TARGETS:

• Formulate the appropriate null and alternative

hypothesis on a population mean
• Identify the appropriate form of test statistic and
rejection region for a given level of significance
when when:
 the population variance is assumed to be known
 the population variance is assumed to be
unknown; and
 the central limit theorem is to be used
• Compute for the test statistic value
• Draw conclusion about the population mean based
on test-statistic value and the rejection region
• Solve problems involving test hypothesis on the
population mean S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 HYPOTHESIS TEST
CONCERNING MEANS

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
HYPOTHESIS TEST CONCERNING MEANS

• TESTS CONCERNING
THE POPULATION MEAN
• TESTS ON THE
DIFFERENCE OF TWO
POPULATION MEANS

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 TESTS
CONCERNING
THE
POPULATION
MEAN S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
TEST CONCERNING THE POPULATION MEAN
Case Description Test Statistic
A test concerning the
mean of a normal
1 population with a known Z-test
variance or standard
deviation

A large-sample test
concerning the mean of a
2 Z-test
population (using the
central limit theorem)

A small-sample test
concerning the mean of a
3 T-test
population with unknown
variance
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 CASE 1 :

TE ST CONC E RN ING THE ME AN

OF A NOR MAL P OP UL ATI ON
WI TH A KNOWN VAR I ANCE OR
ST AND AR D DE VI ATI ON
(U SE Z-T EST )

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 EXAMPLE 1
A recent study says that Filipino children
spend an average of 4 hours a day playing
computer games with a standard
deviation of 30 minutes. A random
sample of 9 children is taken from a
normally distributed population of
children who spend an average of 3.5
hours playing computer games. Using 1%
level of significance, would you conclude
that the statement given in the survey is
CASE 1
FORMULA:

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 CASE 2 :

A LARGE-SAMPLE TEST
CONCERNING THE MEAN OF
A POPULATION BY THE
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
(USE Z-TEST)

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 EXAMPLE 2
A workout program states that there is n
average weight loss of 12 pounds (lb) for
those who enroll in the program for 2
months. Another workout program
advertises greater weight loss and was
tested with a group of 30 volunteers who
averages 13 lb weight loss after 2 months,
with standard deviation 2.5 lb. Does the
second workout program offer a higher
average weight loss effect. Test the
hypothesis at α =0.05.
CASE 2
FORMULA:

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 CASE 3 :

A SMALL-SAMPLE TEST
CONCERNING THE MEAN OF
A POPULATION WITH
UNKNOWN VARIANCE
(USE T-TEST)

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 PRELIMINARY CONCEPT
Degree of freedom
- a measure of how many values can vary
in a sample statistic
- it is simply 1 less than the sample size

NOTE:
Finding the critical value of t using the t –
distribution table involves the intersection
of the degree of freedom and the level of
significance (α)
 PRELIMINARY CONCEPT
Determine the appropriate rejection region
for the following t-tests given the sample
size and level of significance.
1. Right-tailed test with n = 15 and α = 0.05
2. Left-tailed test with n = 28 and α = 0.01
3. Two-tailed test with n =35 and α = 0.1
 PROCEDURE
Step 1: State the hypotheses.
Step 2: Identify the critical and rejection
region.
• Compute for the degrees of freedom.
df = n – 1
aned identify the level of significance.
Step 3: Compute for the t-statistic.
Step 4: Make a decision.
 EXAMPLE 3
It is assumed that the mean IQ is μ = 100. In
a study conducted by a researcher, a
sample of n = 16 people had an average
IQ of 90 with a standard deviation of 15.
At α = 0.1, is the group significantly
different from the regular population?
CASE 3
FORMULA:

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 EXAMPLE 4
A researcher wants to determine if review
sessions affect performance of students in
exams. A review session administered to a
sample of 25 students and after the
examination, a sample mean of 43 is
calculated with a standard deviation of 8.
From previous examinations, it was
identified that the population mean for
the exam is 40. At α = 0.05, can the
professor conclude that the review session
is effective in improving exam
 TESTS ON THE
DIFFERENCE OF
TWO
POPULATION
MEANS
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
TEST CONCERNING THE POPULATION MEAN
Case Test Statistic

1 Two-sample T-test

2 Paired Sample T-test

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
CA SE 1: TWO-SAMPLE T-
TEST
I t is used to compare means
of two normal g ro u ps , which
are indepe nde nt to one
anothe r.
Example:
• Aptitude Test Results of Grade 10 and 11
students
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 EXAMPLE 5
A researchers wants to know if there is a
significant difference between marital age
of males and females. An interview with
29 males and 25 females showed that on
the average, the mean marital age is 28.5
for males and 26.1 for females with
standard deviations of 1.54 and 0.89
respectively. At α = 0.05, is there a
significant difference in the marital ages
of males and females.
 PROCEDURE
Step 1: State the hypotheses.
Step 2: Identify the critical and rejection
region.
• Compute for total degrees of freedom.
df = n1 + n2 – 2
and identify the level of significance.
Step 3: Compute for the t-statistic.
Step 4: Make a decision.
 PROCEDURE
Step 3: Compute for t-statistic.

Where
= mean of the first sample
= mean of the second sample
n1 = number of first sample
n2 = number of second sample
Sp2 = pooled variance
 PROCEDURE
Formula: Pooled Variance

Where
df1 = degrees of freedom of the first sample
df2 = degrees of freedom of the second sample
S1 = standard deviation of the first sample
S2 = standard deviation of the second sample
Sp2 = pooled variance
CA SE 2: PAI RED SAMPL ES T-
T EST
I t is use d t o compare the
means o f t he tw o groups,
which may be re late d anyway .
Examples:
Pre-test and Post-test of the same group
Math and Science Grade of Grade 10 students

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 EXAMPLE 6
A researcher studies the effectiveness of a particular
teaching strategy. Prior the administration of the
strategy, a pretest was given to the sample of 5
students and then posttest was given after. The
following table summarizes the scores of the 5
students in both tests.
STUDENT PRETEST POSTTEST
1 20 23
2 18 17
3 16 16
4 10 15
5 22 25
At α = 0.05, are the scores in the posttest significantly
higher than the scores in the pretest?
 PROCEDURE
Step 1: State the hypotheses.
Step 2: Identify the critical and rejection
region.
• Compute for total degrees of freedom.
df = n1 + n2 – 2
and identify the level of significance.
Step 3: Compute for the t-statistic.
Step 4: Make a decision.
 EXAMPLE 6
PRETEST POSTTEST d
STUDENT
(x) (y) =x–y
1 20 23

2 18 17

3 16 16

4 10 15

5 22 25

N=5 ∑ = _____ ∑ = _____

 PROCEDURE
Step 3: Compute for t-statistic.