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!

"

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
# #

$ " % &

!" # $

(+ ) =+

(− ) =+

( ) =−

! %

• #& # # "&

! !
'

+
⋅ = $ ∈( ∈)

• # # "&

!
' ! '

= $ ≠*∈( ∈)

+ , "
*
=- $ ≠*

• " '

' ! ! ' .
'

− -
= $ ≠*

• # # & ()

& '
'

( ) = ×
$ ∈( ∈)

• # & )& $ # #

( ⋅ ⋅ ) = ⋅ ⋅ $ % & ∈( ∈)

• # & #' $ # #

/ .

= $ & ≠*
0+ 12 34)"

= & ∈( ≠* ∈)

- # * ! ' ,
*
' * #+ #

5 "
*6 = * * * = ∃/

7 # & * - ! -

5 "
--7 = - -* = -

6 # ,*
-
=

8 # ,-* -* -* - 9
! :;

5 "
-* 6 = -*** -* < = -*****

$ ' "

. &

= $ ∈( ∈)

=9 % % = %

! %

• ./# & )& $ # #


× = ×

• ./ # & #' $ # #

• ./ # &

0+ 12 3 ) +

• = 0- ' : ; , 7
=
• + & 1- > (

2% ! %

-?

) ' @6 < @A @B @ -* @-- @-7


7
'
'6

) ' 8 B- -** -7- -67 AC 6B


1=

) ' @7A @C8 @-7< 7-C 686 @B6 @<C 6-<


6
1=
7? " B? E ,
&
(− 8 + 7 − < + A ) 7

?* ?D- ?D8 ?D 3 <


− 67 =
?D-C
33 6 = −7

6? " 333 8 =7

[(− 6 + <) + (7 − A )]6 ?D8 ?DC ?DB ?D-*


?D-C
?D7A ?@7A ?DB ?@
?@B ? "

(− 6)7 + < × B + − 6 7 × C − 77
8? 3 ! "
?-6 ?-8 ?-< ?-C
(− < + 6 − A ) 7
?-A

?DB- ?@B- ?@8 ?D8 -*?E ,


?@C8 & &

<? & &


(− -)-7* =
(− 6)6 = (− -)86 =
(− 7)8 = − (− -)7*B = −
(− <)7 = −
?- ?* ?@- ?7 ?@7
?-C ?@-C ?7< ?@7<
?@7A --?
, ! "
C? "
(− -)8 ⋅ (− -)7 ⋅ (− -)6 ⋅ (− -) = (− -)
-6

6
− + B − -C +
?8 ?D7 ?@- ?D- ?*
?@7 ?@- ?* ?- ?7

A? " -7? ,
! "
<
− 78 + -7 − -B − 7
(− B)-C ⋅ (− B) = (− B)
?@7 ?@- ?* ?- ?7 (− B)B
?@7 ?@- ?* ?- ?7
-6?3
"
F2? FG? !
(6
7A + 8 -C ) 7
(
− 6 < ⋅ C 7 − -- )

[
3 (− 7)
6 7
] = C8
?-7
?6*
?-< ?7* ?7<

68
33 = +7A
−6 - ? "
− 87
333
+ 77
=8 (− 7)6 + − 7A + 6- − (− 6)
7

?222 ?2GG ?2G2 ?@-< ?@-C ?@-A ?@-B


?GGG ?22G ?@-

-8? & 7*?


& .
.
+ (+ 6) = C
7 6
3
3 (− 7) ⋅ (7) = C8
8
6
6 33 6 7 + = 8× 8 +-
33 ⋅ 7 7 = -*B
8
333 + 6< = 788
333 < ⋅ (− <)
7
= C7<

?7 ?6 ?8 ?C ?A
?@- ?- ?7 ?6 ?8
-<? ,
7-? "
& & .
6
(6
)( )(
− B 7 8 − -< 66 − < 7 (< − A ) 6 7 − -* ) ( )
3 7× 6× C = C
33 6 8× < − ( ) = −7 ?@7 ?@- ?* ?- ?7

77? "
⋅8 = 8
<
333 7

?7 ?6 ?8 ?< ?C 8 7 ⋅ 6 7 ⋅ (− 7) = <AC

-C?3 " ?* ?- ?7 ?6 ?8

?(− 7 ) = −B
76?
?− 6 7 = −
6
& .
?− < 7 = 7< ?6 − B = −7
?< − 67 = −7
3 =
-C 8
-A? "
B 7
33 6 =
6 (− 8 + <) + (− < + A ) 7
− <×B + C× 8
6 -7<
7< <
?- ?@- ?7 ?@7 ?* 333 =
-**
-B? "
6C 7 7<?E ,
32 = & "
B-
7
3 67 + =<
?-7 ?-- ?-* ?B ?C 7
33 87 + = 7<
78? "
? 8
<
7 +8 − 6 +6 + C
8 7 8 6 7 ? @8
? 6
?- ?7 ?6 ?8 ?C ? @6
?

2% ! 3 ! !

-? 3 F2? FG? ?@7 ?@- ?* ?- ?7


"
6? "
6
3 " + < = 67
= 6 − 7A ⋅ 8 7 − -88 ÷ 7 7 + 6 7
,
8
?87 ?6- ?@87 ?7-
33 " + < = 76 ?*

, 8? + ! ' "
7
333
,
" + 6 7 = 7<
, B
= (
6
)7
− 7A − 8 B- + 7 ⋅ 8 ⋅ B

?8* ?7B ?88 ?8B


?222 ?2G2 ?GG2
?67
?G22 ?22G
<? + "
7? E ,
= B × 8 − 6 × 7 − - − (− 7)
6
&
. = 6 A7 + 6 7 ( ) − (7 )
* 7 7

3 6
− C8 = − E 6
+-7 ⋅
6
33 = −7A ?<8 ?@<B ?C* ?-<C
333 < = −- ?@C*
! ) &4

+ 1 5 = . /
' > &
' 66 H F ! & ! ?
H 9 > I 0 H
! I E E / > 1 5
. , 5 E &
/ 5"

: = ' , . ,= -A7 >


J; > = E 1 5
. ": & 1
> , H , '
;

"F1 " K > ! K $


I 9 > 1 - B?

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