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    "     1+**2+)  1+**2  
 1*2+**)"       1-*2"

$ &% #%#$% #$#%#*)%  (#% $!,
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
R (T ) = RT0 ⋅exp ⎢ B⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ 
⎣ ⎝ T T0 ⎠⎦

 &%+%&$#!% '"&% 821198464 18198364 +
%#$!%'#$%'&$-# %"&% $&%,

R (T )
ln ln
1
RT0 100 = 4689K 
B= =
1 1 1 1
− −
T T0 373 273

$ (+ $#$##%!#%&#1819%$! $$% 
&%%#$$%%)%!#%&#-%85198424 (%,

⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
R = RT0 ⋅ exp⎢β ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 100 ⋅ exp⎢4689 ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 11KΩ 
⎣ ⎝ T T0 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 313 273 ⎠⎦

 $#%%%  1$#%##)% )#"&#$% ( %
#$$%/10%1-%$$)% '#)%%%$#$&%$ % $
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$#'%%2$' %&#$$#)%  &!%%' %'#(%
%  ('#%!#-
#% $!%( &%%%!#%&#$,
R1 R0 R0 3⋅V0
Vout = − ⋅V0 ⋅ = −3⋅V0 ⋅ =− 
R0 R0 + RS R0 + R0 ⋅ (1+ k ⋅ΔT ) 2+ k ⋅ΔT

+
    * "

 20+,%",0,1*
"#"$!*2!%!""$#"!"" $"%+-,,*
% "" "# &!"!*

0

-2

-4

-6
Vout [V]

-8

-10

-12

-14

-16
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
ΔT [°C]

#"0+-, !!"2)
3⋅V0 1 ⎛ V ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞
Vout = − ⇒ ΔT = ⋅ ⎜ −3 0 − 2 ⎟ = ⋅ ⎜ −3 − 2 ⎟= −50°C 
2+ k ⋅ΔT k ⎝ Vout ⎠ 0.01 ⎝ −10 ⎠
"(!!#" #"""!('" "# !" +.,1
/∞!# * # !"!"!$" %""'!
  "!"!! " !*

! $""-!$"# !! '"#""$"$  
"%$ " *




                
(
R = Ro ⋅ 1 + α (T − To )  )
 
%"
%'
Rterm
α%"
% #!%&
V
Ro Vo


               
  $&

 "!"%,"" "# !)

 V0 =Vi ⋅ 1 
2+ α ⋅T

%",0,1*
!!"$"'!)


       - $


S=
dV0 −Vi ⋅α 
= 2
dT ( 2+ α ⋅T )

##$&$)# "+$"# %$ # "$ $' "
$!"$%"- %$$(%$ """ "$%# #"$' "#$
'" $ '"$##$&$)##"-# ""#! #$ $"#$
$!"$%",1/..2-" %$#&%$##$&$)#,
−5 ⋅ 0.05 V 
S= = −0.005
(2 + 0.05 ⋅ 100)
2
K

" $$  "# %$ $(%#%"$"" "#%$,

ΔV err= Tris ⋅ S = 0.1* 0.005 = 0.5mV 


      "!   '+&%$!  
    +'%,+&$ +)*%%"
    & '  +%+'%,    +'%,
%"*#"



 # &$!" +$%#"*$## "" %10.2


B 4500
RT0 = 1KΩ; α = − 2
=− = 0.05K −1 
T 2932

"$  !-!-$) $ #+$"$ #!$'!%$ %$!%$#,

V2 − V1 V1 − Vout R + R2 R
= ⇒ Vout = V1 ⋅ T − V2 ⋅ 2 
RT R2 RT RT

$310.2$"##$ $$"#$ "#.+" '$"#$ $  "
RT + R2
$# %$ # %, V2 = V1 ⋅ -
R2
   %$ $ #   $ + $ %# %$ $ ##$&$) " % 10.2 "
31.-
RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) + R2 R2
Vout = V1 ⋅ − V2 ⋅
RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT )
dVout α ⋅ R2 α ⋅ R2
S= = −V1 ⋅ + V2 ⋅ 
RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT )
2 2
dΔT

α ⋅ R2 α ⋅ R2
SΔT =0 = −V1 ⋅ + V2 ⋅
RT 0 RT 0


(
    '  

)   #&&



α ⋅ R2 R + R2 α ⋅ R2
SΔT =0 = −V1 ⋅ + V1 ⋅ T 0 ⋅
RT 0 R2 RT 0
SΔT =0 0.5 
⇒ V1 = = = 10V
⎛R + R ⎞ α ⋅ R ⎛ 1 + 10 ⎞ 0.05 ⋅ 10
⎜ T0 2
− 1⎟ ⋅ 2
⎜ − 1⎟ ⋅
⎝ R2 ⎠ RT 0 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 1

$  )% !  "!   &&

RT + R2 1 + 10
V2 = V1 ⋅ = 10 ⋅ = 11V 
R2 10



          !           
    δ.            
             "         
          "
•         
•      
•         &$       #  
$"


mW
R =100 Ω; δ =10 ; TA = 25°C
°C 
RT = R0 ⋅⎡⎣1+ α ⋅ (T −T0 )⎤⎦;
R0 = 50 Ω; α = 0.05°K −1 ; T0 = 0°C
Vi =1 V



! #  !     !" 
"   !'  !! #  
( !&
Pel V 2
ΔTSH =T −TA = = 
δ R⋅δ
!% !  %! !    ! &
R0 
Vout = Vi ⋅
[
R 0 +R 0 ⋅ 1 + α ⋅ ( ΔTSH + TA [°C] ) ]

*# &

1 
Vout = Vi ⋅
⎛ V2 ⎞
2 +α ⋅⎜ + TA ⎟
⎝ R ⋅δ ⎠



%
    & 



!# "%

dVout 2 ⋅ α ⋅V 1 
S= = −Vi ⋅
dV R ⋅δ ⎡ ⎛V 2
⎞ ⎤
2

⎢2 + α ⋅ ⎜ + TA ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ R ⋅δ ⎠⎦


*($ *(&

!# *) '%
V2 12
⇒ ΔTSH = = = 10°C 
R ⋅ δ 100 ⋅10 −3

2⋅0.05⋅1 1 mV 
SV =1V = −1⋅ −3 2 = −71
100⋅10 ⎡ ⎛ 12 ⎞⎤ V
⎢2+0.05⋅ ⎜ −3
+ 25 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 100⋅10 ⎠⎦


       !           
      
 ! %$" # 



RT = R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) ; R0 = 100Ω; α = 0.005K ; δ = 10
W −1 −3

K
R = 50Ω

Pel RT ⋅ I 2
ΔTSH = =
δ δ
; RT = R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔTSH )
V
I=
R
R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔTSH ) V 2 
ΔTSH = ⋅ 2
δ R
R 2 ⋅ δ ⋅ ΔTSH 50 2 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 0.5
⇒V = = = 111mV
R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔTSH ) 100 ⋅ (1 + 0.005 ⋅ 0.5)


#
     + #


    " $!   
'  (    δ$
•  
•        /)3$
'%  (
 
 [
RS = R0 ⋅ 1 + α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ]
R0 = 100Ω; T0 = 20°C; α = 0.005K −1 
I = 10mA; R = 300Ω;
W
δ = 10 −3
K



,#&!!%"#$#$#%#""!'##(!
#!#%#!""#$##!"+#"!$##!,#!
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#!"!!###%$##,"$!#+
'&!&# #!#$!""!+
#"#)%#"##""!)#*

[
V = RS ⋅ I = R0 ⋅ 1+ α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ⋅ I  ]

####!#$! #1/4#"""!'#'#&%#*

[ ]
V = 100 ⋅ 1+ 0.005⋅ (70 − 20) ⋅ 0.01 = 1.25V 



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  14 #41*4&$
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1%*) &3$

1*)  2, $

 


%#"!$##""!02/#&!!!#'+
#")#$!!# $##%!#$#"*

VR Vout
IT − + = 0
R1 R2

&##""!!#!"#")/"$#*
R2
Vout = −R2 ⋅ μ ⋅ T + ⋅ VR 
R1

.
       , %

# % %  &%6.!#6.76031/$ &+



1 V 10
0 = −μ ⋅ T + ⋅ VR ⇒ R1 = R = 6 = 36.6KΩ 
R1 μ ⋅ T 10 ⋅ 273

 '&%0%&$% %  &%$$%'%)+
dVout
S= = −R2 ⋅ μ ⋅ T 
dT

# (+

dVout
S= = −R2 ⋅ μ
dT 
S −10 ⋅10−3
R2 = = = 10KΩ
−μ ⋅ T −10−6



          
    δ    $       
       #!$

  
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
RT = R0 ⋅ exp⎢ B ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥;R0 = 10KΩ; B = 4000K; T0 = 20°C
⎣ ⎝ T T0 ⎠ ⎦ 
W
R = 1KΩ; δ = 0.01
K



$% %'#%&# &!# !#%) % !,!*%&##%%$#$ 
#$$% #$$

Vref
I= 
R

*%%#$% #&# $$-%%$"&#&%!#%&#$+

Pel 
Tfine = Tinizio +
δ


$-%%%"&#&$
2
RT (Tf in ) · I 2 RT (Tf in ) · Vref
ΔT = =
δ δ · R2 

#603152.6111

# %%#$% ##%#$%$*(%.60315046041*%#$$%%$
&%

"
     - %
  
1 1
RT (Tf in ) == R(T0 ) · exp B · = −
Tf in T0
  
1 1
20 · exp 4000 · − 93 = 3.88 KΩ
333 2


%#"&#'
 %$,

R2 · δ · ΔT 10002 · 0.01 · 20
Vref = = = 7.17 V
RT (Tf in ) 3880





  &(#       
 $   !   %)$!
     δ   "    
   τ!
   #       !
        #!

 
R 

Vi T1
$%) 671;82;/+
- 2841:+3 821:
+ Vo 821+ 820+ 82110+
T2
δ=1-12/+τ82$
Rh

#%%%$$ #671 ##%)( #$(
Vs %$$(%' %##%5-
 %' &# %$.%!# $$$,
 ⎛ ⎛ t ⎞⎞
T =T + ΔT ⋅ 1− exp⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
iniziale
⎝ ⎝ τ ⎠⎠


( 671 %$#$ %$&% &$)( #$&##%$ &#$-&$
%$$ #!%%% (#%!#%&#( #$$%!#%&#$$ #*(%
%#$ #*)%' %# !$ (#%5-
%$(%$ !*% &%!&%' %$,

Voopen = −μ · T2 · R = −10−6 · (273 + 10) · 1000 = −0.283 V 

%#%$(%$ $* $% %#%"&#&'&,

Vi2 52
T2 finale = T2inizio + = 10 + 2 = 35°C 
Rh ⋅ δ 10 ⋅10−2


%3$$$%2*% &%!&%$!# ! #% % 3%  ($%!# #$$'
#$ %!#%&#-392% &!&%' % $$$%'% 2  
 2     !
$(%%(%%( ' &#$ &#$(382841:-

'
     * "

⎛ ⎛ t ⎞⎞
T2 = T2inizio + ΔTequil ⋅ ⎜1− exp⎜− ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ τ ⎠⎠

⎡ T − T inizio ⎤ ⎡ 30 −10 ⎤
t = −τ ⋅ ln⎢1− 2 2 ⎥ = −1⋅ ln⎢1− ⎥ = 1.6s
⎣ ΔTequil ⎦ ⎣ 25 ⎦

'("$#+!

Voclose = −μ · T1 · R = −10−6 · (273 + 30) · 1000 = −0.303 V 

&"# !%!"$# "" "# "#"#"$")

T

35
30

10

to time

V 1.6 s time

-0.283

-0.303


  


    $ * * 
+ +$         $
%  !   
  #
α
I(V, T ) = G · T 3 · exp (V − Φ)
T 
•        ) */+)0 +/,)0$
VA 
R0
D2 
VA D1 +0.5 V
/)$+-%,"
(/**)))% "
-
V0
t
&/*$*+ 
+
-0.5 V )/*'
T/2 T/2

T=0.1 s 


$"!# !!"!" "$' %  $ !*/+
-! % !, $ !!(".+"!"!!%"!"
"!""*

.
     * #

##!%!"$!!#"#"(+&"#$#
"&#"!#%#"#%%$*  
α
VA = +0.5 V → V0 = −R0 ID2 = −R0 GT23 · exp (V − Φ) = −1.167 V
 T2 
3 α
VA = −0.5 V → V0 = R0 ID1 = −R0 GT1 · exp (V − Φ) = 0.489 V
T1 

#" $!&%""'#!(#%$""'%')

V + + V0− −R0 ID2 + R0 ID1 −1.167 + 0.489
V¯0 = 0 = = = −0.338 V
2 2 2 



 #!      !-.*!   
 * !   !  !'
•  !     %   !   !'
•  !     !%# !   !
 '

V VT = k ⋅ (T −Trif )
T AD590 + μV 
k = 50
R K
Trif
Rx V = 5V ; R = 3KΩ
Vt + V0 
-
amplif. 
strumentazione


( )
Vout = −RX ⋅ μ ⋅ Trif − k ⋅ T − Trif = −k ⋅ T + ( k − RX ⋅ μ ) ⋅ Trif 

#!!)

μV
k 50 K
k − RX ⋅ μ = 0; ⇒ RX = = = 50Ω
μ 1 μA
K

-.+&!"!!#'-.+/,(#!"#'&#""!"#
&!!!'*

V − ( R + RX ) ⋅ μ ⋅ T > 4
V−4 5− 4 
⇒ Tlim = = −6 = 327K = 54°C
(R + RX ) ⋅ μ (3000 + 50) ⋅10



 !    !  &        /,*'
R = K ⋅ε
       %    !# /+**( ΔR )'   
 !      !  ! ' 
!% "  /-      ε/*'
 ! &   &   # ! ! "  
           ( !     %
 )'
 !   " % !$/+ $/+'


+*
    (  




*  ! ! &    !
'
L − L
=
L 

 !$
  
#  ) &    !'
L L2 2 L2
= x2 + →= x2 + −1
2 4 L 4 

!    #! ! (
 
V V 2 L2
Vout = ·k·= · kcdot x2 + −1
4 4 L 4

5 2 402
Vout = · 100 · x2 + −1
4 40 4
Vout = 125 · [0.05 · 2
x + 400 − 1] x in cm 

"!"!$#!&     " % !(
 " %!  #! '
dVout 2x
S= = 125 · 0.05 √
dx x2 + 400
mV mV
→ Sx=1mm = 62 Sx=1cm = 625
cm cm 
0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4
V [V]

0,3

0,2

0,1

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
x [cm]








    % 


 "       $ 
-.)     $
•     
  $
•   !  $

%  $
[
RSG = R0 ⋅ 1+ k ⋅ ε + α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ]
R0 = 50Ω; k = 2; α = 10−3 K −1 ; T0 = 25°C 
μA
I = 1mA; I AD590 = μ ⋅ T ; μ = 1 ; Vi = −6V
K



!  "%$

μ⋅T =
RSG ⋅ I − V0
; μ⋅T =
[ ]
R0 ⋅ 1+ k ⋅ ε + α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ⋅ I − V0
R R 
V0 = R0 ⋅ I ⋅ k ⋅ ε + ( R0 ⋅ I ⋅ α − R ⋅ μ) ⋅ T + R0 ⋅ I ⋅ (1+ α ⋅ T0 )

   !$
R0 ⋅ I ⋅ α 50 ⋅10−3 ⋅10−3
R0 ⋅ I ⋅ α − R ⋅ μ = 0 ⇒ R = = = 50Ω 
μ 10−6
"#!"$$
dV0 mV
S= = R0 ⋅ I ⋅ k = 50 ⋅10−3 ⋅ 2 = 100 
dε ε



direzione di sensibilità
g
   -)
dell'accelerometro    !$   
 #

()
 V a = V0 + a ⋅ K V
ADXL50  V0 = 1.8V ; K = 0.019 
g
  ! 
&  '
•      ) 
&('#()&α'
•      )/*  α/,)0$
+ Vo •     ) 
-  *0 α/,)0$
Vrif 

R1=1K R2=2K 


*+
    ' 

Va = V0 + K ⋅ a = V0 + K ⋅ g ⋅ cosα
Vrif − Va Va − Vout ⎛ R⎞ R
= ⇒ Vout = ⎜1+ 2 ⎟ ⋅ Va − 2 ⋅ Vrif
R1 R2 ⎝ R1⎠ R1
⎛ R⎞
Vout = ⎜1+ 2 ⎟ ⋅ (V0 + K ⋅ g ⋅ cos α ) − 2 ⋅ Vrif
R
⎝ R1 ⎠ R1

R1 ⎡⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎤
Vrif = ⋅ ⎢⎜1+ ⎟ ⋅ (V0 + K ⋅ g ⋅ cosα ) − Vout ⎥ = ⋅ ⎢⎜1+ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜1.8 + 0.019 ⋅1⋅ cos ⎟ −1⎥ = 2.22V
R2 ⎣⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎦ 2 ⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎦

Verr = α ris ⋅ S π
α=
6

dVout ⎛ R⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ π mV
S= = −⎜1+ 2 ⎟ ⋅ K ⋅ g ⋅ sin α ⇒ S π = −⎜1+ ⎟ ⋅ 0.019 ⋅1⋅ sin = −28.5
dα ⎝ R1 ⎠ α =
6 ⎝ 1⎠ 6 rad
α ris = 1° = 0.017rad
Verr = 0.017 ⋅ 28.5 = 0.48mV 




          $!  
       ω
             
       
⎡ V⎤
V = V0 + k ⋅ a ⎢V0 = 1.8V ; k = 0.019 ⎥ 
⎣ g⎦
•       ω
•              
     #     ω$!  


 ! ! ! &
a = k ⋅ω 2 ⋅ r

!% ! ! "  &
V = V0 + k ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ r 

#! !    ! 
 " $
dV
S= = 2 ⋅ k ⋅ω ⋅ r
dω 
Verr 0.019
ω ris = ⇒ Verr = ω ris ⋅ 2 ⋅ k ⋅ ω ⋅ r = 0.05 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ⋅10 ⋅ 0.1 = 0.2mV
Sω =10 9.8









!"
    + "


    *   $   
 "   6257 1 *
 "!    )

V
2
( 1 2 )
V = 0 ⋅ k ⋅ ΔP + k ⋅ ΔP 2 " 610  161  (260*1 
+1 +2


    61 *
          
    *
-  ") P ⋅V = n ⋅ R ⋅ T .

!!" !#"!""""- .%!#"*
Verr Verr 10 −3
ΔPLOD = = = = 0.5 ⋅ 10 −3 atm 
S0 V0 10
⋅ k1 ⋅1
2 2
$ "" "#  !"$ " !!# "!
"#" !!'#" " "!%+*
V
ΔT = ⋅ ΔPLOD +
n⋅ R
 ", !!"""   !!# !%"""'!
 -!".%"!""$#+ %""""5246"
 !!# ! 51")"$ "#" " "!%*
V T 273 + 25 K
= 25 = = 298 +
n ⋅ R P1 1 atm

−3
$"#')"" "# !* ΔT = 298 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 10 = 0.14 K +

"""  " "'&"" !#"" !!# "!!! '"
!"("" "# "!! !%"# '0+13+



Vo
    $  
+
 " !  * 
-
 !$   "  
6300 61 *
LVDT

m
  !  102* 
    "   
  %$"
 !)5/&"610 ,*
    (    
R
-#60.*
    !$
 $ 6100/( 

   & %%      " 
  -61  6300.*  !$δ610+3 ,*
  6       
 +  " *

•  05-.
•       0
 !   1*



14
     

grazie all' azione dell' op.amp. controreazionato


VLVDT = 0 ⇒ x = 0
la parete mobile è mantenuta nella stessa posizione dall' innalzamento di pressione causato dal
riscaldamento della resistenza R
n⋅ R
Δp = ⋅ ΔT = α ⋅ ΔT
V
m⋅ g V2 P 1 atm
Δp = ; ΔT = 0 ; α = rif =
A R⋅δ Trif 300 K 
m⋅ g V2 R⋅δ ⋅ g
= α ⋅ 0 ⇒ V0 = ⋅ m =k⋅ m
A R⋅δ A⋅ α
R⋅δ ⋅ g 100 ⋅10−3 ⋅ 9.8 V
k= = = 1.71 1/ 2
A⋅ α 1⋅10 5
Kg
10 ⋅10−4 ⋅
300

dV0 k
S= =−
dm 2⋅ m
1.71 V
Sm=1g = − = 27 ⇒ V0, err = mris ⋅ Sm=1g = 0.001⋅ 27 = 27mV
2 ⋅ 0.001 Kg
si osservi che il valore di V0 in corrispondenza di m = 1g è 54mV il doppio di Verr


 #    &    !
 4/   40.5&
  ) *  " & 
  &
  &   ,&
   !!&  &
$  .&1
•   $   #   &
•     .&
• 
Vi + 4/ %/4/..+
V0  4.3)/2·-*%.4/..+%40
VSG -
41.+%,4/.'0 (
R1

RSG Rh


R0 (1 + k)
Vi = VSG
R1 + R0 (1 + k)
ΔL ΔC Cf in
= = = −1
L C Cin 
4 3 3√
3 3(2π) 3
V = πr ; C = 2πr → C = V
3  4
Vf in 1.1Vin
= 3 −1= 3 − 1 = 0.032
Vin Vin
100(1 + 2 · 0.032)
Vi = 1 = 0.515 V
100 + 100(1 + 2 · 0.032) 
0&

/1
     

Vf in Tf in
pVf in = nRTf in ; pVin = nRTin → =
Vin Tin
Vf in Tin + ΔTSH
=
Vin Tin  
V02 Vf in
ΔTSH = = Tin −1
 Rh δ Vin
Vf in
V0 = Rh δTin ( − 1) = 500.01293(1.1 − 1) = 3.827 V
Vin 





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