STATISTICS:

HYPHOTHESIS
WK16-LAS2-SAP-II-11
 Learning Target(s):
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to understand the concept
of hypothesis in statistics.
 Two Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics is concerned with the gathering,
classification and presentation of data and the collection
of summarizing values to describe group characteristics of
data. The most commonly used summarizing values to
describe group characteristics of data are percentage,
measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median);
measures of variability (range, standard deviation,
variance, coefficient of variation); of skewness and
kurtosis. Examples of descriptive statistics are the class
average of examination, range of student scores, average
salary, means of managerial satisfaction and average
return of investment.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

2. Inferential Statistics pertains to the
methods dealing with making inference,
estimates or prediction about a large set of
data using the information gathered.
Commonly used inferential statistical tools or
techniques are testing hypothesis using the z-
test, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
simple linear correlation (Pearson r),
Spearman’s Rho, chi-square (x²) and
regression.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

What is a Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is basically a statement about
the target population. This is formulated as a
result of years of observation and researches.
New researches may result from one’s desire
to determine whether or not a researcher’s
hypothesis is supported when a sample data
are subjected to rigorous scientific statistical
methods.
A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or
conjecture concerning one or more
populations
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.
 Two Forms of Hypothesis
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) is the hypothesis to
be tested and it represents what the
investigation doubts to be true.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) is the
operational statement of the theory that
the experimenter or researcher believes
to be true and wishes to be true.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative
hypotheses.
Step 2. Set the level of significance (α).
Step 3. Select the appropriate test statistic
(statistical tool).
Step 4. Establish the critical (rejection) region.
Step 5. Compute the value of the test statistic
from the sample data.
Step 6. State your conclusion.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

 Two Types of Hypothesis Testing
1. One-tailed (directional) test occurs when the
researcher has the prior expectation about
the sample value he expects to observe.
2. Two-tailed (non-directional) test occurs when
the alternative hypothesis does not specify a
directional difference for the parameter of
interest. This test is applied when the researcher
doesn’t have the prior expectation regarding the
value he expects to see in the sample.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

 Two Types of Hypothesis Testing
1. One-tailed (directional) test occurs when the
researcher has the prior expectation about
the sample value he expects to observe.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

2. Two-tailed (non-directional) test occurs when the
alternative hypothesis does not specify a directional
difference for the parameter of interest. This test is
applied when the researcher doesn’t have the prior
expectation regarding the value he expects to see in
the sample.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

LEARNING
EXPERIENCE
Compare and Contrast
Alternative Hypothesis
vs.
Null Hypothesis