Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hydrometer
Testing
INTRODUCTION
What is site investigation??
PURPOSE
b) Design
To enable an adequate and economic design to be
prepared, including the design of temporary
work.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF
S.I
c) Construction
e) Choice of Site
To advice on the relative suitability of different
sites, or different parts of the same site.
CATEGORY OF SOIL
SAMPLE
UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES
Example Test :
Grains Size Distribution, Atterberg Limits, Water
Content Test etc.)
Disturbed Soil Sample
LABORATORY TEST
EXPERIMENT 1 :
SITE INVESTIGATION / SOIL SAMPLING
OBJECTIVE
GRAIN
SIZE
ANALYSIS
DRY
PURPOSE :-
•This test is performed to
determine the percentage of
different grain sizes contained
within a soil.
•ASTM D 422 -
Standard Test
Standard
Method for
Reference
Particle-Size
Analysis of Soils
Significance:
- WET SIEVING
Dry sieving
is typically
Dry sieving, used for
Determining
wet sieving, larger sized
Grain size the method
and pipette particles, wet
analysis can of grain size
analysis are sieving for
be performed analysis
among the fine sand/silt
by various depends on
most widely particles, and
methods. the size of
used pipette for
the particles.
methods. silt to clay
sized
particles.
A wet sieving process
Most sieve analysis are
is set up like a dry
carried out dry. But
process: the sieve stack
The rinsing is carried
there are some out until the liquid
is clamped onto the
applications which can which is discharged
sieve shaker and the
only be carried out by through the receiver
sample is placed on the
wet sieving. This is the is clear. Sample
top sieve. Above the
case when the sample is
a very fine powder
top sieve a water-spray residues on the
nozzle is placed which sieves have to be
which tends to
supports the sieving dried and weighed.
agglomerate (mostly <
process additionally to
45 µm)
the sieving motion.
The "wet" technique only applies to solids
that have the following properties:-
They must be practically insoluble in
water.
They must not be affected by water, e.g.
solids which swell when wet would be
unsuitable.
They must remain unchanged by a
reasonable application of heat, up to 110
C.
• The material to be sieved is mixed with water.
• Prepare the sieve stack. Moisten each sieve with water and placed them
on top of the collector with outlet.
• Place venting rings between the sieves to permit the expansion of air
cushion.
• Put the complete stack into the sieve shaker.
• If the smallest fraction that leaves the sieve stack should be collected,
make the required preparation
• Place the suspension on the uppermost sieve
• Fix the clamping device.
Sieve Test
Using 37.5mm and 20mm sieve
Attach extension to
the mould and place
the mould on the
solid base
Place the moist soil in
the mould layer by
layer (3 layers)
Apply 27 blows, 300mm
height, falls freely
Repeat
Method Using Vibrating
Hammer
Cover the determination of the dry density of
soil, which may contain some particles up to
coarse gravel size.
Not generally suitable for cohesive soil
Apparatus
Electrical
CBR
Vibrating
Mould
Table
Surcharge
Base
Plate
Balance
Steel
Readable
Ruler
to 5g
Straight
Sieve
edge
Stop
Scoop
Watch
Sand Pouring Cylinder
Calibration Test
ATTERBERG
LIMITS TEST
How to conduct it ?
What is Atterberg Limits?
What is Atterberg Limits?
What is the Purpose of
Atterberg Limits Test ?
Casagrande
Plastic Limit
Liquid Limits Method
Test
Device
PROCEDURE
o Distribution of soil particles having sizes
less than 75 micron (Fine Grained soils) is
often determined by a sedimentation
process using a hydrometer to obtain the
necessary data such as the borderline
between clay and silt. Using this test the
GSD or grain size distribution for soils
containing appreciable amount of fines
is obtained.
The percentage of sand, silt and clay in
the inorganic fraction of soil is measured
in this procedure.
Glass cylinders, 1000-ml capacity
Thermometer, Fahrenheit
Hydrometer, Bouyoucos (Fisherbrand
Model # 14-331-5c)
Electric mixer with dispersing cup
Plunger
Balance sensitive to ± 0.01g
Video
Results are reported as percentages of
the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and %
clay.
Soil texture is based on the USDA textural
triangle.