Professional Documents
Culture Documents
= = +
=
+
= = =
°
+
−
°
− °
−
−
=
=( + )= Ω
−
= =− = Ω
%& ' ""( )" % " ""(
!"# % "
$ "" %
"
" * $
*
* $ ""
* +
- " ( " ** ,
$ %&
π
= ! " ω −
$ %&
$ ""
2 &' "( )"
(
+ + = ⇔ + + =
π
'
'
ω
(
*
$ %&
)
!" " "
#
*
)
$ % ! & !
## ' & %
*
#( !" )
)
$ 4 $ %&
%&& &
. " / / / % # #
#
* 0 + ! !
-
0 0
* = * = * = * #!
= #* #
* +* +* =
+0 ) " " #3 ##"
+ ! !
*
= = =
0
+ + = - =
0
!%
0 , ! #
-
$ %&
%&& &
− *
π
*
= #* # '
π
+
π
#( $ , *
'
π
-
*
*
=* −*
=* −*
=* −*
4
$ $ %&
%&& %&
. # ! !! #
%!
2 2
+ ! !
∆ ∆
= = = #
∆
2
+ ! ! 1 #
= −
+0 ) " " #3 ##"
= −
= −
2 ∆
2=
2 ∆
3 # ! % !
2 ∆
$ %&
%&& %&
= "2 −2
2
π
− π
* π
− = # # '
2 =
− 2
π
#( $ 2
'
$ $ %&
5" "
"
5 6 7 * =
= 2
5 8 9 2 =
ϕ" * * ϕ" 2 *
!"
+4 = × ×
5" "( +4 =
: (
: , &' " ;
&' "
2 "
< " "
0
" "
2 ," " ( =
"
$ %&
% " ""(
- ≡ *
. / /
#( !" / -
! #( (
# ! #(
, ! !
π π
$ $ %&
5" "
!" ;
5
5 =
*
* )
⇔ *
)
-
)
$ $ %&'
5"
!" ;
∆ 2
∆ 2
⇔
0
⇔ *
∆
2 0
-
-
= ∆ * =
0
*
+, $ %&'
5"
* * 2 + −2 =
0 = = 2 2
2 −2 ∆ ∆
2 ∆
* −* * −*
2 = = -2 = =
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
* Υ
* −* * −* * −* −*
= − = Υ
-
Υ
∆ ∆ ∆
+, $ %&'
5"
* + * + * = -* = −"* + * 2 2
∆ ∆
* −* −*
2 ∆
*
= =
∆ ∆
*
0 = = ∆ * Υ
-
Υ Υ
$ $ %&'
( " "
+ . & !& &/ 0 %&
× + × + ×
* =
× + × + ×
=
*
× + × + ×
=
3 4
4
$ $ %&'
( " "
= *×
* + +
*
×
=
* + +
3 4
$ %&'
* $
/+, &
" * = 2=
5 =* ! ϕ
5 = 2! ϕ
5= 5 = * ! ϕ= ! ϕ
5= 5 = 2! ϕ = ! ϕ
6= ϕ
6= ϕ
=
=
5
! ϕ= 5
! ϕ=
$ %&'
/$
# = , + , + ,
#" = * 2! " ω ! "ω −ϕ +
π π
! "ω − ! "ω − −ϕ +
π π
! "ω − ! "ω − −ϕ 1
#= * ! ϕ +
π π
* 2! " ω −ϕ +! " ω − −ϕ +! " ω − −ϕ 1
#=5= * ! ϕ
' $ %&'
* +
+" > '
5 =* 5=5 +5 +5
3 5 =*
3
5 =*
3
* * *
?
( +, $ %&(
* +
+" > '
5 )
= "* − *
5 )
5 )
= "* − *
3
5)
3
* * * 5 = 5 )
+ 5 )
+, $ %&(
* +
π
5 )
= "* − * 5) = * ! "ϕ −
'
5 )
= "* − * π
−* 5 =
)
* ! "ϕ +
'
−*
*
"*
π π
−
π 5 +5 =
) )
* ""! "ϕ − + ! "ϕ +
'
+ ' '
ϕ π
5 +5 =
) )
* # ! ϕ! = * ! ϕ
"* − *
'
6
π −* 5 −5 =
) )
* ϕ=
ϕ '
* * 6= "5 ) − 5 )
$ $ %&(
** ,
" "1
5 =* ! ϕ
5 = * + + ! ϕ
∂ 5 ∂ * ∂ ∂ ! ϕ
5 = * + + ! ϕ
∂5 ∂* ∂ ∂! ϕ
∆5 = "∆* × ! ϕ +* ×∆ ×! ϕ +* × ∆! ϕ
ϕ ∆ϕ
" "1
∆5 = "∆ × ! ϕ + ×∆ ×! ϕ + ×∆! ϕ
ϕ ∆ϕ *
$ %&(
** ,
! × !" # ! × !"
∆* = +
( !!
! !
+, $ %&(
- " ( "
% " ( " )
= # " " (
0 " )
= ∆
0
*=
5 #(
5 =
+, $ %&
- " ( "
2 4
4 = *
4
4
3 3 2 43
=" + ( Ω 4
+, $ %&
- " ( "
&!
5&! ! 6 . &
≅ *
= C = C =4
ϕ
+
5 !& ! .& &7 ! %&4
≅ *
= C = C
+
= 4 ϕ
+, $ %&
- " ( "
ϕ = ( + )≅
+, $ %&
- " ( "
D EF GA H
!
) ' 78
! ϕ= +
! *
4)
4
!
3)
3
-
+, $ %&
- " ( "
3
2 ""( 1
D EF GA H
!
)
78
! ϕ = +
* -
* )
-
-
+, $ %&
- " ( "
.=( : =" + Ω += Ω 3= µ;
3
3
$ ≈ 9 . *
+
5 = 78 ! ϕ = +
+, $ %&
- " ( "
@ " ) )"
1
6 =5 # %ϕ = 7* + ϕ = °
- %ϕ = '
+, $ %&
- " ( "
@
) )" , 2
5 = 5 = 78
* *
6=6 + = ' 7* + I = '7* +
.< .<
= "5 + 6 = 7* = * #
,J = = '(
*
*
+, $ %&
- " ( "
+8
*
5 =5 +
)
= 78 6 =6 +
)
+& = 7* +
.<
)
= "5 + 6 = $# =
$= =
) ) )
7* ,J *
$
3 = =' (
+ +
"3<
+, $ %&
- " ( "
$ ) )" 5 ))
5 )) = 5 + ++ 3 = 78
*
6 6 )) =6 + +& − =
))
3
$ " ) )" 7* +
.< 3<
= " 5 )) + 6 )) = $# =
))
$ ))
7*
))
,J = =
$
5 ))
# 1 ! ϕ= ))
= (
:%$ .%$5:.8K6 % 9
2 > ' , ,
F ;( ) H= , (
#
4
:%$ .%$5:.8K6 % 9
. ," " (
2, )A # # , "
" ## "
! ) ; ## A
*
:%$ .%$5:.8K6 % 9
*
:%$ .%$5:.8K6 % 9
*
:%$ .%$5:.8K6 % 9
*
:%$ .%$5:.8K6 % 9
**
+"
$ ## L &(
F H= " L ) ;
" F H
5&6& %&8
2L ) L" & ) " L
5 6& 7&8
2 ' ; 1 2, "
" (
5 6& &", 8
L L" L
0 " 1 : ' *
%& )
*
: " " (
*4
: # "(
*
: " & (
*
: ;
. # , "
. # , "
. # , "
. # , "
*
% ; ## M
% ##"
% ) #"(