26853-Article Text-92512-1-10-20201112

78
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2020/2/27
JSACE 2/27 Outdoor Ventilation and

Outdoor Ventilation Ground Coverage: Exploring
a Climate Centric Approach
and Ground Coverage:
Exploring a Climate
Centric Approach
to Building Byelaws for

to Building Byelaws
for Multi Storied
Apartments in
Multi Storied Apartments in

Bhubaneswar
Received
Bhubaneswar
2020/06/26
Accepted after
revision
2020/09/04
Ar. Monalipa Dash*
School of Planning & Architecture, University of Mysore, India
Prof. Manjari Chakraborty
Department of Architecture, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
*Corresponding author: monalipadash76@gmail.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.27.2.26853
Bhubaneswar with a warm and humid climate and with humidity much higher than the comfort level requires
an enhanced natural ventilation to achieve long term quality of life. The building code which regulates the fabric
of the city at present follows a standardized set of regulations governed by National Building Code of India and
is developed without giving much consideration to climate. Ground coverage is an important parameter which
regulates the footprint of the blocks and allows natural ventilation to buildings as well to outdoor. At present,
Bhubaneswar does not prescribe a ground coverage for its apartments and completely dependent on FAR
control. As a result, the developments consider quite high ground coverage in certain areas. This particular
research focusses on analyzing the current situation of multi storied apartments and proposes a few climate
centric recommendations for the byelaw. To examine the situation and arrive at a strategy, a simulation study
has been carried out by altering the ground coverage and building orientation of a multistoried apartment
consisting of five residential blocks to analyze the effect of natural ventilation. The study inferred that, building
layout and orientation in relation to wind direction plays an important role for natural ventilation in the outdoors.
A climate centric byelaw ideally should consider both while formulating its building code.
Keywords: Multistoried apartments, outdoor ventilation, ground coverage.
Because of anthropogenic activities, cities are undergoing a number of environmental problems;

Introduction one among them is urban overheating caused by urban heat island (UHI). An important reason
for UHI is changing morphology of the city with high density developments which absorbs a lot
of solar radiation and alters the air flow (Oke et al. 1987; Santamouris 2015). The developments
or urban forms of a city are the result of combination of building arrangements, building’s height,
their distances among themselves, and their built space (Azizi et al.2017). Urban forms are site
Journal of Sustainable
Architecture and Civil Engineering specific and often results in uncomfortable urban environments, which in turn increases building
Vol. 2 / No. 27 / 2020
energy demand (Quan et al. 2016; Abdallah 2015). However careful consideration of urban form
pp. 78-95
DOI 10.5755/j01.sace.27.2.26853 can improve the environment, increase natural ventilation which in turn not only lowers energy
79
demand, alongside improves the health and wellbeing of urban residences and helps to achieve
long term quality of life (Ng 2009).
Considerations for factors like wind flow can improve the microclimate of the urban areas mostly
in warm and humid climate. Wind speed has widely been reported to have lessened the intensity
of UHI effect in urban areas. The cooling effect of wind helps to mitigate the adverse effects on the
microclimate and human thermal comfort. In tropical regions such as Singapore, a wind velocity
of 1–1.5 m/s creates cooling effect which is equivalent to a 2 °C drop in temperature (Rajago-
palan et al.2014). Literatures revealed that there are seven critical morphological variables that
determine natural outdoor ventilation efficiency within a said precinct area or development. They
are ‘building orientation’, ‘canyon geometry’, ‘building type’, ‘building coverage ratio’, ‘height vari-
ations’, ‘gaps between buildings’ and ‘staggering’ (Lee et al. 2015).
A number of researches are done on the morphological variables and their influence on out-
door ventilation. Canyon geometry, as formulated by Oke provided a major kick start to the
importance of urban morphology elements on outdoor ventilation (Oke 1988). Later, several
researchers experimented with various canyon geometries to strengthen the importance of
aspect ratio on UHI (Giannopoulou et al. 2010; Andreou 2013). Along with street canyon geom-
etries, the wind direction or orientation of buildings also given enough emphasis to introduce
more wind to urban streets thus improving the ventilation process (Wai et al. 2020; Bady et al.
2011). By varying the wind angle, the inflow of wind and its speed also varies (Erell et al.2011;
Leite et al. 2011). A study on Housing and Development Board residential estate by Lee for dif-
ferent height variations of buildings explained the importance of external wind flow within the
precinct for both pedestrian and mid height levels since wind flow is affected differently by the
height variation (Lee et al.2015).
Morphological variables suggested that while building orientation, building type and staggering
are design interventions; building coverage ratio, aspect ratio, distance between buildings and
height variations are the result of building bye laws. Composing urban codes and regulations is a
means of achieving goals of sustainable development and ensure the formation on sustainable
residency (Salehi et al. 2007). Floor area ratio (FAR); an important aspect of any development
in today’s world usually controls building coverage ratio and building height variations. A con-
tinuous and consistent streetscape as suggested by Oke for canyon geometry is difficult to find
in emerging Asian cities since the developments are now governed by FAR (Yang et al. 2013). A
three-dimensional approach in form of FAR, building height and density need to be considered
while understanding the pattern of wind.
Buildings can be used to protect the site from undesired wind or to induce wind movement within
it depending on the prevailing climatic conditions (Koenigsberger 1975). However, the building
codes regulate these spaces through its standardized guidelines provided by National Building
Code of India (NBC,2005). Floor area ratio (FAR) centric bye laws; a set of rules framed by the state
government, are imposed on development work of a city to ensure control on planning, design
and construction of buildings to achieve safety and better quality of life for the residents. Climate
a significant factor for achieving comfort is often ignored or neglected while deciding the building
development regulation. Most of these regulations are observed to be repetitive for different towns
without much consideration of the local weather pattern (Kumar 2017). In addition, the wind direc-
tion and wind speed consideration are completely overlooked while framing the byelaws.
The study examines the airflow pattern in multistoried apartments by means of computer simula-
tion and tries to analyze the effectiveness of ground coverage on ventilation by using the prevalent
wind directions of Bhubaneswar. Since Bhubaneswar does not prescribe a fixed ground coverage
and completely dependent on FAR, this performance-based approach hopes to contribute to the im-
portance of ground coverage in a warm and humid climate. The study subsequently indicates a path
for deriving regulations for other climates; thus, creating a sustainable growth for the city.
80
Several researches are done on ground coverage and its influence on natural ventilation. This
Literature literature tries to focus only on certain recent studies. Peng et al. conducted a simulation study
Study on generating 101 non repetitive models of varying ground coverage. The ground coverage varied
Ground between 11% to 77% to analyze the effect of ventilation and pollutant dispersion in the outdoor.
Results show that, local ventilation performance is not directly related ground coverage, rath-
Coverage er it is dependent on building arrangement. As ground coverage increases, the ventilation at
the central area does not necessarily keep decreasing. Some form with low ground coverage
has poor ventilation whereas some form with higher ground coverage has better ventilation
(Peng et al. 2019).
Wang et al. investigated the ventilation performance for 48 scenarios. The air flow at the pe-
destrian level is measured at the level of 2m from ground level. The study inferred that, ground
coverage scenario is the most important parameter for good ventilation, however effect of other
factors such as building height or aspect ratios should not be ignored (Wang et al.2017). Guo
et al. analyzed the morphology of a high-density downtown, Dalian city on its urban ventilation
performance. The study inferred that urban ventilation is largely dependent on the layout of the
building form. By reducing the density of a study area but maintaining the same FAR improved the
ventilation of the area to a larger extent (Guo at al. 2017). Another study on Bangkok inferred that,
high-rise high-density areas have better ventilation potential than low-rise low-density areas (Sri-
fuengfung et al.2013). However, Yahia et al. in his study for Dar es Salaam having warm and humid
climate inferred that, closely spaced buildings have negative impact on the ventilation (Yahia et
al. 2018). The average wind speed in high density, high rise areas are less in comparison to less
dense areas. Research also derived a reference urban model for a residential area in Shanghai and
examined its ventilation efficiency at pedestrian level. The results show that, low building coverage
ratio leads to better ventilation (Hu et al. 2013).
The summertime outdoor ventilation potential for high rise housing of Shanghai is studied by
using empirical data from an extensive field measurement. A total of 10 residential high-rise
building sites were chosen for the study. At the site level, the building FAR and Building coverage
ratio appeared to be negatively related with wind velocity. Open spaces covered with grass and
minimum albedo surface pavement favoring appropriate wind direction suggested for better ven-
tilation potential in ground level. It is also found out that there are several other factors which also
have influenced the final outcome of the study and hence the findings are to be studied in a rather
controlled environment (Yang et al.2013).
Not only natural ventilation, several studies also highlighted the influence of ground coverage
on solar protection. Wong et al. assessed various morphologies around a particular building in
Singapore and their impact on temperature and energy consumption of that building. In the ex-
periment they studied the influence of surrounding building height, surrounding building density
and presence of vegetation on the energy consumption of the building. They increased the Ground
coverage by increasing the density of the buildings around the main building. It is observed from
the experiment that with the increase in ground coverage the temperature decreased up to 0.6
K during the day but increased during the night. Higher surrounding buildings also tend to lower
daytime temperature but increase nocturnal UHI. In a similar way, combined effect of maximum
height and maximum density also increased the nocturnal UHI (Wong et al. 2010).
Cheng et al. studied solar exposure in different urban forms with varying density. They admit-
ted that recent planning guidelines are promoting higher density through compact urban form
without examining thermal effect of compactness. They analyzed solar behavior in eighteen
generic model of urban development; each comprises different combinations of building-form
81
and density. These eighteen models are generated by varying Floor Area ratios and site cover-
age. Two types of site coverage are considered for study. They are 9% for low coverage devel-
opment, and 36% for high coverage development. It is found out from the study that; density
affects solar radiation potential differently based on building arrangements and building height
(Cheng et al. 2006).
By looking at the literatures it is deduced that, a greater number of the studies focused on study
models than real life situations. The study models use repetitive standardized urban blocks. As a
result, the real-life implementation is neglected. The aim of the study is to simulate urban blocks
considering real life situations. In addition, the building byelaws is specifically emphasized due
to its positive relationship with urban morphology. An individual parcel level strategy is adopted
which can be easily integrated with building byelaws and practically implemented to achieve sus-
tainable urban form.
Bhubaneswar’s geographic location is defined by 20.27 0 North Latitude and 85.84 0 East Longitude
which is under a warm humid tropical climate zone (Fig 1). The author explained the warm humid Climate of
climate zone of India, which is bordered by Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and Arabian sea (Dash & Bhubaneswar
Chakraborty 2018). The climate is quite similar to other cities such as Singapore, Hawai, Malaysia
etc. in terms of temperature and humidity. Month of November, December and January are con-
sidered the coldest months.
Fig. 1
Location of
Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar’s climate can be characterized by high temperature and high humidity which is
above 80% during most part of the year. Unfortunately, both of these characteristics are the reason
of thermal discomfort. During two third of the year, the average high temperature exceeds 30 0 C.
Moreover, in the month of March, April and May the maximum temperature exceed 35 0C. Table 1
explains the average temperature and humidity of Bhubaneswar from 2005-2014.
Bhubaneswar’s
Bhubaneswar’sclimate can be
climate cancharacterized by high
be characterized by temperature and high
high temperature and humidity whichwhich
high humidity is is
aboveabove
80% during most most
80% during part ofpart
theof
year. Unfortunately,
the year. both of
Unfortunately, these
both characteristics
of these are theare
characteristics reason
the reason
of thermal discomfort.
of thermal During
discomfort. two third
During two of theofyear,
third the average
the year, high temperature
the average exceeds
high temperature 30 C.30 C.
exceeds 0 0
82 Moreover, in theinmonth
Moreover, of March,
the month April April
of March, and May
and the
Maymaximum temperature
the maximum exceedexceed
temperature 35 C.35 Table
C. Table 0 0
1 Journal
1 explains theofaverage
explains Sustainable
the average Architecture
temperature and and
temperature andCivil
humidity Engineering
of Bhubaneswar
humidity from 2005-2014.
of Bhubaneswar 2020/2/27
from 2005-2014.
TableTable
1. Temperature and humidity
1. Temperature measurement
and humidity (Source:
measurement Meteorological
(Source: department)
Meteorological department)
Table 1
Temperature and Average maximum temperature Average maximum humidity
Average maximum temperature Average maximum humidity
humidity measurement (2005-14)
(2005-14) 100 100
40 40 80 80
35 35
30 60 60
30
25 25
20 40 40
20
15 15 20
10 20
10
5 5 0
0 0
0
December
March
April
January
February
May
July
September
October
November
June
August
December
March
April
January
February
May
July
September
October
November
June
August
No cteomb er
br rch
De mb r
ar l
pt ust
Ap ay
M e
AJu ly
n ry
Se Oucgt er
Fe uary
evm er
M rpyri
ve ebre
ce er
Mch
r
nl
Npot oubst
Jauy
Se gne
A bly
DOe mbebr
Fe Muaary
Juri
Ja ua
be
emJu
A
ua
br
n
m
e
Ja
c
AverageAverage
minimum temperature
minimum temperature AverageAverage
minimum humidityhumidity
minimum
(2005-2014)
(2005-2014) 100 100
30 30 80 80
25 25
60 60
20 20
15 15 40 40
10 10 20 20
5 5
0 0
0 0 Average minimum temperature Average minimum humidity
May
July
September
November
December
March
June
April
August
January
February
October
May
July
September
November
December
March
June
April
August
January
February
October
(2005-2014) 100
Occembeer r
Fe arcyh
ve er r
M Mry l
pt un st
chy
rile
Au ayly
Ja M ry
Oc Jubler
Fe uary
ptve str
i
No tobbe
ce er
r
SeNo ugoube
em e
t y
ar a
uapr
AJpun
MJu
Se J gu
be
ua
De mmb
nuar
De mb
br A
m
br
n
30
Ja
80
e
A
25
20 60
15 40
10
20
Wind
Source: isWind
desirable in this climate
5 is desirable
Meteorological as it could
in this climate
department. as itcause
couldsensible cooling cooling
cause0sensible to the body.
to theThe main
body. design
The main design
criteria of warm
0 and humid region could be to reduce heat gain by providing shading and promote
criteria of warm and humid region could be to reduce heat gain by providing shading and promote
May
July
September
November
December
March
June
April
August
January
February
October
heat loss by loss
heat maximizing ventilation.
by maximizing Prevailing
ventilation. wind direction
Prevailing for Bhubaneswar
wind direction is from South
for Bhubaneswar is fromand
South and
ch
ce er
r
ril
pt st
ay
ne
Au ly
M ry
Oc ber
Fe uary
ve er
be
Ju
Se gu
Ap
ua
De mb
No tob
M
ar
Wind is desirable in (Figure

this
2 &climate asmonth
it could cause sensible cooling tois the body. Theyear
main design
Ju
South West
South(Figure 3).2 In
& the the of April
of– April
May which iswhich
hottest period of the
m
em
br
3).
n
West In month – May hottest period of the year

Ja
observes
criteria a high and
ofobserves
warm wind
a high speed
windabove
humid speed5m/sec
region (Figure
could5m/sec
above 4).
be to (Figure
reduce heat gain by providing shading and promote
4).
heat loss by maximizing ventilation. Prevailing wind direction for Bhubaneswar is from South and
South West
Wind(Fig. 2 & 3). In
is desirable the climate
in this monthasofit April
could – Maysensible
cause whichcooling
is hottest
to theperiod of the
body. The mainyear observes a
design
high windcriteria
speedofabove
warm and5m/sec (Fig. 4)
humid region could be to reduce heat gain by providing shading and promote
heat loss by maximizing ventilation. Prevailing wind direction for Bhubaneswar is from South and
South West (Figure 2 & 3). In the month of April – May which is hottest period of the year
observes a high wind speed above 5m/sec (Figure 4).
Fig. 2
Wind rose of 12
years at 12 pm
Fig 2. Wind rose of 12 years at 12 pm (Source : Meteorological department)


Source : Meteorological department
83
Fig. 3
Wind rose of 12
years at 3 pm
Fig 3. WindFig
rose of 12rose
3. Wind years
of 12atyears
3 pm at 3(Source: Meteorological
pm (Source: department)
Meteorological department)
Source: Meteorological department.
Fig. 4
Average wind speed
of Bhubaneswar
throughout the year
Figure 4. Average wind speed of Bhubaneswar throughout the year (Source: Climatic Consultant )
However, this wind is not used for effective ventilation due to the unplanned nature of the
building development. As a result, the internal heat as well as the heat gained from solar
Source: Climatic Consultant.
exposure are trapped inside and make the indoor and outdoor warmer. If this wind can be
harnessed properly, it can definitely reduce the thermal discomfort in a larger extent.
Figure 4. Average
However, this wind is not
wind used
speed for effective ventilation
of Bhubaneswar throughoutdue to the(Source:
the year unplanned nature
Climatic of the building
Consultant )
development. As a result, the internal heat as well as the heat gained from solar exposure are
However, this wind
trapped inside and is not used
make for effective
the indoor ventilation
and outdoor dueIfto
warmer. thewind
this unplanned nature of the
can be harnessed properly,
building development.
it can definitely reduceAsthea thermal
result, the internal heat
discomfort as wellextent.
in a larger as the heat gained from solar
exposure are trapped inside and make the indoor and outdoor warmer. If this wind can be
harnessed
The byelawproperly, it can definitely
of Bhubaneswar reduce the
concentrates thermal
on four discomfort
parameters; in a larger
Ground extent.
coverage, FAR, setbacks
and open space reservation. While the front, rear and side setbacks are dependent on the building Building
height, the FAR control is based on the approach road width. There are three levels of modification Codes of
on building code proposed since 2001.2001 byelaw observed to have restrictions on plot sizes and
ground coverage for multi storied apartments. There were also enough considerations for plan-
Multi Storied
tations and open space reservations. 20% of the plot area planned to have plantation to maintain Apartment,
the green image of the city (Table 2). However, gradually the ground coverage lost its prominence Bhubaneswar
and a FAR driven approach came to existence. The FAR driven approach definitely provides more
flexibility to the builders but does not describe its effectiveness for natural ventilation. The author
compared three climatic zones and their byelaws for Indian cities in another article which provided
the need for a climate centric approach to regulations (Dash & Chakraborty 2018).
84
Table 2 Zoning Regulations 2001 2008 2017

Parameters of byelaw of
Bhubaneswar Min Road Width 12m 9m 12m
Plot size 1000 sqm 500sqm 2000sqm
2000 sqm
3000 sqm
Ground Coverage 50% Not mentioned Not mentioned
Based on Road, Maximum FAR
FAR 2.00 Based on Road width
reduced from 2.75 to 2.00
Front setback 6m Based on building height Same as 2008
Side and rear Based on depth or width of site,
Based on building height Same as 2008
setback goes to a maximum of 3m.
Open space
20% Not mentioned 1 tree for 80 sqm of land
reservations
Source: Bhubaneswar development authority
The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of ground coverage on the outdoor ventilation
Methodology of multi storied group housing developments. Bhubaneswar has been considered as the study
area since it has a warm and humid climate and is in the process of rapid urbanization lead-
ing to chaotic developments. In addition, Bhubaneswar also does not prescribe any fixed ground
coverage criteria. This study aims to develop a climate influenced building regulation which will
ultimately enhance the quality of life of residents. To evaluate the present situation of the devel-
opments and to arrive at a solution, the following steps are been adopted.
_ Identifying multi storied apartments _ Deciding the tools and techniques
_ Identifying the typology of apartments _ Analysis using simulation
_ Selection of base case and creation of hy- _ Results and discussions
pothetical cases _ Conclusions and Recommendations
Identifying multi storied apartments

Multi storied apartments are a recent phenomenon in Bhubaneswar. During the visual survey, 14
multistoried apartments are observed in the Bhubaneswar municipality jurisdiction. Multi storied
apartments are more than 5 storey high and having more than a single block. Most of them located
in the outskirts, in the Bhubaneswar development authority jurisdiction (BDA). Though the devel-
opments are clustered towards the northern and western side, few apartments are also observed
in the center of the city. BDA jurisdiction is divided into three typical zones. The northern side is
denser with mid-rise apartments and other buildings, the center part of the city termed as new
town is designed by Otto Konigsberger is relatively low rise and western side is relatively less
dense and organic in nature (Fig. 5).
Identifying the typology of apartments

By examining the typology of the apartments, it is found out that there are three types of apartment
blocks prevalent in Bhubaneswar; linear blocks, combined towers and isolated towers (Table 3).
Developments with isolated towers need to have setbacks around all its sides and hence observed
to have the least ground coverage. Dense areas tend to have developments with linear blocks or
connected blocks perhaps because of the non-availability of larger parcels. As a result, the ground
coverage of those developments is much higher, many a times crossing 45%. A detail description
of the apartment typologies is mentioned in Table 4 and 5.
85
Fig. 5
Location of multi
storied apartments
Figure
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Figure 5. Location of multi storied apartments (Source: author)
Figure 5. Location of multi storied apartments (Source: author)
Figure 5.
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isolated
ground coverage. towers
coverage.
coverage. linear
itDense
Dense
Dense need
Dense blocks,
isDense
foundareas
areas
to
areas combined
out
have
areas tend
areas that
tend
tend
tend setbacks
tend
to there
tototo towers
have
have
have
haveto are
around
have and
threeallisolated
developments
developments
developments types
its sides
developments
developments oftowers
withapartment
withwith
and
with with (Table
linear
linear
hence
linear
linear linear 3).
blocks
blocks
observed
blocks
blocks or
blocks
or oror
or or
Developments to with
to to
havehave
have
Developments isolated
thethethe
leastleast
least
with towers
ground
ground ground
isolated need
coverage.
coverage.
coverage.
towers to have
Dense
Dense
need Dense setbacks
areas
areas areas
tend
tonon-availability
have tend
setbacks around
tend to to to
havehave
around all
have its sides
developments
developments
developments
all its sides and
andwith hence
with
with
hence linear
linear observed
linear blocks
blocks
observed blocks
or or
blocks prevalent to
connected
connected
connected
connected inblocks
have
connected Bhubaneswar;
the
blocks
blocks
blocks least
blocks ground
perhaps
perhaps
perhaps
perhaps perhapslinear
coverage.
because
because
because
because blocks,
because ofof of
of the
thethe
ofcombined
Dense
the areas towers
tend
non-availability
non-availability
the non-availability
non-availability to ofand
have
ofofof isolated
largerdevelopments
larger
larger
of
larger parcels.
larger towers
parcels.
parcels.
parcels. parcels.
AsAsAs
As (Table
with
a a a
Asa
result,
result,
result,
a
result, 3).
linear the
result,
the blocks
the
the ground or
ground
ground
the
ground ground
to have the least
connected
Developments ground
toconnected
connected
have
with theblocks
least
isolatedcoverage.
blocks
blocks perhaps
perhaps
ground perhaps
towers Dense
because
because
coverage.
need because
to areas
of of
Dense
have ofthe
the tend
the toaround
non-availability
areas
setbacks tend have
non-availability
non-availability
to have developments
ofof
all oflarger
larger larger
developments parcels.
parcels. with
parcels.AsAs
with As linear
a result,
alineara result,
result, blocks
the
blocks thethe
ground or
orground
ground
coverageconnected
coverage
coverage
coverage
coverage
coverage ofof
coverage ofof
of blocks
those
of
those those
those
of those
those
those perhaps
developments
developments
developments
developments
developments
developments because
developments isis is
much
ismuch
is of
much
much
is
much
is the
much non-availability
higher,
higher,
higher,
higher,
much higher,
higher, many
many
higher, many
many
many aaaatimes
many
many a aaits
of
atimes
times
times sides
larger
crossing
times
times
times crossing
crossing and
parcels.
crossing
crossing
crossing
crossing
hence
45%.
45%.
45%.
45%.45%.As AA
45%.
A
45%.
observed
adetail
A
A result,
detail
detail
detail
A
A detail
detail
detail the ground
description
description
description
description
description
description
description
connected blocks
to have thecoverage
connected
least perhaps
coverage
of
ground those
blocks because
developments
perhaps
coverage.
of those of the
because
Dense
developments non-availability
isof much
areas the
is much
higher,
non-availability
tend toTable
have
higher,
many of larger
oftimes
developments larger parcels.
crossing
parcels. As
45%.
As
with linear aa result,
A
result,detail
blocks the the
groundground
description
detailordescription
ofof
ofofthe
the
of the
the
of
of apartment
the
the apartment
apartment
the apartment
apartment
apartment
apartment typologies
typologies
typologies
typologiestypologies
typologies
typologies isis is
mentioned
mentioned
isismentioned
ismentioned
is mentioned
mentioned
is mentioned inin Table
ininin
in Table
Table
in
inTable
Table Table4many
Table 44and
4and
4andand
aand
4and
a5.5.
4times
and
5.
and
times
5. 5. crossing
5.crossing
5.
45%. A
coverage
connected of
of those the
coverage
blocks
of the
apartment
of
perhaps those
developments
apartment
typologies
developments
because isofmuch
typologies the mentioned
is much higher,
higher,
isnon-availability
mentioned many
in Tableofa 4larger
many times 5.crossing
4 andparcels. 5. As 45%.a45%.
result,AAdetail
detail
the description
ground description
ofthose
the apartment typologies is mentioned in Table 4 and 5.
of the apartment
coverage of
Table
TableTable
Table
Table typologies
3.3.
Table
Table
Table
developments
3.Typology
Typology
3.Typology
3. 3.3.
Typology
3. Typology
Typology
Typology
Typology isofofmentioned
of
of of
of
is much
high-rise
high-rise
high-rise
of
of high-rise
high-rise
high-rise
high-rise
high-rise in
higher,
apartmentsTable 4 and 5.
apartments
apartments many
apartments
apartments
apartments
apartments
apartments
a times crossing 45%. A detail description
Table
of the apartment 3. Typology
typologies of high-rise
is mentioned inapartments
Table 4 and 5.
Table 3. Typology of high-rise apartments
Source: author.
Table 3
Typical Building block typology Typology of high-rise
apartments
Typology Linear Blocks Combined Towers Isolated towers
Table
Table
No Table
of each
Table 4.4.4.
type
Table
4.
Table Satellite
Satellite
4.
Satellite
Satellite images
images
images
Satellite
images ofofof
of
images high-rise03
high-rise
high-rise
of
high-rise apartments
apartments
apartments
high-rise
apartments with
with
with
apartments
with site
site
site
with
site 08
extent
extent
extent
site
extent more
more
more
extent
more than
than
than
more
than 1010
10
than
10 03
acres
acres
acres
10
acresacres
Table 4.4.4.
Table
Table
Table
4.Satellite
4. Satellite
Satellite
Satellite
Satellite
images
ofof
images
images
images
images of
ofhigh-rise
of high-rise
high-rise
apartments
high-rise
apartments
with
apartments
apartments withwith
with
with
site
site
site
extent
site
extent
site extent
extent
more
extent
more
more
more
more than
than
than
than
10 10
than 10
10 10acres
acresacres
acres
acres
Table 4. Satellite images of high-rise apartments with site extent more than 10 acres Table 4
Table 4. Satellite images
Satellite Image of the of high-rise apartments with site extent more than 10 acres
Built Form Satellite images of
with site extent more
Foot Print of the than 10 acres
Layout
Name of the Apartment Mani Thirumala Royal Lagoon Vipul Garden Cosmopolis Tata Ariana Z1
Midrise Dense Mid rise Dense Low rise Low rise Low rise Midrise Dense
Location
(outskirts) (Outskirts) open open open (outskirts)
Site Extent (Acres) 12 12 10 09 12 30
Ground Coverage 30 30 20 25 25 25
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table 5.5.
5.5.5.
Table 5.Satellite
5.
Satellite
Satellite
5.
Satellite
Satellite images
Satellite
images
images
images
Satellite
images
Satellite
5. Satellite of
images
of
of
imagesof
images
imageshigh-rise
ofof
high-rise
high-rise
high-rise
of apartments
high-rise
high-rise with
apartments
apartments
apartments
apartments
high-rise site
with
with
with
apartments
apartments extent
site
site
site
site
with
with less
extent
extent
extent
extent
site
extent than
less
less
less
less
extent
less 10than
than
than
than
than
less
than acres
1010
1010
10 acres
acres
acres
10
acresacres
acres
Table of high-rise apartments
apartments withwith
site site extent
extent less less
thanthan
10 10
acresacres Table 5
Satellite Image of
the Built Form Satellite images of high-
Table 5. Satellite images of high-rise apartments with site extent less than 10 acres rise apartments with site
extent less than 10 acres
Foot Print of the
Layout
Table 5. Satellite images of high-rise apartments with site extent less than 10 acres
Name of the Utkal West Club Norther DN Oxy Utkal
Chandrama Gangothri
Apartment Residency End Town Heights Park Heights
Low rise Low rise Mid rise Mid rise Mid rise Low rise Low rise Mid rise
Location
New town new town dense dense dense open open dense
Site Extent (Acres) 4.4 4 2.4 2.6 3.5 4.1 5 5.3
Ground Coverage 44 46 46 46 40 25 18 45
86
Selection of base case

Club town apartment is chosen as the base case for the analysis due to its simpler form and high-
er ground coverage. Four hypothetical scenarios are created with the help of simulation software.
Scenario 1 & 2 has a linear form placed in grid iron fashion. In scenario 3&4, tower forms are used
for the study. The purpose of the study is to examine the typology and ground coverage appropri-
ate for a warm and humid climate. Three types of housing blocks were considered for the study.
Linear blocks with 6 units of size 17.6 mx47 m (58’x 154’), linear blocks with 4 units of size 17.6
mx31.4 m (58’x103’) and tower blocks of 28.3 mx30.5 m(93’x100’), 23m x 24m (76’x79’) all rising
to 20 stories. The highest height achieved by high rise apartments is 20 story in Bhubaneswar.
Hence the same height is chosen as the benchmark to examine the condition in the extreme sce-
narios. Size of the blocks which are prevalent in most of the cases are used for the study (Table 6).
Table 6 Case 1 Case 2

Hypothetical cases for
simulation Arrangement (Side by side) (Side by side) (Side by side) (Side by side)
Linear block with 6 Linear Block with Tower block with 6 Tower block with 4
Typology
dwelling units 4 dwelling units dwelling units dwelling units
Layout
Ground Coverage 40% 30% 35% 25%
Building block size 58'x154' 58'x103' 93'x100' 76'x79'
Deciding the tools and techniques

The most commonly used techniques to study wind flow in and around buildings are-wind tunnel
4.4 Deciding the tools and techniques
4.44.4
testingDeciding
Deciding
4.4
and CFD
Deciding thethe tools
tools
the and
tools and
(Sreshthaputra, techniques
techniques
and
2003). CFD modelling is more popularly used now a days be-
techniques
cause of its time reduction and cost reduction in creating new layouts. In addition, there is a pos-
The most commonly used techniques to study wind flow in and around buildings are-wind tunnel testing
The
sibility
TheThe
most most
to
andmost commonly
analyze
commonly
CFD used
multiple
usedused
(Sreshthaputra, techniques
number
techniques
2003). CFDtotostudy
of studywind
problems
modelling wind flowin
iswhere
flow
more in
theandlevel
and
popularly around
around used buildings
of detail
buildingsaisdays
nowbuildings are-wind
practically
are-wind
because tunnel
unlimited
tunnel
of testing
testing
itstunnel
time
commonly techniques to study wind flow in and around are-wind testing
andand
CFD CFD (Sreshthaputra,
(Sreshthaputra, 2003).
2003). CFDCFD modelling
modelling isis more
more popularly
popularly used
used now
now a
a days
days because
because of
of its
itstime
and
andreduction
visual and cost reduction
CFDrepresentation
(Sreshthaputra, in creating
is2003).
better. new layouts.
CFD modelling In addition,
is more popularly there used
is a possibility
now a days to analyze oftime
becausemultiple its time
reduction
reduction and cost reduction inin creating new layouts. Inaddition,
addition, there is visual
aa is
possibility to analyze multiple
this and cost reduction creating new layouts. In there is possibility istotested
analyze multiple
number
reduction of
and problems
cost where
reduction the
in level of
creating detail
new islayouts.
practically unlimited
In unlimited
addition, and representation is better.
For
number study,
of the
problems wind
where pattern
the of the
level of multi
detail is storied
practically apartment atthere
different
and visuala possibility
level
representation to analyze
isusing
better.multiple
number
number of problems
of problems where wherethe level
the of
level detail
of is
detail practically
is practically unlimited
unlimited and visual
and representation
visual representation is better.
is better.
CFD.For Cradle
this isstudy,
selected the aswind a simulation
pattern oftool the because
multi storied of its apartment
reliable outcomes at different and level
speed. Cradle
is tested sc- using
ForCFD.
For thisthis
STREAM
For
study,
has
Cradle
study,
this study,thethe
gained
the
wind pattern
popularity
is wind
selected
wind pattern
pattern ofofthe
as especially
of
the inmulti
a simulation multi
the
South
multi
storied
toolstoried east Asia
because
storied
apartment
of due
its reliable
apartment
apartment
at accuracy,
to its
at different
outcomesuser
different
at different
level
level is
is tested
andfriendliness
speed.
level tested using
Cradle
is tested using using
CFD.
and Cradle
visual
scSTREAM is selected
representation
has gained as
(Kim a simulation
2016;
popularity He et tool
al.2016;
especially because
Durva
in Southof et its
al. reliable
2020).
east In outcomes
addition,
Asiaoutcomes
due to itsand itand
is speed.
possible
accuracy, Cradle
to
user
CFD.CFD. Cradle
Cradle is selected
is selected as a
as simulation
a simulation tool because
tool because of its
of reliable
its reliable outcomes speed.
and speed.Cradle
Cradle
scSTREAM
friendliness has usinggained popularity especially in South east Asia due
et al.to its algorithms.
accuracy,
addition,user
conduct
scSTREAM
scSTREAM hasand
simulation
has
visualscSTREAM
gainedgained
representation
popularity
popularity
(Kim 2016;
inespecially
personal
especially in He
computers et al.2016;
South due east Durva
to its advanced
Asia due 2020).
mesh
to its In
accuracy, it
user
friendliness
is possible andto visual
conduct representation
simulation (Kim
using 2016; HeinetinSouth
scSTREAM al.2016;
personal east
Durva Asia
computers due
et al. totoits
2020).
due In accuracy,
its addition,
advanced it user
friendliness
Airflow wasand
friendliness
is possible to conduct simulation using scSTREAM in personal computers due to its advancedit it
visual
selected
and representation
for
visual the study due(Kim
representation their (Kim 2016;
strong2016; He
effectet
He al.2016;
on
et human
al.2016; Durva
beings
Durva et al.
aset 2020).
well
al. In addition,
as microcli-
2020). In addition,
mesh algorithms.
ismate
possible
is on a
possible to
warm
mesh algorithms. conduct
to &conduct
humid simulation
climate.
simulation using
Average using scSTREAM
wind speed for
scSTREAM in thepersonal
in month
personal computers
of March,
computers dueand
April to May
due its
to advanced
wasadvanced
its
mesh
chosenalgorithms.
Airflow
to was
carry
mesh algorithms. selected
out the for the
simulation. studyWinddue their
speed strong
35m effect
above on
groundhuman and beings
3.5m as/swell
was as microclimate
considered
for on a warm
Airflow
simulation & humid
was selected
which is for climate.
the study
extracted Average
from due the wind
their speed
strong
meteorological for department
effect the month of
on human ofMarch,
beings Aprilasand
as well
Bhubaneswar. May was
microclimate
Airflow
Airflow
on waswas
chosen
a warm selected
to selected
&carry
humid forclimate.
out thesimulation.
for
the study
the studyduedue
Average their
Wind wind strong
their
speed strong
speed effect
35m effect
foraboveon human
the on human
ground
month beings
of and beings
March, as well
3.5m April asand
as/s well
was microclimate
as May
microclimate
considered was
onModel
a warm
on for
chosen to&carry
geometry
simulation
a warm humid
& humid which
out climate.
theclimate. Average
issimulation.
extracted from
Average
Wind wind
thewind speed forabove
meteorological
speed speed
35m thedepartment
for month
the month
ground ofand March,
of 3.5mApril
ofBhubaneswar.
March, /s April
was and MayMay
and
considered waswas
chosen
chosen
for
AutoCAD to carry
to carry
simulation out
which
two-dimensional the is
out simulation.
the simulation.
extracted
drawing Wind
from
was thespeed
Wind
imported speed 35m
meteorological 35m above
to scSTREAM above groundground
department
and and
scaled ofand 3.5m 3.5m
Bhubaneswar.
to actual /sdimensions.
was
/s was considered
considered
for simulation
for simulation which which is extracted
is extracted from fromthe meteorological
the meteorological
Preprocessor is used to create the 3-dimensional geometry and meshing for the CFD simulation. To department
department of Bhubaneswar.
of Bhubaneswar.
4.5 Model
simulate the outdoorgeometry wind flow for each zoning scheme, the studied multi storied apartment building
4.5AutoCAD
with Model blocks
several geometry are modelleddrawing
two-dimensional as solidwas blocks.
importedThe buildings
to scSTREAM placed beyond
and scaled the sites
to actualare ignored.
dimensions.
4.5 4.5
Model geometry
Model geometry
Preprocessor is used to create the 3-dimensional geometry and meshing for the CFD simulation. To simulate
AutoCAD two-dimensional drawing was imported to scSTREAM and scaled to actual dimensions.
the outdoor wind flow for each zoning scheme, the studied multi storied apartment building with several
Preprocessor
AutoCAD
AutoCAD is used to as
blockstwo-dimensional create
aretwo-dimensional
modelled the
solid 3-dimensional
drawing
drawing
blocks. was
Thewas geometry
imported
imported
buildings placedand meshing
to scSTREAM
tobeyond
scSTREAM for
andthe
the sites CFD
scaled
and
are simulation.
to actual
scaled
ignored. To simulate
dimensions.
to actual dimensions.
the outdooriswind
Preprocessor flow for each zoning scheme, the studied multi storied apartment building with several
Preprocessor is used to create the 3-dimensional geometry and meshing for the CFD simulation. simulate
used to create the 3-dimensional geometry and meshing for the CFD simulation. To To simulate
building height (Franke
building et al. 2007). These guidelines are strictly followed.
4.7 Accordingheight
to the (Franke
Computational et al.
gridpractice
Best 2007).
guidelineThese guidelines
for CFD simulationare
of strictly
flows infollowed.
urban environmen
between building and the outflow boundary of the computational domain has to be at least
4.74.7
Computational
AccuracyComputational
height of
of
Journal the
CFD building
of Sustainable
grid
solutions grid
at
Architecture theCivil
and sides.
depends The
Engineering onexit
itsofgrid
the size
domainandatgrid
2020/2/27 the leeward has to87be at
sideUniform
numbers. le
stru
in termsbuilding height (Franke
of accuracy, but etitsal.large2007). These guidelines
computation costare is strictly
impractical followed. for most urban w
Accuracy
Accuracy
(Franke,
Computational of
et al., CFD
of2007).
domain solutions
CFD solutions To overcome depends
depends on its
thisonlarge grid
its grid size and grid
size and grid
computation numbers.
cost, numbers. Uniform
non-uniform Uniform struc
gridsstr
in 4.7
terms Computational grid
manner:in terms
According i)of
to the accuracy,
of practice
high
Best accuracy,
resolution butbut
guideline its
grids large
its
for CFD arecomputation
large computation
generated
simulation cost
around
of flows in urban cost isthe
impractical
is impractical
environment, close forfor
the dis- vicinity most
ofmost
theurban
urban
subjecwi
(Franke,
(Franke,
tance between
coarser (withetbuilding
al., 2007).
etofreasonable
al., 2007). Togradient)
and the outflow overcome
To boundary of thethis
overcome as thislarge
large
computational
they go computation
domain has to be atcost,
computation
further from
least non-uniform grids a
the cost, non-uniform grid
Accuracy
5 times the height of CFD
the solutions
building at the depends
sides. The exit on
of theits grid
domain size
at the and
leeward gridside has to subject
numbers. Uniform (Wu, Yang,
structured
manner:
manner: i) highi)andhighresolution
resolution grids are generated around thethe close vicinity of the subject
Rough
be at grids
inleast
terms
15times of detailed
accuracy,
the building butmesh
height its grids
(Franke were
large
et are generated
created
computation
al. 2007). forcost
These guidelines around
the is buildings.
are impractical
strictly close
followed. forvicinity
According
most urban oftothethe
windsubj
bes
an
coarser
minimumcoarser (with
of (with
10 reasonable
reasonable
grids are gradient)
requiredgradient) as
between they
as go
they
the further
go further
buildings from from the
(Franke, subject
the subject
et al., (Wu, (Wu,
2007). Yang,Yang
0.7m T
(Franke,
Computational grid et al., 2007). To overcome this large computation cost, non-uniform grids are us
Rough Rough grids grids and detailed
and mesh were created for thestructured
buildings. According to the best
near to the
manner:
Accuracy of CFD subject
i) high
solutions fordetailed
the
resolution
depends on its mesh
simulation.
grids
grid sizeare
andwere Non
generated
grid created
numbers.uniform
aroundfor
Uniform the
grids
the buildings.
close are created
gridsvicinity
are According
offor
the the to
subject, the
outer andbe
do
minimum
minimum
coarser of
(with10
ofat10grids grids
reasonable are required
are required
gradient) between
asbetween
they the buildings
the
go further buildings
from (Franke,
the(Franke,
subjectet al.,
et 2007).
al.,
(Wu, 2007).
Yang, 0.7m0.7m
Tseng (2
geometric
better in terms of
ratio
accuracy,
1.05
but
to
its large
achieve
computation
finer
cost
grids.
is impractical
Hence
for most
grids
urban wind
next
anal-
to the central group o
near nearto the
to the subject et al.,for
subject the
for simulation.
the simulation. Non uniform
Nonaround
uniform grids grids are created
are created for the outer
for theinouter dom
size.d
ysis Rough
scenario grids
(Franke, and detailed
2007). mesh
To overcome were created
this large for
computation the
cost,buildings.
non-uniform According
grids to the best pract
inaresize
usedand grids
in following those
manner: areresolution
i) high further gridsaway from
are generated the central
the volumes
close vicinity of the gets larger
geometric
minimum
geometric ratio
of at
10
ratio 1.05
grids
atheight
1.05to
are achieve
required
toas achieve finer
between
finergrids.
the Hence
buildings
asgrids. Hence grids
(Franke,
grids next et
nextto the
al.,
to central
2007). 0.7m
the central group
(2 ft)of
group g
assigned
subject,
near
andfor
to
ii) thevertical
the
grids get coarser (with well.
reasonable The
gradient) gradation of
they go further grid
from thesizes
subject is shown in Table 7.
in
(Wu,size
in and
size
Yang, and
Tseng, &subject
grids Liu, those
grids for
those
2011). theare
are
Rough simulation.
further
gridsfurther away
and detailed Non
away from
mesh uniform
fromthe
were the
createdgrids
central are
central
for the created
volumes
volumes
buildings. for gets
gets the outer
larger
larger indomain
size.
in sizS
geometric
assigned
According
assigned for for
to the best ratio
vertical at
practice
vertical 1.05
height to
guideline,
height achieve
as well.
a minimum finer
as well. of 10 grids.
TheThe grids areHence
required grids
gradation
gradation of grid
between next
of grid sizes to
the build-
sizesthe central
is shown
is shown in Table
group of
in Table 7. 7
volu
Table 7. Computational
in size and grids those aregrid generation
further away from the central volumes gets larger in size. Simila
ings (Franke, et al., 2007). 0.7m (2 ft) grids are created near to the subject for the simulation. Non
assigned for vertical height as well. The gradation of grid sizes is shown in Table 7.
uniform grids are created for the outer domain maintaining the geometric ratio at 1.05 to achieve
Table
Table 7. Computational
7. Computational grid generation
grid generation
finer grids. Hence grids next to the central group of volumes are similar in size and grids those
are further away from the central volumes gets larger in size. Similar size grids are assigned for
Table
vertical height 7. Computational
as well. grid
The gradation of grid sizesgeneration
is shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Computational grid
generation
Boundary condition
Both south and south west face of the domain is chosen as the velocity inlet for hypothetical cases
4.8 Boundary condition
as both are the prevalent wind direction of Bhubaneswar.
4.8 Boundary condition
4.84.8 Boundary
Boundary
Both condition
condition
south and south west face of the domain is chosen as the velocity inlet for hypothetic
Botharesouth
the prevalent
and southwind direction
west of the
face of Bhubaneswar.
domain is chosen as the velocity inlet for hyp
88 For For
Forsimulation,
simulation,
Forsimulation, the study
thehas
study hasconvergence
has convergence after
after 600repeats.
600 repeats. Following
Following convergence,
convergence,thethe thepost
results
results
areare are p
post
Journalthe
simulation, of study
the study
Sustainable convergence
has convergence
Architecture after
and Civil 600
after repeats.
600
Engineering Following
repeats. convergence,
Following 2020/2/27the results
convergence, are
results post
processed
processed
processed
processedusing using
using
usingSTpost.
STpost.STpost.
STpost.
4.10
4.10 4.10
4.10
Grid Grid
Grid independent
independent
Gridindependent
Convergence independent
criteria test test
test test
For simulation, the study has convergence after 600 repeats. Following convergence, the results
Aindependent
grid independent
independent test was
gridA
AAgrid grid
independent test was
test test
was wasperformed
performed performed
performed before before
before
using
before using using
the usingthethe
mentioned
the mentioned
mentioned
mentionedgridgrid grid generation
grid
generation generation methodology.
methodology.
generation methodology.
methodology. The The The Th
are post
mainprocessed
concern using STpost.
regarding this methodology isisthat whether 10between
grids between twotwobuildings is reasonable or
main main
concern concern
regarding regarding
this this
methodologymethodology
is that whetherthat whether
10 grids 10 grids between
two buildings
main concern regarding this methodology is that whether 10 grids between two buildings is reasonable or isbuildings
reasonable is reasonab
or
not. not.
First
not.a First a simulation
simulation environment
environment was was
created created
based onbased
this on this methodology
methodology with 10 with 10
grids. grids.
Then a Then
second a second
not. First
Grid aFirst a simulation
simulation
independent environment
environment
test was created
was created based based
on thison this methodology
methodology with 10with 10 Then
grids. grids.aThen
second a sec
simulation
simulation
simulation environment
environment was
environment was
created
was created
where
created15where
grids
where 15were
15 grids were
assigned
grids wereassigned
between
assigned between
two twotwo
buildings.
buildings.
between The The The
velocity
buildings. velocity
veloc
simulation
A grid environment
independent wasperformed
test two
was created where 15using
gridsthewere assigned between two buildings. The velocity
difference
difference between
betweenbetween
difference these these two
scenarios
these isbefore
twoscenarios
observed
scenarios to be mentioned
isisobserved
observed toto
1.0% be(Table
1.0%
be
grid8).
1.0%
generation
(Table 8). 8).methodology.
(Table
difference
The main between these
concern regarding two scenarios
this is observed
methodology is that to be 1.0%
whether (Table
10 grids 8). two
between buildings is
reasonable
Table 8. Gridor
Table
Table
not. First
8.independent
Grid a simulationtest
independent
test environment was created based on this methodology with 10
Table
grids. 8.
Then a8.second
Grid Grid independent
independent test
simulation test
environment was created where 15 grids were assigned between
two buildings. The velocity difference between these two scenarios is observed to be 1.0% (Table 8).
Table 8
Grid independent test
Validation of the simulation tool

Four 4.11
4.11 locations areof
been
thechosen
Validation
Validation of theinside the development
simulation
simulation tool tool and the wind speed and wind direction is
measured in certain particular time at a height of 1.1 m from the ground level by using four sepa-
4.11
Four 4.11Validation
ratelocations
handheld
Four locations
Validation
are ofare
anemometers
been the ofsimulation
beenwith
chosenthechosen tooldevelopment
an accuracy
inside
simulation
inside the oftool
±5%.
the Due toand
development thethe
limited
and
wind number
the windofand
speed instruments,
speed anddirection
wind wind direction
is is
it was
measured not possible
measured
in certain to do
in certain simultaneous
particular
particular measurements.
time attime at a of
a height height But
1.1 m the
of fromwind
1.1 mthe speed
fromground measurements
the ground
level bylevel in by
using thefour
using four
Four
four locations
separate locations
separate
Fourhandheld areanemometers
were
locations been
are chosen
performed
handheld been
within
anemometers inside
with
chosen
half thehour.
an
with
aninside development
an
accuracy accuracy
the ±5%.ofand
Theofmeasurements
development ±5%.
Due the wind
were
Due
toandthe to speed
repeated andmorn-
for
the limited
limited
the wind number
speed wind
of direction
number
and is
of directio
wind
ing,
measuredafternoon,
in
instruments,
instruments, evening
certain
it was and
it was
not night,
particular
not
possible four
time
possible times
at a in a
height day
of for
to doatsimultaneous
to do simultaneous seven
1.1 m days.
from The
the
measurements.
measurements. average
ground
ButthetheBut wind
level
wind speeds
by
thespeed
wind using
speedfour
measured
were calculated
in certain
andanemometers
particular
compared against
time
the an
a height
simulated results.
ofLocation
1.1 m from1 measurement
ground was
level
been of
by using four
separate handheld with accuracy of ±5%. Due to the limited number
usedseparate
by the tool
instruments,
handheld
to calculate
it was not
anemometers
the wind
possible
with
speed
to do of an
theaccuracy
simultaneous remaining of ±5%.
three
measurements.
Due to
locations the
Butinthe
limitedA number of
simulation.
wind
instruments, it was not possible to do simultaneous measurements.
maximum of 0.5m difference in wind speed is observed for two locations where the wind speed But the speed
wind
is speed
low (Fig. 6). This might be because of a slight shift from the exact location where the wind speed
was physically measured.
measurements in the four locations were performed within half an hour. The measurements were
repeated for morning, afternoon, evening and night, four times in a day for seven days. The
average wind speeds were calculated and compared against the simulated results. Location 1
measurement was been used by the tool to calculate the wind speed of the remaining three
locations in simulation. A maximum of 0.5m difference in wind speed is observed for two 89
locations where the wind speed is low (Figure 6). This might be because of a slight shift from
the exact location where the wind speed was physically measured.
Fig. 6
Actual vrs
simulated wind
speed
Figure 6. Actual vrs simulated wind speed

After validating the simulation tool, the analysis is performed using the CFD. The study is performed
in two stages. In the first stage, the wind shadow extent is identified for all the scenarios in the lee- Observations
5. ward
Observations
side of theand analysis
buildings where there is poor ventilation. Placing buildings in that zone can create and analysis
unhealthy situation. In the second
After validating the simulation tool, stage,
thethe wind flow
analysis in between buildings
is performed using theare measured.
CFD. An ideal
The study is
ground coverage
performed has minimum
in two stages. wind
In the first shadow
stage, zoneshadow
the wind and better ventilation
extent between
is identified buildings.
for all the scenarios
in the leeward side of the buildings where there is poor ventilation. Placing buildings in that zone
canBase case
create unhealthy situation. In the second stage, the wind flow in between buildings are
measured.
The baseAn ideal
case ground coverage
of Bhubaneswar, Clubhas
townminimum
has the wind
groundshadow
coveragezoneasand
highbetter
as 46% ventilation
since the
between
buildingbuildings.
codes does not specify any control over coverage for different types of developments.
Fig. 7 shows the base case scenario in different levels +1.0m, +3.3m and +6.3m above the ground
5.1.Base case
level. It is quite crucial to observe the pattern and magnitude of outdoor air velocities at different
The basebecause
levels case ofan Bhubaneswar,
adequate outdoorClubairtown has the
velocity ground
raises coverage comfort
the occupant’s as high level
as 46% since
at the the
indoors.
building codes does not specify any control over coverage for different types of developments.
Figure 7 shows the base case scenario in different levels +1.0m, +3.3m and +6.3m above the Fig. 7
ground level. It is quite crucial to observe the pattern and magnitude of outdoor air velocities at Wind contour patterns
different levels because an adequate outdoor air velocity raises the occupant’s comfort level at the for the base case
indoors.
Wind shadow condition when wind is from south and parallel to the shorter face of
the blocks
In hypothetical cases, buildings are arranged in such a way that the windward side is unobstructed
for the wind flow. In the first case, a south direction wind is utilized to analyze the wind pattern
around the block where the longer side of the buildings faces the South and North direction. It is
observed that the wind shadow in the leeward side is drastically reduced when the ground cover-
age of the blocks is reduced to 4 dwelling units in place of 6 dwelling units when wind is parallel
to the shorter face of the buildings. The wind shadow zone is observed to be 2-3 times the height
of the blocks when the ground coverage consists of 4-unit linear blocks with 30% coverage. With
90
6-unit linear blocks the wind shadow zone is observed to be almost 6-7 times of the building
height. Similarly, for tower blocks, 4 dwelling unit towers perform better in place of 6 dwelling
units. The shadow extent is observed to be 3-4 times the building height for 6-unit blocks where-
as, it is 2-3 times of the building height for 4-unit tower blocks (Table 9).
The wind shadow zone at the rear also meant to have least ventilation in those areas. Hence a
relationship is established between ground coverage and rear setback. As a result, not only the
building height but also the ground coverage as well as the building form is observed to have a
critical role to play in deciding the setback of buildings.
Table 9 Details of the units Layout Cross section ➔N

Wind pattern with
variations in Ground
Coverage when wind
is from South and is 6 DU linear (40%)
parallel to the shorter
face of the blocks
4 DU linear (30%)
6 DU tower (35%)
4 DU tower (25%)
5.3.5.3. WindWind shadow shadow condition

condition when when wind wind is fromis from South South andand perpendicular
perpendicular to the
to the shortershorter faceface of theof the
Wind5.3.
blocks Wind
blocks
5.3. Wind
shadow shadow shadow
conditioncondition
condition whenwhen when wind
wind wind is from
is
isfrom from
from South South
South and andperpendicular
andperpendicular
to theshorter
shorter
to the face face of ofthe
shorter the
5.3.
blocks 5.3.
Wind Wind shadowshadow condition
condition when when windwind is is from SouthSouth and and perpendicular
perpendicular totothe theshorter
shorter faceface ofofthe the
5.3.
face5.3. blocks
Wind
ofWindthe shadow
shadow
blocks condition
condition when
when windwind is is
from from SouthSouth and and perpendicular
perpendicular to theto the
shorter shorter face face
of the of the
In Inblocks
the
blocks second
the second case, case, a south
a south direction
direction wind wind is utilized
is utilized to analyze
to analyze thethe wind windpattern,
pattern, butbut thethe buildings
buildings
blocks
blocks
5.3. In
Wind arethe
In
the are
In shadow
arranged
arranged
second
the
second
In
secondcase, condition
incase,
such
in such asouth
aasouth
case, way
aasouth
way thatwhen
thatthethe
direction
direction
direction wind
shorter
shorter
wind
wind wind isisis
side side from
of
utilized
isutilizedthe
of the
utilized toSouth
buildings
buildings
analyze
toto analyze
analyze and
faces
the the
the perpendicular
facesthe
wind South
the
wind
wind South
pattern, andand
pattern,
pattern, North
but but tothe
North
the
but the
direction.
the shorter face of the
direction.
buildings
buildings
buildings
Since
are thethe
InSince both
arranged
are
second
second
both
arranged thein case,
thesuch
in
case,
4-unit4-unit
such a a blocks
ablocks
waya
south
southwaythat anddirection
direction
that the
and
the the the
shorterwind
6-unit wind
6-unit
shorter side is
isside
blocks utilized
utilized
blocks
of the
of are to
are to
buildings
the
analyze
analyze
havinghaving
buildings afacesa the
similar the
similar
faces the wind
wind pattern,
pattern,
width,
width,
South
the South the
and the
and butbut
shadow the
shadow
North
North
the buildings
buildings
extentextent
direction.
direction. is is
blocks In
are In the
arranged
the
are are
observed
second
second
arranged
arranged
observed tothe
in case,
bein
to
such
case,in
such
the
be the
aa
such
same
asouth
way
south
samea in
ablocks
way way direction
that
direction
that
boththat
inand the
both
the
the
the the
wind
shorter
wind
shorter
shorter
cases. cases.
is is
side
It sideutilized
side
utilized
It of
is isof the
revealed
of to
the
revealed
to
the analyze
analyzebuildings
buildings
buildings
thatthat the
the
faces the
wind
faces
wind thewind
faces
theSouth
South
shadow
pattern,
the
pattern, South
and
in
but
and but
the
North
inNorth
the
and
leeward
the buildings
North
buildings
direction.
direction.
side
di-
Since Since both both 4-unit
the 4-unit blocks and 6-unit 6-unit blocksblocks are arehaving
having athe
a similar wind
similar shadow
width,
width, the the shadow the
shadow leeward
extent
extent isside
is
are
are
rection. arranged
isSincearranged
Since
Since both
drastically both
to the
in
both such
such
the the a
4-unit
4-unit a way
way
4-unit that
that
blocks
blocks and the
the
blocks
and6theshorter
shorter
and
the side
the
6-unit
6-unit side of
6-unit
blocks
Itblocks
of
the the buildings
buildings
blocks
are
are blocks. having
having are faces
aThea faces
having the
similar
similar the
South
a South
similar
width,
width, and
thethe and
North
width,
shadow
shadow Northdirection.
the direction.
shadow
extent
isextent isis
isobserved
observed drastically betoreduced
reduced
the
be same
the for
same inboth
for both
both
in 6 the
both unit unit
the and
cases. and4-unit
cases. 4-unit
is islinear
It revealed linear
revealed blocks.
that that the the The
windwind windshadow
shadow shadowinin zone
the zone
the isleeward
leeward observed
observed
side
side
In the second
Since
Since
extent
is be
to both
both
observed
toobserved
isbe
2-3 case,
the
to
observed
drastically
is 2-3times
drastically to
be
times be
reduceda to
4-unit
4-unit
the south
the
the
reduced
blocks
blocks
same
besame
height the
height
for direction
in ofin
both
for
and
and
both6 the
both
same
the
of
both
the
6the
the
unit the
in
blocks wind
6-unit
6-unit
blocks
unitand cases.
cases.
both
andwhenblocks
4-unitIt
the
whenis
blocks
It
isthe
4-unit isutilized
are
cases. are
ground
the
linearlinear
having
revealed
revealed ground
blocks. isto
Ithaving
that
blocks. analyze
the aThe
acoverage
that similar
the
revealed
coverage
The similar
wind
wind
windwind the
width,width,
shadow
shadow
that
consists
consists
shadow wind
thein
the
shadowof the
shadow
in
wind
4of the
unit
zonezonepattern,
4the shadow
leeward
shadow
unit
isand extent
leeward
and6-unit
isobserved
observed but
extent
is
side
side
in
6-unit the
the is buildings
observed
observed
are arrangedis
linear
to
leeward is
drastically
linear
be
to 2-3
be to
drastically
in2-3
blocks.
sideblocks.
timesbe
such the
thereduced
reducedathe
However,
istimes the same
same
way
However,
drasticallyheightfor in
for
in both
that
the
height ofboth
bothboth 6
the
shadow
the the
reduced
of the
6
the
unit
shadow
blocks
the cases.
unit
cases.
and
shorter
is 6-7
for
blocks and
isboth
whenIt
4-unit
6-7 It
4-unit
is
side
times
when is
6times
the revealed
revealed
unit
thelinear
linear
of
of the
the
of
groundand
groundthat
blocks. that
blocks.
height
the the
buildings
height
coverage
4-unit the
The The
wind wind
wind
oflinear
coverage the
of wind
shadow
facesshadow
blocks
the
consists shadow
shadow
blocks
blocks.
consists in
the
offor the
of4for in
zone
zone
South
4both
unit
The the
leeward
both
unit is
the
and
windisleeward
and observed
and side
observed
tower
the
6-unit
shadow
6-unit side
North direction.
tower
isis to
blocks.
linear to
blocks.
linearbe
drastically
drastically
beobserved
2-3 2-3
Though
blocks. times
Though
blocks. times
reduced
reduced the
the
However, the for
tower
the
However, height
for
height
tower both
both
block
the of of
6the
block
shadow
the the
6shadow
hasunit
unithasablocks
and
blocks aand
square is4-unit
when
square
is6-unit
6-7 6-7 when
4-unit
plan,
times linear
the
plan,
times the
linear
the ground
blocks.
ofground
wind
the
the
of blocks.
wind
the shadow
height coverage
The
coverage
shadow
height ofThewind
zone
the
of consists
wind
zone
the shadow
consists
has
blocks shadow
of
reduced
has
blocks ofzone
reduced
for for 4unit
both unit
zone
4coverage
in
bothistheand
in
the and
the
the 6-unit
istower
observed observed
6-unit
formerformer
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both
toto be
is the
linear
2-3
4-unit
blocks. to
the
blocks
be
However,
height
2-3
of
and
times
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the
shadow
blocks
height
is
when 6-7 blocks
of
times
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blocks
ofthe theheighthaving
when
height ofthea
the similar
ground
thehasblocks width,
4itfor both the
the shadow
consists
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be
linear
case case
blocks. 2-3
due
blocks. due times
blocks.
to
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to
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the height
strategic
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the tower theof
location
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block blockthe
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has blocks
aopen
has issquare
ofsquare
aopen 6-7 when
space times
space
plan, in
plan, inground
the
the of
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windward
the
wind coverage
windward
wind shadowcoverage
direction.
shadow consists
ofdirection.
zonezone consists
blocks
Hence
has of
Hence
reducedfor
reduced ofunit
isboth
itin isinand
4inferred
unit the 6-unit
inferred
the the and
tower
that
former
former 6-unit
that
observed
of 4 unit
linear to
blocks.
blocks.
linear
providing
case providing
due
case be
and
due the
6-unit
to Though
blocks.
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blocks. the same
toanHowever,
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an the linear
the
open
strategic
the tower
open
strategic in
towertheboth
blocks.
block
the
space
location block
shadow
shadow
space
location the
has
of has
in
open cases.
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ofaisin ais6-7
square
square
open 6-7
the
space times
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the
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space times
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in is
plan,shadow
of
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ward
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ward
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6-7
shadow
height that
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zone
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direction. the
direction.
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has the
has
blocks
Hence foritshadow
height
reduced
reduced
blocks
without
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Hence both
is
it in of
inthe
forisinferred
both the
obstruction in
theformer
the
obstruction
inferred the
blocks
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tower
that
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is drastically
for both
case
blocks.
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due due
reduced
Though
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providing aninan
contributes
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open the location
Though
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block
block
shadow
space 6
spacehas
shadow unit
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of aof
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and
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extent
in in square space
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thethetowind
extent plan,in
larger
a wind in
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linear
has
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extent
largerward windward
a
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wind squareblocks.
shadowshadow
(Table
ward (Table
extent direction.
plan,
direction.
zone
10).
direction
direction Thethe
has
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Hencewind
wind
reduced
has
10). without reducedit
shadow
it is
in
without obstructionis
shadow inferred
inferred
the in zone
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obstruction is observed
zone
that has
former
reduced providing
providing in the an
formeran openopen
case due space
space to the in in the the
strategic location wind wind wardward
of open direction
direction
space in without
without
the windward obstruction
obstruction
case
case due
to be 2-3contributes to
times thein height
due to
contributes
contributes the
in strategic
strategic
in reducing
reducing
reducing
location
the of
location
the
shadow
the the
shadowof
shadow
open
blocks
of open
extent extent space
extent
to when
space
to
a
to
in
a
larger
a
the
in
largerthe
larger
windward
theextent
extent ground
windward
extent direction.
(Table
(Table
(Table coverage
direction.
10). 10).
10).
Hence Hence it is inferred
consists inferred
it is ofdirection.
that
4 unit that and 6-unit
Wind Wind
providing
providing
Hence it direction
contributesis directionin
inferredan is another
is
reducing
open
open
thatanother critical
thespace
space
providing factor
criticalan
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extent
in open detected
the detected
thetospace
awind to
larger
windhave
to
in have implication
extent
ward
the implication
ward
wind (Table
direction
ward on
10). deciding
on deciding
direction without
direction the
without
withoutrear setbacks.
the obstruction
rearobstruction
setbacks.
obstruction
linear Wind
blocks.
Wind directionHowever,
direction is another
is another the shadow
critical
critical factorfactor is detected
detected6-7 times to to
have have ofimplication
the height
implication on
on10). of the
deciding
deciding thetheblocks
rear rearsetbacks. for both the tower
setbacks.
contributes
contributes
contributes Wind direction reducing
ininreducing
reducing is the
thethe
another shadow
shadow
shadow
critical extent
extent
extent
factor to totoaalarger
detected alarger
largerto extent
extent
extent
have (Table
(Table
(Table
implication 10). 10).
on deciding the rear setbacks.
blocks. Though the tower block has a square plan, the wind shadow zone has reduced in the former
Wind direction is another critical factor detected to have implication on deciding the rear setbacks.
case Wind
due direction
todirection
Wind
Wind is is
direction another
the strategic critical
location
another
another factor
critical
critical of
factor
factordetected
open space
detected toto
to
detected have
inhave
have implication
the windward
implication onondeciding
implication deciding
on thethe
direction.
deciding rear
rearsetbacks.
Hence
rear
the it is inferred that
setbacks.
setbacks.
providing an open space in the wind ward direction without obstruction
contributes in reducing the shadow extent to a larger extent (Table 10).
Wind direction is another critical factor detected to have implication on deciding the rear setbacks.
Table 10. Wind pattern with variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from S
Table 10. Wind shorter
pattern withface of the blocks.
variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from Sout
perpendicular
Table
Journal 10. Wind
of Sustainable
to thepattern
shorter
Architecture
face variations
with of the blocks.
and Civil Engineering in Ground 91 Sout
Coverage when wind is from
2020/2/27
Table 10. Wind pattern with variations
Table Table
Table10.10.
Table
10.
Wind
Wind Wind
10. Wind
perpendicular
pattern
pattern
perpendicular
pattern
to thepattern
withwith
with
shorterwith
to theinin
variations
variations
variations
face variations
inGround
Ground
Ground
shorter
in
of the blocks.
Ground
in Ground
Coverage
face of thewhen
Coverage
Coverage
Coverage
Coverage
when
whenwind
wind
blocks.
whenwhen isis from
wind
windwind
is from is South
isfrom
fromSouth and
South
from
South
is is
and
South
and is and is
perpendicular
Table 10.
10.Wind
perpendicular
perpendicular
Table to tothe
Wind
perpendicular
the Table
topattern
the
shorter
shorter
to pattern
the 10.
shorter
with face
face
face
with
shorter face
ofthe
Wind
ofof
of
theblocks.
variations
the
blocks.
pattern
in
the blocks.
variations withCoverage
in Ground
Ground
blocks. variations
Coverage wheninwind
when Ground
wind isisfromCoverage
from andwhen
Southand
South isis wind is from South
perpendicular to tothetheshorter
shorterface
perpendicular
faceofofthe
to
the blocks.
the shorter
blocks. face of the blocks.
Table 10. Wind pattern with variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from South and is Table 10
perpendicular
Table 10. Wind
to the pattern
shorterwith
Details of the units
perpendicular face variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from South and is
Layout
of the blocks.
Cross section ➔N
Wind pattern with
perpendicular to the shorter face of the blocks.
Coverage when wind
6 DU Linear (40%) is from South and is
shorter face of the blocks
4 DU Linear (30%)
6 DU Tower (35%)
4 DU Tower (25%)
Table 11. Wind pattern with variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from Southwest
Table 11.11.
Table Wind
Wind pattern
patternwith
withvariations
variationsininGround
GroundCoverage
Coveragewhen
whenwind
windisisfrom
from Southwest
Southwest
Table
Table 11.11. Wind pattern with variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from Southwest
11. Wind
TableWind shadow
Wind pattern with
condition
pattern variations
when wind
with variations in Ground
in Ground Coverage
is fromCoverage
southwestwhen wind
andwind
when isisfrom
aligned from Southwest
to the blocks
Southwest
Table 11. Wind pattern with variations in Ground Coverage when wind is from Southwest
Table 11.Wind
Windtopattern
Table 11. Wind pattern with variations in Ground Coverage when wind is
In the third case, south west prevailing wind is used to analyze the wind pattern. Tower block is
withperformer.
variations ininGround
the Coverage when wind is from Southwest
Table 11.
observed pattern with
be a better variations Ground
However, Coverage
wind shadow when
zone iswind is from
observed to be Southwest
aligned to
the windTable
direction.11.
TableTable The Wind
11. Wind
wind
11. pattern
pattern
shadow
Wind patternwith
extentwith variations
variations
is observed
with inin
to be 2 times
variations Ground
inGround
of Coverage
Coverage
the building
Ground Coverage when
height forwhen
both
when wind
wind
wind is from
isis from
from Sout
Southwe
linear blocks andTable
tower 11. Wind
blocks pattern
in South as wellwith variations
as East directions in Ground
except at the Coverage
corner (Tablewhen
11). wind is from Southwest
Details of the units Layout Cross section

Table 11
Wind pattern with
Coverage when wind is
from Southwest
6 DU Linear (40%)
5.4. Wind shadow condition when wind is from southwest and aligned to the blocks
5.4. Wind
5.4. Wind shadow
shadow conditionwhen
condition whenwind
windisisfrom
fromsouthwest
southwestand
andaligned
alignedto
tothe
theblocks
blocks
4 DU Tower (25%)
5.4. Wind shadowcondition
conditionwhen
whenwind
windisisfrom
5.4.
5.4. Wind
Wind shadow
shadow condition when wind is from southwest and
fromsouthwest andaligned
southwestand aligned totothe
aligned totheblocks
blocks
the blocks
5.4.Wind
5.4. Windshadow
shadowcondition
conditionwhen
whenwind
wind is
is from
from southwest and
and aligned
alignedtotothe
theblocks
blocks
In the third case, south west prevailing wind is used to analyze the wind pattern. Tower block is
In
In the third
the
observedthird case,
tocase, south
be a south west
better west prevailing
prevailing
performer. wind is
wind
However, is used
used
the windto shadow
to analyze zone
analyze the wind
the wind pattern. to
pattern.
is observed Tower
Tower block is
block
be aligned is
to
92 observed
observed
the wind to to be aa better
be better
direction. performer.
Theperformer.
wind shadow However,
However,
extent thetheobserved
is wind shadow
wind shadow zone
to be zone is observed
is
2 times observed to be
to
of the building be aligned
aligned to
to
height for
the
the wind
bothwind direction.
direction.
Journal
linear Thetower
The
of Sustainable
blocks and wind
wind shadow
shadow
Architecture
blocks in extent
extent
and
South is observed
is observed
Civil Engineering
as well to be
to
as East be 22 times
timesexcept
directions of the
of theatbuilding
building height
2020/2/27height
the corner for
for
(Table
both
both
11). linear
linear blocks
blocks and
and tower
tower blocks
blocks in
in South
South as
as well
well as
as East
East directions
directions except
except at
at the
the corner
corner (Table
(Table
11).
11).
Fig. 8 Wind flow in between the blocks
Wind speed in For scenario 1, wind movement in be-
between the blocks tween the blocks for 6 unit block is ob-
for Scenario 1,2 &
3 @ 15.3 m from served to be significantly better than
ground level their 4 unit counterparts. Channelling of
wind movement along the longer sur-
face might be the reason for better wind
movement. The wind speed in between
the blocks are measured at the level of
15.3 m from the ground level is displayed
in Fig. 8. 4 unit tower blocks are observed
to be the worst performer in terms of
wind movement.
For the second case, the wind tries to
penetrate through the linear blocks cre-
ating uniform ventilation throughout
the development. The gap between the
blocks seems to be well ventilated. Lon-
ger blocks provide better wind flow in
comparison to shorter blocks. However,
in contrast the tower blocks seem to be
worse in performance in respect to the
wind flow. The gap between the towers
does not seem to bring in enough wind
to the domain because of their built form.
The 6 unit blocks, in spite of having high-
est ground coverage have lowest wind
shadow zone when wind is parallel to
its longer face. In addition, wind move-
ment in between the blocks for the 6 unit
Figure
blocks are 8. Wind speed
significantly in between
better than theother
any blocks for Scenario
scenario. 1,2 &blocks
3 @ 15.3 m from in
ground level
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Wind
Wind speed
speed in
in between
between the
the blocks
blocks for Scenariolinear
The
for Scenario 1,2 &
1,2 & 33 @ try to
@ 15.3
15.3 mm bring enough
from ground
from ground wind
level
level
to the domain. Bringing in more wind in the domain also contributes to reducing the wind shadow
extent. Hence the study revealed that, a denser environment not necessarily obstruct wind all the
time. The building orientation based on prevailing wind direction is an important consideration to
5.5 Wind
created betterflow in between
ventilated the blocks
spaces.
5.5 Wind
5.5 Wind flow
flow in
in between
between the
the blocks
blocks
The research tries to identify the wind shadow zone as the rear setback where no habitable build-
ings should be built. The suggestive bye law decides the rear setback and ground coverage con-
sidering each building form and wind direction.
Two types of building forms prevalent in Bhubaneswar are analyzed to understand how varying
Conclusion the ground coverage affects the wind pattern of the development. The first one is a linear block and
the second one is tower block; each typology is having six and four units in each block. Two wind
directions are considered for simulation, one is from South side and the second one is from South
west; both are prevalent wind directions of Bhubaneswar. Building orientation differs for each wind
direction, in the first the shorter side is parallel to wind direction and in the second the shorter side
is perpendicular to wind direction.
It is inferred from the study that, wind direction, layout of the blocks as well as the typology of the
blocks play an important role in bringing ventilation to the domain. Hence, bye-law should consid-
er all of those factors while formulating the building code of a particular place. There is a strong
1) Only ground coverage is considered for this analysis. Altering building height or
distance between buildings can provide slightly different result. While framing the bye-
1)law
1) Only
Onlyall ground
the parameters
ground coverageshould
coverage be considered
is considered
is considered for this
for soanalysis.
this that a holistic
analysis. Altering
Altering code can be height
building
building drawn.
heightoror
2)1) Blocks
Only
distance
distance
Journal
ground
arebetween
between
of Sustainable
coverage
placed in
buildings
buildings
Architecture
is
grid considered
and can iron
can pattern
provide for this
only.
slightly analysis.
Different
different
provide slightly different result.
Civil Engineering
Alteringlayout
result. building
While pattern height
framing
While framing the
2020/2/27 may orprovide
the bye-
bye-
93
1)different
Onlyallground
distance
law between coverage
buildings is considered
can provide for this so
slightly analysis.
different Altering
result. While buildingcanbeheight
framing or
the bye-
law all the
distance
parameters
result.
the parameters
between buildings
should
should can
be considered
be considered
provide slightly so thataaholistic
that
different
holistic
result.
code
code
While can
framing
bedrawn.
drawn.
the bye-
3)2) law
Blocks
The all
study the
are parameters
placed should
in the grid be considered
iron pattern
pattern so
only. that a holistic
Different code
layout can be
pattern drawn.may provide
2)1) Blocks
Only areconsidered
ground placed
coverage in grid
is smallest
iron
considered possible
for only.
this parcel
Different
analysis. for analysis.
Alteringlayout Byheight
pattern
building considering
may or provide larger
2)1)different
Only
law
Blocks all ground
the
are coverage
parameters
placed
result. in is
should
grid considered
be considered
iron patternfor this so
only. analysis.
that Altering
a holistic
Different code
layout building
can beheight
pattern drawn.
may orprovide
parcels
relationship observed
distance
different and
distanceare
2) different
Blocks different
with
between
result.
between the
placedbuildings layouts,
front
buildings
in gridcan
and can rear
iron a more
setback
provide
provide
pattern accurate
and
slightly
slightly wind conclusion
direction.
different
only.different
Different
result.
result. The can
results
While be
framing
Whilepattern
layout drawn.
provide
framingmay the the
bye-
the bye-
provide
result.
4)3)
following
3) The
3)2)The
lawstudy
The
law all the
study
differentall the
recommendations
Solar protection considered
parameters
considered
parameters
result.
studyareconsidered
(Table
is not the
the
should
12):
the
should smallest
considered be considered
smallest
be
smallest
possible
considered
in the
possible
1) only.
possible
so
Onlyparcel
parcel
soanalysis.
that
parcel
that a
ground
foranalysis.
a holistic
holistic
Both
for analysis.
code
code
coverage
for layout solar
analysis.
can
By
beByBy
canprotection
be considering
drawn.
considering
drawn.
is considering
considered andlarger
for
larger
ventilation
larger
this analysis. Alterin
2) Blocks
parcels
Blocks
parcels and
are placed
different
placed in
in grid
layouts,
grid
in the layouts, iron
iron pattern
aside
more
pattern
amore
more accurate
only.
accurate Different
conclusion
Different
conclusion layout pattern
can
pattern
can bebe may
may
drawn. provide
drawn. larger
provide
1 Open3)are
space
Theimportant
parcels
to be
study
different and aspects
located
considered
different
result.
for
windward
the
layouts, tropical
smallesta warm
of the
possible and
distance
accurate humid
development
parcel for
between
conclusion climate.
analysis.
can By
buildings
be considering
drawn. can provide slightly different result. W
4)
4) different
Solar
Solar result.
protection
protection is not considered
considered in
in the
the analysis.
analysis. Both
Both solar
solar protection
protection andand ventilation
ventilation
2 The
1)4)3)
3) parcels
direction
Only
Solar of
The ground and
the
protection different
wind
study consideredand
coveragethelayouts,
is notthe
considered typology
considered
the a
smallest more
should
is considered accurate
decide
in thelaw
possible the conclusion
rear
forallthis
analysis.
parcel the set
Both
for back.can
analysis.
parameters
solarBy
analysis. be
Ideally,drawn.
the
Altering
should
protection
By rear
considering setback
bebuilding
and considered
ventilation
larger height or a holistic cod
so that
areThe study
important aspects for smallest
tropical possible
warm parcel
and for
humid analysis.
climate. considering larger
Table
should are
4)distance
Solar
are12. important
beparcels
the protection
Recommendations
opposite
importantbetween to is
thenot
aspects wind for
for
buildings tropical
considered
direction
tropical in
andwarm
warm the
2) the
andand
not analysis.
Blocksrear humid
humid Both
side
are climate.
solar
ofplaced
the beprotection
canparcel
climate. in ingrid and
a trueiron ventilation
sense. pattern
framingonly. Different layout
parcels and different
and different layouts,
layouts, aacan
more
more provide
accurate
accurate slightly
conclusion
conclusion different
can be result.
drawn.
drawn. While the bye-
4)
3 Front4) are important
Solar protection aspects thefor
isinnot
not tropical in
considered warm
in thewind andcan humid
analysis. Both climate.
solar protection andventilation
ventilation
setback,
law Solar
all the which
protection fallsis
parameters direction
should ofbe
considered the
the different
analysis.
considered havesoresult.
Both least
solar
that setback.
aprotection
holistic and code can be drawn.
Table
Tableare
Table 12.
12.
are
12. Recommendations
Recommendations
important aspects for
Recommendations
important aspects for tropical
tropical warm warm and
and humid
humid climate.
climate.
2)Table
Blocks are placed
12. Recommendations in grid iron 3)
pattern The study
only. considered
Different the
layout smallest
pattern possible parcel for analysis.
may provide
parcels and different layouts, a more Table conclusion
accurate 12 can be
different
Prevailing
Table 12. result.
Building arrangement
Recommendations
Recommendations
and Building foot Leeward side Suggestive
3) The study considered the smallest4)possible Solar protection

parcel foris analysis.
not considered in the analysis. Both solar prot
wind direction typology prints setback ground coverage Recommendations
By considering larger
parcels and different layouts, a more accurate conclusion can be drawn. are important aspects for tropical warm and humid climate.
Linear blocks with 6 6-7 times of the
4) Solar protection is not considered units in the analysis. Both
building solar protection
height
40% and ventilation
are important aspects for tropical Table warm 12. andRecommendations
humid climate.
Table 12. Recommendations Linear blocks with 4 2-3 times

30%
units building height
1) Only ground coverage is considered for this analysis. Altering building height or
distance between buildings can provide slightly different result. While framing the bye-
Square Tower of 6 units
1) law
Onlyall ground
the parameters
coverageshould be considered
is considered
blocks shouldfor
havethis
so that
un analysis.
a holistic code can be drawn.
3-4 times Altering building height or
2) Blocks are placed in
distance between buildings cangrid iron pattern
provide
obstructed only.
slightly
open Different
space different heightlayout
building result. Whilepattern
35%
framing may provide
the bye-
different
law all theresult.
parameters should be considered so that a holistic code can be drawn.
along the wind direction
3)2) The study
Blocks
1) Only groundareconsidered
placed
coverage theis smallest
in grid iron pattern
considered
Square possible
Tower of only.
for parcel
this
4 units for layout
Different
analysis. analysis. By
pattern
Altering considering
providelarger
may height
building or
different
parcels
distanceandresult.
different
between layouts,
buildings cana provide
blocksmore accurate
should slightly conclusion
have un 2-3 times canWhile
different result. be drawn.
framing the bye-
25%
4)3) Solar
The study
law all theconsidered
protection is notthe
parameters smallest
shouldobstructed
consideredbe possible
inopen
considered parcel
the space
analysis.
so for analysis.
building
that Both
a height By considering
solarcode
holistic protection
can larger
and ventilation
be drawn.
parcels and along the wind direction
2) are
Blocks are different
important aspectsinlayouts,
placed for
grid a more
tropical
iron accurate
warm
pattern and conclusion
only.humid can
climate.
Different be drawn.
layout pattern may provide
4) Solar protection
different result. is not considered in the analysis. Both solar protection and ventilation
are important aspects for
3) The study considered thetropical warm
Not preferred
smallest and humid
possible parcelclimate.
for analysis. By considering larger
Table 12. Recommendations
parcels and different layouts, a more accurate conclusion can be drawn.
Table 12. protection
4) Solar Recommendations
is not considered in the analysis. Both solar protection and ventilation
Linear blocks with 6 2-3 times
are important aspects for tropical
units warm and humid climate.
building height
40%
Table 12. Recommendations

Linear blocks with 4 2-3 times
30%
Linear blocks with 6 2 times of the

40%
Not preferred
2 times of the
25%
building height
Not preferred
94
1 Only ground coverage is considered for this analysis. Altering building height or distance be-
Limitation tween buildings can provide slightly different result. While framing the bye-law all the parame-
ters should be considered so that a holistic code can be drawn.
2 Blocks are placed in grid iron pattern only. Different layout pattern may provide different result.
3 The study considered the smallest possible parcel for analysis. By considering larger parcels
and different layouts, a more accurate conclusion can be drawn.
4 Solar protection is not considered in the analysis. Both solar protection and ventilation are im-
portant aspects for tropical warm and humid climate.
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MONALIPA DASH MANJARI CHAKRABORTY About the

Associate Professor Professor, Dept. of Architecture; Project-in-Charge Authors
School of planning and Architecture, University of Planning & Development, Birla Institute of Technology,
Mysore, India Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Main research area Main research area
Human comfort in cities, Urban heat island Architecture Education and Sustainability in Built
Environment
Address
Associate Professor, School of Planning and Address
Architecture, University of Mysore, India Flat A-2; South Point Apartment; South Office Para;
E-mail: monalipadash76@gmail.com Doranda; Ranchi; Jharkhand-834002; India
E-mail: profmanjari@gmail.com
This article is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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78

Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2020/2/27

JSACE 2/27 Outdoor Ventilation and

to Building Byelaws for

Multi Storied Apartments in

*Corresponding author: monalipadash76@gmail.com

Because of anthropogenic activities, cities are undergoing a number of environmental problems;

Wind is desirable in (Figure

West In month – May hottest period of the year

Fig 2. Wind rose of 12 years at 12 pm (Source : Meteorological department)

Fig 2. Wind rose of 12 years at 12 pm (Source : Meteorological department)

Table 2 Zoning Regulations 2001 2008 2017

Source: Bhubaneswar development authority

Identifying multi storied apartments

Identifying the typology of apartments

Selection of base case

Table 6 Case 1 Case 2

Ground Coverage 40% 30% 35% 25%

Building block size 58'x154' 58'x103' 93'x100' 76'x79'

Deciding the tools and techniques

Validation of the simulation tool

Figure 6. Actual vrs simulated wind speed

Table 9 Details of the units Layout Cross section ➔N

5.3.5.3. WindWind shadow shadow condition

Details of the units Layout Cross section

3) The study considered the smallest4)possible Solar protection

Table 12. Recommendations Linear blocks with 4 2-3 times

Table 12. Recommendations

Linear blocks with 6 2 times of the

MONALIPA DASH MANJARI CHAKRABORTY About the

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