PH-609: Assignment-3

• Question 1 (5 marks):

Show that the Bianchi Identity,

@µ F⌫ + @⌫ Fµ + @ Fµ⌫ = 0,

is equivalent to, @µ F̃ µ⌫ = 0, where, F̃ µ⌫ is the dual field strength.

• Question 2 (5 marks):

In principle we could have included a term proportional to the (integral of) Fµ⌫ F̃ µ⌫ in
the action for Maxwell theory:
Z ⇣ 1 ⌘
1
I[A] = d4 x F µ⌫ Fµ⌫ + j µ Aµ ,
4 c

since this term is both Lorentz and gauge invariant. Argue/show that inclusion of this
term won’t lead to anything new i.e. won’t change the equations of motion. This term
is sometime known as the “theta-term”.

• Question 3 (5 marks):

Show that under the following linear field redefinition,

hµ⌫ = µ⌫ + b ⌘µ⌫

where b is an arbitrary constant and = ⌘ ↵ ↵ is the trace of µ⌫ , the equation of

motion for µ⌫
⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
2 µ⌫ @µ @ ⌫ + @⌫ @ µ + ⌘µ⌫ @ ⇢ @ ⇢ + a @µ @⌫ ⌘µ⌫ 2 =  Tµ⌫

transforms to an equation of motion for hµ⌫ which is of the same form,

⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
⇢
2hµ⌫ @µ @ h ⌫ + @⌫ @ hµ + ⌘µ⌫ @ @ h⇢ + ā @µ @⌫ h ⌘µ⌫ 2h =  Tµ⌫ ,

except for the constant ā is distinct from a and is given by

a + 2b
ā = ,
1 + Db
where D is the spacetime dimensions. h is the trace of hµ⌫ .

1
• Question 4 (5 marks):

Gauge invariance of the Fierz-Pauli equation: Prove that if hµ⌫ satisfies the Fierz-
Pauli equation, then the redefined field h0µ⌫ , given by,

h0µ⌫ (x) = hµ⌫ (x) @µ ⇤⌫ (x) @⌫ ⇤µ (x) (1)

also satisfies the Fierz-Pauli equation,

⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
⇢
2hµ⌫ @µ @ h ⌫ + @⌫ @ hµ + ⌘µ⌫ @ @ h⇢ + @µ @⌫ h ⌘µ⌫ 2h =  Tµ⌫ .

• Question 5 (5 marks):

Construct tensors/quantities made out of derivatives of hµ⌫ which are invariant un-
der the gauge symmetry, hµ⌫ ! h0µ⌫ (refer to (1)). These are analogues of the field
strength tensor Fµ⌫ in Fierz-Pauli theory. Express the Fierz-Pauli equation in terms of
gauge invariant field strengths. Is there an analogue of the Bianchi identity for Maxwell
theory in Fierz-Pauli theory? If so, state it.

2
 SOLUTIONS

☒ we

" "
As É~ Fab field strength
Iz
we know ,
= E = Dual

"b

@
"
So
,
In F- =

± on Fab )
gm°ab In Fab
I
=

⑤ ^°ab2 £09b@ É
"%Fab)
"

= I do Fab t E
a Fab + Fab +

= I

2
⑤ abdo Fab + I "bd Fab ,
+ & "bQ Fab + É
"%Fab)

1-2/2 ⑥
° "
°"

)
> " >

=
do Fiz t E do F , , + E° do Fzz +

É%
1003

)
"

(
"
2 E 0 Foz + E d, Foz 1- Fss +
, ,

É 'd
" "

É )
"

(
"

z E o Fo + d Foz + 2
F , >
, , 2

É "d É "d )
)
"

2
( E o
3
F
01
+
3
F
02
+ , Fiz
 1023 " 3012
É^°
°

For 0--0 d =
E d
, Fz , + [ oh F , ,
1- E S Fiz
, µ

= -
d , Fzz t dz Fy -
031=12

= -

d, Fzz -
dz 1^-31 -

031=12

( Fi Fsi Finis antisymmetric )

=
>
-

"
As . 2nF = 0
→ da Em :-O

di Faz t 021=3 , + dz 1=21--0

for all
Similarly a- 1 ,
2,3 .

{ du Fu > A Fan + of Fmo

04
'

• .

+ =

Proof
→

J ( )
"
I [ A] = dttn I F Fm ,
1- 1- Jm Au
9- 2

As ,
we know ,
Fmo = du Ao -
do An

Fin
IE @ )
" "
& Ew Fab dis Aa
Iz Ab
= = -

É stab
@ A) ⑥ )
"
so Fu , = 1- Au -
do Ab -

dis Aa
2

[
"
=

É dnAudaAb -

dnaudb Aa -

dvAndaA$

+ du Au dos Aa
]
"
É
=

I [ (dmAudaAbtduAmdbAa ) -

@ Audio Aat du Anda Ab

)
]
As this for
,
is
symmetric nav .

""

: .

Fnu Énu = EM y 4 du Auda Ab

I

=
z stab dmAudaAb
 ( aAb))
"

Fm ,
É "
= 25° 2in ( Auda Ab ) -
Au du @

As know order partial derivative changed

, we ,
of can be .

: .

Audu @ a
Ab) = Au dadu Ab)

n' &
'
or say ,
Auden ( da Ab) is
symmetric for 'a ' index

we know Antisymmetric ✗ symmetric =O

qmf-ab.at#--o-:FnoF~--2Ehbdn(AudaAb
or

)
→

As ,
we know ,

☐ Eno -

⑥ d
'
Eau +
"
dud Eu ) +
new
820
Ego
+ a ( dud E -

nus ☐ E) = k Tuo
-
①

Now ,
on
linearly field redefinition ,

then =
In + bnno OI -

i. Eno = h.no -

bnno OI

( hmu E) ))
"

E) (him
"

→ ☐ -

bnmo -

( 2nd ( hw -

bnn + dud
-

bnn I
>

+
nn , dtd°( hpo -

bngo E) +
afdndu E- hmu ☐
E) =kIo
 ( hmu E) ))
"

E) (him
"

→ ☐ -

bnmo -

( 2nd ( hw -

bnn + dud
-

bnn I >

+
nn , Éd°( hpo -

bingo E) +
afdndu E- hmu ☐
E) =kIo

E)
> >

(nm E)
"
→ ☐ hmu -
b ☐
-

dud hw + b dud Cnn -

dud hug

(nm deaths £84s E)

"
1- bad
, E) + now ,
-

bnno .

+ a duo E -

anno ☐ OI = KIN

) dingo
"
→ ☐ hmu -
( dud hw + do other ,
t nu , -

bnno ☐ OI

tbh 2nd
>
OI + b nm , did
>
(E) b dd°oI
nuunpo
-

,,

+ a duo E -

anno ☐ OI = KIN

( Using dd°= d- d-=D

)
"
naw 2nd duds d
,
=
ng ,

) dingo
"

→
☐ hmu -
( dud hw + do hn , t nu ,

bnn ,
☐ OI + b 2nd
,
(E) + b du du (E) -

bnmo ☐ OI

+ a duo E -

anno ☐ OI = KIN

As , dude = du der (order of partial derivative

doesn't matter ]
→

) dingo
"
☐ hmu -
( dud hw + do him t new +

( at >
b) ( d- du E -

hmu ☐
E) = k Tno
 '
As . hmu =
Olmo 1- bhn, I

Trace Ñ° hmo h~OI~tbn~hm.IE

of
i. huo = = h=

As , we know .
Ñ° Mm ,
= D ( Dimension
of metric ,

using for spacetime

D= 9-
)
8. h = IT + Db OI = OI ( It ☐ b)

i. OI = h_ -
⑧

( 9- 1- ☐ b)

I egh ③
Now
putting
in ,

) dingo
"
☐ hmu -
( dud hw + do him t new +

(
( d- duh )
q¥
-

hmu ☐ h = k To

) dingo
"

go ☐ hmu -
( dud hw + do ihn ,
t new +

a- ( d- duh -

hmu ☐ h
) = k Tno

cohere ,
a- = ( ATI) Praed

( I tDb)
 a-

Given
gauge transformation .

h'm >
A) =
hmu -

du Nuys -
I Am 4)

Now after gauge transformation .

LHS
of fierz -

Pauli of becomes
,

hiro @no tin him > ) dingo

> >
→ ☐
-

1- dud +
nm ,

( duduk
'
+ -

nno Dh )

"

→ ☐
( hmu -

dmnu -
dum ) -
( dnd ( hav -

da -
duh, )

dxnu) )
"
+ dud l ha -

duh, -

+
hmu
of d° Cheo -

Osho -

done ) t

ñ Condon ' -

now ☐ h
'

)
"
→
☐ hmu -
☐ dunno -
☐ dunn -
2nd hav t d- dtd , not

> > >

dud > duh, dud him dud dung, 1- dud Inn

Inn
-
+

( 2520 he nno did , No 820 d- Ap )

'

+ a-
'

, ,
- -

nm , d- duh -

ninth
 dp OP
'
As d d =
=
☐
→ ,
,

i. ☐ hmu -

( dmdth.nu + dud
>
him ) + new
800 heo

+ a- ( dndvh
'
-

new ☐ h
'

) -

1¥ -

¥m
+
☐# + dad
>
duh , + do d
'
da Ni
+1µm
-

nu ,
☐ dono -

now ☐
deny
☐ hmu -

( dmdth> u + dud
>
him ) + new deaths
+ a- ( dndvh
'
-

new ☐ h
'

) +2dm do @ %)
+

2mm ,
dB dp ( dono )
dB É
→ As , new dp =
Mm ,
du
( Adv are

index)
dummy
= du du

thus , new dB dp ( dono) =

dud, ( dono)
= on dw @ "
oh , )

last two cancel out

'

- .
terms .

→ ☐ hmu -

( dmdth> u + dud
>
him ) + now
800 hso

+ a- ( dndvh
'
-

new ☐ h
'

)
& therefore the fierz -

pauli ed is unchanged .

under Gauge transformation .

Proved
→

As ,
we know ,
the gauge transformation is ,

hi , = him -

du Au -

dunn

Like field strength tensor is

gauge invariant ,
let assume (0/4)
tensor Y be such that
,
( by taking Fin = On Av -
dv An analogy )

→
y✗ pun = 9 , do 2ps hmu + a- dp On h.ua t a
> on du hap

t act do do hpm

On tx .

,
huo -
hi ,

Ipu ,
= a
,
d- Op ( hmu -
dunno -

dunn ) tan dpdn ( ha -

duh

dono
) + as Indu ( hap -

damp -

dpsna)

+ aa-dudxchpu-dp.hu -

dump )
= a
, dadphnu-aidadp.fm Nv -
a
, dadpdv An ta , dpdnhvx

an dpdudwha-azdpdudahvtasdndvhxp-asdudvdah.rs

as dududpna I aq-dvdxhpu-aq-dvdadp.hu
-
-

act dvdxdmnp
Taplin = a , dadphmutazdpdmhuatazdmdvhaptag-dvdahp.ir
-

a , dadpn-azdrsdndano-qdadp.ch An

aa-dadpdvnn-azdpdnduha-asdmdudp.no

as dndvdanp -

act Qudsdathp

For the assumed tensor to be gauge invariant ,

ie ,

Gauge I

Yapuu =
YLp.nu under huo-E.hu

We that
require , 9 ,
= -9
,

9
act
= -

92 =
-93

93=-94

'

- .
9 ,
=
93 = -92 = -

9q_

Let a
, =a

'

Az =
9g = 9
93=9
-
. .

°
00
Yapino-a@dpshno-dpdnh.va + dnduhxp -

dodsnhpn
)
ANI
7

This is Ñ Yapuu =
Ypmu is 4,3 ) rank Reimann

tensor .
It is denoted
by Rtmpv
 Tiers ego
Expressing
Pauli in terms
of Reimann tensor -

→
-

As Rt =
FB Rpn✗v = Ruo
,
mau

y
Rice tensor

Then Fierz -

pauli egn becomes

{ Ruo -

Iz
R guv = KIN
{ ANI

"
where R Ruo
g
=
,
Now ,

gtB7apno-gB.a@dpshno-dpdmh.us + on du hap -

dude hpn
)
( 01µg )
"
hmu
Ég t
g du du hap do

¥f
-

= a ☐ -

index •→
Dummy - o
p
2 can changed n'
'

= a
( ☐ hmu -
Edm hut + g
"
Indu her -

du Ah
, )
) )
" > "
of Yapuo a
( ☐ hmu
( 2nd hug + dud him +
g dmdvhso
-