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Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions


4.0 International”. https://www.immae.eu/cours/

" # $ !
" % & #
# & !

' (

$ (
$ !
$ & !

' )

+ !

- !

. $ $
- $ $ !

# ≠
/
.
* % # & + !

* = # = !

' + &

= ! + ! + !
= ! + ! + !
= ! + ! + !

+ 0

= ! + !
= ! + θ! θ + !
=1 − θ ! +1 θ + θ ! θ + !

. + 2
' 2

+ γ
!

π # # !
- /# //→ # π $ # 3
+ 4 5 &6 3 +!
& / //
/# //→ !
- 0 0 + !
• 7

= # 1 + $
• 7
= # 8 = !

3 = # ⋅ = 9!
# 0 + !
* & $
" : >9 1 $ +

" : >9#
< ( 5 ; < + 6!
• 7 + = ∧

= = # = 4 $ $ 1 +

1
= = = + = +

- ; #
( $ +!

.
* % & !
= $ 3 $
3 # / "3" ∧ =9!

' > $

σ1 = ∧ 1
1 #

,
σ
= ∧ + ∧
=9
=9

. σ= 1= σ 9

* ∧ = σ9 ! . σ9 &
σ9

, -

θ θ

* ∧ = θ =
1 ∧ ⋅ $ % !
@
+

* = ∧

• * $ = ∧

σ
• # = =
• 0
* σ= ∧ = θ! # θ=

$ A &

= 1ω! + ϕ
= 1ω! + ϕ
=9
1 = −ω
*

?
* ω! / = ω! + ϕ
# ω! + ϕ = ω! /+ 1ϕ − ϕ = ω! /+ϕ !
= 1ω!
*
= 1ω! + ϕ

) (

* = ω! × ϕ− ω! × ϕ

. + − ϕ= ϕ#

: ϕ =9# $ =

− π ,π
ϕ =π # = ! ϕ= # # + = !

, $

• @
• :
"σ= ∧ = − ω! ϕ!
: ϕ >9# 4 ϕ < 9#
" & ω! ≡ 9 C π B
= −ω ϕ# − ϕ!

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