TAP CHi KHOA HDC - B 6 H / Z O I B

VAN DE TRUNG TAM\k NGO/UBIEN

6 PHUONG TAY TIT CAI NHIN VAN HOA - UCH SLT

Le Nguygn cW
Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm Ha Ngi

Tdm t&t: Khdi niem cap dot trung tam/ ngogi bien trong nlmng nam gdn day xudt hien
khd nhiiu trong trudng thugt ngir thudng gan vdi chti nghta hdu hien dgi, nhung thyc
chdt. da hien di^n tu ldu trong Uch sii van hoa va van chuang phucmg Toy. xet tir binh
diin van hoa ~ lich su. Bdi viit nay di cdp din vdn di do, nhung chii yeu ddn tu & the ki
XX vd nhdn mgnh hon vi vi tri, vai tro cua cdi ngam bien.
Tir khda: trung tdm, ngogi bien, hau hiin dgi, cdi nhin vdn hoa - lich sir

1. G i d i T H i | : u

Khai niem c§p ddi trung tdm/ ngogi biSn (Phdp: le centre- la p&ipherie; Anh: center/
peripheral), trong nhOng ndm gdn ddy xudt hi€n kha nhiSu trong tniong thudt ngir thudng
g3n vdi chii nghia h$u hiSn d?i, nhung th\rc chdt, khdi ni?m caip doi nay cung vdi v6 s6 hp
hdng cua n6 da hien difn tii lau trong lich sir vdn boa va vdn chuong phirong Tdy, x^t tCr
binh dien vdn hda - lich sur. Dac trtmg cua khai niem c$p doi nay Id tdn tai trong v) th^
hodc ttrong dong hoac ddi sdnh nhtmg khdng loai tri!i nhau, tham cht con bd sung cho nhau,
lam ndi bdt vi the cija nhau vd duong nhi6n bao ham ca thai dd, ho^c thdi d$ chinh trj hoaic
thdi dO ngh| thu|it, h o ^ vfra ca chinh tn lln nghe thu^L.. tiiy tung thai ki ljch sii cu thi va
tiiy thupc tu tudng chinh thong ciia cac thdi dai khac nhau. Ten gpi marginal trong tier^
Phdp vdi n^Ta la dudng 18, b€n le da dupe Viet hoa don gidn thanh dudng mdc, dudng k6
16, trii mdc... ma bit cii ai trong ddi hpc sinh ciia minh cung quen thu$c. Md rdng ra, ngoai
bi@n trd thdnh noi chii thich, noi ghi nhChig f bd sung vdo v9n ban, noi chura dung nhung
sir them that trong qud trinh dpc lai van ban ma bdn thao ciia H.de Balzac hay cac ^ i chep
ngoai le trong But ki triit hgc ciia Lenine cho thay tdm quan trpng ciia vice ndy. Vj tri ban
le trd thanh dirdng bien vo Wnh nhtmg h6t siic quan trpng trong cupc sdng cung nhu trong
thuc tiln vdn hpc nghS thugt, cu thS la cac dg xudt, cdc mo hinh kien giai mdi trong quan

Nhan b^i ngay 5.11.2016; giM phin bi?n va duyet dang ngSy 25.12.2016
Licn h§ tac gia: Le Nguyen Cin; Email: lenguyencan@yahoo.com
6 II ^ T R U d N G B A I H O C THLI B D H A N O I

he voi cai tmng tam, vai cai chinh thong la nhung cai can dugc ghi nhan de hi6u diing hon
trong viec nhan dien vai tro va vi tri cua cac hinh thtrc van hpc khac nhau (van hpc thieu
s6, van hpc thieu nhi, van hpc tuoi moi Ion...).

2. N p i DUNG

Trong cpi ngu6n van hoa van minh Hy Lap, mpt khai niem cdp doi tucmg tu da som
xudt hien, do la metropolis /polls, cite / etat... mang tinh chat quy dinh gioi han lanh tho.
khu virc; hay dudi thai La Ma la cap civilization / barbare .. mang y nghia phan biet trinh
do song giira nhung nguai thuoc de che La Ma va nhung ke nam ngoai bien gioi cua de
che nay; keo sang thai ki trung co la cap khai niem chinh gido / td gido: chinh dao / td
dgo. Chua /Sa tdng, Chua / Quy Mephistopheles... mang dam mau sac ton giao cuong tin,
dan toi tam cupc Thap tu chinh noi tieng a cac the ki XI- XII... Con sang the ki XIX-XX,
cap khai niem nay hien hinh qua Eurocentrisme - Chii nghia Au chau trung tam, dan tdi sir
phan biet, ki thi giiia the gidi da trang doi vdi the gidi da mau. Vi chau Au la trung tam nen
cac viing mien khac la ngoai vi, la thupc dja; va cijng vi chau Au ia trung tam, dong nghTa
vdi van minh nen chau Au dugc quyen "khai hoa" cho cac chau luc khac, ap dat che do
thuc dan Ien mgi mien dat khac ngoai chau Au. Sau dai chien the gidi thu hai, mpt khai
niem cap doi mdi dugc bo sung Tdn luc dm / Ciru luc dia, ngam xac lap vj the trung tam
mdi ciia the gidi...
Tren binh dien dja chinh tri da nhu the thi tren binh dien triet hpc va cac khoa hgc
nhan van noi rieng, mo hinh kieu khai niem cap doi nay ciing hien lg ttr rdt sdm. N6i tilng
trudc het la phai Khuyen nho {le cynisme) trong the gidi hien nhan co dai Hy Lap, hay vdi
Zenon, ngudi doi lap vdi Aristote va dupe Aristote ggi dich danh thing thimg la ke "nguy
bien"... Sang thfi ki XVIII - XIX, la nhtmg ten tu6i Idn nhu E.Kant, F.Nietzsche irong vi
the doi lap vdi Hegel... Con d phucmg Dong, trong quan he van hoa da chidu vdi Trung
Hoa, thi linh chat lrung tam / ngoai bien cang ro, th^ hien qua Trung Qudc la nude d giua,
con xung quanh (= ngoai bien) la chtr hau, la man di mpi rg... Kifiu khai niem ludng tinh
nhi nguyen nhu vay co thi ke ra rdt nhiSu tren true lich sir van hoa

Xet ve mat ban chat, co the coi van hoa ngoai bien noi chung, van hgc ngoai bien noi
rieng la loai van hoa van hoc nSm ngoai he lu tudng lh6ng tri (hay chinh thdng hi^u theo
mot goc do nao do wk chinh tri, dao dire, tinh thdn, tu ludng, ton giao...), la "co hai nin van
hoa trong mgt nen van hoa dan tgc". Van hoa van hoc ngoai bien tu than co gia tri rieng
ciia chung va do la diiu khong the phii nhan. Va di tao ra gia tri rieng dy, duong nhien,
chiing cung phai co nhirng nguyen l§c rieng tren mgt nguyen lieu chung do la ngon ngu
dan tgc. Tinh chat lrung tam/ ngoai bien thi hien ro trong su van dgng chuyin minh ciia thi
ki XX d phutmg Tay.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SD ll/ZOIG I
Chi tinh tir sau cupc Dai van d5ng Anh sang, thdi ki md ddu cho ki nguyen cong
nghiep cho dSn nay, diln trucmg cua trung tam/ ngoai bien da lien tuc thay doi. Trudc het
Id SIT tap trung hda - hay trung t&n hda - la centralisation - gin vdi thdi ki each mang cong
nghiep: cac nha may mgc len, c6ng nhan dupe dua vao nha may de san xuat, tinh ki luat
sat dugc ap dung, hang hda dtrpc san xudt vdi s6 lupng Idn, xu hudng thanh thi boa ndng
thdn trd thanh mpt thuc tl hiin nhien... Chdu Au dat tdi nhung budc tiln Idn vi kinh te, ve
khoa bpc kT thudt, md mgt thanh tuu nghe nhin quan trpng se tae d6ng trd Iai van chuang Id
di?n anh, ra ddi. Trong thdi ki trung tam hoa nay, van hpc nghieng vi eai nhin bao quat,
mang tinh tong the: xa bdi ia m6t t6ng thi - nghia la trd thanh mpt trung tdm, la dugc trung
tam hda, ddn tdi xac lap chuc nang: nha van la thu ki cua thdi dai, nhu each ndi ciia
Balzac. Gin vdi trung tam hoa, vdi tdng thi boa la quan diim quyet dinh luan lich sir: hoan
canh tao sinh tinh each, hoan canh quylt dinh tinh each... ddn tdi nhan v|t dien hinh, hoan
canh dien hinh... Cai nhin khoa hgc trd thdnh va quy dinh cai nhin xuyen sudt vdn chuong.
Nhiing gi ndm ngoai trudng nghTa ay trd thanh ngoai vi, ma diln hinh nhat la trudng hop
cua Sade, ngudi chu truang mieu ta cac dam mS nhu la ndng lugng chii ylu ciia con ngudi,
con li tri chi la ngudi tra thu. Hay, nhu J.J. Rousseau vdi La Confessions, cu6n hoi ki ngh$
thudt vd trir tinh ma d do tac gia taio ra su co gian ciia su thdt va tudng tupng, tai hi6n su
thuc v i tdm hdn va tu tudng cua nha van. Hay ldi vilt ciia Flaubert d the ki XDC; thdm chi
vdi ca Stendhal, nha vdn Idn ciia the ki nay nhtmg lai khong dupe the ki do nhin nhdn va
danh gia diing, ngay ca vdi Dd vd Den noi tieng cua dng... O cac ngoai bien nay xuat hien
tinh huong mang ten phan li tri, tao ra cap Ii tri - phan li tri trong tu duy phuong Tay thdi ki
hien d^ii va tinh chdt nay se keo dai va phat trien manh trong long thi ki XX.

Qua vay, lich sir khdng dtmg trong gidi ban ciia nhdn thiic ludn khoa bgc ciing nhu
nhan thtic luan ve tinh tdng the, ma lich sii van dgng theo dudng hudng phat trien tien Ien
cua nd. Nhan thuc luan ve tinh tong the, nhdn thiic khoa hpc quy§t dinh luln... la nhiing
tnmg tam ma phuang Tay da bet minh tao dung trong suot hai thi ki, khi budc vao mia thir
hai ciia thi ki XX thi roi vao cupc dung dau lich sii, gdn lien vdi nhimg phat kien khoa hpc
quan trong lam thay doi each nhin ciia the ki, do la hpc thuyet tucmg doi ciia A.Einstein.
Cupc dung dau nay se mang tSn giai trung tam hoa hay phi trung tdm hda
decentralisation. Nhu vay, cap doi nhi nguyen: trung tam hoa - giai trung tdm hoa xuat hien
gdn liin vdi hinh thtrc be mat ciia thdi dai: hiSn dai - hau hien dai. Str xuat hien ciia cac cap
doi nhi nguyen, ludng tinh nay la mpt tat yeu cua ljch sir.

Dac tnmg ciia thdi ki hau hien dai, la su xdi mon manh me tit chinh ben trong cua cac
he hinh nhan thiic; "trong xa hpi va van hoa duang dai — tiic xa hgi hau cdng nghiep, van
boa hau hi^n dai - (...) dsii tu su danh mat tinh c6 the tin dugc cua no, bat luan tir m6 thiic
 TRLfdNB BAI HQC THCI OD HANOI

lien kit nao ma no dua vao, bdt luan cai do de cap den tu sir tu bien hay tu su giai Ida"
[1, tr.37]. Thdi ki hau hien dai, theo J.Fr.Lyotard, thi hien dac trung n6i bat khuynh hudng
"giai hgp thtrc hoa (la delegitimation)" nhan thirc; ong cung nhan thay "cac hat mdm (les
gernies)" giai hgp thtrc hoa ngm ngay trong "cac dai tu su cua thi ki XIX", nhirng hat mam
"c6 huu (I'inherent)" [1, tr.38] cua cac dai ttr sir nay. Trong ki nguyen hau hien dai, su giai
kit (la disolution) he thong ton ti mang tinh bi kich cua nhan thiic va hgc vdn xual hien.
Theo do, m6i ITnh vuc rieng biet khi lu giai toa se dat dugc mgt chuan muc dgc lap nhat
dinh. Lien quan din cac pham trti nay se lai xudt hien cac cap doi ludng tinh: hpp thiic hoa,
lien hgp (la solution)... gin vdi thdi ki hien dai - giai hgp thirc boa, giai lien hgp (la
disolution) gdn vdi thdi ki hau hien dai, nghTa la, chii nghia hau hien dai nhu la sir phan
ting d6i khang vdi chii nghia hien dai, vdi muc tieu sira chira nhihig gi dugc coi la khiem
khuylt ciia thdi dai trudc do. Su phan khang nay hiln nhien da co mam mong tir tu duy
phan H linh tmdc do, la su khong chap nhan mgt khung c6 dinh ap dat, co the hihi thirc co
thi v6 thiic len ban than tu duy.
Su mdt mat tinh co thi tin theo J.Fr.Lyotard, true tilp dua ldi kit qua cuoi cung la ban
chi cua ngudi nghien ciru "trong chii nghTa thuc chimg cua chuyen nganh nay hay chuyen
nganh khac", ngudi nghien cim thuc hien theo hinh thirc thuc chirng mgi nai, mgi liic nhu
mpt kT thuat vien dan gian. Trong dilu kien nhu vay, mo ihtrc hap thirc hoa khong thuoc
pham vi rieng biel nao cua nhan thirc ma thuoc pham vi ki thual dupe xac lap chat che,
viec hgp thirc hoa "theo su thuc (de facto)", dugc J.Fr.Lyotard gpi la "cai tao sinh - bieu
hien (la performaliviie)" [1, U.47]. Su tan ra ciia cac dai lu su hcrp thtrc boa cua nhan thuc,
su kit thiic ciia uu thi vi mpt "sieu ngon ngtr pho quat" nay trong thdi ki hau hien dai, dan
ldi viec ap dat true tiip tinh da tri (la pluralite) vo ban cua ngon ttr. Chii nghia hau hien dai
la sir tiip nii diin hinh xu hudng ciia tinh phan manh (le fragmentisme) nao do, doi lap vdi
khuynh hudng tong the von danh dau chii nghTa hien dai hau ki.
Li giai vdn di nay, Alvin Toffler da chi ra su pho quat nay tir mgi cap do chtic nang
hoa ciia xa hpi hau cong nghiep, nghTa la d ca trong "cau trudng kT thual - lehnosfera",
trong "cau irudng xa hgi hpc - sociosphere" lan trong "'cau trudng thong tin - infosphere".
Xa hpi thdi ki hien dai vdi dac trung la tinh tong the (la totalite) tu phan lhanh cac ITnh virc
dac thu, chuyen sau tao thanh dac trung noi bat ciia the ki XX, khi ma cac ITnh vuc nghien
Cliu Ird lhanh cac ITnh vuc chuyen sau ma moi ITnh vuc chuyen sau nhu vay chi co mgt so
chuyen gia mdi hieu dugc, dong ihdi su lien kel da nganh, lien nganh cung xuat hien ma ro
nhat la trong ITnh vuc khoa hgc tu nhien nhu hoa - sinh, y - sinh, hoa - li... Van hgc nghe
thuat ciing chuyen minh theo khuynh hudng nghien ciru lien nganh da nganh nhu vay, dan
tdi each giai ma van hpc ttr goc nhin van hoa, tir liep can lien nganh, tiep can van hoa - lich
TAP CHI KHDA HOC - SQ n/Z01B | ^

SU... Thudt ngu tinh phdn manh (le fr-agmentarism) thich iing hem, dugc dimg nhieu hem
thuat ngir '•'•gidi khdi-gidi tu (la de-mass ificalion)". Tinh phan manh the hien xu hudng
chung nhat ciia nen van minh hau cong nghiep, de lai dau dn tren mgi thanh to cau thanh
nen van minh nay. Ihab Hassan dat tinh phan manh d vi tri hang ddu trong danh muc cac
dac diem van boa hau hien dai (trong thtrc ti la vi tri si hai, trong chu6i 11 ddc diem ma
ong dua ra), lam sang to "tri tue hau hien dai thuc hien su giai kit tuyet doi" va "cac manh
vd dem le tu chiing khai day nilm tin". Nguyen li khong dinh bam (le principe inadherent)
ma ngudi nghe sT hau hien dai the hien - cung la tu tudng ma Ihab Hassan dao sau - la tinh
khong dinh bam dfii dien vdi nguyen li tdng the hien dai chii nghTa, doi dien vdi "bat luan
mpt kieu long hgp nao, co tinh xa hgi, tinh khoa hgc hay vdi ca thi phap hgc"' [2, tr.505].
Nhu vay van di trung tam / ngoai bien da thuc hien dupe budc di ljch sir cua no, da cSt
len tieng ndi quan trgng cua no. Tu day, each viet loi viet se dupe ton vinh. Theo Michel
Foucault, cho den the ki XVI, ki hieu ngon ttr mang tinh chat tuang img dong dang (le
ressemblant) va su tuang img ddng dang va sir lap lai trd lhanh nguyen tac: mat dat cho
thay bau trdi, cac khuon mat trd thanh phan anh cua cac vi sao, nghe thuat trd thanh tam
gucmg phan chieu hien thtrc . Trong ban chat, cac ki hieu ngon tir la sir keo dai cac tucmg
img dong dang cda the gidi, dua tdi each thiic dien giai the gidi nhu la sir dong dang tucmg
img: "Tim kiem y nghTa, chinh la lam sang to nhirng cai tuong ung dong dang. Tim kiem
cac qui tac, chinh la kham pha cac str vat tuang img dong dang. Ngu phap ciia cac ton lai
la sir chu giai cua chiing" [3, tr.44]. Sang cac the ki sau, linh chat tucmg ting dong dang bi
thay the bdi linh chat tai hien, tu duy khong con la tap hop cac limg img dong dang cua cac
ki hieu ngon tir niia, cham diit moi quan he gan ket vdi cac sir vat: tu duy khong con la hgp
diem ciia cai thay dtrgc va cai dgc dugc (le vu et le lu), giiia cai co the nhin dupe va cai co
the noi ra dtrgc (le visible et renon9able). Thdi dai tai hien md ra, cap nhi nguyen: the
hien, phan anh / tai the hien, tai phan anh hien hinh trd thanh mo hinh lrung tam/ ngoai
bien ciia thai dai. Dinh cao ciia mo hinh nay la cap nhi nguyen cai bieu da: (le signifiant)/
cai dugc bieu dat (le signifie) cua F. de Saussure. Thdi dai mdi bimg len soi noi vdi hinh
thirc trung tam / ngoai bien nay.

K-huynh hudng phan manh, giai tong the. va da trj nay, xuyen tham cac binh dien khac
nhau cua van hgc hau hien dai, bieu hien y nghTa quan trong chai che nhat trong nhan thirc

Dong gop can ban va dirge thita nlifn nhieu nhat cua Ihab Hassan vg chu nghia hau hien dai la cuon Su
phan manh cua Orpheus Ve van hoc hdu luen dai (The Dismenbremenl of Orpheus - Toward a
Postmodern Literature -]Ac\\ York. Oxford Universin Press. 1971) Lan xu^t ban thii hai cua cong trinh
nav CO them mot Itrl Hau bat. dirge dich ra tieng Rumani boi Andrei Darlau \a dugc cong bo tren Caieie
crilice, s6 1-2. 1986. so dac biel danh eho chu nghm hau hien dai.
 TRLfdNG OAI HDC THU OO HA NOI
JUL
luan. noi bat qua dinh hudng xep loai nham biet hda danh tinh Chii nghTa hau hien dai,
mang lai cho tu duy Hoa Ki bien thai hau cau triic chu nghTa (poststructuraliste) dugc ghi
nhan bdng thuat ngir "giai cau triic (le destructivisme)". Phong trao giai cdu triic khdi dau
ttr Hpi thao chuyen de do Richard Macsey va Eugenio Donato to chirc nam 1986, d Johns
Hopkins Humanities Center, vdi chii dl: "Cac ngdn ngQ phe binh va cac khoa hpc nhan
van". Hpi thao dl xudt va khai thac "su dung dp ciia tu duy cau triic luan duong dai ve cac
phuang phap phe binh trong khoa hpc xa hgi va nhan van" [4, tr.l57]. Tinh chat trung tam/
ngoai bien trd lhanh trpng tam ctia thdi ki mdi, de di tdi su khang dinh vai tro ciia cai ngoai
bien. 6 day, cai ngoai bien trd lhanh su md rpng ben bd ciia tu duy khoa hgc mdi, ciia su
dao sau tim kiem va ducmg nhien cung la mgt cuoc phieu luu mdi, co the vo ban co the
khong, CO thi chdp nhan co the khong nhung dau muon dau khdng thi cai ngoai bien cung
da lim dugc cho dung ctia no, hien hinh mgt each viing chai khong the phii nhan trong
dong chay ciia Uch sir.
Bao cao ''Cdu true, ki hieu vd tro chai trong dien ngdn ciia cdc khoa hgc nhdn van-La
structure, le signe et lej'eu dans le discoiirs des sciences humames"' ciia J.Derrida tai Hgi
thao Hopkins (Hopkin's Symposium), dupe don nhan nong nhiet, trd thanh tuyen ngon li
Ihuyet ciia giai cau tnic Diem dot pha mang tinh each mang trong bao cao nay cua
J.Derrida la su tan cong sac sao chong lai cau triic luan, chong lai quan niem mo hinh
truyen thong ve mpt "trung lam"; mo hinh nay dam bao cho su on dinh cao ciia cau true,
lao ra sir don nen va xac lap cac cua tro chai, vi the mgi cai bieu dat phai khuon theo mo
hinh nay khi tham gia tro chai do. "Chirc nang ciia lrung tam"- J.Derrida giai thich - khong
phai de dinh hudng, tao can bing va hay to chiic cau tnic - ma han tat ca, no dam bao - nhu
mot nguyen lac gidi han tl chirc cai toi goi la "tro choi cdu true" [5, tr.278]. J.Derrida chi
ro trong lich sir cau triic luan, tu tudng "lrung lam" dugc dinh nghia theo nhilu kiiu khac
nhau, chang ban, nhu chuoi thuat ngu, in du: "Eidos arche, tellos. energia. oursia (ban
chat, ton lai, thuc the, chu the), oletheia, tinh chdt sieu nghiem, y thtrc, Thupng dl, con
ngudi va cir thi tiip tuc" [5, tr 279]. Xung dot trung tam/ ngoai bien da di din h6i kit,
nhung khong phai di triet lieu lan nhau ma dk ton tao cho nhau, nang len thanh nhtmg vdn
de mdi lien quan den dien trinh lich su ducmg dai. Trudc hit la quan he giiJa cdu true/ hau
cau true, sau do d mot mirc dp cao hem la cdu triic/ hau cdu true >< giai cdu true.

Trong thdi ki cuoi ciing, cau iriic luan don nhan mgl "biln cl-diit gay", dl ddn ddn
ngung kel lai, khong phai trong quan he xac dinh vdi "lrung tam" ma la quan he phi trung

Bao cao nay da dirge dira vao trong tom tat noi dung cua tap Viic viil va do sai lech - L 'Ecriiure
et la difference- nam ! 967.
T A P C H i K H O A H D C - BO l l / Z O t B H ^^

tam. Qua trinh "giai trung tam" xudt hien nhu mgt tdt yiu, cho phep tu do "cau tnic hda
cac cau tnic". Theo J. Derrida, tu tudng "trung tam" da 16 dien trong cac bai viet ciia
Claude Levi-Strauss; tuy vdn con mau sdc cdu tnic luan (Tu duy hoang dd - La Pensee
sauvage, 1962; Cdi sdng vd cdi chin-Le Cru et le Cuit, 1964). Nhtmg bai viit nay cua
Levi-Strauss da c6 nhCmg ggi y mang tinh hau hien dai: "Trong thuc te, nhiing gi thu hiit
sij phe binh theo chuan muc mdi cua diin ngon, ciing chinh la su tuyen bo rdi bo mgi ao
tudng ve cdi trung tdm, hoac la vi mpt chu the, mgl dong quy uu trpi, mpt nguon goc hay
mgt archia tuyet dii nao do" [5, tr.286]. Viec loai bo tu tudng "trung tam" xac lap true
tiep mpt cau tnic co kha nang thoat khoi mpi sir kiem soat, xac lap mot tro choi tu do ciia
nhtmg cai bieu dat. Luan de tro choi vo han ciia cau true ngay tir dau loai bo tu tudng coi
ket qua cuoi ciing ciia tro chai nay la mgt cau true hay mpt tong the; sir vang mat ciia mpi
trung tam dugc lao dung, cung trd thanh lien de cho "su Ihay the vo han", do do, su thay
the nay ducmg nhien la "phi tong the" [5, tr.289]. Mpt lan niia, cai ngoai bien lai len ngoi.
Khai niem "tro chai" (J.Derrida doi lap vdi khai niem nay ciia cau tnic luan ve "trung
tam" va ve "cau tnic trung tam hoa") dupe li giai sau sac trong Ve vdn phdp nghien cmi —
De la Grammatologie, xuat ban nam 1967. Trong tac pham nay, ong dua ra dinh nghTa:
"Toi CO the gpi tro chai la sir vang mat ciia bat luan cai dupe bieu dat hien minh nao, sir
vang mat dugc quan niem nhu tinh khong gidi ban ciia tro choi (...); tro choi nhu la su
vang mat ciia cai dugc bieu dat hien minh nay, khong phai la tro chcri trong the gidi nhu no
von van dupe dinh nghTa cho tdi bay gid (...) ma la tro chcri tu do ciia the gidi" [6. tr.50].
Khai niem "tro choi" cua J.Derrida, ngay lap tire, thu hiit sir quan tam ciia nhom giai
cau triic Hoa Ki. J.Derrida md ra xu hudng lam sau sac dac diem tinh da nghTa trong van
ban van hpc, cho mo hinh da tri, cho doi hoi thay the cai "long the"ciia nhCmg ngudi theo
chil nghTa hau hien dai. Geoffrey Hartman xac lap gia tn tu tudng "tro chai" da nghTa md
rpng ciia lac pham van hpc. Trong mpt nghien ciru eiia ong ve J.Derrida, ong viet: "Van de
cai thuc tao thanh tro chai mang linh he thong d Derrida, ciia serio ludere' ciia ong la.
Dinh nghTa trd chat lir do (free play) nay la de hieu... Nhu mgt ca che hudng lgi mpi tro
choi tu do, hoac nhu mpt ao tudng phi thuc le, day due vong, co tinh hinh thai... hoac nhu
mgt tro chcri ngon ngii vdi rat nhieu kha bien da dang ma lanh tinh quai. tdi mirc toi co the
noi ldi bay kieu ma ho ludng phan ciing luc ve mgt su thue. cung nhu noi tdi su ton tai ciia
bay each cham chgc, hay bay kieu tpi do. Tren thuc te, van de khong phai d cho no khong
dim dugc..., ma qua trung gian cua tro choi tu do. no khong bj dong kin trong y thiic ve su
mau thudn va ve tinh nude doi lap Id" [7, tr.782]. Su va cham ngam ngam giira trung tam /
naoai bien lai duoc he 16 trong dong chay ctia tu duy thdi dai.

' Hiiu la. tro choi nghiem chinh (ND)

12 II T R U d N G OAL H D C THlI] B D H A N D I

Cac hieu qua "dirt gdy" nhu vay (loai bo quan ni?m cdu true cd linh trung ldm - duac
trung tdm hda va ddt ra nguyen tac Iro chai tu do) xuat hien hit siic tinh tl trong li thuyet
van ban. Theo xu hudng nay, khai niem tac dpng den su phat triln cua tilu thuyit duemg
dai, cua chii nghTa hinh thirc va chti nghTa cau true ve "tac pham" (hiiu theo nghTa mpt
"ting thi", mpt loan the c6 to chiic, mpt cong trinh cau tnic hoa ben vumg dat trong quan
he vdi trung tam) se nhudng ch6 cho khai niem hdu cau tnic, cho tinh van ban (la textualiie
- dugc hilu la "linh vo hai ciia sir chuyin hoa (rinnocence de la transformation)", kh6ng bi
bao kin hay bj che chdn bdi qui tdc nao, dugc riit ra true tiep tir bieu bleu ciia an du me
cung (la labyrinthe); tinh van ban- Frank Lentriccha noi - la "mpt quan niem chinh thong,
thudng duoc binh giai cuing nhiet linh cua cac de tu Derrida d Hoa Ki, qua an du me
cung" [8, lr.l79], Hinh thiic trung lam / ngoai bien xudt hien ir day qua cap nhi nguyen
ludng tinh: van ban / lien van ban, tuan thii qui tac / phi quy tac, dan tdi cap dem tri / da trj.
Quan niem tinh van ban - dugc cac nha giai cau tnic nhiel tinh lua chpn - cung la tam
diim li thuyit ciia nhom Tel - Quel, nhom ma Derrida khong dimg ngoai cupc, cho dii
quan he ciia ong vdi nhom nay dac biet song gio. Trong giai doan hau cau true, dong gop
quan trpng lien quan den khai niem vdn bdn dexte) va tinh vdn bdn (textualiie), dugc the
hien trong tac pham S/Z ciia Roland Barthes, cong bo 1970, chac chan, do vap phai toan bp
khai niem tdc phdm (I 'oeuvre) truyen thong khong the thao tac ma phai di tdi dua vao "linh
da tri ttr do van ban dugc tao ra", mpt tinh da tri "loan thang"; chiing se xep dat cai dugc
viet tot nhat vao an du "thien ha" cac bieu dat: "Trong van ban li tudng nay, cac mang luoi
la rat nhieu; chiing lu cung cap ma khong can mot cai nao do Ip ra, khi xep chong len nhau,
thing ngu hay dieu khien nhirng cai khac; cai tat ca nay la mot thien ha ciia cac bieu dat,
ma khong phai la mgl cau tnic ciia nhiing cai bleu dat"'.

Cac phucmg phap binh giai can nam bat dupe tam quan trpng ciia mo hinh mdi - mang
tinh da tri - cua tinh van ban nay va phai tiep nhan theo dung chiin luge: "Neu ehiing la
quan lam chti y vao linh da tri cua mgt van ban (so lugng gidi han tiiy y) thi chung ta can
phai ttr bo eau tnic hien hinh trong mgl khoi thing nhdl nhu cac nha tu tir hpe c6 diln hay
phe binh ban lam van lam, eiing khong xual phat tir viee xay dung van ban; tdt ca phai tao
nghTa khong ngimg va lao nghTa nhiiu Idn, eung khong edn phai di tdi viec cho ra mgt eai
loan the Idn lao cuoi cimg, hay mpt cdu Iriic culi ciing"'. Viec phe binh, tuy vay, vin cdn
phai tuan thti dieu kien mang tinh phan manh ctia van ban van hgc va vi miic dp ciia thuc

Roland Barthes S Z in Romaniil scriiom Antologie, selectie de texte si de traducere dc Adnana Babeti si
Delia Sepelean-Vasihu Lm noi dSu cua Adnana Babeti Hau b^t cua Delia Sepetean-Vasiliu.{Buc,
Ed Univers, 19S7,) trang 160
Roland Banhes Sdd, trang 161
TAP CHI KHCA HDD - SO II/ZOIB ll '^

te cau tnic van ban nay: "Viec phe binh theo ttmg budc Idn lupt, dong nghTa vdi viec bang
no luc, lam mdi hoa, cac con dudng tham nhap van ban, Uanh cau tnic lai van ban mdt
cdch thdi qua, thir tai dp du thira ciia cau tnic khi binh giai van ban, va khi khep lai cong
viec chimg ta lam mdi lai van ban thanh mdt chum sao, theo do, chiing ta se pha vd van
ban va khong lien kil van ban lai ntra"'. Qua tdt ca cae luan cir nay Roland Barthes da doi
l|p tu tudng chinh thong cua ki nguyen hien dai (tu tudng ve cai tong the), xac lap va thay
vao do, tu tudng ve su phan manh.
Tir quan hS giira "tac pham - oeuvre" va "van ban - texte" - vdi su nhan manh dac biet
dac diim ciia tinh da tri (la pluralite), phan biet vdi quan niem thii hai - Roland Barthes di
tdi mpt nghien eiiu day tinh kham pha. Trong Tir tdc phdm tai van bdn (De I 'oeuvre au
texte) xuat ban 1971, ong riit ra tinh da tri eiia van ban khong nen hieu rieng re nhu mot so
nhieu ve nghTa, nhu mgt su da dang ve nghTa, ma trudc het phai hieu nhu la su khong xac
dinh mang tinh ngu nghTa (rindetermination semantique): "Van ban la da tri. Dieu nay
khong CO nghTa chi vi trong van ban ton tai nhieu ngiiia. ma trudc tien, no da tri bdi vi no
thuc hien mpt so nhieu mang nghTa, mot so nhieu khdng the gidn quy (Tirreducttble). Van
ban khong phai ia cai dang ton tai ding thdi tir nhiing gi dupe hieu. ma la su chuyen ddi,
xuyen qua; no tra Idi khong phai cho mgt dien giai hay chi cho mgt tu do dien giai ma la
cho mgt su biing no. cho mgt su phat tan (la dissemination)"'.

Khuynh hudng ttr bo quan niem long the ciia lac pham va xac lap quan niem mdi ve
tinh da tri ciia van ban sau do vai nam da dugc he 16 ttr nhimg vet nut ciia ehii nghia cau
tnic, theo quan niem quen thupc. dat tdi hinh thiic lai tap ve Tdc phdm md /Oeuvre
ouverte) do Umberlo Eco de xuat. Nha ki hieu hpc ngudi Italia nhan manh (trong Opera
aperta, 1962). hien tugng nay von rat pho bien trong nghe thuat duang dai, viee lam giam
bdt dang ke mirc dp to chiic hinh thirc ciia tac pham, dac biet la su vang mat "cae ket thiic"
cuoi cting ("Idi noi thudng la lac pham khong co kel thuc"-') va noi ehung, qua su loai bo
"cai trung tam" ("rdi bo cai trung tam von dang ep buoc diem nhin uu trpi"', de xac lap mo
hinh mdi ve eau tnic tac pham. eo dac trung da cue (la muhipolarite). mo hinh co kha nang
chi ra coi nguon ciia ngu nghTa dac thii"v6 han - khong xac dinh".

Roland Barthes Sdd, trang 163

Roland Barthes From Work lo Texi. in Josuc V Haran. ed Textual Strategies Perspeclives in Posl-
Striiciuralisl Criticism Edited and with and introduction b\ . (Itbaka, N'cww York Cornell Universit>
Press, 1979), trang 76. Bai vigl na> dirac cong bo lan dau tien trong Re\ ue d esiheiique. so 3/1971.
Umberto Eco; Tac pham mo. Hinh thuc va sir khong ket dinh trong cac thi phap dirong dai - Opera
deschisa. Forma sj indeierminare in poeticile contemporane Gioi thieu va dich boi Cornel Mihai lonescu
(Buc.Hd pentru Literalura Universald. 1969.1 trang 21
14 II _^ TRLfClNB BAI HOC THlIl BD HA NOI

Ngoai su tao bao nay, Umberto Eco con them vao nhiiu suy tu khac, tiin gan tdi quan
niem vl van ban; nhtmg nha ki hieu hpc ngudi Italia nay cung nghiem tiic chi ra cac lien
kit tao nghTa, ciing chi mang tinh chat tuang doi khi doi dien vdi quan niem tac phdm;
tucmg tu, ong noi den "su hien dien cua dau hieu-ki hieu ttr bat cii mgl su tu do va nglu
nhien nao co thi xay ra, thi chung quy, cac dau hieu-ki hieu van la ket qua ciia mot su dong
nhat, va tiep theo, la ciia mot tac pham"'.
Su doi lap giiia van ban va tac phdm - chung cue, van la mire dp nang cao hay gian
quy cdu tnic cda ehiing (tire van ban-tac phdm) - nhung khong chi bao ham su doi lap giira
cai "ling thi" va "linh da tri" - ma Irai l^i - con tir su dii lap giira su "lien ket tuong ho ngi
lai (la coherence interne)" va "tinh diit doan (la discontinuation)". Hinh thai cuoi cting nay
dupe dua ra trong cuoc thao luan giira ong vdi mgt vai dai dien tieng tam ciia gidi phe binh
Hoa Ki, qua do, J.Hillis Miller "dinh nghTa vira ca van ban phe binh (van ban ttr than va
van ban trong quan he vdi van ban dang dupe binh giai), vira ca van ban van hgc (van ban
tu than hoac trong quan he hen van ban vdi cac van ban khac) qua "tinh lucmg ho khong
lien ket tao sinh (Lincoherence constitutive)" [9, tr.l73].
Den lugt minh, khi mieu ta va dinh nghTa cae dac diem dac thii cua vdn hdn van hpc,
Fredric Jameson da lam sang to mpt thuc te, Irong thdi dai khi "tac pham nghe thuat" gan
lien vdi co che to chirc va nguyen li "quan he lien kel npi tai", thi vdn bdn ttr no mang lai
mpt kieu hinh quan he ngi tai mdi; d do, trgng tam dugc dat tren khu biet (la
differencial ion) va ndi long (la disjonction). Cac nha li thuyet van ban - Frederic Jameson
chi ro - "chi danh moi su quan tam chii y vao tinh khong thuan nhat (la heterogeneite) va
chieu sau ciia tinh gian doan (la discontinualite) dac trung cho san pham nghe thuat, von la
cai da ngimg xuat hien nhu la sir thing nhdt hiiu ca, cai dang trd thanh ngay cang ro kieu
liii dung do lat vat hay do cong kenh vdi nhung tilu he thing 16i thdi khong thong dung va
nhtrng ehal lieu ban dau day ir nhirng cai vo vj, khong sire sing. Noi each khac, din day,
tac pham nghe thual tu chuyen hoa thanh van ban" [10, lr.3I]. Tuy nhien, niu chii nghTa
hien dai de cao tinh khdp noi (1'articulation) ciia tdc phdm nghe thudt, thi chii nghTa hau
hien dai, trai lai, khdi dong giai khdp nli (la desartieulation) theo kilu tam thdn phan liet
(theo each chiing tam than phan liet dupe xac dinh nhu la "sir dut gay trong day chuyin
bieu dat, hay noi each khac. trong khuon khi mang ludi ciia chuoi ngtr doan, cua nhirng
kha nang tao nghTa va vdi su giiip dd cua cac kha nang lao nghTa nay, ngudi la se xay dung
dugc mpt menh di hay mgt each hiiu") [10, tr26]. Chi bang cdc dac dilm tao sinh liim
nang ciia no (vang mat tinh lien kit noi tai), thi vdn bdn - Frederic Jameson tiip tuc nhdn

Umberlo Eto, Sdd. trang 127

TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO It/ZOIB 15

manh - mdi tu chi ra dupe su khdc xa vo han cua mpi khuynh hudng kit tinh ve de tai hay
ve nghJa; van hoc hau hien dai, do do, "tu xac dinh tir van canh ndy, nhu mpt cau tnic hay
nhu su phat triln md rdng cac ki hieu nai tin t ^ mdt nghia bdt ki, nai logic npi t?i ciia no
loai bd sir xudt hien dl tai khac cimg dang" [2, tr.91].
Cudi cimg, su ddi lap giira tdc phdm vd van bdn duac nhan ra dudi mpt dang thiic
khac, khi tdc phdm luon ludn dupe xac dinh trong gidi han chieu sau cua nd, luc do vdn
bdn dupe mieu ta nhu la mpt phdn (hay nhu mpt phan manh), trong mot van ban tong qudt,
ma trong thuc tien, van ban nay la su md rpng vo ban.
Tir diem nhin li thuyet, viec ^ lai vdn bdn ddc biit (le texte particulier) nay (hay
"trudng van ban - le champs textuel" theo each gpi ciia J.Derrida) trong khuon kho van bdn
tong qudt (le texte general), dii dudi gdc dp nao [9, tr.l75], ciing chi tao ra ca sd cho hien
tugng lien vdn ban (I'intertextualite).

3. KET LUAN

Nhin chung, cupc van dgng trung tam / ngoai bien trong Iich su van hpc va tu tudng
phuong Tay, vl ban chdt la su xung dot mudn thud giiia pham tru Apollo va pham trii
Dionisos, giira khudn hinh co dinh ap dat va su pha vd khuon hinh de gidi thoat ra khdi vo
bpc hinh thiic. Cudc van ddng dd gan lien vdi lich sir van hda cua phuang Tay, cting la
cu6c vdn dpng tu tudng cua thdi dai, cd thi cue doan cd thi khong, nhung d muc do chung
nhat, cdi ngoai bien da the hien vai tro md rpng gidi ban nhdn thiic eiia no. Tir quan diem
nay, viec phdn dinh trung tam/ ngoai bien mpt each may moc se din tdi nhiing hau qua
khong ludng mpt khi dp dat len dd each nhin tu tudng he chinh thong.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. J.Fr.Lyotard (1979), Diiu kien hdu Men dgi, Nxb Minuit- Pari.
2 Ihab Hassan (1966), Tinh da tri trong viin cdnh hau hien dgi (Pluralism in Postmodernism),
trong Critical Inquiry, Spring 1966, tap 12.
3. Michel Foucalt (1964), £ar Mor.? et les choses, Paris, Gallimard, Tel.1964.
4. Frank Lentriccha (1980), Theo ddu Chii ngfua phi binh mai 'After the New Criticism, Hie
University of Chicago Press.
5. Jacques Derrida (1978), Cdu true, ki hiiu vd tro chai Irong dien ngon cdc khoa hgc nhdn vdn
~ Structure, Signe and Play in the Discours of the Humain Sciences, in Writing and Difference
— Translated, with an Introduction and Additional Notes by Alan Bass (The University of
Chicago Press, 1978).
16 I TRLfdNG BAI HDC THlIl BO HA NOI

6. Jacques Derrida (1976), Vi van phap nghien ciiu - Of Grammatology, translated by GayaUi
Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ.Press, 1976).
7. Geoffrey Hartman( 1979). Monsieur Texte : On Jacques Derrida. His Glass, in Georgia Reweu
29 (Winter 1979).
8 Frank Lentricchia' Sdd, trang 179
9 loana Em, Petrescu (1991), Quan niem "van bdn" trong cdch nhin gidi cdu true (Conceptul de
"text" in viziune decontructivistd, tn Diana Adamek sj loana Bot (eds). Portrei de grup cu
loana Em.Pelrescu (Cluj-Napoca, Ed Dacia, 1991).
10. Frideric Jameson (1991). Logic vdn hoa ciia Chu nghTa lu bdn hien nay, trong Chu nghTa Hgu
hien dai hay Logic vdn hoa cua Chit nghTa tu bdn - The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, in
Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham; Duke University Press. 1991)

THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL ISSUES OF THE WEST

FROM HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract: In the recent years, the conception on central and peripheral issues often
appeared in term of modernism. In fact, these terms have appeared in western literacy for
a long time. The article mentions to these terms, especially the poshion and role of
peripheral issue in the XX century.

Keywords- central, peripheral, post-modern, historical and cultural perspective