P a g e |1

MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : First Semester Statistics and Probability 11

MODULE TITLE : Sampling and Sampling Distribution

MODULE DESCRIPTION : a. illustrates random sampling

b. distinguishes between parameter and
statistic.
c. identifies sampling distributions of statistics
(sample mean).
NOMINAL DURATION : 1 week
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module the learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts
of sampling and sampling distribution.
1. Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
ASSESSMENT METHOD :  Demonstration of solution to the
problems

LO1. Finding the Mean and the Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample M eans
CONTENT:
1. Demonstration on how to solve proportions of areas under the normal curve
CONDITIONS:
The students will have access to:
 Module on Statistics and Probability 11
 Activity Sheets
M ETHODOLOGIES:
 Blended Learning
ASSESSM ENT M ETHODS:
 Activity
 Try it Yourself

INTRODUCTION

We have learned in our previous lessons how to construct the probability distribution of a discrete
random variable. We have also learned how to compute the mean and the standard deviation of a discrete
random variable. We shall apply these concepts w herein w e shall study another probability distribution —the
probability distribution of the sample means, popularly know n as the sampling distribution of the sample
means. T he study of sampling distribution of the sample means w ill be the basis for making statistical
inferences and testing hypotheses.

LESSON 1
Finding the M ean and the Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample M eans
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to
 find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means

Recall that the sampling distribution of the sample means is actually the probability distribution of the
sample means, the sample means being the random variable in this probability distribution. Sine sampling
distribution of the means is a probability distribution of the random variable X , w e can compute its mean and
variance.
In this lesson w e shall compute the mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
means and investigate some of its important properties. Do the next activity to prepare you for this lesson.

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |2

Activity 1.1
A. Recall that the variance and the standard deviation of ungrouped data are found by using the
follow ing formulas.
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
( ) √ ( )
w here score or value
number of scores or values
Find the variance and the standard deviation of the follow ing set of data. Complete the table below to
compute the variance and the standard deviation.
1, 4, 6, 8, and 9

X
1
4
6
8
9
∑ ∑

B. Recall that the mean or the expected value of a discrete probability distribution is found by using
the follow ing formula.
∑[ ]

w here mean
value of the random variable
is the probability value of the random variable
Find the mean or the expected value of the follow ing probability distribution.

0 0.100
1 0.150
2 0.250
3 0.140
4 0.090
5 0.080
6 0.060
7 0.050
8 0.040
9 0.025
10 0.015
C. Recall that the variance and the standard deviation of probability distribution are given by these
formulas.
∑[ ] √∑[ ]
w here mean
value of the random variable Variance
the probability value of the random variable standard deviation
Find the variance and the standard deviation of the follow ing probability distribution.
X P(X)
0 0.100
1 0.150
2 0.250
3 0.140
4 0.090
5 0.080
6 0.060
7 0.050
8 0.040
9 0.025

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |3

Definition 10 0.015

T he mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the means can be found by using the formulas
for the mean and variance of probability distribution.
The M ean of the Sampl ing Distribution of the Sampl e M eans
Let us investigate the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means and compare it w ith the
mean of the population.

Exampl e 1
T he follow ing table gives the monthly salaries (in thousand of pesos) of six officers in a government office.
Suppose that random samples of size 4 are taken from thee population of six officers.
Officer Sal ary
A 8
B 12
C 16
D 20
E 24
F 28

1. Compute the mean of the population

2. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means
3. Compute and ̅ .

Solution:
1. T he mean of the population is computed as follow s.
∑

2. T he possible samples of size 4 and the corresponding means are show n below .

Sal aries M ean

8, 12, 16, 20 14
8, 12, 16, 24 15
8, 12, 16, 28 16
8, 12, 20, 24 16
8, 12, 20, 28 17
8, 12, 24, 28 18
8, 16, 20, 24 17
8, 16, 20, 28 18
8, 16, 24, 28 19
8, 20, 24, 28 20
12, 16, 20, 24 18
12, 16, 20, 28 19
12, 16, 24, 28 20
12, 20, 24, 28 21
16, 20, 24, 28 22

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |4

T he sampling distribution of the sample means is given in the f ollowing table.

M ean ̅ Probabil ity ̅

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

T o compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the means, follow these steps:
STEP 1 Multiply ̅ by ̅ as show n in the table.

M ean ̅ Probabil ity ̅ ̅ ̅

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

∑[ ̅ ̅ ]

STEP 2 T he mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is computed by using the formula.
̅ ∑[ ̅ ̅ ]

3. T he population mean ̅ T hus, ̅

Exampl e 2
A population consists of five values . A sample of size 2 is to be taken from
this population.
1. Compute the mean of the population
2. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means ̅

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |5

3. Compare and ̅

Solution
1. T he mean of the population is computed as follow s.
∑

2. T he number of all possible samples or size 2 is 10. T he table below show s the list of all possible samples
w ith their corresponding means.
P ossible Samples of Size 2 Mean
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3.0
2, 5 3.5
2, 6 4.0
3, 4 3.5
3, 5 4.0
3, 6 4.5
4, 5 4.5
4, 6 5.0
5, 6 5.5

T he sampling distribution of the sample means is given in the follow ing table.
Mean ̅ P robability ̅

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

T o compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the means, follow these steps.
STEP 1 Multiply ̅ by ̅ as show n in the table.

̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

2.5 0.25

3.0 0.30

3.5 0.70

4.0 0.80

4.5 0.90

5.0 0.50

5.5 0.55

∑[ ̅ ̅ ]

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |6

STEP 2 T he mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is found by using the formula.
̅ ∑[ ̅ ̅ ]

STEP 3 T he population mean and ̅ T hus, ̅

Based on the examples, w hat conclusion can you make about and ̅

The Variance and the Standard Deviation of the Sampl ing Distribution of the Sampl e M eans
Let us now investigate another characteristic of the sampling distribution of the sample means. T his time,
w e shall compute the variance and the standard deviation of the sampling di stribution of the sample means.
We shall use the data that w e have utilized in finding the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
Exampl e 3
T he follow ing table gives the monthly salaries (in thousands of pesos) of six officers in a g overnment office.
Suppose that random samples of size 4 are taken from the population of six officers.
Officer Sal ary
A 8
B 12
C 16
D 20
E 24
F 28

1. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of the population.

2. Compute the variance ̅ and the standard deviation ̅ oof the sampling distribution of the
sample means ̅
3. Compare and ̅.

Solution
1. T o compute the variance and the standard deviation of the population, proceed as follow s:

8 64
12 144
16 256
20 400
24 576
28 784

∑ ∑

T he variance is computed as follow s:

∑ ∑
( )

( )

T he standard deviation is computed as follow s:

∑ ∑
√ ( )

√ ( )

2. T o compute the variance ̅ and the standard deviation ̅ of the sampling distribution of the sample
means, w e use the formulas for the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution because of
the sampling distribution of the means is a probability distribution.

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |7

̅ ∑[ ̅ ̅] ̅ √∑[ ̅ ̅] ̅

We have the sampling distribution of the sample means and w e have already computed its mean,
̅ in Example 1. It w ill be helpful to prepare a table as show n on the follow ing.
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

∑[ ̅ ̅ ]

̅ ∑[ ̅ ̅] ̅ ̅ √ ∑[ ̅ ̅ ] ̅

T hus, ̅ and ̅
3. What do you notice about the standard deviation of the population and the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the means?

T ry to use the follow ing formula to get the value of ̅

̅ √
√

w here standard deviation of the population

size of the population
size of the sample
Substituting the values in the formula, w e have

̅ √
√

̅ √
√

̅ √

Observe that the standard deviation of the sampling distribution

̅ √
√

Exampl e 4
A population consists of five values . A sample of size 2 is to be taken from
this population.
1. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of the population.
2. Compute the variance ̅ and the standard deviation ̅ of the sampling distribution of the
sample means ̅

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |8

3. Compare and ̅

Solution
1. T o compute the variance and the standard deviation of the population, w e proceed as follow s.

2 4

3 9

4 16

5 25

6 36

∑ ∑

T he variance is computed as follow s:

∑ ∑
( )

( )

T he standard deviation is computed as follow s:

∑ ∑
√ ( )

√ ( )

2. T o compute the variance ̅ and the standard deviation ̅ of the sampling distribution of the sample
means, w e use the formulas for the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution because of
the sampling distribution of the means is a probability distribution.

̅ ∑[ ̅ ̅] ̅ √∑[ ̅ ̅] ̅

We have the sampling distribution of the sample means and w e have already computed its mean,
̅ in Example 2. It w ill be helpful to prepare a table as show n on the fol low ing.
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

2.5 0.625

3.0 0.900

3.5 2.450

4.0 3.200

4.5 4.050

5.0 2.500

5.5 3.025

∑[ ̅ ̅ ]

̅ ∑[ ̅ ̅] ̅ ̅ √ ∑[ ̅ ̅ ] ̅

T hus, ̅ and ̅

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e |9

3. Let us get the value of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means using the
alternative formula.

̅ √
√

̅ √
√

̅ √
√

We can conclude that the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means and the
standard deviation of the population is expressed by the equation.

̅ √
√

The Graph of the Sampl ing Distribution of the Sampl e M eans

Let us investigate the shape of the graph of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Exampl e 5
T he following table gives the monthly salaries (in thousands of pesos) of six officers in a government
office. Suppose that random samples of size 4 are taken from the population of six officers.
Officer Sal ary
A 8
B 12
C 16
D 20
E 24
F 28

T he sampling distribution of the sample means is given in the following table.

M ean ̅ Probabil ity ̅

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑷 𝒙

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e | 10

What is the shape of the 14histogram

15 16 of17 the 18
sampling
19 20distribution
21 22 of the sample means?
Let us now summarize the properties of the sampling
Means x distribution of the sample means in
terms of its mean, standard deviation, and the shape of the histogram. These properties are also
known as the Central Limit Theorem.
1. Its mean is equal to the population me an, ̅
2. Its standard deviation is equal to the standard deviation of the population divided by the
square root of the sample size. ̅ This is true for infinite population. For finite
√
population, like the examples that we had previously, the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the means is given by ̅ √
√

The term √ is called the finite correction factor. This is used when the population is finite.
In practical application, it assumed that the population is infinite.
3. It will tend to have a normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population.
These three facts about the sampling distribution of the sample means comprise what is
otherwise known as the Central Limit Theorem.

TRY IT YOURSELF 1.1

Random samples of size 𝑛 are draw n from a finite population consisting of the numbers
and .
a. Find the mean of the population 𝜇
b. Find the standard deviation of the population 𝜎
c. Fid the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜇𝑋̅.
d. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜎 𝑋̅ .
e. Verify the Central Limit T heorem by
i. comparing 𝜇 and 𝜇𝑋̅.
ii. comparing 𝜎 and 𝜎𝑋̅
iii. constructing the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means

Summary of Key Ideas

1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜇𝑥̅ is equal to the mean of the population 𝜇
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜎 𝑥̅ is given by the following:
For population
𝜎 𝑁 𝑛
𝜎 𝑋̅
√𝑛 𝑁
For infinite population w here 𝜎 variance of the population
𝜎
𝜎 𝑛 sample size
𝑛
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of𝑁the population
mean is alsosize
called the standard error of the mean.
For finite population

𝜎 𝑁 𝑛
𝜎𝑋̅ √𝑁
√𝑛
For infinite population
𝜎
𝜎𝑋̅ √𝑛
where 𝜎 standard deviation of the population.
𝑛 sample size
𝑁 population size
4. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is also called the st andard erro r o f t he mean.
5. The Central Limit Theorem
If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population with mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎, and the
sample mean 𝑋̅ is calculated from each sample; then, the frequency distribution of 𝑋̅ has the following properties:
1. Its mean is equal to the population mean, 𝜇𝑥̅ 𝜇
2. Its standard deviation is equal to the standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the
𝜎
sample size. 𝜎𝑥̅ √𝑛
3. It will tend to have a normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population.

References:
Books
Belecina, R.R., Baccay, E.S. & Mateo, E.B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Sampaloc Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Marquez, W.G & Ocampo, Jr., J.M. (2016). Conceptual Math and Beyond Statistics and Probability. Novaliches, Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA

 P a g e | 11

Electronic Device
Stephanie Glen. "Normal Distributions (Bell Curve): Definition, Word Problems" from StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability -and-statistics/normal -distributions/

MODULE IN STATISTISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11 | Prepared by: KJDC & CDA