MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

CHAPTER 2 – LESSON I

“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” –Albert Einstein

SEPTEMBER 2019 PREPARED BY: REYMAR S. LEDESMA

DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION
• Introduction
• Types of Data
• Sampling Techniques
• Data Presentation

See Reference
INTRODUCTION

Definition of Terms
Statistics – has the same meaning in Latin word datum which
means a fact or information.
- is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
analysing and interpreting numerical data.
Data – are the raw material which the statistician works.
Descriptive Statistics – is concerned with collecting,
organizing, presenting, and analysing numerical data.
INTRODUCTION

Definition of Terms
Inferential Statistics – also called statistical inference or
inductive statistics
- its main concern is to analyse the organized data
leading to prediction or inferences.
Population – refers to the groups or aggregates of people,
objects, materials, events, or things of any form.
Sample – consists of few, or more members of the
population. Samples were taken from the population
so as to represent the population characteristics or
traits.
INTRODUCTION

Definition of Terms
Note: The measures of population are called “parameters”,
while those of the sample are called “estimates” or
“statistics”
TYPES OF DATA

1. Primary Data – are data collected directly by the

researcher himself.
2. Secondary Data – are information taken from
published or unpublished materials previously
gathered by other researchers or agencies such
as books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
published and unpublished thesis and
dissertations.
TYPES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA
1. Direct observation or measurement
2. Interview using questions called questionnaires or rating
scales as guides in collecting objective and measurable
data
3. Mail of recording or of reporting forms via ordinary and
special mails, courier services, e-mail and fax to reach
out distant data providers
4. Registration such as registry of births, deaths, marriages.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. Simple Random Sampling

Two ways:
a. Lottery or Fishbowl Technique
a.1 Sampling without replacement
a.2 Sampling with replacement
b. Table of random numbers (programmed with
computers)
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

2. Systematic Random Sampling

 the items or individuals are arranged in some way-
perhaps alphabetically or other sort. A random starting
point is selected; and every kth member will be the
succeeding samples.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

3. Stratified Random Sampling

 a population is first divided into subsets based on
homogeneity called strata. The strata are internally
homogeneous as possible and at the same time each
stratum is different from one another as much as possible.
Then samples are selected proportionally from each
stratum which can be done through simple or systematic
random sampling.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SEE VIDEO

4. Cluster Sampling
 can be done by subdividing the population into smaller
units and then selecting only at random some primary
units where the study would then be concentrated. It is
frequently applied on geographical basis. In general, we
can get more precise results under cluster sampling when
each cluster contains as a varied mixture as possible and
at the same time one cluster is as nearly alike as the
other.
 (SEE VIDEO)
ASSIGNMENT

Discuss the following problems:

1. The English teacher has 20 complimentary tickets to a
stage play. She is planning to distribute those tickets to
her class of size 50. What sampling method will the
teacher apply so as to distribute those tickets without
being accused of favouritism? How?
2. It is known that high-income groups have different
consumption patterns from the average and low income
groups. If a researcher will make a survey on the
consumption, what method would you recommend so
that each type of income earner would be properly
represented? How?
ASSIGNMENT

Discuss the following problems:

3. There are 100 boxes of dolls to be inspected by quality
control employee of a company. If he wants to select 5% of
the total dolls manufactured and with the assurance that
each box would be inspected, what sampling design would
you advice? How?
DATA PRESENTATION

1. Textual Form – the data are incorporated in the text of

the report.
2. Tabular Form – the data are presented in rows and
columns.
3. Graphical Form – usually used for a large set of data for
an “easy to digest” information.
DATA PRESENTATION

Raw data – data collected in an investigation and they

are not organized systematically.
Grouped Data – raw data that are presented in the form
of a frequency distribution
METHODS OF ORGANIZING THE RAW DATA
1. Array – An ordering of observations from smallest to the
largest or vice versa.
2. Stem-and Leaf Diagram
DATA PRESENTATION

EXAMPLE: A nationwide travel agency offers special rates for

package tours during summer. To economize spending for the
advertisement, only certain age group of people will be sent
brochures for attraction. The agency gets to previous
passenger customers from its files and groups them
according to ages. Only those age groups with least people
are sent brochures. The following are the ages of the
previous customers: 59, 60, 71, 41, 53, 50, 61, 54, 34, 43,
52, 58, 44, 61, 63, 38, 62, 52, 50, 71, 80, 51, 26, 60, 66, 62,
36, 63, 53, 79, 77, 54, 58, 62, 45, 66, 18, 55, 62, 66.
(Listen to discussion for an array and stem and leaf
representation of data.)
DATA PRESENTATION

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
- the representation of raw data in tabular form by the
frequencies. The table is called frequency table.
Three Steps:
1. Deciding on a set of groupings called classes
2. Sorting or tallying the data into classes
3. Counting the number of tallies in each class called class
frequencies.
DATA PRESENTATION

Deciding the number of classes

From Frued and Simon
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 =
1 + 3.322 log 𝑁

where N denotes the number of observations

DATA PRESENTATION

True Limits and Class Marks

True Limit or Class Boundary
- A point that represent the halfway point between
successive classes. It is obtained by adding the upper limit of
one class and the lower limit of the next class and then
dividing by 2.

Class Mark – is the midpoint of a class. The lower and upper

stated class limits or class boundaries are added and divided
by two.
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1. HISTOGRAM – is a graphic representation of a frequency
distribution where adjoined vertical rectangles are
drawn on the horizontal axis with the centers of the
bases located at the class marks. The class boundaries
are plotted against the frequencies. (Listen to
discussion)
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

2. FREQUENCY POLYGON – is a closed figure of n sides
constructed by plotting the class marks against the
frequencies. In constructing a frequency polygon, class
marks before the lowest and after the highest class
marks are drawn in order to close the polygon. (Listen to
discussions)
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

3. OGIVE – is a line graph representing the upper class
boundaries along the horizontal axis and the
corresponding cumulative frequencies along the vertical
axis. It is also called “less than cumulative frequency
polygon”; otherwise it is the “greater than cumulative
frequency polygon”.
REFERENCES

Eide, Arvid R., et. Al. Engineering Fundamentals and

Problem Solving. Sixth Edition. McGraw –Hill
International Edition. Copyright 2012.

Ymas Jr., Sergio E. and Ferrer, Fordeliza P. College

Statistics. ISBN 973-93014-1-8.
“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”
-–Albert Einstein

T HA NK Y O U !