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Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions


4.0 International”. https://www.immae.eu/cours/

{}
! = "
# !
$
δ = % ⋅

% = δ = % ⋅

δ = % ⋅ & % = % ⋅
'
( & )
& & * * )

=
& % =
,πε
= "= % = +

δ = % ⋅ = % ⋅ =
,πε ,πε

δ = = =− + =− %
,πε ,πε ,πε
%
'
% =
→ +∞

& % =
,πε

δ =−
# &
% = δ = − = −% % − % = % − %
!
% = % ⋅ = % − % =

.
#

{ } ∈[ & ] *

% = %
=
#
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% = % =
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τ%

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)
{}
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1 σ&λ

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4 !! 5


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=% θ+ θ =

- 6

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85 {ρ } {}
. %
{ρ } {} 1 5

4
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= % & + % &
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% = ρ %ρ & ρ + %ρ&
• 85
/ θ&ϕ % & θ/ & ϕ

% =− = %

? {} {}
*
$ !
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@
!
δ = ⋅ = % ⋅ = %− =− %
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δ = ⋅ =− = −% ⋅
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+ 6

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+ = ≈
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8 $ *! & "

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C
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&
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# = %
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= % % + %
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= %
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0 %

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