2019 IFAC Workshop on

2019
2019 IFAC
IFAC Workshop
Workshop on
Control
2019
2019 of Smart
IFAC
IFAC Gridon
Workshop
Workshop and Renewable Energy Systems
on
on
Control
Control of
of Smart
Smart Grid
Grid and
and Renewable
Renewable Energy
Energy Systems
Jeju,
Jeju,
Korea,
Control
2019 IFAC
Control of
Korea,
June
of Smart
Smart 10-12,
Grid
Workshop
June Grid and
on
and
10-12,
2019
Renewable
2019 Energy Systems
RenewableAvailable
Energy
online at www.sciencedirect.com
Systems
Systems
Jeju,
Jeju, Korea,
Korea, June
June 10-12,
10-12, 2019
2019
Control of Smart Grid and Renewable
Jeju, Korea, June 10-12, 2019 Energy Systems
Jeju, Korea, June 10-12, 2019
ScienceDirect
IFAC PapersOnLine 52-4 (2019) 276–281
PV
PV Based
Off-Grid
Based
Off-Grid Charging Station for
PV Off-Grid Charging
Based Charging Station
Station for for
PV Based Electric
Off-Grid Vehicle
ElectricCharging
Vehicle Station for
Electric Vehicle
Vinit Kumar ∗∗∗ Electric
Vinit KumarVilluri RaviVehicle
Teja ∗∗ ∗∗∗
∗∗ Mukesh Singh ∗∗∗
∗∗
Vinit
Vinit Kumar ∗∗ Villuri Villuri Ravi
Ravi ∗∗∗ Teja
Teja
∗∗∗∗∗∗ Mukesh Singh
∗∗ Mukesh Singh ∗∗∗
Vinit KumarKumar ∗ Villuri Villuri S.
S.
S.
Ravi
Ravi Teja
Mishra
Mishra
Mishra Teja
∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗∗∗
Mukesh
Mukesh Singh Singh ∗∗∗
Vinit Kumar Villuri S. Ravi Teja Mukesh Singh ∗∗∗
S. Mishra
Mishra ∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗
∗
∗ Electrical
∗ and InstrumentationS. Mishra Engineering Department, TIET,
∗ Electrical
Electrical and
and Instrumentation
Instrumentation Engineering
Engineering Department,
Department, TIET, TIET,
∗ Electrical
Patiala,
Electrical and
and Instrumentation
147004 India
Instrumentation (e-mail:Engineering Department,
vinitk72@gmail.com).
Engineering Department, TIET,
TIET,
Patiala,
Patiala, 147004
147004 India
India (e-mail:
(e-mail: vinitk72@gmail.com).
vinitk72@gmail.com).
∗
∗∗
∗∗ Patiala,
Electrical
Electrical
Patiala,
∗∗ Electrical
and
and 147004 India
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
147004 India (e-mail:
(e-mail: vinitk72@gmail.com).
Engineering
Engineering Department,
Department,
vinitk72@gmail.com). TIET,
TIET,
∗∗ Electrical
∗∗ and
and Instrumentation
Instrumentation Engineering
Engineering Department,
Department, TIET,
TIET,
Electrical
Patiala,
Patiala,
Electrical and Instrumentation
147004
147004
and India
India
Instrumentation (e-mail:
(e-mail: Engineering Department,
vinitk72@gmail.com).
raviteja247@gmail.com)
Engineering Department, TIET,
TIET,
Patiala,
Patiala, 147004
147004 India
India (e-mail:
(e-mail: raviteja247@gmail.com)
raviteja247@gmail.com)
∗∗
∗∗∗ Patiala,
Electrical 147004
and India
Instrumentation (e-mail: raviteja247@gmail.com)
Engineering
∗∗∗ Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department, TIET,
∗∗∗ Electrical
Patiala, and
147004Instrumentation
India (e-mail: Engineering Department,
Department,
raviteja247@gmail.com) TIET,
∗∗∗ Electrical
∗∗∗ Electrical
Patiala,
Patiala, and
and
147004
147004 Instrumentation
Instrumentation
India
India (e-mail:
(e-mail: Engineering
Engineering Department, TIET,
Department,
raviteja247@gmail.com)
mukesh.singh@thapar.edu) TIET,
TIET,
Electrical
∗∗∗ Patiala,
Patiala, and
147004
147004 Instrumentation
India
India (e-mail:
(e-mail: Engineering Department,
mukesh.singh@thapar.edu)
mukesh.singh@thapar.edu) TIET,
∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗ Patiala,
Electrical
Patiala,
∗∗∗∗ Electrical
147004
and
147004 India
Instrumentation
Engineering India (e-mail:
Department,
(e-mail: mukesh.singh@thapar.edu)
Engineering
IIT Delhi, Department,
mukesh.singh@thapar.edu)Hauz khas TIET,
110024
∗∗∗∗ Electrical
∗∗∗∗ Engineering
Engineering Department,
Department, IIT
IIT Delhi,
Delhi, Hauz
Hauz khas
khas 110024
110024
Electrical
Patiala,
Electrical Engineering
147004
India
Engineering India
(e-mail: Department,
(e-mail:
Department, IIT Delhi,
mukesh.singh@thapar.edu)
sukumar@ee.iitd.ac.in)
IIT Delhi, Hauz
Hauz khas
khas 110024
110024
India
India (e-mail:
(e-mail: sukumar@ee.iitd.ac.in)
sukumar@ee.iitd.ac.in)
∗∗∗∗ India (e-mail:
Electrical Engineering
India (e-mail: sukumar@ee.iitd.ac.in)
Department, IIT Delhi, Hauz khas 110024
sukumar@ee.iitd.ac.in)
India (e-mail: sukumar@ee.iitd.ac.in)
Abstract:
Abstract: To
To increase
increase the
the uses
uses of
of electric
electric vehicle
vehicle (EV)
(EV) at
at remote
remote locations
locations and
and minimize
minimize the the
Abstract:
Abstract:
grid burdening To
To increase
increase
in urban the
the uses
uses
areas, an of electric
ofoff-grid vehicle
electriccharging (EV)
(EV) at
vehicle station remote
at(OGCS)
remote plays locations
locations a and
and minimize
significantminimize
role. the
the
The
Abstract:
grid
grid burdening
burdening To increase
in
in urban
urban the uses
areas,
areas, an
an of electric
off-grid
off-grid vehicle
charging
charging (EV)
station
station at remote
(OGCS)
(OGCS) locations
plays
plays a
a and
significant
significantminimize
role.
role. the
The
The
grid burdening
Abstract:
OGCS
grid seeks
burdening To in
energy
in urban
increase from
urban areas,
the uses an
renewable
areas, an off-grid
of electric
energy
off-grid charging
vehicle
sources
charging station
(EV)(RES).
station at(OGCS)
remote
Amongst
(OGCS) plays
locations
all
plays a
RES,
a significant
andthe
significant role.
minimize
photovoltaic
role. The
the
The
OGCS
OGCS seeks
seeks energy
energy from
from renewable
renewable energy
energy sources
sources (RES).
(RES). Amongst
Amongst all
all RES,
RES, the
the photovoltaic
photovoltaic
OGCS
grid
(PV)
OGCS is seeks
burdening
the
seeks energy
best
energy from
insuitable
urban
from renewable
areas,
clean energy
renewable energy
an off-gridsource
energy sources
charging
due
sources to (RES).
station
abundance
(RES). Amongst
(OGCS) and
Amongst all
plays
simple
all RES,
RES, the
ainstallation.
significant
the photovoltaic
role. The
However,
photovoltaic
(PV)
(PV) is
is the
the best
best suitable
suitable clean
clean energy
energy source
source due
due to abundance
toand
abundance and
and simple
simple installation.
installation. However,
However,
(PV)
OGCS
PV
(PV) is
energythe
is seeks best
energy
the fluctuates
best suitable
from
suitable due clean
to
clean energy
renewable
energyenergy
change source
in irradiance
source due
due to
sources abundance
toand (RES).
it
abundance can and
Amongst
not simple
andgenerateall RES,
simple installation.
the However,
the photovoltaic
constant
installation. energy.
However,
PV
PV energy
energy fluctuates
fluctuates due
due to
to change
change in
in irradiance
irradiance and it
it can
can not
not generate
generate the
the constant
constant energy.
energy.
PV energy
(PV) energy
is
Therefore,
PV the fluctuates
best
an suitable
energy
fluctuates due
storage
due to change
clean
to change
energy
device in
is
in irradiance
source
required
irradiancedue to
toand
and it can
abundance
meet
it can
the not
and
energy
not generate
simple
demand
generate the and constant
installation.
the energy.
However,
improve
constant the
energy.
Therefore,
Therefore, an
an energy
energy storage
storage device
device is
is required
required to
to meet
meet the
the energy
energy demand
demand and
and improve
improve the
the
Therefore,
PV energy
sustainability
Therefore, an
an energy
fluctuates
of the
energy storage
due
charging
storageto device
change
station.
device is
in required
irradiance
Thereby,
is required a toand
system
to meet
it
meet the
can
has
the energy
not
been
energy demand
generate
proposed
demand the
which and
and improve
constant
consists
improve the
energy.
of an
the
sustainability
sustainability of
of the
the charging
charging station.
station. Thereby,
Thereby, aa system
system has
has been
been proposed
proposed which
which consists
consists of
of an
an
sustainability
Therefore,
energy an
storage
sustainability of
of the
energy
system
the charging
storage
(ESS)
charging station.
device
along
station. withThereby,
is required
the
Thereby, PV a
a system
to
source
system meet has
andthe
has been
EVenergy
been proposed
charger.demand
proposed Thewhich
which and consists
improve
proposed
consists of
system
of an
the
an
energy
energy storage
storage system
system (ESS)
(ESS) along
along with
with the
the PV
PV source
source and
and EV
EV charger.
charger. The
The proposed
proposed system
system
energy
includes
energy storage
sustainabilitya PV
storage of system
the
array
system with(ESS)
charging
(ESS)a along
station.
boost
along with
converter,
with the
Thereby,
the PV
two
PV a source
system and
bi-directional
source has
and EV
been
EV charger.
proposed
converters
charger. Thewhich
(BDC)
The proposed
consists
and
proposed system
ESS. of an
The
system
includes
includes a
a PV
PV array with a boost converter, two bi-directional converters (BDC) and ESS. The
includes
energy
BDC
includes has a PV array
a been
storage
PV array
system
used
array
with
with
for
with(ESS)a
a boost
boost
along converter,
converter,
with
charging/discharging
a boost converter, the two
two
PV
twoof bi-directional
bi-directional
source
the EV and
bi-directional and EV converters
converters
ESS.charger.
The
converters
(BDC)
(BDC)
The
energy
(BDC)
and
and ESS.
proposed
generated
and ESS. The
The
system
ESS. from
The
BDC
BDC has
has been used for charging/discharging of of the
the EV EV andand ESS.ESS. The The energy
energy generated
generated from
BDC
includes
PV
BDC
PV is
is
has
not
has
not a been
been
PV
been
used
used
array
sufficient
used to
sufficient
for
for
with
to charging/discharging
charging/discharging
meet
formeet
to meeta boost
the converter,
demand
charging/discharging
the demand
demand two
during
during
of the
the
the
the EV
EV
of bi-directional and
and ESS.
absence
absence of
ESS.
of or The
converters
reduced
or The
reduced
energy
(BDC)
energy generated
and ESS.
sunlight,
generated
sunlight, thus,
thus,
from
from
The
the
from
the
PV
PV
BDC
ESS is
is not
not
has
can sufficient
sufficient
been
meet used
the to
for meet
required the
the demand
charging/discharging
demand. On during
during
the of
other the
the
the absence
absence
EV
hand, and of
of
ESS.
while or
or reduced
reduced
The
the energy
generation sunlight,
sunlight,
generated
is thus,
thus,
more the
the
from
than
PV
ESS
ESS is
can
cannot sufficient
meet
meet the
the to meet
required
required the
demand.
demand.demand On
On during
the
the other
other the absence
hand,
hand, of
while
while or reduced
the
the generation
generation sunlight,is
is thus,
more
more the
than
than
ESS
PV
the
ESS can
is not
demand,
can meet
meet thethe
sufficient
the ESSrequired
to meet
utilizes
required demand.
the the
demand.demand On
excess
On the
during
clean
the other
other the
energy hand,
absence
hand,to while
makeof
while orthe
the generation
reduced
proposed
generation sunlight,is
system
is more
thus,
more than
the
stable.
than
the
the demand, the ESS utilizes the excess clean energy to make the proposed system stable.
the demand,
ESS
This
the demand,
can meet
results,
demand, a the
the
thethe ESS
ESS
reliable
ESS
utilizes
utilizes
required
off-grid,
utilizes
the
the
demand. excess
excess
efficient
the On
excess and clean
clean
the
clean otherenergy
energy
pollution-free
energy hand,to
to
make
to while
EV
make
the generation
makecharging
the
the
proposed
proposed
station.
proposed
system
system
is more stable.
stable.
Furthermore,
system than
stable.
This
This results,
results, aa reliable
reliable off-grid,
off-grid, efficient
efficient and pollution-free EV charging
charging station.
station. Furthermore,
Furthermore,
This
the
This
the
results,
results, a
demand,
proposed
proposed athereliable
system ESShas
reliable
system has
off-grid,
utilizes
been
off-grid,
been the excessand
efficient
implemented
efficient
implemented
and
and
pollution-free
clean
in
in energy to EV
pollution-free
MATLAB/Simulink
pollution-free
MATLAB/Simulink
EV
makecharging
EV charging station.
theenvironment
proposed
station.system
environment
Furthermore,
to stable.
verify
Furthermore,
to verify the
the
the
the
This
systemproposed
proposed
results, a
performance.system
system
reliable has
has been
been
off-grid, implemented
implemented
efficient and in
in MATLAB/Simulink
MATLAB/Simulink
pollution-free EV chargingenvironment
environment
station. to
to verify
verify
Furthermore, the
the
the
system
systemproposed
performance.
performance.system has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the
system
the
system performance.
proposed
performance.system has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the
© 2019, performance.
system IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Keywords: Boost
Boost converter, bi-directional converter, battery, electric vehicle, off-grid charging
Keywords:
Keywords:
station. Boost converter,
Boost converter, bi-directional
converter, bi-directional converter,
bi-directional converter, battery,
converter, battery, electric
battery, electric vehicle,
electric vehicle,
off-grid charging
vehicle, off-grid
off-grid
charging
charging
Keywords:
station.
station. Boost converter, bi-directional converter, battery, electric vehicle, off-grid charging
station.
Keywords:
station. Boost converter, bi-directional converter, battery, electric vehicle, off-grid charging
station.
The
The needneed
need forfor the
for the electric
the electric vehicle
electric vehicle
vehicle (EV) (EV)
(EV) is is rising
is rising exponen- It
exponen-
rising exponen- It
It
operates
operates in in two
two modes
modes i.e.,
i.e., G2V
G2V and and V2G
V2G mode.
mode. In
In
The
The
tially
The need
if
need thefor the
present
for the electric
Indian
electric vehicle
scenario
vehicle (EV)
is
(EV) is
taken
is rising
into
rising exponen-
account.
exponen- It operates
G2V
It operates
mode,
operates
in
in
grid
in
two
two
twosidemodes
modes
converter
modes
i.e.,
i.e., G2V
i.e., G2V
works
G2V
and
and
as
and aV2G
V2G mode.
mode.
rectifier
V2G mode.
In
In
while
In
tially
tially if
if the
the present
present Indian
Indian scenario
scenario is
is taken
taken into
into account.
account. G2V
G2V mode,
mode, grid
grid side
side converter
converter works
works as
as a
a rectifier
rectifier while
while
tially
The
tially if
need the
statement
if the present
for the
can
present Indian
electric
be validated
Indian scenario
vehicle
scenarioby is
(EV) taken
is
considering
is taken into
rising
into account.
exponen-
India ′
′′ s at-
account. G2V
It
the
G2V mode,
operates
battery
mode, grid
in
side
gridtwoside
is used
side converter
modes as
convertera i.e.,
buck works
G2V as
and
converter.
works as a
a rectifier
V2GOn mode.
the
rectifier while
In
other
while
The statement
The statement can can bebe validated
validated by by considering
considering India India′′ ss at-at- the the battery
battery side
side is
is used
used as
as aa buck
buck converter.
converter. On
On the
the other
other
The
tially statement
mosphericif
The statementthe can
present
pollution
can bebe validated
Indian
level. scenario
According
validated by considering
is
to taken
Choudhary
by considering into India
account.
India s
(1997), at-
s at- the the
G2V
hand, battery
mode,
the
battery side
grid
battery is
side is usedused
side
side as
converter
is a
used
as used buck
a buck as converter.
worksa as
boost
converter. a On
converterthe
rectifier
On the otherother
while
and
mospheric pollution level. According to Choudhary (1997), hand,
hand, the
the battery side is as aa boost converter and
mospheric
mospheric
The statement
India
mosphericis onepollution
pollution
of canmain
the
pollution belevel.
level. According
According
validated
level. fossil to
to Choudhary
Choudhary
by consuming
fuels
According considering
to Choudhary India(1997),
(1997),
country ′
s at-
(1997), for hand,
the
grid
hand, theisbattery
battery
side
the battery
side
used
battery isasside
side
used
an
side
is
is
as used
used
a buck
inverter
is used
as
as a
boost
asinconverter.
aV2G
boost
boost
converter
converter
On the
mode.
converter
and
and
other
However,
and
India
India is
is one
one of
of the
the main
main fossil
fossil fuels
fuels consuming
consuming country
country for
for grid
grid side
side is
is used
used as
as an
an inverter
inverter in
in V2G
V2G mode.
mode. However,
However,
India is
mosphericis one
onepollution
transportation
India of the
of the main
level.
purposes.
main fossil fuels consuming
According
However,
fossil fuels consuming
to
the Choudhary
quantity country
(1997),
of
country for grid
fossil
for grid
hand,
the side
the
energy
side is
is used
battery
source
used as
of
as an
side
the
an inverter
is
GCBDused
inverter in
as a
charger
in V2G
boost
V2G is mode.
converter
fossil
mode. However,
fuel and
which
However,
transportation
transportation purposes.
purposes. However,
However, the
the quantity
quantity of
of fossil
fossil the
the energy
energy source
source of
of the
the GCBD
GCBD charger
charger is
is fossil
fossil fuel
fuel which
which
transportation
India
fuels is
is one of
expected
transportation purposes.
the
to main
reduce
purposes. However,
fossil
at fuels
a
However, great the quantity
consuming
extent
the in
quantity the of
country
of fossil
future. for
fossil the
grid
results
the energy
side
in
energy issource
used
pollution
source of
as
ofofthe
an
the
the GCBD
inverter charger
environment.
GCBD in
chargerV2G is fossil
mode.
Hence,
is fossilthe fuel
EVs
fuel which
However,are
which
fuels
fuels is
is expected
expected to
to reduce
reduce at
at a
a great
great extent
extent in
in the
the future.
future. results
results in
in pollution
pollution of
of the
the environment.
environment. Hence,
Hence, the
the EVs
EVs are
are
fuels is
Therefore,
fuels expected
transportation the
is expected to reduce
purposes.
presence
to reduce of at a
However,
EVs
at a in great
in the
great extent
the in
quantity
automobile
extent the offuture.
fossil
industry
in theindustry
future. required results
the
required
results in
energy pollution
for
infor source
the
pollution ofof the
the
pollution-free environment.
GCBD
of the environment. charger Hence,
is
transportation. fossil
Hence, the the
Thus, EVs
fuel
EVs are
which
there
are
Therefore,
Therefore, the
the presence
presence of
of EVs
EVs in the
the automobile
automobile industry required for the
the pollution-free
pollution-free transportation.
transportation. Thus,
Thus, there
there
Therefore,
fuels
is the is
need
Therefore, the
expected
of
the presence
the to reduce
present
presence of
of EVs
at
scenario.
EVs a in
in the
greatThese
the automobile
extentEVs
automobile in the
are industry
future.
powered
industry required
results
is a
required in
need for
forto the
pollution pollution-free
shift
the of
fromthe
pollution-free grid-basedtransportation.
environment. EV Hence,
transportation.chargingThus,
the
Thus, EVs there
are
stations
there
is the need of the present scenario. These EVs are powered is
is a need to shift from grid-based EV charging stations
is
is the
the need
through
is the need
Therefore,
need theof
of
the
ofgrid
the the
the
present
present
presence
i.e.,
present of
grid scenario.
scenario.
EVs
to
scenario. in These
These
the
vehicleThese
EVs
EVs are
automobile
(G2V).
EVs are
As
are
powered
powered
industry
a result,
powered is
to
is aaathe
required need
need for
clean
need
tothe
to
to
shift
shift
energy
shift
from
from
pollution-free
based
from
grid-based
grid-based
or off-grid
grid-based
EV
EV
transportation.
EVCS charging
charging
(OGCS).
chargingThus, stations
stations
Inthere
this
stations
through the grid i.e., grid to vehicle (G2V). As a result, to
to the clean energy based or off-grid CS (OGCS). In this
through
through
is
thethe
through need
number the
the grid
grid
theofofthe
grid
i.e.,
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present
EVs grid
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to vehicle These
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(PV). However,
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as
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compared
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and
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storage
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support the
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as compared
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storage
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addition,
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stages to produce
However, produce
feasibility
to the of power
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power as compared
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as compared
consists
based to
of
off-
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EV
EV is transferring energy to the grid. Therefore, the V2G the
the PV.
PV. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the feasibility
feasibility of
of PV
PV energy
energy based
based off-
off-
EV is
and
EV is
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operation to
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Therefore,
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the V2G
while
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charging
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stages
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more. produce
feasibility of
of PV
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as
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compared
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to
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and G2V G2V modemode of of operation
operation presents presents the bi-directional grid
the bi-directional charging station is more.
and
and
EV isG2V
behaviour
and mode
transferring
G2V
behaviour of
mode
of a of operation
ofenergy
a grid-connected
operation
grid-connected to the presents
EV grid.
presents
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the
Therefore,
charger.
charger. the V2G grid
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bi-directional grid
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grid
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Therefore,
station theis
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more.
is feasibility
more. of PV energy based off-
behaviour of a grid-connected EV charger. Bhatti
Bhatti and
and Salam
Salam (2016)
(2016) have
have been
been presented
presented aa PV based
behaviour
and G2V
behaviour of
modea grid-connected
of operation
of a grid-connected EV
EV charger.
presents the bi-directional
charger.charger requires Bhatti grid
Bhatti
EV
charging
and
and
charging
station
Salam
Salam
is
(2016)
(2016)
stations.
more.
It have
have been
been
developed presented
presented
due to theaa PV
PV
PV
based
based
based
extensive
A grid-connected
A grid-connected
grid-connected
behaviour bi-directional
bi-directionalEV
of a grid-connected (GCBD)
(GCBD) requires EV
charger requires
charger.charger Bhatti and
charging Salam (2016)
stations. It have been
developed presented
due to the a PV based
extensive
A
A grid-connected bi-directional
bi-directional (GCBD)
(GCBD) charger requires EV
EV
Bhatti charging
charging
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stations.
Salam (2016) It
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developed
have been due
due to
to
presented the
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extensive
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A grid-connected converters
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bi-directional
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charger buck/boost). presence of solar energy and the simple installation of PV
buck/boost).
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requires presence
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pub-
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2405-8963 ©
Copyright © 2019
2019, IFAC
IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) lished to
299 Hosting supportLtd.
by Elsevier theAllPV rightsbased charging station. Tulpule
reserved.
Copyright
Peer review©
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© under
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IFAC
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responsibility of International Federation of Automatic
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2019 IFAC CSGRES
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Fig. 1. Proposed block diagram of the PV based Off-grid charging station with energy storege system.
et al. (2013) proposed a cost-effective PV based CS at the
parking garage. The cost analysis of the system is consid-
ered using parking rate, installation cost and tax rebate.
This benefits the garage as well as the vehicle owner. Apart
from this benefit, the system also contributes to reducing
the charging burden from the grid and the penetration
of RES in transportation. However, the authors have not
presented the economic analysis of this methodology for
other locations in terms of per unit cost and installation
cost. Moreover, the system is PV dependent which is not
sustainable due to the intermittent nature of irradiance.
Goli and Shireen (2014) have presented PV based charging
station with the grid. The grid is supporting the CS when
PV energy is not sufficient for the EVs. However, the
grid is not available at every location which reduces the
sustainability of the system. On a similar note, Hernandez
and Sutil (2016) have presented a PV based CS with
regenerative braking and battery storage to support the
system framework during peak-load. The aim of the author
is to utilize the maximum amount of RES and reduce the
charging cost. Similarly, Li et al. (2013) proposed a PV
and wind-based CS with battery storage to handle the
power generation fluctuations during variable environmen-
tal condition. In this paper, they have presented a SoC
based control approach to overcome the issues occurred
due to RES. However, they didn’t determine the proper
SoC estimation strategy for the EV battery.
The above-mentioned literature depicts that a self gen-
erated / off-grid CS is a requirement of the present sce-
nario. Although, the rapid increase of EVs imposes the
burden on the grid. RES based charging station is required
especially in the highways and at the remote locations
for the successful implementation of the EV. Therefore, a
PV based off-grid CS is proposed. To make the proposed
system sustainable, an involvement of battery storage is
a suitable approach amongst the possibilities mentioned
in the literature. The PV source coordinated with ESS
300
are efficiently used during variable irradiance condition.
Further, during surplus power condition or unavailability
of EVs, ESS utilizes the maximum RES. Thus, the system
results in an efficient and eco-friendly off-grid CS.
The above discussion contributes some preliminary find-
ings which are as follows.
• To reduce the burden on the grid and use of EVs
at remote locations, a renewable energy source based
off-grid EV charging station is introduced.
• The reliability of the off-grid EV charging station is
improved by using energy storage system.
• The charging and discharging of the energy storage
system is governed on the basis of PV irradiance.
Further, the paper is structured as follows. Section II
presents the proposed system framework. Modelling of
the system framework has been discussed in Section III.
The results of the simulation work have been described in
Section IV. Finally, Section V comes with the conclusion
and the possible future work.
1. PROPOSED SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
The proposed off-grid EV charging station consists of three
subsections, they are PV generation, EV charger and ESS.
The first section is PV generation system which includes
a PV array, maximum power point (MPPT) and a boost
converter. The PV array converts solar energy into clean
electrical energy and provides voltage VP V and current
IP V . The VP V and IP V are given to the boost converter
which fluctuates due to change in irradiance. Therefore, an
MPPT technique is proposed to manage the fluctuations in
VP V and IP V . The MPPT extracts maximum power PP V
from the PV array and provides corresponding operating
voltage and current to the boost converter. The boost
converter regulates the output voltage according to the
desired DC-link voltage by generating the PWM signals
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from the MPPT. This DC-link voltage at the DC bus is voltage, electron charge, series resistance, shunt resistance,
connected to the EV charger and ESS as shown in Fig. number of PV cells, Boltzmann constant, cell temperature
1. The EV charger consists of a DC-DC bi-directional and diode ideality factor of the array respectively. Further,
converter (BDC) and EVs. The operation of BDC depends the generated VP V ad IP V from the PV array is transferred
on the charging and discharging of the EV battery. During to the boost converter.
charging mode, BDC acts as a buck converter. On other
hand, it works as a boost converter during discharging 2.2 Boost Converter
mode. Similarly, the ESS also consists of a BDC and a
battery bank. This battery bank is used as the energy
saver during excess energy generation and is utilized at
the maximum extent. The power that is stored in the ESS
is fed back to the DC-link through BDC which is operated
in boost mode. The mode of conversion is carried out
with the help of constant current (CC) control strategy.
This control strategy generates PWM signals to switch
on the BDS. The mode (boost or buck) of converter
changes according to the control signal generated by the
control strategy. In this way, the operation of an off-grid
EV charging is carried out. Further, the brief modelling Fig. 3. Boost converter used in the proposed system.
and control of PV array, boost converter, bi-directional
converter, ESS and EV have been discussed in section III. The transfer capability of boost converter depends upon
the inductor (Lboost ) and capacitor (Cboost ) as shown in
2. SYSTEM FORMULATION AND CONTROL Fig. 3. The output voltage (VDC ), Lboost and Cboost value
is obtained as,
1
2.1 PV Array VDC = 1−D b
VP V (3)
VDC Db
Lboost = ∆IL f (4)

Cboost = RVo ∆V
P V Db
PV f
(5)
where VP V , ∆IL , f, ∆VP V and Ro are the input voltage,
inductor ripple current, switching frequency, capacitor
ripple voltage and output impedance of boost converter
respectively. Other than this, Db is the duty ratio of
boost converter, obtained by the control strategy as shown
below.

Fig. 2. Block diagram of a PV array. Fig. 4. Control structure of the boost converter.
The main energy source of the off-grid charging station is
the PV array. The PV array is made up of solar cells. The The Db is used to maintain the desired DC-link voltage
series combination of solar cells is called module. These through boost converter. The obtained DC-link voltage is
modules are connected in many combinations to achieve used as input for the bi-directional converter in EV charger
a desired voltage and current as shown in Fig. 2. In this and ESS.
figure, Nser and Npar are the number of modules in series
and parallel respectively. The voltage VP V and current IP V 2.3 Bi-directional Converter
of the PV array are presented by Nordin and Omar (2011)
and illustrated as follows. The proposed system consists of two BDC of the same
power rating as shown in Fig. 1. One is used in EV
  charger and other is used in ESS. In Fig. 5, a BDC model
IP V = Npar I − Npar Id exp( qα
β ) − 1 − α
γ (1) is presented which operate in two modes i.e. charging
and discharging. During charging mode it acts as a buck
converter, on other hand, it behaves as a boost converter
VP V = Npar ns (Vd − IRs ) (2)
during discharging mode.
Where
Charging mode In charging mode, DC-link is connected
Nser Nser
α = V + IRs ; β = Ns KT ANser ; γ = Rsh as an input of BDC and battery is connected as a load on
Npar Npar the output side. To achieve the voltage level of the battery
simultaneously, I, Id , Vd , q, Rs , Rsh , ns , K, T and A are the at the output side, BDC operates in buck mode with
PV short circuit current, diode saturation current, diode components as an inductor (Lbuck ) and capacitor (Cbuck ).

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Fig. 6. Constant current method of the bi-directional

converter during (i) Charging and (ii) Discharging
mode.
carried out by assuming modes. The characteristic analysis
Fig. 5. Circuit diagram of a bi-directional converter with
of the system during these modes are depicted in section
control used in the proposed system.
IV.
The values of (Lbuck ) and (Cbuck ) depends upon the
corresponding voltage and current rating of the converter. 3. RESULT
These values are calculated as follows.
The proposed off-grid charging station (OGCS) consists
Lbuck = (VDC −Vbatt )Dbuck
(6) of a 24 kWp PV generation for the EV battery of 15
∆IL f
kWh capacity. Additionally, an ESS of 15 kWh capacity
is added to the proposed system. It has been used as an
(1−Dbuck )Vbatt emergency supply to the EV batteries in case of low PV
Cbuck = 8Lbuck ∆Vbatt f 2
(7)
generation and stores the energy during the time of high
Where ∆IL and f are the ripple current and switching
PV generation. Further, the system has been designed
frequency for the buck mode respectively.
in MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of the proposed
Discharging mode Similarly, in discharging mode, BDC system analysed by considering three modes. These modes
is interfacing the DC-link and battery. In this mode, are categorized such as EV battery charging (i) with
battery act as an input source and DC-link as the output. OGCS in absence of ESS, (ii) with OGCS in the presence
The DC-link voltage level is higher than the battery of ESS and (iii) with ESS in the absence PV generation.
terminal voltage. Therefore, the BDC operates in boost Every mode is analysed for 12 s. on the basis of charging
mode with the help of the corresponding components rate (C-rate) which replicate the power demand at a time
value. The components such as inductor (Lboost ) and of EV battery. Initially, the EV battery is charged at
capacitor (Cboost ) values in boost mode is calculated as 0.5 C-rate for 3 s. and a step of 0.5 C-rate is added
follows. at every 3 s. up to 12 s. Whenever the power demand
increases or decreases in terms of C-rate, the connected
ESS and PV generation are participating accordingly in
Vbatt Dboost
Lboost = ∆IL f (8) the aforementioned modes. The performance of every
mode is discussed in terms of power, SoC, terminal voltage
VDC Dboost
and current of the battery in following subsections.
Cboost = Ro ∆VDC f (9)
Where ∆VDC and Ro are the ripple voltage and output 3.1 Charging of EV battery with OGCS in the absence of
impedance for the boost mode respectively. However, the ESS:
BDC operates in both modes. The values of inductor
LBDC and capacitor CBDC are considered as follows.
LBDC = max (Lbuck , Lboost ) (10)
CBDC = max (Cbuck , Cboost ) (11)
Further, the operation of the BDC depends on the duty
ratio such as Dbuck and Dboost which are obtained dur-
ing charging and discharging control respectively. There
are various control methods such as constant current
(CC), constant voltage (CV), Pulse, Reflex and Constant Fig. 7. Power response curve of PV and EV.
current/constant voltage (CC/CV ) method. Among all
these methods, CC and CC/CV method are mostly pre-
ferred for high C-rate charging so that charging time can
be reduced. Therefore, for the ease of simulation, we have
carried out a CC method which is shown in Fig. 6. Further,
the obtained duty ratios are used for the charging and
discharging operation of EV and ESS batteries for the pro-
Fig. 8. DC-link voltage at DC bus of the system.
posed system. The performance of the proposed system is

302
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Fig. 12. EV Battery response such as SoC, current and

Fig. 9. Response of the EV battery in terms of SoC, current voltage.
and voltage.
In this mode, Fig. 7 states that PV generation is sufficient
to charge the EV battery till 1.5 C-rate. Further, the
increase in EV battery C-rate indicates that PV generated
is not sufficient to charge the EV battery. The increase
in the C-rate of EV battery leads to decrease in DC-
link voltage. Therefore, the DC-link voltage is maintained
constant during power fluctuations with the proposed
control strategy as shown in Fig. 4. This constant DC-link
voltage provides desired terminal voltage for EV batteries
continuously. The SoC, current and terminal voltage of the
EV battery response are shown in Fig. 9. As the energy
demand increases from the EV battery (from 1.5 to 2 C-
rate), only PV is unable to fulfil the demand. Therefore, an Fig. 13. ESS Battery responses such as SoC, current and
ESS is connected with PV to fulfil the requirement which voltage.
is shown in the next case.
As a result, the EV battery can be charged up to 2 C-
3.2 Charging of EV battery with OGCS in the presents of rate as shown in Fig. 10. The corresponding SoC, current
ESS: and terminal voltage of EV and ESS battery response are
shown in Fig. 12 and 13 respectively. The system DC-link
voltage is maintained constant which is shown in Fig. 11.
This arrangement serves the system when PV generation
is not sufficient. The worst scenario of this condition is
when the PV is absent. Thus, in such a situation, the ESS
will fulfil the requirement of the EV battery.

3.3 Charging of EV battery with ESS in the absence of

PV:

Fig. 10. Power response curve of PV, EV and ESS.

Fig. 11. DC-link voltage response when PV and ESS

charging the EV.
For this mode, the PV generation is sufficient to charge
the EV and ESS battery until EV battery reaches to 1
C-rate. Further, the rise in C-rate of EV battery indicates
the PV generated power is not sufficient to charge the
battery. Therefore, the ESS battery discharges the stored
energy to charge the EV battery along with PV generation.
Fig. 14. Power response for EV and ESS.
In this mode, the EV battery is charged only from ESS
battery. In Fig. 14, the PV generation is almost zero and
simultaneously, EV and ESS power increase and decrease
with the change in C-rate respectively. The corresponding
SoC, current and terminal voltage of the EV and ESS

303
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Fig. 15. Response of the EV battery in terms of SoC,
current and voltage.
Fig. 16. Response of the ESS battery in terms of SoC,
current and voltage.
batteries are increasing and decreasing at the equal rate
which is shown in Fig. 15 and 16 respectively.
These modes reveal that the proposed Off-grid charging
stating (OGCS) is capable of charging the EV battery
at any circumstances and it also increases utilization of
renewable energy sources to the maximum extent.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an off-grid charging station (OGCS) is
proposed to charge the EV battery. This minimizes the
grid burden and increases the EVs utilization at remote
locations by using the PV. In this paper, an ESS is con-
nected to the OGCS which make the system work in any
circumstances. The OGCS with ESS exchange the power
to charge the EV battery during the absence or reduced
sunlight. Further, a constant current method is used to
charge the EV battery at various C-rate. Altogether, this
paper presents a more sustainable and efficient OGCS as
well as fervours pollution-free transportation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Department of Sci-
ence and Technology (DST), India under grant number
DST/TM/CERI/D48(G).
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