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" # !$ % &
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O
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) F

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= + + + ω + ϕ +ψ + + − ω − ϕ +ψ
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ω
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ω
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7 +
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+ ) = + )
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+∞ +∞
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= +ω ) = +ω P
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+∞
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−∞ π
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$ ) )

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+ω

,
ω
∆ω << ω,
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+ω

ω − ω,
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/ K ( $
ω , + ∆ω
+ ) = + +ω −ω &
ω
ω , − ∆ω
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+ω = +ω, + +ω, +ω − ω, &

ω Ω

∆ω

+ ) = ; + + Ω & − +Ω + ω , Ω
ω
,
− ∆ω
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; Ω( ( ) )Ω( )
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= ω ω, − + ,

− ∆ω

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<<
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,

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# ( K ) . /#/
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/
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φ. ω, ω ω,

! ! +
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• !!
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ω
−∞

ω ∈ [ω, − ∆ω
% ω, + ∆ω ]) ∆ω << ω,
Ω = ω − ω,

= + Ω
ω
,

+∞ −ω,
5 + ) = +Ω ; Ω − Ω + ,

−∞ ω
ω, ω,
/ ϕ = = + ' φ P
, 7 +

φ.= − ! ) ((
ω
( &

B
 ω ω
/ = =
ω, 7 + ω,

6 ) ! ! + . /#/
$ +ω # &
/7 7 *
ω ω + ϕ ϕ
= ) ϕ = &4 = = ϕ +

π λ φ
(( = ) =− ) = ϕ −λ &
λ λ λ

< ; (
5; ( !(

/ 6 ) ';
+ ) = , ) + ) = ,) ∀ ) + ) , = + ) + ) , = +
/ 6 '; ) ';!#

( # ( ) # &
6 " $ ( ) " ' (
* ($ ) ( ; ( &

(( ( $ )
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(
+ ), = +
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+ ), = + ''! &
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!!

• ; (
/
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E
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/
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/ ' !
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! ( ! ) ! &

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! ' ; ( )( 6
!! ( ' +# & )
! ( ( &
•
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+ !+ . /#/ $ '
; (
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) ) !
&
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/
( '
!$ ) !$ ''! ' + &
; ( % ω
&
/ 5; ( (

$ !$ $ !' !$
∂ ∂
$ − =,
∂ ∂
− ω& ω
'( + ) = + ) ..+ + + =,)

+ = + ω +ψ
; (
5 = , ) = ,) ∀
4 +, = , ) ψ =,&
ψ =, +
) + = +ω
∂ ω ω
5 = ) =,) =,
∂

I
 ω + !− π + ! − π&
4 = ) ω= +!∈ T
λ π&
+ =+ !− ) Aλ =
ω
π& π&
4 ω = )ω = &&&

!=
ω =ω

!=
ω =ω
!=
• $ $ !
/ 6 (
4! (
+ ) ↔ L+ ) ω
+∞
+ ) = ω&L + ) ω − ω&

π −∞

; (
+∞
L+ ) ω = & + ) ω&

π −∞

(( ∀ ) +,) =,) L +,) ω = ,)

4 ( K !' ; ( &
∂ !
5 +,) = , )
∂ !

∂!L ∂! ω&
+,) ω = & +,) =,
∂ ! π ∂ !
4 ( ( &
) ! ( &

; ( " ω
+∞
+ ) = ω&L + ) ω − ω&
δ +ω − ω!
π !=
+∞
L+ ) ω − ω! &
=
π
!
!=
+∞
− ω! &
= ! +
!=
/ 5; ( !

U &

M
 +∞
+ ) = ω&L + ) ω & − ω&

π −∞

!$ $ )
+∞ ∂ L ω L − ω&
ω& + & = ,) ∀
π −∞ ∂
∂ L ω L
4 + = ,&
∂
ω
) L + ) ω = +ω +ψ +ω

(( '; ) ψ =,) ψ = ±π G % ψ = −π G
ω&
) L + ) ω = +ω

ω ω
(( '; ) =,) = !π
!π &
4 ω! =
5
ω − ω&
+∞
+ ) = ω +ω δ +ω − ω!
π !=
+∞
!π − ω!
=
π
!
!=

+ + ) = 7 +&&&
( ((
∂
∀ ) + ) =, =,
∂
+∞
!π & !π
4 7 − =,
π
!
!=

!π &
4 ∀!) 7 ! − = ,) . /#/ ! ∈

K (
= , ) + ), = " + &
+∞
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4 = "+
π
!
!=
! ( " ! K '
M π& π& Bπ &
"+ = − + + &&&
π O B
M π& π& π& π&
5 + ) = − + &&&
π O
$ # ( &

O
 ' ! !

• 5; !

+ )
' !$ ) ; (
5 ∀ ) +,) = ,
−Ω
5 +) = Ω =
/ 6 !!
7
( $ ; !) + = Ω

5$ ( " ! #ω=

6 " +Ω + ϕ

N) ((
!! !$ $ ;
+,) = , −Ω
( + ( ) " F
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+,) = ,
; (
+ ) = −Ω

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−Ω
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; (
5 =,) ϕ =, % ϕ = −π G
Ω −Ω
4 + ) =

−Ω Ω −Ω
5 = ) =

4 =
Ω

Ω −Ω
5 =
Ω

,
 / (
!!

( ( (
+ !+ λ
$ # & =
( ( ;(
!λ
$ # Q & =
J! $ ( ) ( ' ) $ ; $
' $ Q ) ( ( )( ((
; !) ( '
1 ( 3&
• !!
; ! $ !)
( ) ! ( ! ! Ω ; &

= ( ;
@

• ( ( ;
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/
+ ⋅ −ω & −ϕ
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/
+ ⋅ −ϕ
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/
+ = + −ϕ
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∂ ∂
/ ↔ ×+− ω ) A ↔−ω
∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
/ ∇= + +
∂ ∂ ∂
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5; (
F ;) # =
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/ $ $ ( *
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= +ω& + ϕ +ω& + ϕ

= ( + ω& + ϕ + ϕ + +ϕ − ϕ )
4 < >= +ϕ − ϕ

< >= =
T T
6 7 + 7 +

+5 )< >= T
• F
+ ) = + +ψ +ω + ϕ
+ ) = + +ψ − +ω & +ϕ
+ ( ; + & +ψ

•
−ϕ
$ ,
+ ⋅ − ω& − ϕ $ ,
−ϕ + ⋅ −ω &
$ $ ,
+ ⋅ − ω& − ϕ &4 $ $ ,
) $ = 7 +$
−ϕ
$ ,
+ ⋅ − ω& − ϕ $ ,

∂
↔ ×+− ω ) ∇ ↔ × + $ , )$ , )$
∂ ,

7 ( $
∇⋅ ↔ ⋅ ) ∇ ∧ ↔ ∧
• ) $ )

$ ,
+ω& + ϕ −
$ $ ,
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,
−ϕ
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$,
−ϕ −ϕ
) $ $ ,
& ϕ = ϕ −ϕ ) $ $,
, ,
 / $
!!

( # $ ;
( ; ) % ! !! ( &
/
$
$ ϕ =, π& ) λ$ Aλ ∈
,
'; &
/
$ $ =$ ϕ = ±π G

+ ((
$ $
4 ( ) $ &4 ; "( ) − $ &
, ,
• $ $ ( *
< >=< >+< >+< >

= + 7 +$ $ + 7 +$ $
T T T
7 +$ $

= 7 + ⋅ T

< V !

$ ( (! ! # &
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θ!

4 " ! "( ! * ($ ) 0!
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4 ≈ ) θ! = !

) ! =− ! − + ! − !− − + ! − !+

−ω, Ω

! = −ω, ! − Ω ++ ! − !− ++ ! − !+ &
!$ + "

;(

! + = +! ) = + )
∂
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∂

∂ ∂
!+ − ≈ ) − !− ≈
∂ ∂
! !
−

∂ ∂ ∂
5 − ≈
∂ ∂ − ∂
4 !$
∂ ∂
= −ω, & + Ω
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
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∂ ∂

7
+ −ω

5 0 !$ ) −ω + Ω = −ω,
ω − ω,
6 =
Ω
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• 6 ω > ω, ) ∈ =±
Ω
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ω ω
/ ϕ = = Ω
ω − ω,
ω
/ = &
ω ω ω ω
= ) Ω = = φ
Ω
Ω
5 = ω − ω,
ω

ω, ω

• A ω < ω,
ω, − ω
=± = ± β +ω
Ω
− β +ω β +ω − ω&
4 =+ +

/ N *
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/ ) ! ( ! ; ( &

• 7!' ; (

ω, < ω,
6 ω > ω, > ω,
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B
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ω − ω,
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) ;( ) ' ! ) . /
#/ $ << ) << λ

4 ( ) ;( 0 '! % ; "( P
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/ 7! '
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; ( ! + #
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−δ +δ
δ δ
−δ

+δ
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( ) $ ( (
( &

5$

!$ ! '! + ) ) + ) &
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+ +δ
−δ = × δ + &δ &+ + δ

E
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∂ ∂
• (
∂
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∂
∂ ∂
4 =− −
∂ ∂
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∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
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∂ ∂ ∂
(:( !$ &

!$ ! (" ! &
6 =, = ,) !$ $ !! !
+ $ # ("

7
+ −ω &

)= ω + ω+ + & +
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4 = & − β & + α & −ω &
/
ω
ϕ =
/ !
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•
−
! ) ϕ L ,M (&
ϕ
λ= + Aν = πω
ν

I
 / 6 ν = B,XY ) ϕ = ,M (& −
+ ! $ $ )
λ = & , E ( = ,,,2(
!$
6 (" ) ! + . /#/
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• ϕ) δ ! ω&
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) ; (
! ! $ !! &
(( $ ϕ δ !
S
ω
α= ) ' $ β = Gδ ! ω&
ϕ

ω
N' $ −β = ω − ω&
ϕ

. /#/ ' ) ϕ = β= &

ω
N' $ β = ω&+ + & ) . /#/ = + & ) . /#/
ϕ

= & + X

4 5'' 4
5; (
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(

6 ! ) '!$ # $
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( %
ϕ =
;
A (( ( (
! & A ! ( (( &

M
 6 ((

$ ! # &
• !

+∆

= !( # $ D # = $ +
+∆
= !( # $ + $ D # + = $ + $ +
∆
5 ' ''! ) = $ +
6 ! ( # ) ( ∆ #
! ( ' !(
∆ ≈∇ ⋅ .= ⋅ +∇ =

4 A + − ⋅ = $

6 ω = ω$ − ⋅

• *

'' 4 '' ) . /#/ $ (

$ '' &
• !
/ 4 ' ! ( # )
+ ⋅ −ω $ &
+ ) = +
ω ω$
5 = =
ϕ

/ 4 '( !# + # #')
. = . + .)
/ N !
+ + ) = . + .)
. /#/ $ # ( ( !) (:(
$ ' '(&
+ = −
4 .= − ) .= − +
=,

O
 + ⋅+ . + −ω $ + ⋅ . − +ω$ − ⋅
) . + .) = + = +
ω$
5 (( + ) = . + .) ) ω = ω$ − ⋅ ) =

4 ω = ω$ − ⋅

((

• 5; ω
= !( # $ D # = $ + &
+∆
= !( # $ + $ D # + = $ + $ +
∆
4 = $ +

) ∆ ≈ ∇ $ ⋅ $$ . = − ⋅ $ $ + ∇$ = −
⋅
4 = $ − $

ω$
6 ω =
⋅
− $

• *
ω < ω$ ω = ω$ ω > ω$

@! ! !

• ; '( *(! $ ) $ V
! )( ; $ ' ! ( &
• ! ( !$
/ N * ( ) (:(
' ( )$ $ $ ! &
/ N* '( !( #' ! &
/ 7!
'' 4 G ω = ω$ − GG

'' 4 G &

,
5 ' (
"

" ' ( ( ) ! ! " (

!
+! − +! +
( ! )!∈
N ! ; ' )) ( #
' $ !$ &
! $ ! ( ! !
!$ &
+ ( " ; ( ( !

5$ ( (

!$ ) $ (
! = −) + ! − !+ − ) + ! − !−

! + = + ) A = ! +

;(

" $ ! ''! !− ) !+ +0 ' "

! $ + ) ' &
) !$ !! ) ! )
∂ ∂ ∂
= ) − !− = ) !+ − =
∂ ∂ =+ ! − ∂
! ! !
=!

∂ ∂ ∂
5 =) −
∂ ∂ =! ∂ =+ ! −

∂ ∂ ∂
− = ) !$
∂ =! ∂ =+!− ∂
∂ ∂
=)
∂ ∂
∂ ∂ )
− = ,) =
∂ ∂
!$ $ &
 C ' ;(
6)

4 ( ;( 0 '! ) (
; "( &
N' $ << λ

4 ( '+

6) + ) = & ; + & − ω& =! &

7
4 !$ ''! )
− ω ! = −) ! + − − &
− ) !+ − &

6
ω = )+ − = )

)
5 ω= =ω

ω
ω

/ (" Y <
5 ; ( ) ''! ϕ = φ! − φ! − =
π
6 ! + ∈ ) (:( ! *$
+(:( ''! # π "&
−π π
( # ∈ )

ω
ω

−π π
 = ! ( #
( ) # * ! ( !&
' $ '' # * "( + ;
F $ (
) ! : ! ; ("
; "( &
/ )

)
ϕ = ) ! ω

ω )
= =±
/ Y <
ω

π
4 Y ) << ) << λ

) )
ϕ = ) = ) '&
/ < Y <
π − ω&
=± ) ! = & +− !
) (
&
) ! π ; (
)
) ϕ = ) = ,)

)
ω =ω =
/
$ ω ≤ω $ ω << ω )
& R ω ( ) &
R ω =ω ) * &
/ 6 ; ω >ω
( ; ) =α + β &
 7
− α& β& α& −β &
− ω = −) + − − )+ +
)
ω = + − +α & × +β & + & +α & × +β &

ω !) ' $ +α & × + β & =,

4 β = ,) $ !0# !!
π
6 α= ) ∈
)
ω = + − +− × +β &

ω > ,) ' $ ( )
) β
ω = + + +β & =ω

β
6 ω =ω
/ !
!π −! − ω&
! =&

% (
( 0 &
= ,) ! + !
/ 5; V (
V ( ! ! " ( ) (? ' )
( ( ω
+ 6 ω <ω ) ( ( # # '
(
+ ω =ω ) ; ( (:( ( )
&
+ 6 ω >ω ) ! ( ( ) (
) ( ( ( ! $
δ = Gβ & ) $ $ ( ) *
( ( & ( ( #) * #' &