v€ cm cncH HC THONG GIRO DUC PHO THONG
NRM 1956 d MICN B^C VICT NRM
T fl sau Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm
1945, nen gido due Vidt Nam da trai
qua ba cudc cai each vdo cae ndm: 1950,
1956 vd 1979. Viec nhin nhdn, danh gid ve
cac cupc cai each gido due dd dUpc thiic
hign trong nhiing nfim qua Id r i t cdn thilt,
song, cho dg'n nay van eon thieu nhiing
nghien cUu ve vd'n d l ndy. Ddc bidt, v l culc
cai each gido due ldn thfl hai nam 1956 thi
nhflng cdng trinh nghien ciiu lich sii, vdn
hia, gido due mdi ehi de cdp dg'n m6t so npi
dung cd ban. Cupc eai each ndy tdp trung
chu ylu vdo ngdnh gido due phd thong -
mpt ngdnh hoc quan trpng, dupc coi Id
"ngdnh hpc xUdng sd'ng" trong hg thing
giao due quoc ddn. Bdi vdy, trong bdi vilt
ndy, chiing tdi di sau tim hilu nhiing npi
dung cai each trong he thing giao due phd
thdng vd budc ddu dUa ra mot s i nhdn xdt
v l dfic diem, k i t qua, tae dpng ciia cai cdch
den gido due phd thong d mien Bdc Vigt
Nam trong khdng chien chlhg My, ciiu
nudc.
1, Ygu cau biic thiet can phai tien
hanh cai each giao due
Nhdn thflc dupc vai tro va tdm quan
*ThS. Vign Sii hpc
NGUYfiN THUY Q U V N H '
trpng ciia sii nghidp gido due trong sU
nghigp xay dUng vd bao vd Td quoc, ngay
sau khi Cach mang Thdng Tam ndm 1945
thanh cong va nUdc Vigt Nam Ddn ehu
C6ng hda ra ddi, Dang vd Chinh phii Vigt
Nam da thUc thi nhilu chinh sdch vd bidn
phap nhdm phat trien giao due trong mpi
hodn canh, ngay ca khi dd't nUdc eo chiln
tranh vd ddi dien vdi hang loat khd khfin,
Mpt trong nhiing bien phdp do Id thiic hign
cac cupc cai each giao due. Cuoc cai each
giao due ldn ddu tien dUpc thiic hien vdo
ndm 1950 vd nhflng k i t qua bUdc ddu cua
cupc eai each ndy da gdp phdn ddo tao vd
boi dUSng nguon nhan lUc cho sU nghiep
"Khdng chiln vd kie'n quIe" trong thdi ky
khdng ehig'n chong Phap.
Din nam 1954, sau khi mien Bdc dUpc
giai phdng, nhu cdu ve nguon nhan lUc de
xdy dung dd't nUdc sau khi hoa binh dUdc
Idp lai Id hg't siic biic thilt. Ygu cdu dd dat
ra nhigm vu quan trpng cho t i t ca cac
ngdnh phai giai quylt, trong dd ngdnh giao
due ddng mpt vai trd trpng yeu.
Nen giao due cua Vigt Nam, trai qua 9
nfim khang chien, kiln quIc da cd nhiing
V& cAi c^eh hg fctfng gi^o due ph<3 thing..
budc phdt triln quan trpng. Tuy nhien, hg
thing gido due 9 nfim dUpc xdy diing trong
thdi ky khdng chien cd tinh chit dan chii
vd tiln bp nhUng trong boi canh mdi cung
hoc lp nhieu nhUde dilm nhU trang bi kien
thiic cho hpc sinh cdn qud thip va khdng
hign d^i; ciu tao chUdng trinh chua sdt vdi
ddc dilm tam ly, sinh ly lUa tudi hoc sinh
vd thieu mot s6' bp mdn cdn thig't nhu ngoai
ngfl, giao due cdng ddn, nhae, hpa, t h i
due... TrUdc yeu cdu mdi ciia nhidm vu
each mang ddi hdi gido due phai cd sii
chuyen big'n ldn ca v l s i lupng vd chit
lupng md h? thong gido due 9 ndm khdng
cdn dli dap flng dupc nfla.
Mat khdc, khi mdi giai phdng, tren mien
Bdc vin t i n tai he thong trudng phd thong
12 ndm do Phdp de lai cdn mang ndng tan
tich ciia n l n giao due thiic dan cdn phai
xda bo.
Hdn nfla, so' ngUdi mii chfl tren miln
Bae len tdi hdn 3 trieu ngUdi, phdn ldn la
ngudi ddn lao dong trong vung mdi giai
phdng. Dieu nay doi hoi nganh giao due
phai c6 nhflng cai td phii hpp dl md rpng
quy md h$ thing gido due, trUdc h i t Id gido
due phd thong, thUc hidn sdp nhdp hai h^
thong gido due cu, Idp ra hg thing gido due
phd thdng mdi vdi tinh chd't ciia nen gido
due xd hpi chu nghia.
Trong thdi ky mdi, ngdnh giao due edn
chuyin hUdng manh me nh^m giai quylt
ngay trong thdi gian tUdng ddi ngan nhieu
nhi§m v\i thudc ve td chfle vd ndi dung
chuong trinh hoe. Bdi vdy, ndm 1956, Dang
vd Chinh phu chii trUdng thiic hign cai
cdch gido due ldn thfl hai.
Thang 3-1956, thue hien Nghi quyet ciia
Hpi nghi ldn thfl 7 Ban Chip hdnh Trung
Udng Dang khda H (1), tai Dai h^i gido due
phd thing todn quoc, Chinh phu da thong
qua D l dn Cai each gido due ldn thfl hai do
Bp Giao due khdi thao. De an neu nhi$m vu
sap nhdp hai h$ thing gido due cu 9 ndm d
vflng tu do vd 12 nfim d viing mdi giai
phing vd Idp ra hg thong giao due 10 ndm,
giao cho Bp Giao due td chfle thiic hidn.
Ciing tai Dai hoi gido due phd thdng todn
quIc, Chu tich H i Chi Minh da chi ro moi
quan hg gifla kinh tl" vd gido due: "Kinh tg'
c6 k l hoach, giao due cung phai c6 ke
hoach. Kg' hoach gido due phai gdn liln vdi
k l hoach kinh tg'. Giao due phai eung cd'p
edn bo cho kinh tg'. Kinh t l tiln bd thi gido
due mdi tiln bp dUdc. Ng'u kinh t l khong
phdt triln thi gido due cung khdng phdt
triln dupc. Giao due khong phdt triln thi
khong du cdn bp giiip cho kinh t l phat
trien. Hai viec dd eo lien quan mdt thilt vdi
nhau" (2),
Thdng 8-1956, Chinh phu ban hdnh
Nghi dinh 1027-TTg ngdy 27-8-1956 "Ban
chinh sdch gido due phd thong ciia nUde
Vipt Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa". Ngay 30-08-
1956, Bo Giao due ban hdnh Nghi dinh s i
596-ND v l Quy c h i trUdug phd thdng 10
ndm theo tinh chd't cua nen gido due xa hoi
chii nghia. Cupc cai each giao due ldn thfl
hai eua nUdc Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong hda
chinh thflc diln ra va tap trung chii ylu
vdo ngdnh giao due phd thong.
2. Noi d u n g cai each he tho'ng gido
due phd t h o n g n a m 1956
Cupc cai each giao due ldn thfl hai ndm
1956 ddnh diu bUdc md ddu thdi ky xdy
diing nha trUdng xa hpi chu nghia va tdp
trung vdo nhiing noi dung cd ban sau:
Xdc lap tinh chdt, muc tieu, nhiim
vit, npi dung vd phuong chdm gido due
cua nen gido due xd hpi chu nghia.
Trong boi canh mien Bdc dang diy
manh cuoc van ddng eai each rupng dit,
khoi phuc va phdt triln kinh te', vdn hda dl
chudn hi xdy diing cd sd vdt chSt cho chii

nghia xa hii, tiln de kinh te - xa hpi cho
mpt nen giao due xa hpi chu nghla ehUa
hinh thanh. D l phuc vi^ cho nhigm vu each
mang, cupc cai each giao due nfim 1956
nhdn manh den nhiing muc tidu, nhi^m vy
ldn nhu sau:
- DUa trgn ed sd tU tiidng Mde - Ldnin,
ddo tao, boi dudng the he thanh nien va
thilu nhi trd thanh nhiing ngudi phat triln
ve mgi mat, nhiing cing dan tot trung
thfinh vdi T l quoc, nhiing ngUdi lao dong
tit, can bp t i t , nhflng ngUdi chu tUdng lai
t i t cua nUde nha, cd tai, dflc, d l phat trien
c h i do ddn chu nhan ddn va tien ldn xdy
dung chu nghia xa h i i d Viet Nam, ding
thdi dl thiic hign thong n h i t nUde nhd trgn
CO sd dpe lap vd dan chu.
- VI yeu edu cu t h i trUdc mdt dat ra eho
hg thing trudng phd thong 10 nfim la trdn
cd sd xda bd nhflng tdn tich cua nen gido
due cii, pha'n dd'u v l mpi mat dl dUa chd't
lUdng gido due ciia nhd trUdng phd thong
eao hdn, eung elp hoc sinh du so lUpng vd
chit lupng de ra tham gia phue vu cac cong
tac xdy diing nU6e nha hoac tig'p tue hoc Ign
cao de phuc vu cdng cupe kiln thig't d i t
nude.
Ve tinh chit ciia nen gido due, Dai hpi
giao due phd thing todn mien Bdc da
khdng dinh: Hg thong giao due mdi e6 tinh
chit xa hpi chii nghia, liy Chu nghia Mac -
Lenin 1dm nen tang tu tudng vd nh^m phuc
vu nhdn dan lao dpng.
PhUdng cham giao due ndi chung vd giao
due pho thong ndi rieng Id gfin ly ludn vdi
thiic tiln, gdn chat nha tnidng vdi ddi song
xa hpi.
PhUdng hudng chinh tri ciia giao due Id
"todn bo cong tde giao due phai phue tflng
dudng 111 chinh tri ciia Chinh phii Dan ehu
Cpng hda Vigt Nam va Dang Lao dpng Vidt
Nam, dap iing diing nhiing yeu cdu eua
Rghien cijru Lich sit, s i 7.2013
nhi$m vu xay dUng nUdc nhd vd ddii tranh
chinh tri thdng lpi" (3).
Noi dung gido due cl tinh chd't todn
di$n, gom boh mfit: dflc, tri, t h i , my, trong
dd coi tri due la eo sd, ding thdi tdng cUdng
giao due tu tudng vd gido due dao dflc trdn
cd sd coi trpng giang day tri thiic cd h$
tho'ng. Neu nhU cuoc cai cdch giao due nfim
1950 n h l h manh dg'n ygu cdu boi diidng
tinh thdn ddn tde, long ygu nUdc, chi edm
thu giac, tinh thdn y l u ehuong lao dpng,
ton trpng cua cing, tinh thdn tdp thi,
phUdng phdp suy ludn vd thdi quen 1dm
vi$c khoa hoc thi cupe cai cdch gido due ldn
ndy da khdi qudt, phdt triln len mpt bUdc.
Xdc dinh cO cdu to chUc vd thiet lap
he thdng trUdng phd thong 10 ndm
Ndm 1950, tren ed sd nhflng thanh qua
ban ddu trong viec thig't Idp nln gido due
dan ehii nhdn ddn vd d l phfl hpp vdi hodn
eanh khdng chie^n, cu§c cai each giao due
ldn thfl nha't quy dinh ed cd'u hg thing
trudng phd thong Id 9 ndm gom 3 d p hpc:
Cd'p I: 4 nfim (Idp 1, 2, 3, 4) thay t h i cho
b^c tilu hpc cfl, khong k l 1 nfim hpc fi'u tri
hay vd Idng; Cd'p II: 3 nfim (Idp 5, 6, 7) thay
t h i eho bdc trung hpc phd thong eu 4 ndm;
Cip III: 2 ndm GIp 8, 9) thay t h i cho bdc
trung hpc ehuygn khoa eu 3 nfim.
Nfim 1956, cupc cai cdch giao due ldn
thfl hai tilp tue hodn ehinh he thing gido
due tijt phd t h i n g den dai hoe, trong dd, hd
thong giao due pho thong dUpc xae dinh ro
Id hai he thdng giao due cu dUde sap nhdp
thdnh mot he t h i n g giao due mdi 10 nfim.
Cd elu trudng phd thong 10 nfim gom 3
d p : Cd'p I: 4 nfim, tU Idp 1 den Idp 4; Cip
II: 3 nfim, tfl Idp 5 den Idp 7; Cip XU: 3
nfim, tfl Idp 8 d i n Idp 10.
Tre em phai hoc qua Idp vd Idng dl bilt
dpe, biet viet, dim dUpc tfl 1 d i n 10 mdi
dUdc vao Idp 1. Rigng dm vdi miln nui, vi
vi cAi e^eh he thing giao due phd thing..
tinh hinh con nhieu khd khfin, cho ndn thdi
gian hpc d d p 1 miln nui Ifi 5 nfim.
Bign c h i nien hpc: Nign hpc pho thong
bao gom 9 thang hpc trong nhd trUdng
(chia ra 1dm tflng hpc ky de vigc hpc dd
cdng thang va ti^n viee on tap, tdng k i t
kinh nghiem) va 3 thang nghi hi, Nign hpc
khai giang ngay 1-9 nam trUde va k i t thuc
ngay 31-5 ndm sau, nhU vdy de phfl hdp vdi
nign hpc d cac nUde, tien cho hpc sinh di hpc
nUdc ngodi dl hpc sinh dUpe nghi hd vdo
nhflng thdng nong n h i t (6, 7, 8), S i tudn
thuc hpc tfl 33 din 35 tudn,
Ve han tuoi: Hoc sinh muon dUpe hpc Idp
1, it nhd't phai dii 7 tudi, hpc Idp 2 phai dii
8 tudi, Idp 3 dli 9 tudi,,. tinh den ngdy 1-9
ndm xin hpc, Han tuoi toi da cho m§i Idp Id
tudi it n h i t cpng them 4 tudi. Nfl sinh so
vdi nam sinh dupe gia ban tudi mpt nam;
hpc sinh mien ndi thi dUde gia han tudi hai
nfim.
Ve chUOng trinh vd sdch gido khoa
Cu6e cai each ndm 1956 da quy dinh
chuong trinh mdi, c h i dp day hpc, thi cii
cho trudng phd th6ng 10 nfim,
N5i dung chUdng trinh mdi phai t h i
hign dudng ldi mdi cua gifio due p h i thdng
va dupe xay dUng trdn quan dilm duy vdt
bign chflng va duy vdt lich sfl, nh^m bli
dudng cd he thd'ng cho hoc sinh ve thg' gidi
quan khoa hoc vd nhdn sinh quan each
mang. ChUdng trinh hpc qudn tri^t nhigm
vu chinh tri va dUdng loi chinh sadi eiia
Dang va Nhd nUde trong giai doan each
mang mdi. Noi dung chUdng trinh coi trpng
viec k i t hdp li ludn vdi thUc tiln, ddnh mot
so gid edn thig't cho cong tde thiic hdnh, chii
y flng dung bai hpc vao cupc song xd hpi va
san xuit vd dUpe xay dUng trdn nhiing
nguyen tie chinh: Cung d p cho hoc sinh
nhiing kig'n thflc khoa hpc cd ban, hi$n dai
va c6 h§ tho'ng; Tang cudng giao due tU
tudng, chinh tri; Thi hi$n vide k i t hpp ly
ludn vdi thiic tien; Chu y dac dilm cac Ifla
tudi hpc sinh; Dam bao sfl phoi hdp chdt
che gifla eac b l m6n.
ChUdng trinh phd thong 10 nfim "dUpe
xay dflng tren cd sd hpc tdp kinh nghiem ve
ngi dung day hgc ciia Lien X6, phdn ndo
ciia Trung Quoc" va dflpc cai tie'n "khdng cd
ban chuyen khoa nhU chUOng trinh ciia
Phdp hay chUdng trinh Hodng Xuan Hdn"
(4). 6 d p I, sg' tiet hoc dupe quy dinh cu
t h i eho cac min tfl 25 din 45 phiit, tdng a l
thdi gian trong tudn Id 1050 phflt. So tilt
hgc d d p n vd III Id 29-30 tiet/tudn, sau
do, dilu chinh tdng so' tilt hgc vdn hda d
d p n Id 24 tilt, d p III la 25 tilt, moi tilt
hpc 45 phut, tdng s i thdi gian hoe trong
tudn Id 1125 phut. Trong do, Quoc vfin 4-6
tiet, Todn 5-6 tie*, Ly hda 2-6 tilt, Ngoai
vfin 2-3 tilt, cdc m5n khae 1-2 tilt. So vdi
chUdng trinh phd thdng 9 nfim thi he thong
chUdng trinh phd thong 10 ndm nang hdn
vl khli lupng kiln thflc vfi so tilt hpc. 0
mpt s i m6n nhU Toan Idp 4, kho'i lUpng
kie'n thflc cdn nfing hdn chUdng trinh ciia
Lign Xo,
Vl chUdng trinh d p I d mien nui, xuit
phdt tfl thiic t l dia phUdng vd nham nang
cao chd't lupng ciia eae trUdng phd thong
thupc viing ddn tpc, Chinh phu chu trUOng
thue hien ChUdng trinh 5 ndm, Da^ dilm
chinh cua sU phdn phoi noi dung ChUdng
trinh 5 nfim Id: ChUdng trinh ba Idp ddu:
Idp 1, Idp 2, Idp 3 noi ehung khong thay dli;
ChUdng trinh Idp 4 chia 1dm 2 ndm: Idp 4B
vd Idp 4A nhdm giam tai he thong kiln
thflc Idp 4 tUdng doi nfing cho hpc sinh
miln nui, Ngodi ChUdng trinh 5 nfim day
bang tieng phd thong, Bp Giao due cung da
vach ra dU an chUdng trinh 5 ndm day
b^ng tilng ddn t ^ . ChUdng trinh 5 nam
dupe thi nghigm day d 7 tinh miln niii vd

Khu tfl tri Thai MIo tfl ndm hpc 1957-1958.
Mot trong nhiing ndi dung quan trpng
eiia cai each gido due la bien soan sdch gido
khoa. Ve npi dung eung nhU hinh thflc,
sdch giao khoa phai dam bao viec thtic hidn
chUdng trinh cho nen viec bien soan sdch
giao khoa dUde td chfle va lanh dao chat
che. Vigc bign soan sdch dupc tdp trung vdo
m6t ed quan duy n h i t d d p Trung Udng. Bg
da thanh lap Ban soan sach va ed k l ho^ch
giai quylt v i n de mdt cdch quy md vd cd hg
thing. Tdi lieu gido khoa eho hpc sinh phd
thong deu dung chung cho ca hai hd tho'ng
4 ndm vd 5 nfim. Ngodi ra, Bp Giao due
cung eung d p them tdi hdu v l Quoc van,
Sii, Dia thich hdp cho viee day hpc d mien
niii.
yd che dp day vd hgc
Vi^c giang day do thdy giao phu trach
dudi hinh thflc chu yeu Id Ign Idp giang bai.
Ngodi ra, thdy c6 t h i dUa hoc trd di tham
quan vfi giang tai chd. Muc dieh giang day
Id Idm cho hpc sinh hilu, nhd Idu vd tiln bp
nhanh; Gil Ien Idp dupc ton trpng; T i t ea
nhiing hinh thflc ddnh ddp, si nhuc hgc trd
deu hi coi Id phi phap.
Hpc trd di hpc thi len Idp hgc Id chinh.
Ngodi gid nghe giang d trUdng thi ca nhdn
tu hpc tap Id chinh.
Hinh thflc day hoc vdn la md hinh
truyen tho'ng: thdy giang kiln thflc, hoc
sinh c l gdng tilp thu.
Ve che dp thi cO, bang cdp
Thi la mpt hinh thflc kilm sodt k i t qua
mpt thdi ky hpc tap eiia hoc sinh vd xdc
nhdn sflc hgc eua hpc sinh sau thdi ky d'y.
Ding thdi, thi la m i t each bdo d o cing tde
cua nha trudng trUde nhdn dan va cung Id
su kilm tra cua Nha nude doi vdi eong tac
eiia nha trUdng. Thi la mot viec bdt bupe
doi vdi hpc sinh (trfl trUdng hpp d^c bipt do
Rghien cihi JJeh siS-. stf 7.2013
nhd tnidng phg chudn).
Ngodi cdc ky thi hpc ky vd thi len Idp,
d p hpc phd t h i n g ed cac ky thi chinh nhu
sau:
- Thi h i t cd'p: CuH Idp 4 thi het d p I va
cull Idp 7 thi het d p II.
- Thi ehuyin d p : Sau khi thi het d p I
va II, hpc sinh m u l h chuyin ldn cap hgc
tiep theo phai qua ky thi chuyen d p .
Thi tg't nghigp: Cull Idp 10: hpc sinh
thi tot nghilp trUdng pho thong. Sau khi
kg't thuc ky thi t i l nghigp trUdng phd thong
dat yeu edu, hpc sinh dUpc ed^p bdng Tot
nghiep phd thing.
Ve cong tde ddo tao, bdi dUdng gido
vien
Thiic h i l n cai each gido due, v l h de ddo
tao, boi dudng, dai ngo dm vdi dli ngu giao
vign ddng mot vai trd quan trpng. Dong
thdi vdi viee ddo tao can bg bd sung kip thdi
cho ke' hoaeh phdt triln gido due, ddi sing
vdt chit, tinh thdn va chi" do cdng tac eiia
giao vign phai gIp rflt cai thien. Chi thi so
1003-TTg ngay 8-4-1956 Vi chinh sdch ddi
vdi thdy gido da n h l h manh den vai tro,
nhigm vu va ehinh sach dli vdi ngUdi thdy
trong xa hii. Mfit khac, Ban chinh sach
giao due phd thong cua nUdc Viet Nam Dan
chu Cong hda da quy dinh: Thdy giao phai
ra sflc hpc tap, di cao trinh do tfl tudng,
chinh tri, van hda va nghigp vu eua minh,
ddn dan hgc cho dUde phUdng phap vdn
dung quan dilm duy vdt bien chiing vd
quan dilm duy vdt lich sii, dflng phUdng
phdp ly ludn lidn hg vdi thue t l md giang
day, dong thdi phai lign k i t vdi giao due tU
tudng, ehinh tri. Cdc gido vien phai xdc
dinh y thiie phuc vu nhan ddn, vi nhan
ddn, vi Td quIc md ddo tao the he tre, t h i
hg nhiing ngUdi kiln thig't Td quoc sau ndy.
VI quan h$ gifla giao vien vd hgc tro vd
Ve eii cAch hg ftgng gtAo due phd thing..
giiia hgc tro vdi hgc trd: Trd phai kinh thdy,
thdy phai yeu trd; cdn cai thi$n khong
ngiing quan hg gifla thdy va trd de cho v i ^
gido due dat k i t qua tit; Xay dflng quan h i
binh d4ng hflu ai gifla trd vdi tro, khong
phan bi$t thdnh phdn giai d p trong Idp
hgc.
Ve quan li gido due: Cac cd quan gido
due (Nha, Khu, Sd, Ty) gIp rut chfim chinh
td chfle va l l loi lam vide va tfing cUdng
cdng tde Idnh dao gido due, lanh dao viee
giang day d cdc trUdng, ede d p : phdn cong
hdp ly, thudng xuygn tien hdnh kilm tra,
tdng ket kinh nghigm kip thdi phdt hien vd
giai quyet cdc v i n d§, boi dUdng edn bl...
Dodn thanh nidn lao dgng trong trUdng vd
Doan Hpc sinh phai giiip dd nhd trUdng
trong vide dpng vidn thanh nien, hpc sinh
hpc tdp tiln bp, gifl diing ky ludt vd quy c h i
cua nhd trUdng, eai thien khing ngflng
quan hg gifla trd vdi nhau va gifla thdy vdi
tro.
Vl quan hg gifla nhd trUdng vdi gia dinh
vd xa hpi: Nhd trUdng phai tfing cUdng lien
hg vdi gia dinh trong vigc giao due hpc sinh.
Cdc vin d l ldn quan h$ dlh vide gido due
tre em cdn dem thao ludn ring rai trong
nhan ddn vd nha trUdng, dong thdi cdn
tranh thii y kiln ciia dai bieu gia dinh hpc
sinh ve nhflng vd'n d l d6, Hpc sinh dupe tao
dilu ki$n tham gia nhiing cing tac n h i t
dinh ngodi xa hoi trong pham vi khong Idm
anh hudng dg'n vide hgc cua cdc tre em,
khdng tdeh rdi nhd trUdng vdi xa hdi.
3. Mpt so n h a n xet
Vdi nhflng npi dung cd ban nhU tren,
culc Cai each gido due nam 1956 t h i hien
chu trUdng cdi cdch hi thdng gido due
mang tinh chdt xd hdi chu nghla vd chu
ydu tdp trung vdo ngdnh gido due phd
thdng. Ban Chinh sach gido due pho thong
ciia nude Vidt Nam Dan ehii Cong hda da
n h i n manh: 'Vigc chin chinh nganh gido
due phd thong Id mdt cQng trinh to ldn vd
Idu ddi. Vi vdy, phai kien quylt bdt tay vao
vi$c chlh ehinh, khong nen chdm ch^p,
dong thdi cin phai tien hdnh tflng bflde,
cdn cfl vdo ygu cdu vd kha ndng ciia tiing
thdi ky ma lam, khing ndn n6ng*Vpi, qua
loa" (5). Nlu so sdnh cupc cai edeh gido due
ldn ndy vdi cudc cai each gido due ndm
1950 thi cd t h i nh^n thiy, n6i dung cai
edeh todn dign hdn, sdt vdi hodn canh thflc
tiln, mde du nln gido due trong khang
chie'n eiing da dUpe xay dUng tfl muc tieu,
he tho'ng tdi ngi dung giao due theo dinh
hudng xa hoi ehu nghia,
M6t trong nhiing dilm khdc cd ban nhd't
eua culc Cai edeh gido due ldn thfl hai Id
viec xdc lap nin gido due mdi mang tinh
chdt xd hpi chu nghla, xda bo hodn todn
dnh hudng cua nin gido dt^c thUc ddn, t h i
hien qua vige td chfle he thing ed d u bae
hpc phd thong 10 nam (thay cho 9 mam va
12 n&m trfldc day) va ban hdnh npi dung
ehUOag trinh, sach giao khoa mdi chiu anh
hudng cua hg thing gido dye xd hii chii
nghia, tnie tilp la Lign Xd.
Vi khdng gian, cai each giao due dUde
tiln h^nh d cac dia phUdng trgn toan miln
Bfic do Chinh phu nude Vigt Nam Ddn chii
C6ng h6a kiem soat.
Vi thdi gian, cai each gido due ldn thfl
hai dupc ban hdnh tfl thdng 3-1956, song
thdi giaii chinh thflc thiie hien theo dudng
111 eiia cupc eai cdch ndy Id tfl nam hpc
1956-1957:
Cudc cdi cdch gido due ldn thd hai dd
ddt CO sd cho viSc xdy diing vd hodn thiin
hi thdng gido due mdi - hi thdng gido due
phd thdng 10 nam theo tinh chdt xd hdi chu
nghid. Cd t h i ndi, quan dilm ehi dao xuydn
suit eua ducfng loi xay dflng vd phdt triln
nln giao dye Viet Nam trong sii nghigp dd'u

tranh gidnh doc Idp vd thing nhd't d i t nUde
(1945-1975) la mpt nen gido due eiia ddn,
do dan, vi ddn. Nhflng diem ehinh cua m l
hinh ndy la: Giao due Id d n g cu cua
chuyen ehinh v l san. Dang lanh d?io nhd
trUdng, k l hoach hda, tdp trung hda, bao
d p trong giao due. Gido due cung dflpc xae
dinh la mot b l phdn cua each mang vfin
hda - tu tudng. "Ddi vdi nhd trUdng xa hii
chii nghia, v i n de goc rd la lap trUdng ly
tudng, t i e dung eiia gido due trUdc h i t Id
thupc pham vi tu tudng" (6).
Qua trinh thue hidn cupe cai each da
dien ra cu6c d i u tranh ve quan dilm gido
due nhlim gat bd nhiing quan dilm gido
due chiu anh hudng eiia giao due thiie dan,
phong kiln cdn rdi rdt lai, khang dinh
dudng Hi gido due mdi mang tinh chd't xa
hdi ehii nghia. Trong cupc d i u tranh vdi
quan dilm giao due eu thiie hiln phildng
chdm gido due "lidn hg ly ludn vdi thiic
tiln, gdn chdt nhd trUdng vdi ddi sing xa
hii", ngdnh gido due dd dat dupe k i t qua
bude ddu: "ldn ddu tidn vi tri cua lao d^ng
san x u i t dUde khing dinh trong nhd
tnictng. Trong hgc sinh da phdt dpng dflpc
mot phong trao tham gia lao dpng ehdn tay.
Ldn ddu tien, quan diem gido due eu tach
rdi vdi ddi sd'ng, vdi san xud't hi t i n cong..."
(7). Thflc t l nhiing diln hinh tidn tiln da
chflng minh tinh diing dan cho dfldng Hi,
quan dilm, mue dich, nguygn ly, phflOng
cham giao due cua Dang va Nhd nUde, da
khiln cho nha trUdng ngay cang gdn chat
vdi ddi sing va san xua't, gdp phdn tich cue
ndng cao chit lupng con ngUdi mdr phat
triln toan dien.
Vdi cupc Cai each giao due ldn thfl hai
ndm 1956 va culc van dpng xay ditng nhd
trudng xa hpi ehu nghia dupe phdt dpng,
cdng tde gido due d nudc ta da chuyen
manh vdo quy dao cua nen giao due xa hdi
H g h i ^ eihi iJeh sir, s i 7.2013
chu nghia. Bdi vdy, "nhflng biln do'i each
mang trong sU nghiep gido due da lam cho
trUdng hpc d mien Bfic, trUde kia la eong cu
cua c h i dl thflc dan va phong kiln, ngay
nay da thflc sU trd thanh eong cy eua nln
chuyen ehinh vl san phue vu cho dUdng 16i
va nhipm vu each mang cua Dang. Sii
nghigp giao due da tao kha nfing thUc t l
cho hdng trieu ngUdi lao dong di vdo Wioa
hpc va ky thudt, da gop phdn ndng cao
trinh dp giac ngo ehinh tri, tinh thdn Idm
chu, nfing s u i t lao dpng vd siic chig'n diu
cua cong nhan va ndng dan" (8).
Vdi cudc Cai d e h giao due ldn thfl hai,
ngdnh giao due ndi ehung va gido due phd
thing miln Bdc ndi rieng da dat dUOc
nhiiu thdnh tUu vd cd nhiing chuydn bidn
ldn trong cudc khdng chii'n chdng My, cdu
nUdc. Vi quy mo, trong 3 ndm khoi phye
kinh t l va cai tao xd hpi chu nghia, mang
ludi tnidng phd thdng phat trien rpng khdp
miln Bdc. Nam hpc 1956-1957, so hpc sinh
phd thong la 952.700 em, nam hgc 1957-
1958, tdng len 500.700 em. Nam hoc 1964-
1965, mien Bdc el 9.295 trUdng, 63.621 Idp,
77.685 giao vien, 2.673.900 hpc sinh. Din
ndm 1974-1975 tfing len 11.653 tnidng,
129,447 Idp, 168,623 gido vidn, 5.151.500
hgc sinh (so Idp vd hpc sinh tang gIp doi).
So ngUdi theo hpc 5 cae tnidng Idp phd
thing (bao gom ca bd tuc van hoa) chilm
trgn 1/3 tdng s i dan todn mien Bdc (9).
Khing chi md r i n g v l quy mo, hg thg'ng
giao due phd thing con co eac loai hinh da
dang nhu trUdng quoc lap, dan Idp, tu thyc,
trudng phd thdng vfla hpc, vCCa Idm... Mat
khae, nganh giao dye phd thong con thanh
eing trong vide thflc hien chu tnidng eiia
culc cai each gido dye d l ra ve cd d u cac
bdc hgc. Bdi vi, "Mit n l n giao due pho
thong tot Id 1dm cho hpc sinh phat trien
edn dli todn didn, co' gang lam eho d p 2 va
Ve e&i eieh hg thing gi6o due phd thing... 21

d p 3 phdt trien mpt cdch tUdng dUdng dl vdn con mdt sdhan chi'nhSt dinh.
sfla chfla tinh trang ciia mdt nln giao due Vi quy md vd chdt lUOng gido due:
pho thong hidn nay Id ben dfldi phinh ra Ngdnh giao due phd thong cd nhiing bUde
ma ben trdn thi thdt lai" (10). phdt triln nhanh chdng, song, sU phdt
Ve chdt lUOng gido due, Hpi nghi cdn bp triln manh me ciia ngdnh khdng tUdng
chii chit trong ngdnh gido dye thdng 6- xflng vdi vide ndng eao chit lUpng gido dye.
1957 ddnh gid tinh hinh thflc hidn sau mpt Vide phat triln sU nghidp gido dye phd
nfim tiln hdnh eai cdch da khing dinh thong ed luc, c6 ncJi cdn ndng ve so lUdng
ngdnh gido dye cd nhiing tig'n b6 trong vigc hdn chit lupng. O nhilu ndi, vide md
nang cao chit Iflpng gido dye, dde biet Id trudng ldp 6 at, khong tinh din nhflng dilu
chit lupng vfin hoa. Cing tac chinh tri, tU kien eiia trfldng hgc dd ddn deh chit lUdng
tudng, gido due ve dao dflc trong tnidng hpc giao due hi giam sut. H6i nghi can bp Dang
dUde ehu y vd thu dUdc nhieu kit qua. SU trong ngdnh gido dye thdng 6-1957 danh
nghiep giao dye d miln Bdc da ddo tao vd gid tinh hinh thiic hien sau m6t ndm tid'n
boi dudng dflpc mdt dpi ngu can bp ngdy hdnh cai cdch da ehi ra mSt sd' t i n tai,
cang Idn d eac trinh d^ tfl phd thong eho thilu sot nghiem trpng nhU: chfla eoi trpng
din dai hpc cho cae nganh hdnh chinh, vigc gido dye tU tudng chinh tri, giao dye
kinh tl, ky thudt vd van hda. Dde biet, moi long ygu nUdc, ygu lao dpng cho hpc sinh,
nfim tnidng phd thong cdn bd sung vdo dpi ehua eoi trpng viec ket hdp li ludn vdi thuc
ngii nhflng ngUdi lao dpng hang ehyc van hanh, giao due vdi lao dpng, nha trUdng vdi
thanh nign ed trinh d6 vdn hda d p II va gia dinh va xd hdi, phdt triln giao due 6 at,
cd'p III. "Ldp ngUdi mdi ma nha trUdng dao qud kha nang kinh tl, anh hudng khing t i t
tao ra so ddng da xae dinh dUpc myc dich
tdi chit lupng giang day va hgc tdp.
cupc song, lao dpng dung cam, chiln dd'u
Bao d o tinh hinh vd nhidm vy eiia
kien eUdng, sfin sdng di bd't cfl nOi ndo, Idm
ngdnh giao dye phd thing dUdi dnh sdng
b i t cfl vide gi theo sfl phan cong eua Dang
cua Nghi quylt 22 ciing da ehi ra: "Ngi
vd Nhd nudc. Ddi ngu giao vien khfing
dung giao dye tofin dien nhdm chuin bi cho
ngitng dupc boi dUdng vl chinh tri, tU
ngUdi hpc di vdo lao dgng san xuit va chiln
tudng vdn hoa, nghidp vu va hieu bid't thiic
diu thudn lpi chua dupe kien tri, tien ldn
tiln... Cac trUdng ngdy cdng quan tri$t mot
tflng budc vflng chde. Nhd trUdng xd h^i
each sau sfic dudng 111, quan diem, muc
chii nghla ehua phdt huy ddy du chfle nang
dich, nguygn ly vfi phUdng cham giao due
cong ey eua chuyen chinh vo san" (12). Mfit
cua Dang" (11). Nhflng thdnh tich dat dfldc
khac, phUdng phdp day vfi hpc vdn ehu ylu
eho thd'y thdnh cong to ldn eiia cupc Cai
la theo truyen thing. Chd't lUdng gido due
cdch giao dye ldn thfl hai vd cung Id thanh
toan didn d trUdng phd thong ndi chung edn
cing cua d i t nUdc trong edng cupe xay diing
thip.
chu nghia xd hpi d miln Bdc, thiic hi§n diu
tranh tho'ng nhd't nUde nhd. Vi ndi dung chUOng trinh: ChUdng trinh
gido dye phd thong ciia culc cai edeh gido
Cu5c Cai each gido dye ldn thfl hai co dye 1956 trong qua trinh thuc hien da b|c
nhflng tde ding tich cUe de'n giao due miln 13 nhieu nhUdc dilm, bd't c4p- Sdch gido
Bdc, song do dieu kien khach quan ciing khoa chii yeu theo m l hinh ciia cac nUde xd
nhfl chu quan, ngdnh giao due phd thdng hpi ehu nghia sdm bic Id sU qua tai, nhii

nhdt kiln thflc, d e h xa vdi thUc tien eua
d i t nUdc. Sau dd, trong dilu kien chiln
tranh cdn nhilu khd khfin, npi dung
chUdng trinh da dUpe cfit giam nhieu eho
phu hdp, song "do tinh gian npi dung qud
mflc, nhiing kie'n thflc ed ban, cd he thong
khong dupc bao dam" (13). Dilu ndy da anh
hudng trUe tiep dlh nQi dung chUcJng trinh
vd ddc bigt Id chit lUpng gido dye cho hgc
sinh. Mat khdc, chUdng trinh dUdc chinh
stta nhilu ldn ciing cho thd'y "mot mfit
phan dnh tinh trang thieu dn dinh vd chdp
vd khdng tranh khdi cua chUdng trinh;
nhUng mat khac dilu ay cung chflng td
rfing ehung ta da luon luon cd y thflc rut
kinh nghigm v l chUdng trinh de kip thdi
sfla chfla, bo sung" (14).
Co cdu ngdnh hgc cdn mdt cdn ddt, n h i t
Id gifla cd d u ngdnh hoc phd thong vd bd
tue vfin hda, gifla giao due mien nui vfi
miln xuoi. Cu t h i la, "trong k l hoach va td
chfle quan ly sU nghidp gido due phd thong,
chflng ta cdn coi nhe nganh hpc bd tuc van
hoa dUa de'n tinh hinh mat cdn doi nghiem
trpng gifla ngdnh hpc phd thing va bd tuc
vdn hda. Cdng tde bd tuc vdn hda phat trien
thilu hdn tue, ehUa viing ehde, el nhiing
luc sut kIm klo ddi... gido dye d miln nui
con gap nhieu khd khan, tri trd, ke't qua
dat dupe eon xa vdi yeu cdu eiia cdch mang
vd ygu cdu "miln nui tid'n kip miln xuoi"
(15).
Nhflng han che cua cupc cai cdch giao
dye sdm bpc 11 sau mot vdi ndm thflc hidn.
Ndm 1960, Dang vd Nha nUdc ta da nhdn
thd'y dupc dieu ndy song vi dieu kign chiln
tranh khong t h i thflc hign dUpc ngay mot
cupe cai each khae ngn ve cd ban nhflng tU
tudng cd ban cua euge cai each vdn dUde
thflc hign cho din nam 1979 va cd mpt s i
dieu chinh cho phfl hpp vdi tinh hinh thflc
tl.
Rghjgn eihi Lieh sir, stf 7.2013
Boi canh lich sOt trong giai doan diu
tranh gianh dpe ldp vd thflc hidn thong
nhd't d i t nflde tfl ndm 1945 de'n nfim 1975
dd c6 nhflng tac dgng khac nhau din giao
dye bao gom ca nhiing thudn ldi vd khd
khdn. Nhidm vu ciia each mang Vigt Nam
trong tflng giai doan lich sfl cung ddi hdi
ngdnh gido due phai dfla ra nhflng chu
trUdng, chinh sdch vd c6 nhiing dilu Chinh
cho phfl hpp d l tilp tuc xay diing vd phdt
triln, Bdi vdy, cupc Cai each ldn thfl hai
ndm 1956 xuat phdt tii thiic tiin vd Id mpt
tdt yeu lichsd.
Cai cdch gido due Id mot sU thay doi sdu
sac ve cd cd'u hg t h i n g giao due, phfldng
phap gido dye vd n l i dung giao due. Diing
trUde yeu cdu, nhilm vu cdch mang dat ra,
culc eai each ndy da ed nhflng tde ddng rat
ldn den hg thong giao dye phd thdng mien
Bdc nhu xda bo nhflng tan tich lae hdu ciia
nen giao due thue ddn, ddt cd sd cho vide
xay diing vfi hoan thiln hd thd'ng gido due
mdi theo tinh c h i t xa hoi ehu nghia, gop
phan vao sU phat trien nhanh ehdng cua
nen gido dye dd't nudc.
Nhflng thanh tUu md cupc Cai each gido
due ldn thfl hai dat dfldc cd y nghla rdt to
ldn vd delg.i nhiiu bdi hgc kinh nghiim quy
gid. VI cd ban, day Id mdt cupc eai each da
dat dupe nhilu thanh cong (hdn Id nhflng
han chd', t i n tai) trong vide dat dUpe myc
tieu, nhiem vy da d l ra. Va nhU vay, cupc
cai each khing ehi tac dpng din sfl nghigp
phat trien giao due cua mien Bdc md cdn
gdp phdn vdo viee thflc hien eac nhi$m vy
phat triln kinh t l , vfin hda, xd h i i vfi dd'u
tranh thing n h i t nUdc nhd, tao ra tiln de,
nen tang cho viee xay dflng vd phdt triln
giao due cung nhu cai cdch giao dye ve sau,
Cupc eai each giao due nay cd mit vai
trd, vi tri quan trong ddi vdi sU phdt triin
cua gido due mien Bdc Viit Nam trong
Ve cAi caeh he thing giAo due phd thing,..
nhflng nfim khang chiln eho'ng My, eflu
nfldc, trong vi$e thuc hidn nhflng nhiem vu
ciia cupe cdch mang ddn tde dan chu nhan
dan. Tfl do cho thiy, cu6c eai each giao dye
CHU THICH
(1). H6i nghi 1 ^ thii 7 cua Ban Chlfp h i n h
Trung Udng Dang kh6a II (thing 3-1955) da ngu
nhiem vu phai phat trien nhanh chdng giao diic,
mot m i t l i c h ^ chinh v i cung c l giao dye ph^
thflng, t h i n g nhi^t hai h? t h i n g giio dye ciia viing
til do cu v i ciia viing m6i giai ph6ng, doi v&i can b6
giao due cSn "boi dueng v l tU tuflng, chinh trj v i
chieu di sinh hoat v i t chtft..." (Nghj quylt Hgi
nghi l i n thii 7 d i a Ban Chtfp h i n h Trung Udng
Dang (3-1955).
(2). Bii noi chuydn t ^ Dai h$i giio dye pho
thSng t o i n quoc ngiy 23-3-1956. Bao Nh&n ddn,
86 753, ngiy 26-3-1956. Trich theo; Ho Chi Minh
todn tap, t i p 8 1955-1957, Nxb. Chinh trj Quffc
gia, H i N§i 1996, tr. 137-138.
(3). Nghi djnh ao 1027/TTg ngiy 27-8-1956 v6
Chfnh sich giao due phd th6ng cua ni(6c Vi§t Nam
Dan chu Cdng hoa.
(4). Nguyin Hiiu Chi, Qud trinh phdt triin li
lug,n chuong trinh gido due phd thdng d Vi^t Nam,
Vien Khoa h9c Giio dye, 2002, tr. 13.
(5). Nghi dinh ao 1027 ngiy 27-8-1956 Ban
h i n h Ban chinh sach giao dye phd thflng eua nUde
Vi§t Nam Dan chu Cong hoa.
(6). NguySn Khanh Toin, "Nhi tnlcing xa hpi
ehu nghia", Gido due nh&n ddn, s i 1, t h i n g 10-
1958, tr. 7.
(7). Trung tam LUu trfl QuSc gia III, PhSng B$
Giao due, H 3 sd 2811, Gidi thieu mdt sff diim thiiC
te tai cdc tricing phd thdng cdp III tii n&m 1955-
1965.
ldn thfl hai cdn cd vai trd, vi tri vd y nghia
lich sd ddt vdi sU phdt triin cda ddt nUdc
trong thdi ky xdy dflng vd bao v$ miln Bdc,
thflc hien thong n h i t Td quIc.
(8). Trung tam Luu trii QuS'e gia III, Phong
Bo Giao due, Ho sd 684, Di ctiOng, k^hoach, bien
bdn cua Bg Gido due vi tong kit kinh nghiim 20
ndm x&y dUng gido due d Viet Nam tii nam 1945-
1965.
(9). Trung tam Luu trii QuSc gia III, Ph6ng B9
Giao due. Ho sd 3387, Bdo cdo cua B0 Gido due vi
tinh hinh vd nhiem vu ngdnh Gido due, Mdu gido,
Pho thdng n&m 1974-1975.
(10). Nghi dinh s i 1027 ngiy 27-8-1956 Ban
h i n h Ban chinh sach giao due ph6 thdng cua nildc
Vif t Nam D i n chu C^ng hda.
(11). Trung tam LUu trii Quoc gia III, Phdng
Ba Giio due, H6 sd 684, Di ciicfng, Mhog,ch, bien
bdn cua Bg Gido due vi tdng kit kinh nghiem 20
ndm x&y diMg gido due d Viit Nam tit ndm 1945-
1965.
(12). Trung tam Liiu trii Qudc gia III, Phdng B$
Giio due, H6 sd 3387, Bdo cdo cua B6 Gido due vi
tinh hinh vd nhiim uu.ngdnh Gido due, Mdu gido,
Pho thdng nam 1974-1975.
(13). Bo Giao due v i dio t^o, 50 ndm phdt trien
sU nghiep gido due ud ddo tao (1945-1995), Nxb
Giao dye. Ha Noi, tr.79.
(14). Nguyen Hiiu Chf, Qud trinh phdt triin li
lu$n chuang trinh gido dye phd thdng d Vi$t Nam,
Vi^n Khoa hoc Giao dye, H i N§i, 2002, tr. 13.
(15). Trung tam Luu trii QuIc gia III, Phdng B0
Giao dye, H 5 sd 3387, Bdo cdo cua Bd Gido due vi
tinh hinh vd nhiem vy, ngdnh Gido due, Mdu giao,
Phi thdng ndm 1974-1975.