Ce document est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence

Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions

4.0 International”. https://www.immae.eu/cours/

ρ
!
"
#
$ ! ρ =% =%
ρ
ρ "
∂
=% ∇⋅ = % "
∂

& '
( !

$ = "
) #
µ%
= τ∧
π *

$+ µ% = π " % −- , ) ./
( ! ε % µ% = "
µ% # 0 ! "

( )

$
µ% µ%
= ∧ = ∧
π *
π *

( . )) )

& # "
1 2

• 3 4 ))
4 4
• 2 )5 1 , ! #
6
µ%
• 7 = ∧ 8
π *

! # # ) )5
" 2# 9 : #'
) ; # 9 : # . ! ) "
• 7! "
• # # ! 0
) "
< !
. 6

!
3. /

µ%
&7 7 = ∧ 8
π *

1 , !

, 0

µ%
$ = ∧
π *

µ% µ
= ∧ ≈ % ∧
π *
π *

* 2

7 ) = ! #
!
0
) = ! 0 ! ; /
) 4 / "
7 1 , !
) #
!
& 2!

$
µ%
∇ ⋅ = ∇ ⋅ ∧ τ
π *

µ%
= ∇ ⋅ ∧ τ
π *

µ
= % ⋅∇ ∧ − ⋅∇ ∧ τ
π * *
=%

µ − µ%
= % ⋅∇ ∧ τ= ⋅∇ ∧ ∇ τ =%
π *
π
=%

> 747 ∇ ⋅ =%
) ! 0 "

1 ? '

$ # / / @ $ A
⋅ =% ) ) "
& ! ! 4 # B
# 9 0 ) :"

!
'

$ !
∇⋅ = % ⇔ ∃ =∇∧
& ' =∇∧ "
! "

, >= + ∇φ +φ > ! "

) > # ) ; "
, # ; "
; 0 # ∇⋅ = %
0 ! ! # ) #
; )) )5 "

*
* ' "

µ% µ%
$ = ∧ τ= ∇ ∧ τ
π *
π
= −∇

$ ∇ ∧ =∇ ∧ − ∇ ∧
=%

)5 ∇∧ = "∇ ∧ + ∇ ∧
µ%
= ∇ ∧ τ
π
µ
$ = % τ
π

"

• ! !
• ! ) ; 0
$ ))
µ%
∇ ⋅ = ∇ ⋅ τ
π
$
∇ ⋅
∇ ⋅ = + ∇ ⋅ = −∇ ⋅
=%

= ∇ ⋅ −∇ ⋅ = −∇ ⋅
=%

& # ; ∇ ⋅ = −∇ ⋅
# !
µ% µ%
∇ ⋅ =− ∇ ⋅ τ =− ⋅
π π
$ # 4 ) "
)) ! ! #
) #4 − 4 #' "
! ! #' ) #4
+ "
$ )) # 4
! ) =% ! "
$ ) =% ⋅ =%
2# + ∇ ⋅ =%
 ! # 4
) "
< # ! 0 ) #

•
7 ( !
µ
$ = % τ
π
2
µ%
∇ = ∇ τ
π
µ%
= ∇ τ
π
− πδ

= − µ%
, ∇ = − µ%
$ ∇ = −µ% ) ! 0 ./
! ) ; 0"
) # 0 D ;4
D # ! 0 0 4

7 ( ! )
$ ∇ =% ) + # ) "

C ! 4 )

• '
7 /
) = ∧ ! "

$+ = 0 "
)) ' "
% −
$ = % ∧ =
%
∂
∂ − %
2 ∇∧ = ∂
∂ ∧ = % =
∂
∂ % +
7 . θ
$ = ∧ + = "" θ

2! 4 #) 4 ) "

C
 ( 0 !
0 = ! ; 0 ! ) #
))
∂ ∂
∇⋅ = + =% = =−
∂ ∂

!
& ( "
( !

$ ∇∧ =∇∧ ∇∧
(
$ ∇ = ∇ ∇⋅ −∇ ∧ ∇∧
2 ∇∧ = ∇ ∇⋅ −∇
=%
; 0

, ∇∧ = µ%
(
; 0 #
! 0 "
# ! 0 "

( )

$ ∇∧ =% ) + ! "

1 F / #& /

$ / Γ ) Σ # Γ
0 "
& # / / , A ⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅ = µ% ⋅
Σ Σ

• 2)
$ = ⋅
Σ

E
 & # ! ⋅ = µ% "
4 / @ "
0 Γ "
• '
?
>

G > # = ⋅ >
, ! # 0
>

Γ
$ = > =
&! # =− > =−

$ =− + + *

$ = −*

$ =%

"# $
& ! "

µ%
$ = τ
π
ρ
! = τ # =
πε %
"

( !

, < % ) "

-
 ( )

< % )

* (

! ! "

1 "
( !

µ%
$ = τ∧
π *

, < % =
) "

( )

• # ) "
•
δ = δ

$ ∇⋅ =% δφ = %
> 747 δφ + δφ + δφ = − ⋅ δ + ⋅ δ + δφ
$ ) 90 H : /
δφ → % $ ))
& − ⋅δ + ⋅δ = %
> 747 − ⋅ =% − =%
• 2
$
δ

$
δ

$ ) 4δ
$ δ = ⋅ = µ %δ
, − ⋅δ + ⋅ δ = µ% ⋅ δ
$ )) ' ! %
 $ δ = ∧δ
2 # ! − ⋅ δ = µ% ⋅ ∧ δ = µ% ∧ ⋅δ
δ ) "
2 − = µ% ∧
− = µ% ∧

"# %
<

µ%
= ρ τ = τ∧
πε % *
π *

ρ ∇⋅ =%
∇⋅ =
ε%
∇∧ =% ∇ ∧ = µ%
0
! ! F / #& /
F / @ ? ' ! )

!
& / & /
= −∇ =∇∧
ρ µ
= τ = % τ
πε % π
−ρ ∇ = −µ%
∇ =
ε%
(
σ − = µ% ∧
− =
ε%

" &
& . # .
,.

•
π

π . = > ∀

I
 • !
π . . >
4π ∀ "
(
∈π ⊂π

& .

•
$ =− > ∀
& ∈π =%"
• !
. − > 4π
π

, ∈π 4π

* $ !

•
, ' ! = ⋅
$ G . D # . "
, # . !
!
G D
G G D
D D G
• !
$ ∧
G D
G D G
D G D

%
 $

• @
! G D
∇ G D
• 2!
G D
∇⋅ G D
• (
G D
∇∧ D G

1 & J

ρ τ
$ = = −∇ "
πε %
$ 0
ρ G D
! G D
G D

<

µ% τ
$ = =∇∧
π
0
G D
G D
D G

"
& <

µ%
$ = ∧ "2 . "
π *

θ
 µ% −
= + θ θ ∧
π *

µ% θ
, =
π
, H # 0 0 K
4

/ #& /

&! )) . / #& /
⋅ = µ%

* !

=∇∧
' !
!
) H ./
"

1 ? )

,.

θ .
2 = θ

F / #& /

π " " = µ% = µ%
µ
2 = % θ
π"
(  → +∞
→%
* "

( # # ;4 L
•
µ% +∞ µ% +∞
$ = = "
π −∞ π −∞

$ ;4 ! # ! !
"
•
$ =∇∧ "
$ 9 : 0 "
• <
F 4 # .
"
F . "
2 =
(
) = + ∇φ θ ! )
. "
$ # / / , A
⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅ = ⋅

$ θ
µ
& − + = % "
π"
− µ%
, =
π"
µ%
= −
π
%
%

M0 . )

$ ) "

. = ) "
& = θ

*
 2# / / #& / .
× π " = µ%
>"
=
" <"
µ%
θ >"
& = π"
µ%
θ <"
π ""

2 ,

• &
=
µ%
π
θ
=
µ%
π ""
( θ) =
µ%
"
• , #'
7
θ

−
$ θ=
7 2
F # . .
"& =

µ%
7 $ = ∧
π *

# # #
 µ% µ%
2 = = θ
π π
& 9 : 4 #
µ π"
2 = % θ
π
"
$ =
θ
µ%
2 = *
θ" = *
θ
"
7 N ! !
" "
$ θ= =
" +

$ ) 0 # " .
" #)' ! "J "
(
λ

*
" "

• ! #'

$ 4 << " #' "

#' # .
0/ ! #' "
2 = θ +
$
∂
= % + "α = "α α =
∂ =%

= % + β"
$ ! =
# 0 . )'
4 ! . "&
β =%
∂
& ≈ % ≈−
∂ =%

C
 (
/ )) +ρ =%
=% ! = "

, O
2)

# 0 = . "
= "
$ = 0 "

$ << "

#'

"
$ θ= = "" θ

. =
µ%
= *
θ
"
, / << "
0
µ% −" θ
= × = *
θ"
" θ
θ − θ
2 = µ% ×

E
*

4 # / 0 4
#' "

, O )

• $ ))
0/ ! # "
• 2
F 4 .
# . "
2 =
• 4 #
7 , #' θ =% θ =π "
2 = µ% "
7 3 #'
$ 4 #

$ ⋅ = µ% =%

' 0 > 747 = µ% "

#' "
• 4 #'

$ µ% − $ = µ% $ =%

C P O )

# ! ) = θ )

-
 $ ! O
$ = µ%
& #' ; =%
" " O
= ⋅ θ = " O "
& " "
2 = µ%
$ "+ − " − = % − µ% = − µ% = µ% ∧
$ ! 4 ! # ) "

"
& ' (Q R R/ /

)
9 : /
0 (Q '/ > 7
47 ! B
! "

$ )
ω

$
#'
$ / % "
0 # /
µ%
= *
θ"

σ 5 4 ! = σ " = σ " "ω" θ

2 = ⋅ θ = σ " "ω"
$
δ ! δ = σ × π" "
π δ
) ) = "2 = = σ " "ω"
ω
 < 5
µ%σ " "ω" µ%σ "ω"
= *
θ" = *
θ"

$ =− θ =− θ
θ
− µ %σ "ω" *
θ µ %σ "ω" − θ
2 = θ= θ
θ θ
α α
µ% µ%
& = σω" − − θ <% = σω" − − θ
θ % θ π
> %"
µ% +ε α
& / = σω"" +ε =
α
− "
α= α=
" + " +

1 2

$ =%
α →% π

π
#. α= #' )

= σ" ω %"
$
7 σ
& S %C . " S πε % "
ε%
$ σ=
"
µ%σω µ %ε % ω
7 S "S ωS
7 ω 4 # % " −
4 #
(Q L
%I
$ S S %− F
%-
F S % −C F "
) F ! #
! 0 ! !
L
) ) #' ! !
# ) 0 # "

I
 ! . C # /
% −C F
)) # # )
/ 0 !
# ! ! 4)
! 0 # 0

4 "

. # )
*
− J"
= % θ %< < "
"
"
= % θ >"

$ "

2 ;4 ! ) ∇⋅ =%

#' 6
$ ) ∇∧ = µ% # T
! "

,.

2 ;4 θ
& ) ) . "
2 = ! )
#' "
& = =

* !

$ ⋅ = µ% ⋅
, . = ⋅

$ + − = µ% × π "
2 π" = µ% × π " "

%
 2# + =
µ%
*
− J"
, = %
− <"
µ% " * "
=% >"

" # .
) = # ""
$ "+ − "− = % − %
θ

2 " . )
"+ − "− = % − ∧ = µ% ∧

, =

= %
−
µ%

) #' "
,# . ; →%"
*

< π" %
− J"
→% #. "
"

2 10 3 K
2 )

0 0

$ = = +
 • , #' ! !
%

#
∂ ∂ ∂* *
% = %% + × + × + ×
∂ =% ∂ =%
∂ *
=%
*
=% =%

∂ ∂
2 = =% ' !
∂ =%
∂ =%
#' . " ! #
#)' 4 "J
& ! ! #' "
• #' ! !
$ ! # #' "

* 10 3 K

$ ! 0 0
$ ) 7 ! !
) "

# .

ω
ρ

$ .

2 !

$ = ρ " = ρ " ω" θ

 $ +

= ρ "ω" × "
4 O )
0
, >< > = µ % ρω "
, >> > =%
0 .
, >" =%
"
, <" = ρωµ % > > = µ% ρω " −

? !
2)

$ ! ) "!
! τ = = ρ&
τ
&
&

• !
=ρ − +ρ− + +

N 0 .
'
= ! 0 # τ
'
$ = ρ& & − + ρ& = ρ& & +ρ
& & &
ρ

• !
! =ρ J ! =σ J =λ
•
= ρ& & −
&

'

• !
) ) λ
5 4 ! 4 )
µ% µ %λ " λ
= θ = θ =
π" π" πε % "
& 5 4 ! )
K (' = ) K( =

*
 ('
$ )) ) S = µ %ε % = <<
(
#)) )) 4 ! "
•
7 ? )' ) #

' + + + '− − '− −

$ ! 0 . = = << −
' + +' − ' + +' −
+ =%
! # 0 0 "
$ ! = ρ + +ρ − =%
=%

=ρ + + − +ρ − − − =ρ − −

$
µ%
= θ
π"
=%
7 ,

$ ρ = ρP + ρ + − =% ! =%
= ρP +
P + − +ρ − − − = ρP +
P + +ρ − −

=% =%

$ ρ& = & & = & & = )

& = µ& + µ& = &

2 = ρ& & = & & µ& = & & λ*&