Research Question: How does the rate of decomposition of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

change as the surface area of a heterogenous catalyst (manganese (IV) oxide) increases
following a change in mass from 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒈 to 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒈 at 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒈 intervals?

1: Introduction
During the study of kinetics in a chemistry class, I was fascinated by how a catalyst aids a
reaction without being chemically altered. Homogeneous catalysts and enzymes were easy
enough to understand; however, I was particularly drawn to heterogenous catalysts, as it was
not part of the IB chemistry syllabus. Heterogenous catalysts are commonly used in industrial
processes as they have lower operation costs and are easier to separate from the products
(Ong, 2017).

According to the adsorption theory, reactants in their condensed or gaseous state get adsorbed
to the surface of a suitable catalyst. This results in the concentration of the reactants to
increase on the surface of the catalyst and resulting in a higher rate of reaction. Furthermore,
according to Sabatier’s principle, optimum catalysis occurs when the bond strength between
the catalyst and the reactants in neither too strong nor too weak. The optimum bond strength
is called the Sabatier optimum.

The complexity of heterogenous catalysis led me to my research question: How does the rate
of decomposition of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) change as the surface area of a
heterogenous catalyst (manganese (IV) oxide) increases following a change in mass from
𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒈 to 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒈 at 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒈 intervals?

2: Investigation
2.1: Reaction under study

1
𝐻! 𝑂! ($%) → 𝐻! 𝑂 (') + 𝑂! (() 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒(𝐼𝑉) 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑀𝑛𝑂! )
2

2.2: Background Information

Through prior research, the reaction expression for the decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! in the
presence of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! is 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘)*+! [𝐻! 𝑂! ], as it is a pseudo first order reaction (Jildeh,
2018), where 𝑘)*+! is the rate constant which includes the concentration of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! . A pseudo
first order reaction can be defined as a second order reaction which behaves similar to a first
order reaction. A pseudo first order reaction occurs when one of the reactants present is in a
large excess or the concentration remains constant. The rate, in this investigation, is defined
as the change in concentration of 𝐻! 𝑂! per second (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚,- 𝑠 ,. ). The mechanism of the
catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide involves the production of 𝑀𝑛(𝐼𝐼) and
𝑀𝑛(𝐼𝐼𝐼) intermediates along with the hydroperoxide ion (𝐻𝑂𝑂, ) and superoxide anion
radicals (𝑂! , ). The 𝑀𝑛(𝐼𝐼) ions are finally rapidly oxidized to form 𝑀𝑛𝑂! , as shown in the
figure 1 below. (Flinn Scientific, 2017)

Figure 1: Mechanism of catalyzed 𝐻! 𝑂! decomposition

1
A heterogenous catalyst is catalyst present in a different phase (usually solid) to the reactants.
The catalyzed reaction occurs on the surface of the catalyst. In the presence of a heterogenous
catalyst, such as 𝑀𝑛𝑂! , 𝐻! 𝑂! molecules adsorb to the active sites on surface of the catalyst.
Adsorption is the process of a liquid, gaseous or dissolved particle adhering to the surface of
a solid. The reactants follow an alternative reaction pathway, which lowers activation energy
and increases rate of reaction. According to the absorption theory, the reactants adsorbing to
the surface of the heterogenous catalyst increases the concentration on the surface of the
catalyst resulting in an increased rate of reaction. Therefore, increasing the surface area of a
heterogenous catalyst should result in an increase in the rate of reaction. In this exploration,
we will assume that the surface area of a powdered heterogenous catalyst is directly
proportional to its surface area.

2.3: Hypothesis
Since the surface area of the heterogeneous catalyst provides active sites for the catalysis of
the decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! , the rate of the decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! should increase as the
surface area of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! increases; because of a greater quantity of reactants adsorbing to the
surface of the catalyst.

3: Variables
Table 1: Independent Variable
Variable How it will be Why was the range of 0.10 to 0.16 𝑔 at 0.02 𝑔
changed intervals chosen?
Quantity of Using a 2-decimal Since I wanted to carry out the investigation with
𝑀𝑛𝑂! place weighing scale, the aim of observing the effect of
catalyst 0.10, 0.12, 0.14 and increasing 𝑀𝑛𝑂! catalyst on the rate of
0.16 grams of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! . When the quantity of
will be weighed and catalyst used was below 0.10 𝑔, the rate was
used for the extremely low. Furthermore, a sufficiently wide
investigation. range is necessary to see a trend. Therefore, the
range of 0.10 to 0.16 𝑔 was chosen.

Table 2: Dependent Variable

Variable How it will be Why is it measured in this process?
measured
Rate of The oxygen produced Using the time taken for a certain volume of
production of during the oxygen to be produced, I can calculate the rate of
oxygen decomposition of the decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! . Furthermore, calculating
𝐻! 𝑂! will be collected the time taken for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mL of oxygen
in an inverted to be produced will allow me to estimate the
measuring cylinder. instantaneous rate of decomposition, which would
The time taken to lead to more accurate findings. A more common
collect 2, 4, 6, 8 and method is to measure the time taken for 10 mL of
10 mL of oxygen will oxygen to be produced, and assuming that the rate
be measured and of production of oxygen was constant throughout;
recorded using a however, this assumption will weaken the
stopwatch. findings of the experiment.

2
 Table 3: Control Variable
Variable Effect of negligence How it will be controlled
Compound Different catalyst The same catalyst (manganese (IV) oxide) will be
used as a provides different used throughout the experiment.
catalyst alternative reaction
pathways; therefore,
the catalyzed
activation energy
might vary between
different runs.
Concentration Since the rate 𝐻! 𝑂! is an unstable compound, which naturally
of 𝐻! 𝑂! equation for the rate decomposes to form water and oxygen. The
of decomposition of experiment was carried out over the span of 2
𝐻! 𝑂! is not to the week; therefore, it is very likely that the
zero order with concentration of 𝐻! 𝑂! was lower than 3% by the
respect to 𝐻! 𝑂! , end of the 2 weeks. To prevent the concentration
changing the of 𝐻! 𝑂! from changing greatly between different
concentration will runs, the data was collected over 2 consecutive
change the rate of days; therefore, the concentration is unlikely to
decomposition. vary greatly.
Volume of If different volumes A graduated pipette was used to measure
𝐻! 𝑂! used of 𝐻! 𝑂! were used, 2 𝑚𝐿 of the 𝐻! 𝑂! . However, during the trial
during the different quantities of experiment, I observed that the graduated pipette
reaction oxygen would be would add the 𝐻! 𝑂! solution to the test-tube, with
produced which might the catalyst present, too slowly. This might have
lead to disparity led to systematic error in the data. To prevent this
between data points systematic error, I would add the 2 𝑚𝐿 of the
and inaccuracies. 𝐻! 𝑂! to a measuring cylinder before pouring it
into the test-tube.
Pressure Since the moles of According to the Singapore National
oxygen produced by Environmental Agency (NEA), there are very
the decomposition of small fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure of
𝐻! 𝑂! is calculated around 101kPa, therefore it can be assumed to be
using volume, a controlled and equal throughout the experiment
change in the pressure (NEA, 2015).
will result in a change
in the volume of
oxygen produced.

4: Method
4.1: Apparatus
1. 10𝑚𝐿-measuring cylinders - 2
2. Graduated pipette – 1
3. Retort stand – 1
4. 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒(𝐼𝑉) 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑀𝑛𝑂! )
5. 3% 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝐻! 𝑂! )
6. Test-tube and 100 𝑚𝐿 beaker – 1
7. 20 𝑐𝑚 rubber tubing – 1
8. Rubber bung – 1
9. iPhone 6s (stopwatch) - 1

3
 4.2: Set-up
Inverted
Clamp measuring Rubber tube
cylinder
Rubber bung

Collected
oxygen
Retort stand Test-tube

Reaction mixture

Basin filled with water

Figure 1: Experimental set-up

4.3: Experimental Procedure

1. Fill a large basin with water. Place a measuring cylinder in the basin and ensure it has
been filled with water. Invert the measuring cylinder and attract it to a retort stand
using a clamp. Ensure the mouth of the measuring cylinder is underwater.
2. Place the end of the rubber tube into the mouth of the inverted measuring cylinder.
3. Place a test tube in a beaker. Place the beaker on a 2 decimal place weighing scale and
tare the weight before measuring 0.10 grams of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! . this method allows all the 0.10
grams of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! to be present in the reaction. In the trial experiments, a weighing boat
was used, however, due to the adhesive nature of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! a large quantity of it
remained on the weighing boat.
4. Measure 2 𝑚𝐿 of 𝐻! 𝑂! using a graduated pipette. Then add the 2 𝑚𝐿 of 𝐻! 𝑂! to a
measuring cylinder.
5. Add the 2 𝑚𝐿 of 𝐻! 𝑂! to the test tube containing 0.10 𝑔 of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! . Place the rubber
bung on the mouth of the test tube and ensure it is placed tightly to prevent any
oxygen produced from escaping. Start the stopwatch.
6. When quantity of oxygen collected in the inverted cylinder reaches 2 𝑚𝐿, press the
lap button. Repeat this step when the oxygen level reaches 4, 6, 8 and 10 𝑚𝐿.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 to produce more reliable data.
8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 with 0.12, 0.14 and 0.16 𝑔 of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! catalyst.

4.4: Risk Assessment

• 𝐻! 𝑂! is a strong oxidizing agent that is corrosive and an irritant (Global Safety
Management, 2014). Use latex gloves, goggles, and a lab coat to prevent direct
contact with 𝐻! 𝑂! . If dilute 𝐻! 𝑂! (3%) comes into contact, wash rinse area affected
under tap water for 2 minutes.
• 𝑀𝑛𝑂! is a strong oxidizer and will cause eye and skin irritation. Therefore, wear latex
gloves and goggles to prevent direct contact.
• No ethical considerations.
• Dispose of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! is a chemical waste bin.

4
5: Raw Data

5.1: Representative Raw Data

10𝑔 ± 0.1 of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! catalyst:
Table 4: Raw data when 10𝑔 ± 0.1 of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! catalyst is used
Quantity of Data Point Time taken for oxygen to be produced (s)
oxygen Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Replicate 4
evolved (mL)
± 0.1
2 𝑇. 13.42 14.68 15.51 13.80
4 𝑇! 22.78 24.08 24.42 22.65
6 𝑇- 32.18 33.84 33.78 31.62
8 𝑇/ 43.95 45.48 44.97 42.70
10 𝑇0 58.49 60.39 59.27 56.71

5.2: Link to Raw Data

Since the raw data consists of 4 tables, I have uploaded a link to the raw data:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UdF6U-
m4qwy4e_R0fhScm9Ijwpi1H543Sa0MZpHcPJY/edit?usp=sharing

5.3: Qualitative observations

1. The time at which the first 2 𝑚𝐿 of 𝑂! was collected was poorly reproducible. I
believe this due to different quantities of water getting trapped in the rubber tube.
When more water was trapped, more time was taken for the first 2 𝑚𝐿 of 𝑂! to be
produced.
2. As the quantity of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! increased, the effervescence produced visibly increased.
3. The colour of the mixture remained constant; a shiny gray colour.

6: Processed Data
Since I have collected the time taken to produce oxygen at different intervals, it is possible to
plot a graph with the 𝑥-𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as time and 𝑦-𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as quantity of oxygen produced. Using this
graph, I can approximate the instantaneous rate of oxygen production. In this section, all the
calculation examples will be used from 0.10 𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑂! run. The first step would be to calculate
the average time taken to produce a specific amount of oxygen using the 4 replicates.

Σ all 4 T! 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑂! 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
4
22.78 + 24.08 + 24.42 + 22.65
𝐴𝑇! = = 23.48 𝑠
4

𝐴𝑇! refers to the average of all replicates of the data point 𝑇! . We can assume that the rate of
oxygen production between data point 𝐴𝑇! and A𝑇- was constant. Using this assumption, we
can calculate data point 𝐴𝑇!.0 , which can be said to be the average of 𝐴𝑇! and 𝐴𝑇- .
𝐴𝑇- + 𝐴𝑇!
𝐴𝑇!.0 =
2
32.86 + 23.48
𝐴𝑇!.0 = = 28.17
2

5
 Table 5: Processing data
Quantity of Data point Average time taken for oxygen to be produced (s)
oxygen 0.10 𝑔 of 0.12 𝑔 of 0.14 𝑔 of 0.16 𝑔 of
collected (mL) 𝑀𝑛𝑂! 𝑀𝑛𝑂! 𝑀𝑛𝑂! 𝑀𝑛𝑂!
1 𝐴𝑇2.0 7.18 7.31 6.17 6.54
2 𝐴𝑇. 14.35 14.62 12.34 13.07
3 𝐴𝑇..0 18.92 18.65 16.20 16.64
4 𝐴𝑇! 23.48 22.68 20.05 20.20
5 𝐴𝑇!.0 28.17 27.16 23.81 24.10
6 𝐴𝑇- 32.86 31.63 27.56 28.00
7 𝐴𝑇-.0 38.57 36.72 32.18 32.36
8 𝐴𝑇/ 44.28 41.81 36.80 36.71
9 𝐴𝑇/.0 51.50 48.04 42.33 42.34
10 𝐴𝑇0 58.72 54.26 47.86 47.97
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝐿)

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠)
Graph 1: Quantity of oxygen collected plotted against time, when 0.10 g of catalyst is used

Using LoggerPro, the line of best fit is the function 𝑦 = −0.000235𝑥 ! + 0.1934𝑥 − 0.3227.
The quadratic function’s derivative is 𝑦 3 = −0.0047𝑥 + 0.1934. When 𝑥 is substituted by 0,
we can find the rate of production of oxygen at time 0.

Table 6: Instantaneous rate of oxygen production

Quantity of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! catalyst used (𝑔) Instantaneous rate of oxygen production (𝑚𝐿 𝑠 ,. )
0.10 0.1934
0.12 0.1900
0.14 0.2254
0.16 0.2674

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of a gas at room temperature and pressure has a volume of 24000 𝑐𝑚- .

0.1934
= 8.058 × 10,4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
24000

6
 The instantaneous rate of production of oxygen is 8.058 × 10,4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠 ,. . To produce 1 mole
of oxygen, 2 moles of 𝐻! 𝑂! must undergo decomposition. Hence, to produce
8.058 × 10,4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of oxygen, 1.612 × 10,0 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻! 𝑂! must decompose. Therefore,
the initial rate of decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! is 1.612 × 10,0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠 ,. . The rate of reaction is
defined as the change in concentration of a product or reactant per unit time. In this
exploration the instantaneous rate of reaction will be defined as the change in concentration
of 𝐻! 𝑂! per unit time.

Δ𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 1.612 × 10,0

𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝛥𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 8.060 × 10,- 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚,-
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2 × 10,- 𝑑𝑚-

𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝛥𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

The independent variable in this exploration is the surface area of the 𝑀𝑛𝑂! catalyst powder.
Since the surface area cannot be measured, we can use arbitrary units of surface area (𝑢! ).
The units for surface area are directly proportional to the quantity of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! used. The surface
area for 0.10 𝑔, 0.12 𝑔, 0.14𝑔 and 0.16𝑔 of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! is 10 𝑢! , 12 𝑢! , 14 𝑢! and 16 𝑢! .

Table 7: Plotting surface area against instantaneous rate of reaction

Surface area (𝑢! ) Instantaneous ate of reaction (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚,- 𝑠 ,. )
10 8.058 × 10,-
12 7.917 × 10,-
14 9.392 × 10,-
16 1.114 × 10,!
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚,- 𝑠 ,. )

𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑢! )

Graph 2: Instantaneous rate of reaction plotted against surface area

7
7: Calculation of Uncertainty

The uncertainty of data point 𝐴𝑇. can be written as Δ𝐴𝑇. . To find the uncertainty we must
subtract the largest replicate value with the smallest replicate value and divide by 2.

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇* − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑇*
Δ𝐴𝑇* =
2
15.51 − 13.42
Δ𝐴𝑇. = ≈ ±1
2

Table 8: Uncertainty in raw data

Quantity of Data point Absolute uncertainty in average time taken for oxygen to
oxygen be produced (s)
collected (mL) 0.10 𝑔 of 0.12 𝑔 of 0.14 𝑔 of 0.16 𝑔 of
±0.1 𝑀𝑛𝑂! 𝑀𝑛𝑂! 𝑀𝑛𝑂! 𝑀𝑛𝑂!
2 ∆𝐴𝑇. ±1 ±1 ±1 ±1
4 ∆𝐴𝑇! ±0.3 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.3
6 ∆𝐴𝑇- ±0.4 ±0.1 ±0.3 ±0.2
8 ∆𝐴𝑇/ ±0.3 ±0.6 ±0.5 ±0.8
10 ∆𝐴𝑇0 ±0.5 ±0.5 ±0.5 ±0.1

8: Evaluation
8.1: Conclusion
The data from the experiment strongly supports my hypothesis that increasing the surface
area of a heterogenous catalyst in the decomposition of 3% hydrogen peroxide results in an
increased rate of decomposition. Since the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
surface area and the quantity of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! used, we can conclude that the order of reaction with
respect to 𝑀𝑛𝑂! is first-order.

The data has very strong correlation which suggests that random error played a small part in
this experiment. Furthermore, the processed data is accurate since I measured the time taken
for different intervals of 𝑂! to be produced; this is because the rate of decomposition changes
over the reaction, and the assumption that the initial instantaneous rate is equal to the average
rate would lead to inaccurate processed data. Furthermore, the uncertainty in percentage for
the raw data is relatively low.

8.2: Strengths
The experiment had a low random error which led to the high correlation coefficient (R2) on
the graph. This demonstrates the accuracy of the data as this R2 value indicates a very strong
positive correlation between quantity of 𝑀𝑛𝑂! used and rate of decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! . This
is likely due to the high accuracy of the apparatus used; the 2-decimal place scale allowed me
to measure the independent variable precisely and accurately.

The decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! was minimized by storing it in a black bottle. The opaque colour
is designed to prevent light decomposing the 𝐻! 𝑂! at a faster rate. The bottle was not opened
unless 𝐻! 𝑂! was being used and was tightly closed when stored. Furthermore, the container
was also placed in the refrigerator when it was not being used. Therefore, it is safe to assume
that the concentration of the 𝐻! 𝑂! solution did not deviate largely from the 3% concentration
stated on the label.

8
8.3: Weaknesses
Although the data had a very strong correlation, the experiment had some limitations. The
concentration of the 3% 𝐻! 𝑂! solution could not be controlled as 𝐻! 𝑂! decomposes
naturally. Therefore, the concentration of the 2-week-old 𝐻! 𝑂! is likely to be less than 3%.
To limit the decomposition of the 𝐻! 𝑂! solution, I ensured the cap to the bottle was sealed on
tight. Since the order of reaction with respect to 𝐻! 𝑂! is of the first order, a solution with a
low concentration would decompose at a slower rate. Therefore, 3% 𝐻! 𝑂! solution was used.

A large portion of the data collection and experimentation needed quick reaction time.
Therefore, human error may have some role in the inaccuracies present in the data.
Unfortunately, due to the time constraints, only 4 replicates of each run could be carried out.
More replicates would have resulted in a more accurate mean.

Plotting only 4 data points is a limitation as it is difficult to conclude whether the reaction is
to the first order with respect to 𝑀𝑛𝑂! . Furthermore, one of the 4 data points was an
anomaly. Due to time constraints, only 4 data points could be plotted; a greater range of data
points would lead to a stronger, more accurate conclusion.

It is possible that the calculated instantaneous rate of decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! did not reflect
the actual instantaneous rate of 𝐻! 𝑂! decomposition, since the calculated value is only an
approximation and uses the average rate of oxygen production over short intervals to predict
the rate of oxygen production at time 𝑡 = 0.

8.4: Extensions
There are many possible extensions to this experiment. One would be to have an excess of
𝑀𝑛𝑂! to form a pseudo first- order reaction. Although this was the aim of my experiment, it
was apparent that I did not use enough of the 𝑀𝑛𝑂! .

It would also be interesting to see how the rate of decomposition of 𝐻! 𝑂! changes as

different heterogeneous catalysts, such as silver and manganese oxide, are used. The degree
to which a heterogeneous catalyst speeds up a reaction depends on Sabatier’s principle,
which states that there is an optimal catalysis when there is bond strength between the
reactants and the catalysts (Kari, 2018).

9
9: Bibliography
Beta-Static.Fishersci.Com, 2021, https://beta-
static.fishersci.com/content/dam/fishersci/en_US/documents/programs/education/regulat
ory-documents/sds/chemicals/chemicals-h/S25359.pdf. Accessed May 2021.
"Heterogeneous Catalyst - An Overview | Sciencedirect Topics". Sciencedirect.Com, 2021,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/heterogeneous-
catalyst#:~:text=Third%20Edition)%2C%202017-
,Introduction,chemical%20processes%20to%20be%20streamlined. Accessed 2 May
2021.
Do, Si-Hyun et al. "Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition On Manganese Oxide (Pyrolusite):
Kinetics, Intermediates, And Mechanism". Chemosphere, vol 75, no. 1, 2009, pp. 8-
12. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.075. Accessed 3 May 2021.
Dumesic, James A. et al. "Principles Of Heterogeneous Catalysis". Handbook Of
Heterogeneous Catalysis, 2008. Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. Kgaa,
doi:10.1002/9783527610044.hetcat0001. Accessed 3 May 2021.
Jildeh, Zaid et al. "Thermocatalytic Behavior Of Manganese (IV) Oxide As Nanoporous
Material On The Dissociation Of A Gas Mixture Containing Hydrogen
Peroxide". Nanomaterials, vol 8, no. 4, 2018, p. 262. MDPI AG,
doi:10.3390/nano8040262. Accessed 5 May 2021.
Pędziwiatr, Paulina et al. "Decomposition Of Hydrogen Peroxide - Kinetics And Review Of
Chosen Catalysts". Acta Innovations, no. 26, 2018, pp. 45-52. Research And Innovation
Centre Pro-Akademia, doi:10.32933/actainnovations.26.5. Accessed 5 May 2021.
Védrine, Jacques C. "Revisiting Active Sites In Heterogeneous Catalysis: Their Structure
And Their Dynamic Behaviour". Applied Catalysis A: General, vol 474, 2014, pp. 40-
50. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2013.05.029. Accessed 4 May 2021.
Fscimage.Fishersci.Com, 2021, https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/13610.htm. Accessed 3
May 2021.
"2.5: Reaction Rate". Chemistry Libretexts, 2021,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A
_Reaction_Rates/2.05%3A_Reaction_Rate. Accessed 2 May 2021.
Kari, Jeppe et al. "Sabatier Principle For Interfacial (Heterogeneous) Enzyme Catalysis". ACS
Catalysis, vol 8, no. 12, 2018, pp. 11966-11972. American Chemical Society (ACS),
doi:10.1021/acscatal.8b03547. Accessed 6 May 2021.

10