
π

/ π= " δ =π ⋅
• +
∂
/ + ∇ ⋅π = −
∂
= ε% + " = ⋅ '
µ%
"
∂ ∂
∇ ⋅π = − ⋅ − ε % ⋅ − ⋅
∂ µ% ∂

=− ⋅ −
µ%
(
⋅ ∇∧ − µ% )+ µ ⋅∇ ∧
%

=− ⋅∇ ∧ + ⋅∇ ∧
µ% µ%

= ∇ ⋅# ∧
µ%
"π= ∧ +∇∧ '
µ%

/ π= ∧
µ%
• )
3 " & + 7 &
- " & & ' /
'
3 & " <@ ="
& - '

5
 5 ?

& - '
/
δ =π ⋅
= ⋅
π
) π= " = '

/ = ε% + '
µ%
" "
- = ε%

= '
µ%

, &

/ ! & '
/ '
/ = τ= τ
µ%
=∇∧
) = ⋅∇ ∧ τ
µ%
B ⋅∇ ∧ = ∇⋅# ∧ + ⋅∇ ∧
) = ∇⋅# ∧ τ+ ⋅∇ ∧ τ
µ% µ%

/ ∇ ⋅# ∧ τ= ∧ ⋅
µ% µ%
/ ! - " & +∞'

A
 4

> - " ∝ '

) " ∝ " ∝ '

) & + 7 & %'

/ ⋅∇ ∧ τ= ⋅ τ
µ% µ%

) = ⋅ τ'

(
3 0 " .
'
3 & . (D '
3 ) & 2 " = ε% τ= ρ τ

D
) E

• /
# ⋅ −ω '
" '

) " = %" =%
ω
/ = '
• F +

3 / . '/ = τ
3 = ω= ν
3 ? =
ν
3 D = '

C
 • /
= ε% +
µ%
•
= ν= ω

5 ? -

• /
/ π= ∧
µ%
•

/ δ = ' × ν
) π= = ν '
) 7 = '

A )

•
τ
ν
= × τ
ν π
) = = '
τ
• /
+ 9 "

π
= = ∧ " = ε% ∧ '
τ µ% τ
• +
3 / " " 7 &

; !
" - ! ' " "
. 7 "
- ! '

G
 3 / 7& .@ &&
'

C )

σ #!
/ σ #! = ! ∧ " = ! ∧ #ε % ∧ '
τ

, . & &

/ = φ $φ & + 7 '

/ = ⋅ τ= ⋅ τ
& &
= "⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅ = φ

• / #" "
6 373 '
•
& & "
φ → & " '
•
; $ & . "
# &
" ∆ =∆ = ∆φ "
& '

H
 / & " σ'

−
=− π⋅ = ∧ ⋅
µ%
• ;- "
3 / = # %

3 = # θ

) - " 6 373
&& I '
•
+ µ%
# = θ # ! !
π
+ −
# = # = #
σ
µ%
) π= '#−
µ% σ π
'
) = × π'
π' σ
" = '
= = ρ'
σ'

) ,

σ
/ (D =
ε%
%

σ
= µ% θ

? -

− σ
π= ∧ = σ
µ% ε%
" . "
'