σ = ! σ = −"! τ = %!

&

σ =
σ +σ
=
( ! ) + ( −"! ) = !

τ =!

= = ( ) +( )
= ! − ! = $!
= %!
= ( $! ) + ( %! ) = !
σ = ! σ = −"! τ = %!
'
+ ,
 = $!

 = %!

%!
θ = = = "($$
$!
− ± ( ) − ( % ⋅"($$ ⋅ −"($$) − ± $($$
θ = =
⋅"($$ ( )*
θ " = )( )°
σ = ! σ = −"! τ = %!

'
+ ,
 = $!

 = %!
 = !


σ = = + =σ + = !+ !

σ = *!

σ = = − =σ − = !− !

σ = −$!
σ = ! σ = −"! τ = %!

+ ,
θ " = )( )°

 = !
θ = θ " + % ° = )( )° + % °

θ = *"( )°

τ = σ′ =σ
τ = ! σ′ = !
(
- . $!/ +
σ = "!! σ = )! τ = −%0

σ =
σ +σ
=
("!! ) + ( )! )
= 0!

τ =!

= = ( ) +( )
= σ −σ = "!! − 0! = !
= %0
= ( ! ) + ( %0) =
σ = "!! σ = )! τ = −%0

+ ,
 = !

 = %0

%0
θ = = = (%
!
− ± ( ) − (%⋅ ( % ⋅ − ( %) − ± (
θ = =
⋅ (% %(0
θ " = $$( *°

σ = = + σ = = −
σ =σ + = 0! + σ =σ − = 0! −

σ = "$ σ = 0
σ = "!! σ = )! τ = −%0

- . $!/ +
φ = "0!° − ⋅θ − ⋅θ "
φ = "0!° − )!° − )* %° ∴ φ = )°

σ′= = −
σ ′ = σ − ⋅ φ = 0! − )°
σ ′ = %0( %

σ ′= = +
σ ′ =σ + ⋅ φ = 0! + )°
σ ′ = """( )

τ ′ ′ = ′= ⋅ φ= )°
τ ′ ′ = %"($
 1 - & 2!! 3 , ( ! 34
5. 6 ,
7 %! (
-
 '
2!!
σ =+ =+ = +*")( 8
π ⋅ %!
%

τ =+ =+
( !! ) ⋅ ( ! ) = "20(2 8
⋅π ( !)
" %

&

σ +σ ! + *")(
σ = = = $ 0(" 8

 σ −σ   ! − *")( 
=   + (τ ) =   + ("20(2 )
   
= %!2( * 8
 '
σ = = −
σ =σ − = $ 0(" − %!2( *
σ = − "( 8

σ = = +
σ =σ + = $ 0(" + %!2( *
σ = +*)*(0 8

"20(2
θ = = = !(
$ 0("
− ± ( ) − ( % ⋅ !( ⋅ −!( ) − ± ( 2
θ = =
⋅ !( "(""
θ = "%( °