RV College of Engineering®

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated under VTU)

Self Study (Experiential Learning) Report on

“ Quadrature Amplitude Modulation”

Submitted by:

Bishal Kumar 1RV19ET016

Manas Goyal 1RV19ET030
Mukul Dev Choudhary 1RV19ET034

Course: Analog Communications

Sem: IV
2021-2022
Contents
Topic Page No.
1.Introduction of Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing 1
2.Block Diagram 2
3.Working Principal 3
4.Flowchart 4
5.Matlab Code 5
6.Applications of QAM 9
7.Advantages and Disadvantages of QAM
7.Conclusion
Introduction:
In the amplitude modulation scheme, we can modulate one message signal
(input signal) which is in analog form. It means we can give only one input signal
and we can modulate it and transmit to the destination level. And the effective
utilization of channel bandwidth is not up to the level. So, these can be
overcome by this QAM technique. This article discusses what is quadrature
amplitude modulation, its definition, block diagram, working principle, and it’s
applications.

What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation?

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is modulation techniques that we can
utilize in analog modulation concept and digital modulation concept. Depending
upon the input signal form we can use it in either analog or digital modulation
schemes. In QAM, we can modulate two individual signals and transmitted to the
receiver level. And by using the two input signals, the channel bandwidth also
increases. QAM can able to transmit two message signals over the same channel.
This QAM technique also is known as “quadrature carrier multiplexing”.

Definition:

QAM can be defined as a modulation technique that is used to combine two

amplitude modulated waves into a single channel to increase the channel
bandwidth.
 Block Diagram:

The below diagrams show the transmitter and receiver block diagram of the QAM
scheme.

QAM Modulator

QAM Demodulator
Working Principle:
“In the QAM transmitter, the above section i.e., product modulator1 and local
oscillator are called the in-phase channel and product modulator2 and local
oscillator are called a quadrature channel. Both output signals of the in-phase
channel and quadrature channel are summed so the resultant output will
be QAM.”

At the receiver level, the QAM signal is forwarded from the upper channel of
receiver and lower channel, and the resultant signals of product modulators are
forwarded from LPF1 and LPF2. These LPF’s are fixed to the cut off frequencies of
input 1 and input 2 signals. Then the filtered outputs are the recovered original
signals.

The below waveforms are indicating the two different carrier signals of the QAM
technique.

The output waveforms of QAM is shown below.

FLOWCHART:
MATLAB Code:
clc;clear all;
close all;

%QCM Modulation and Demodulation

%Message Signals generation

fs = 2000; %sampling frequency

t = 0:1/fs:1; %Time

%Message signal 1

fm1 = 4; %message signal 1 frequency

Am1 = 2; %message signal 1 amplitude

m1 = Am1*cos(2*pi*fm1*t); %message signal 1

%Message signal 2

fm2 = 6; %Message signal 2 frequency

Am2 = 2; %message signal 2 amplitude

m2 = Am2*cos(2*pi*fm2*t); %message signal 2

%carrier signal generation

%Carrier signal 1
fc1 = 50; %carriersignal 1 ,2frequency
Ac1 = 2; %carrier signal 1,2 amplitude

c1 = Ac1*cos(2*pi*fc1*t); %carrier signal 1

c2 = Ac1*cos(2*pi*fc1*t - (pi/2)); %carrier signal 2

%composite signal
x=m1.*c1+m2.*c2;

figure(1);

plot(t,x);

xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('cOMPOSITE signal');

%SPECTRUM OF THE COMPOSITE SIGNAL

%ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY ON X AXIS VS MAGNITUDE ON Y AXIS

N=length(x);

X=fftshift(fft(x,N));

f=fs*[-N/2:N/2-1]/N;
figure(2);

plot(f,abs(X));

xlabel('Absolute Frequency');

ylabel('DFT VALUES');
title('Spectrum of composite signal');

%COHERENT DEMODULATION

%UPPER PATH

z1=2*x.*c1;%product modulator 1 op
figure(3);

plot(t,z1);

xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('product modulator 1 op');

%SPECTRUM OF THE product modulator 1 op

%ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY ON X AXIS VS MAGNITUDE ON Y AXIS

N=length(z1);
Z1=fftshift(fft(z1,N));

f=fs*[-N/2:N/2-1]/N;

figure(4);

plot(f,abs(Z1));
xlabel('Absolute Frequency');

ylabel('DFT VALUES');

title('Spectrum of product modulator 1 op');

%low pass filtering

[num den]=butter(5,fm1*4/fs);
rec1=filter(num,den,z1);

figure(5);

plot(t,rec1);

xlabel('Time');
ylabel('amplitude');

title('RECOVERED SIGNAL');

%SPECTRUM OF LPF1 OP

%ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY ON X AXIS VS MAGNITUFDE ON Y AXIS

R1 = fftshift(fft(rec1,N));

figure(6);

plot(f,abs(R1));

xlabel('Absolute Frequency');
ylabel('DFT VALUES');

title('Spectrum of LPF1 OP');

%LOWER PATH
z2=2*x.*c2;%product modulator 2 op
figure(7);

plot(t,z2);

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Amplitude');
title('product modulator 2 op');

%SPECTRUM OF THE product modulator 2 op

%ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY ON X AXIS VS MAGNITUDE ON Y AXIS

N=length(z2);
Z2=fftshift(fft(z2,N));

f=fs*[-N/2:N/2-1]/N;

figure(8);
plot(f,abs(Z2));

xlabel('Absolute Frequency');
ylabel('DFT VALUES');

title('Spectrum of product modulator 2 op');

%low pass filtering

[num den]=butter(5,fm1*4/fs);
rec2=filter(num,den,z2);

figure(9);

plot(t,rec2);

xlabel('Time');
ylabel('amplitude');

title('RECOVERED SIGNAL 2');

%SPECTRUM OF LPF2 OP

%ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY ON X AXIS VS MAGNITUFDE ON Y AXIS

R2 = fftshift(fft(rec2,N));

figure(10);

plot(f,abs(R2));
xlabel('Absolute Frequency');
ylabel('DFT VALUES');

title('Spectrum of LPF2 OP');

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Applications
The applications of QAM include the following.

• The applications of QAM are mostly observed in radio communications

and data delivery applications systems.
• QAM technique has wide applications in the radio communications field
because, as the increment of the data rate there is the chance of noise
increment but this QAM technique is not affected by noise interference
hence there is an easy mode of signal transmission can be possible with
this QAM.
• QAM has wide applications in transmitting digital signals like digital cable
television and in internet services.
• In cellular technology, wireless device technology quadrature amplitude
modulation is preferred.

Advantages of QAM
The quadrature amplitude modulation advantages are listed below. They are

• One of the best advantages of QAM – supports a high data rate. So, the
number of bits can be carried by the carrier signal. Because of these
advantages it preferable in wireless communication networks.
• QAM’s noise immunity is very high. Due to this noise interference is very
less.
• It has a low probability of error value.
• QAM expertly uses channel bandwidth.

Disadvantages of QAM
It is more susceptible to noise because the states are closer together so that a lower
level of noise is needed to move the signal to a different decision point.

Receivers for use with phase or frequency modulation are both able to use limiting
amplifiers that are able to remove any amplitude noise and thereby improve the
noise reliance. This is not the case with QAM
Conclusion:

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is an important modulation scheme with many

practical applications, including current and future wireless technologies. Some
examples of communication systems that use QAM are Wi‐Fi, cable modems,
Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) and WiMAX.