Economics Project 2021-2022: Name: Jhalak Gupta Class: Xi S ID: 3090 Submitted To: Ms. Manasvi Singh Tanwar

ECONOMICS PROJECT
2021-2022
NAME: JHALAK GUPTA

CLASS: XI S
ID: 3090
SUBMITTED TO: MS. MANASVI
SINGH TANWAR
JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
THE SUCCESS AND THE FINAL OUTCOME OF
THIS PROJECT REQUIRED A LOT OF GUIDANCE
AND ASSISITANCE FROM MANY PEOPLE AND I
AM EXTREMELY PRIVILIGED TO HAVE THIS
SUPPORT ALL ALONG THE COMPLETION OF
MY PROJECT. ALL THAT I HAVE DONE IS ONLY
DUE TO SUCH SUPERVISION AND ASSISTANCE
AND I WOULD NOT FORGET TO THANK THEM.
I WISH TO EXPRESS MY DEEP GRATITUDE AND
SINCERE THANKS TO THE SCHOOL PRINCIPAL,
MS. SHEELA RAGHU FOR HER
ENCOURAGEMENT AND OPPORTUNITY FOR
THIS PROJECT.
I RESPECT MS. MANASVI MA’AM, FOR
PROVIDING ME AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THE
PROJECT WORK AND GIVING ALL OF US
SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE WHICH MADE ME
COMPLETE THE PROJECT DULY. I AM
EXTREMELY THANKFUL FOR HER FOR
PROVIDING SUCH A NICE SUPPORT AND
GUIDANCE.

PROJECT 1:
POVERTY
ALLEVIATION
PROGRAMMES

INDEX
SERIAL NO. CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GORDIAN KNOT: POVERTY
3
TYPES OF POVERTY
4
POVERTY LINE
5 EXTENT OF POVERTY IN
INDIA
6 CAUSES OF POVERTY
7 INTRODUCTION OF
POVERTY
ALLEVIATION
PROGRAMMES

INTRODUCTION
MORE THAN 800 MILLION PEOPLE IN INDIA ARE CONSIDERED

POOR. MOST OF THEM LIVE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE AND KEEP
AFLOAT WITH ODD JOBS. THE LACK OF EMPLOYMENT WHICH
PROVIDES A LIVABLE WAGE IN RURAL AREAS IS DRIVING MANY
INDIANS INTO RAPIDLY GROWING METROPOLITAN AREAS SUCH
AS BOMBAY, DELHI, BANGALORE OR CALCUTTA. THERE, MOST OF
THEM EXPECT A LIFE OF POVERTY AND DESPAIR IN THE MEGA-
SLUMS, MADE UP OF MILLIONS OF CORRUGATED IRONWORKS,
WITHOUT SUFFICIENT DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, WITHOUT
GARBAGE DISPOSAL AND IN MANY CASES WITHOUT
ELECTRICITY. THE POOR HYGIENE CONDITIONS ARE THE CAUSE
OF DISEASES SUCH AS CHOLERA, TYPHUS AND DYSENTERY, IN
WHICH ESPECIALLY CHILDREN SUFFER AND DIE.
TWO-THIRDS OF PEOPLE IN INDIA LIVE IN POVERTY: 68.8% OF
THE INDIAN POPULATION LIVES ON LESS THAN $2 A DAY. OVER
30% EVEN HAVE LESS THAN $1.25 PER DAY AVAILABLE - THEY
ARE CONSIDERED EXTREMELY POOR. THIS MAKES THE INDIAN
SUBCONTINENT ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES IN THE
WORLD; WOMEN AND CHILDREN, THE WEAKEST MEMBERS OF
INDIAN SOCIETY, SUFFER MOST.
INDIA IS THE SECOND MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY AFTER

CHINA WITH ABOUT 1.2 BILLION PEOPLE AND ISTHE SEVENTH
LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD WITH AN AREA OF 3,287,000
KM². THE HIGHLY CONTRASTED COUNTRY HAS ENJOYED
GROWTH RATES OF UP TO 10% OVER MANY YEARS AND IS ONE
OF THE LARGEST ECONOMIES IN THE WORLD, WITH A GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) OF 1,644 BILLION US DOLLARS. BUT
ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE INDIAN POPULATION HAS
BENEFITED FROM THIS IMPRESSIVE ECONOMIC BOOM SO FAR,
AS THE MAJORITY OF PEOPLE IN INDIA ARE STILL LIVING IN
ABJECT POVERTY.

GORDIAN KNOT: POVERTY
POVERTY IS A STATE OR CONDITION IN WHICH A PERSON OR

COMMUNITY LACKS THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND ESSENTIALS
FOR A MINIMUM STANDARD OF LIVING. POVERTY MEANS THAT
THE INCOME LEVEL FROM EMPLOYMENT IS SO LOW THAT BASIC
HUMAN NEEDS CAN'T BE MET.
THE ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY IS INCREASINGLY SEEN AS A
FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMIC OBJECTIVE. POVERTY CREATES MANY
ECONOMIC COSTS IN TERMS OF THE OPPORTUNITY COST OF LOST
OUTPUT, THE COST OF WELFARE PROVISION, AND THE PRIVATE
AND EXTERNAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCLUSION FROM
NORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THESE COSTS INCLUDE THE COSTS
OF UNEMPLOYMENT, CRIME, AND POOR HEALTH. IN ADDITION,
THE POOR HAVE LITTLE DISPOSABLE INCOME, AND SO CANNOT
SPEND AND GENERATE INCOME FOR FIRMS AND JOBS FOR OTHER
INDIVIDUALS.
POVERTY HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH POOR
HEALTH, LOW LEVELS OF EDUCATION OR SKILLS, AN INABILITY
OR AN UNWILLINGNESS TO WORK, HIGH RATES OF DISRUPTIVE OR
DISORDERLY BEHAVIOUR, AND IMPROVIDENCE. WHILE THESE
ATTRIBUTES HAVE OFTEN BEEN FOUND TO EXIST WITH POVERTY,
THEIR INCLUSION IN A DEFINITION OF POVERTY WOULD TEND TO
OBSCURE THE RELATION BETWEEN THEM AND THE INABILITY TO
PROVIDE FOR ONE’S BASIC NEEDS.
ALTHOUGH POVERTY IS A PHENOMENON AS OLD
AS HUMAN HISTORY, ITS SIGNIFICANCE HAS CHANGED OVER
TIME. UNDER TRADITIONAL (I.E., NONINDUSTRIALIZED) MODES OF
ECONOMIC PRODUCTION, WIDESPREAD POVERTY HAD BEEN
ACCEPTED AS INEVITABLE. THE TOTAL OUTPUT OF GOODS AND
SERVICES, EVEN IF EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED, WOULD STILL HAVE
BEEN INSUFFICIENT TO GIVE THE ENTIRE POPULATION A
COMFORTABLE STANDARD OF LIVING BY PREVAILING
STANDARDS. WITH THE ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY THAT
RESULTED FROM INDUSTRIALIZATION, HOWEVER, THIS CEASED

TO BE THE CASE—ESPECIALLY IN THE WORLD’S
MOST INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, WHERE NATIONAL OUTPUTS
WERE SUFFICIENT TO RAISE THE ENTIRE POPULATION TO A
COMFORTABLE LEVEL IF THE NECESSARY REDISTRIBUTION
COULD BE ARRANGED WITHOUT ADVERSELY AFFECTING OUTPUT .

TYPES OF POVERTY
ABSOLUTE POVERTY: IT IS A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY

SEVERE DEPRIVATION OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS, INCLUDING
FOOD, SAFE DRINKING WATER, SANITATION FACILITIES, HEALTH,
SHELTER, EDUCATION AND INFORMATION. IT DEPENDS NOT ONLY
ON INCOME BUT ALSO ON ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES. FOR
EXAMPLE, A FAMILY IS POOR IF IT IS NOT ABLE TO EARN FOOD,
WATER OR EVEN A BASIC KUTCHA HOUSE TO LIVE.
RELATIVE POVERTY: IT IS A LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME

WHICH IS CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN MEDIAN INCOME OF THE
COUNTRY. IT IS THE LACK OF RESOURCES WHEN COMPARED TO
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. IT IS A RELATIVE CONCEPT
THEREFORE IT DIFFERS ACROSS COUNTRIES. FOR EXAMPLE, A
FAMILY MAY BE CONSIDERED POOR IF IT IS NOT ABLE TO SEND
THEIR CHILDREN IN GOOD SCHOOL EVEN THOUGH THEY HAVE
BASIC AMENITIES LIKE FOOD, WATER, SHELTER ETC.
SITUATIONAL POVERTY: IT IS TEMPORARY IN NATURE AND

OCCURS DUE TO SOME ADVERSE SITUATION LIKE EARTHQUAKES,
FLOODS OR SOME SEVERE HEALTH PROBLEM. FOR EXAMPLE, A
FAMILY EARNS DECENT INCOME OF $400 PER MONTH AND IS ABLE
TO MEET BASIC NECESSITIES OF LIFE. ONE DAY EARTHQUAKE
HITS THE CITY AND DESTROYS THEIR HOUSE; EARNING MEMBER
OF FAMILY LOSES HIS JOB. SO A WELL OFF FAMILY SUDDENLY
BECOMES POOR OVERNIGHT.
GENERATIONAL OR CHRONIC POVERTY: THIS TYPE OF POVERTY

IS INHERITED BY HOUSEHOLD. THE TWO TO THREE GENERATION
BORN INTO POVERTY AND THEY DO NOT HAVE TOOLS TO COME
OUT OF THIS SITUATION.
RURAL POVERTY: IT OCCURS IN NON-METRO AREAS WITH

POPULATION LESS THAN 50,000 INHABITANTS. DUE TO LESSER
POPULATION, THE AREA LACKS BASIC SERVICES AND AMENITIES
WHICH IS THE CAUSE OF THEIR FINANCIAL STRUGGLE.
URBAN POVERTY: IT OCCURS IN AREAS WITH POPULATION OF

MORE THAN 50,000 INHABITANTS. THESE FAMILIES LIVE IN MUCH
STRESSED CONDITION DUE TO OVERCROWDING. THEY LACK
BASIC NECESSITIES LIKE AFFORDABLE HOUSING.

POVERTY LINE
POVERTY LINE IS THE LEVEL OF INCOME TO MEET THE

MINIMUM LIVING CONDITIONS.
POVERTY LINE IS THE AMOUNT OF MONEY NEEDED FOR

A PERSON TO MEET HIS BASIC NEEDS. IT IS DEFINED AS
THE MONEY VALUE OF THE GOODS AND SERVICES
NEEDED TO PROVIDE BASIC WELFARE TO AN
INDIVIDUAL.
POVERTY LINE DIFFERS FROM ONE COUNTRY TO

ANOTHER, DEPENDING UPON THE IDEA OF POVERTY. IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WHERE THERE IS ADVANCED
STANDARD OF LIVING AND WELFARE CONCEPTS,
POVERTY LINE IS HIGH AS BASIC STANDARD TO LIVE
INCLUDE HIGHER CONSUMPTION REQUIREMENTS AND
ACCESSIBILITY TO MANY GOODS AND SERVICE.
ESTIMATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA
ACCORDING TO RECENT REPORTS, MORE THAN A QUARTER OF

THE POPULATION LIVING IN RURAL AREAS OF INDIA IS BELOW
THE POVERTY LINE. OUT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION LIVING IN
THE RURAL PARTS OF INDIA, 25.7% IS LIVING BELOW THE
POVERTY LINE WHEREAS IN THE URBAN AREAS, THE SITUATION IS
A BIT BETTER WITH 13.7% OF THE POPULATION LIVING BELOW
THE POVERTY LINE.
 POVERTY ESTIMATION IN INDIA IS CARRIED OUT BY NITI

AAYOG’S TASK FORCE THROUGH THE CALCULATION OF
POVERTY LINE BASED ON THE DATA CAPTURED BY THE
NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY OFFICE UNDER THE MINISTRY
OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
(MOSPI).
 POVERTY LINE ESTIMATION IN INDIA IS BASED ON THE
CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE.
 POVERTY IS MEASURED BASED ON CONSUMER
EXPENDITURE SURVEYS OF THE NATIONAL SAMPLE
SURVEY ORGANISATION. A POOR HOUSEHOLD IS DEFINED
AS ONE WITH AN EXPENDITURE LEVEL BELOW A SPECIFIC
POVERTY LINE.
 THE INCIDENCE OF POVERTY IS MEASURED BY THE
POVERTY RATIO, WHICH IS THE RATIO OF THE NUMBER OF
POOR TO THE TOTAL POPULATION EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENTAGE. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS HEAD-COUNT RATIO.
 ALAGH COMMITTEE (1979) DETERMINED A POVERTY LINE
BASED ON A MINIMUM DAILY REQUIREMENT OF 2400 AND
2100 CALORIES FOR AN ADULT IN RURAL AND URBAN AREA
RESPECTIVELY.
 SUBSEQUENTLY DIFFERENT COMMITTEES; LAKDAWALA
COMMITTEE (1993), TENDULKAR COMMITTEE (2009),
RANGARAJAN COMMITTEE (2012) DID THE POVERTY
ESTIMATION.
 AS PER THE RANGARAJAN COMMITTEE REPORT (2014), THE
POVERTY LINE IS ESTIMATED AS MONTHLY PER CAPITA
EXPENDITURE OF RS. 1407 IN URBAN AREAS AND RS. 972 IN
RURAL AREAS.

EXTENT OF POVERTY IN INDIA
THE DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS AND UNDERLYING SMALL SAMPLE
SURVEYS USED TO DETERMINE POVERTY IN INDIA HAVE
RESULTED IN WIDELY VARYING ESTIMATES OF POVERTY FROM
THE 1950S TO 2010S. IN 2019, THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT STATED
THAT 6.7% OF ITS POPULATION IS BELOW ITS OFFICIAL POVERTY
LIMIT.
FROM THE LATE 19TH CENTURY THROUGH THE EARLY 20TH
CENTURY, UNDER THE BRITISH RAJ, POVERTY IN INDIA
INTENSIFIED, PEAKING IN THE 1920S. FAMINES AND DISEASES
KILLED MILLIONS EACH TIME. AFTER INDIA GAINED ITS
INDEPENDENCE IN 1947, MASS DEATHS FROM FAMINES WERE
PREVENTED. SINCE 1991, RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH HAS LED TO A
SHARP REDUCTION IN EXTREME POVERTY IN INDIA. HOWEVER,
THOSE ABOVE THE POVERTY LINE LIVE A FRAGILE ECONOMIC
LIFE.
AS PER THE METHODOLOGY OF THE SURESH
TENDULKAR COMMITTEE REPORT, THE POPULATION BELOW THE
POVERTY LINE IN INDIA WAS 354 MILLION IN 2009-2010 AND WAS
69 MILLION IN 2011–2012. IN 2014, THE RANGARAJAN COMMITTEE
SAID THAT THE POPULATION BELOW THE POVERTY LINE WAS 454
MILLION IN 2009-2010 AND WAS 363 MILLION IN 2011–2012.
DEUTSCHE BANK RESEARCH ESTIMATED THAT THERE ARE
NEARLY 300 MILLION PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE MIDDLE CLASS. IF
THESE PREVIOUS TRENDS CONTINUE, INDIA'S SHARE OF WORLD
GDP WILL SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE FROM 7.3% IN 2016 TO 8.5%
BY 2020. IN 2012, AROUND 170 MILLION PEOPLE, OR 12.4% OF
INDIA'S POPULATION, LIVED IN POVERTY AN IMPROVEMENT FROM
29.8% OF INDIA'S POPULATION IN 2009.
THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ESTIMATES INDIA'S POPULATION
TO BE AT 1.28 BILLION WITH AN AVERAGE GROWTH RATE OF 1.3%
FROM 2010 TO 2015. IN 2014, 9.9% OF THE POPULATION AGED 15
YEARS AND ABOVE WERE EMPLOYED. 6.9% OF THE POPULATION
STILL LIVES BELOW THE NATIONAL POVERTY LINE AND 63% IN
EXTREME POVERTY (DECEMBER 2018). THE WORLD POVERTY
CLOCK SHOWS REAL-TIME POVERTY TRENDS IN INDIA, WHICH
ARE BASED ON THE LATEST DATA, OF THE WORLD BANK, AMONG
OTHERS. AS PER RECENT ESTIMATES, THE COUNTRY IS WELL ON

ITS WAY OF ENDING EXTREME POVERTY BY MEETING ITS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS BY 2030.

CAUSES OF POVERTY
 POPULATION EXPLOSION: INDIA’S POPULATION HAS
STEADILY INCREASED THROUGH THE YEARS. DURING
THE PAST 45 YEARS, IT HAS RISEN AT A RATE OF 2.2% PER
YEAR, WHICH MEANS, ON AVERAGE, ABOUT 17 MILLION
PEOPLE ARE ADDED TO THE COUNTRY’S POPULATION
EACH YEAR. THIS ALSO INCREASES THE DEMAND FOR
CONSUMPTION GOODS TREMENDOUSLY.
 LOW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY: A MAJOR
REASON FOR POVERTY IN THE LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN
THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR. THE REASON FOR LOW
PRODUCTIVITY IS MANIFOLD. CHIEFLY, IT IS BECAUSE OF
FRAGMENTED AND SUBDIVIDED LAND HOLDINGS, LACK
OF CAPITAL, ILLITERACY ABOUT NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
FARMING, THE USE OF TRADITIONAL METHODS OF
CULTIVATION, WASTAGE DURING STORAGE, ETC.
 INEFFICIENT RESOURCE UTILISATION: THERE IS
UNDEREMPLOYMENT AND DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT
IN THE COUNTRY, PARTICULARLY IN THE FARMING
SECTOR. THIS HAS RESULTED IN LOW AGRICULTURAL
OUTPUT AND ALSO LED TO A DIP IN THE STANDARD OF
LIVING.
 LOW RATE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN LOW IN INDIA ESPECIALLY IN
THE FIRST 40 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE BEFORE THE LPG
REFORMS IN 1991.
 PRICE RISE: PRICE RISE HAS BEEN STEADY IN THE
COUNTRY AND THIS HAS ADDED TO THE BURDEN THE
POOR CARRY. ALTHOUGH A FEW PEOPLE HAVE
BENEFITED FROM THIS, THE LOWER INCOME GROUPS
HAVE SUFFERED BECAUSE OF IT, AND ARE NOT EVEN
ABLE TO SATISFY THEIR BASIC MINIMUM WANTS.
 UNEMPLOYMENT: UNEMPLOYMENT IS ANOTHER
FACTOR CAUSING POVERTY IN INDIA. THE EVER-
INCREASING POPULATION HAS LED TO A HIGHER
NUMBER OF JOB-SEEKERS. HOWEVER, THERE IS NOT
ENOUGH EXPANSION IN OPPORTUNITIES TO MATCH THIS
DEMAND FOR JOBS.

 LACK OF CAPITAL AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE
SHORTAGE OF CAPITAL AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
RESULTS IN LOW LEVEL OF INVESTMENT AND JOB
CREATION IN THE ECONOMY.
 SOCIAL FACTORS: APART FROM ECONOMIC FACTORS,
THERE ARE ALSO SOCIAL FACTORS HINDERING THE
ERADICATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA. SOME OF THE
HINDRANCES IN THIS REGARD ARE THE LAWS OF
INHERITANCE, CASTE SYSTEM, CERTAIN TRADITIONS,
ETC.
 COLONIAL EXPLOITATION: THE BRITISH
COLONISATION AND RULE OVER INDIA FOR ABOUT TWO
CENTURIES DE-INDUSTRIALISED INDIA BY RUINING ITS
TRADITIONAL HANDICRAFTS AND TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
COLONIAL POLICIES TRANSFORMED INDIA TO A MERE
RAW-MATERIAL PRODUCER FOR EUROPEAN INDUSTRIES.
 CLIMATIC FACTORS: MOST OF INDIA’S POOR BELONG
TO THE STATES OF BIHAR, UP, MP, CHHATTISGARH,
ODISHA, JHARKHAND, ETC. NATURAL CALAMITIES SUCH
AS FREQUENT FLOODS, DISASTERS, EARTHQUAKE AND
CYCLONE CAUSE HEAVY DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE IN
THESE STATES.

INTRODUCTION OF
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PROGRAMMES
ENABLING TRANSFORMATION WILL REQUIRE INVESTING IN ALL-
INCLUSIVE SOLUTIONS TO EDUCATION, FINANCIAL INCLUSION,
WELFARE AND EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES THAT CONFRONT THE
POOR IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS. TO MEET THIS EXPONENTIAL
DEMAND AND SET THE BALL ROLLING FOR SUSTAINING
EQUITABLE AND INCLUSIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND
REDUCING POVERTY – THE GOVERNMENT HAS LAUNCHED A
SERIES OF FLAGSHIP INITIATIVES – HOUSING FOR ALL, THE ATAL
MISSION FOR URBAN REJUVENATION AND TRANSFORMATION
(AMRUT), SMART CITIES MISSION, DIGITAL INDIA, JAN DHAN
YOJANA AND MAKE IN INDIA.
RECENT REFORMS INITIATED BY THE PRIME MINISTER HAVE
HELPED INCREASE FOREIGN INVESTMENT, CONTRIBUTING TO A
STIMULATING ENVIRONMENT FOR BUSINESS; INDIA’S RANKING IN
THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS REPORT IMPROVED FROM 71 IN
2014 TO 55 IN 2015. POLICIES FOR FINANCIAL AND DIGITAL
INCLUSION OF PEOPLE LIVING IN RURAL AREAS HAVE ALSO
SHOWN AN EQUALISING EFFECT. THE GOVERNMENT’S INITIATIVE
TO LINK BANK ACCOUNTS, MOBILE NUMBERS AND NATIONAL
IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS (JAM OR THE JAN DHAN-AADHAAR-
MOBILE TRINITY) HAS CONTRIBUTED TO SUBSTANTIAL
ADVANCES IN FINANCIAL INCLUSION. A FLAGSHIP INITIATIVE
FOR UNIVERSAL BANKING COVERAGE HAS ALSO BEEN LAUNCHED
TO ENSURE THAT EVERY INDIAN HAS A BANK ACCOUNT,
ENABLING THE GOVERNMENT TO TRANSFER SUBSIDIES AND
OTHER BENEFITS DIRECTLY TO THE TARGET BENEFICIARIES AND
PLUG LEAKAGES IN ITS WELFARE PROGRAMMES.
WHILE GROWTH WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE PRIME MOVER, ANTI-
POVERTY PROGRAMMES SUPPLEMENT THE GROWTH EFFORT AND
PROTECT THE POOR FROM DESTITUTION, SHARP FLUCTUATIONS
IN EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES AND SOCIAL INSECURITY. THE
SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMMES FOR
GENERATION OF BOTH SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND WAGE-

EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL AREAS HAVE BEEN REDESIGNED AND
RESTRUCTURED IN 1999-2000 IN ORDER TO ENHANCE THEIR
EFFICACY/IMPACT ON THE POOR AND IMPROVE THEIR
SUSTAINABILITY.
ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE

BEFORE THE GOVERNMENT. WHILE THERE HAS BEEN A STEADY
DECLINE IN RURAL POVERTY OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES,
THERE WERE 244 MILLION RURAL POOR (37 PER CENT OF THE
RURAL POPULATION) IN THE COUNTRY IN 1993-94, AS PER THE
LATEST AVAILABLE ESTIMATES. ACCELERATION OF ECONOMIC
GROWTH, WITH A FOCUS ON SECTORS WHICH ARE EMPLOYMENT-
INTENSIVE, FACILITATES THE REMOVAL OF POVERTY IN THE
LONG RUN.

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR
RURAL INDIA
1. DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAYA GRAMEEN KAUSHALYA YOJANA

ON THE 98TH BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF PANDIT DEENDAYAL
UPADHYAYA, THIS SCHEME BECAME OFFICIAL IN 2014. THE
MOTTO OF THIS SCHEME IS TO “TRANSFORM RURAL POOR YOUTH
INTO AN ECONOMICALLY INDEPENDENT AND GLOBALLY
RELEVANT WORKFORCE”. IT TARGETS YOUTH (15–35 YEARS) AS A
PART OF THE NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION.
IT AIMS TO GIVE DIVERSITY TO THE RURAL POOR FAMILY’S

INCOME AND HELP RURAL YOUTH WITH CAREERS. AN AMOUNT OF
RS 1,500 CRORES IS RELEASED FOR THIS SCHEME TO IMPROVE THE
EMPLOYABILITY OF RURAL YOUTH.
2. PRADHAN MANTRI GRAMIN AWAAS YOJANA

IT IS A SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMME BY THE INDIAN
GOVERNMENT FOR PROVIDING HOUSING FACILITIES TO RURAL
POOR IN INDIA. THIS SCHEME IS SIMILAR TO HOUSING FOR ALL BY
2022 SCHEME 2015. IT BEGAN AS INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA
LAUNCHED IN 1985.
IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND

CONSTRUCTS HOUSES FOR THE BPL POPULATION IN THE RURAL
AREAS. THIS PROVIDES CASH ASSISTANCE AND SUBSIDIES TO THE
VILLAGERS FOR BUILDING THEIR HOUSES.
3. GRAMIN BHANDARAN YOJANA

IT IS A CAPITAL INVESTMENT SUBSIDY SCHEME BEGUN IN 2001.
THE SUBSIDY IS FOR CONSTRUCTING OR RENOVATING THE
WAREHOUSES FOR STORING FARM PRODUCE IN RURAL AREAS.
THE IDEA IS TO INCREASE FARMER’S HOLDING CAPACITY.
THIS CAN AVOID DISTRESS SALES AND HELP THEM ESTABLISH. IT

PROMOTES SCIENTIFIC STORAGE CAPACITY WITH FACILITIES TO
HELP FARMERS.

4. DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAYA GRAM JYOTI YOJANA
IT IS A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA SCHEME TO PROVIDE A
CONTINUOUS POWER SUPPLY TO RURAL INDIA. THIS SCHEME
REPLACED RAJIV GANDHI GRAMEEN VIDYUTIKARAN YOJANA IN
2015. IT FOCUSES ON STRENGTHENING INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE
METERING AT ALL LEVELS IN RURAL AREAS.
THIS WILL HELP IN PROVIDING POWER TO AGRICULTURAL

CONSUMERS. IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF POWER.
5. REMUNERATIVE APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED

SECTOR REJUVENATION
IT WAS A NATIONAL AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
AND A STATE PLAN SCHEME OF ADDITIONAL CENTRAL
ASSISTANCE. IT BEGAN IN 2007 AS RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS
YOJANA. THIS WAS A PART OF THE 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN BY THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
IT WAS UNDER THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL AND AIMS

TO ACHIEVE A 4% ANNUAL GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE. IT ENDED
IN 2011 AFTER COMPLETING THE 11TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN.
MACHINE LEARNING PROJECT SPAM DETECTOR

6. SAMPOORNA GRAMEEN ROZGAR YOJANA
IT WAS A SCHEME BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TO PROVIDE
EMPLOYMENT FOR THE RURAL POOR. THE PANCHAYATI RAJ
INSTITUTION MAINTAINS THIS SCHEME. THE EMPLOYMENT
ASSURANCE SCHEME AND JAWAHAR GRAM SAMRIDHI YOJANA
MERGED AND LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SGRY IN 2003.
THE PROGRAMME AIMS TO PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT AND FOOD IN

RURAL AREAS TO BPL FAMILIES. IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY
OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
7. PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA

IT IS A NATIONWIDE PLAN IN INDIA TO PROVIDE GOOD ROAD
CONNECTIVITY TO SECLUDED AREAS. PLACES WITH POPULATIONS
OF 500 AND ABOVE ARE TO BE CONNECTED BY ALL-WEATHER
ROADS.

BY 2017, 82% OF THESE AREAS WERE ALREADY CONNECTED. THIS
CENTRALLY SPONSORED SCHEME BECAME OFFICIAL IN 2000 BY
LATE SHRI ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE.
8. PRADHAN MANTRI ADARSH GRAM YOJANA

IT IS A RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME BY THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT THAT BEGAN IN 2009. IT IS MAINLY FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGES WITH A HIGHER SC/ST RATIO, OVER
50%. THE IDEA IS TO MERGE SEVERAL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES TO DEVELOP THESE VILLAGES.
THE SCHEMES ARE – BHARAT NIRMAN, PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM

SADAK YOJANA, SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN, MGNREGA,
INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, AND MORE. THIS
PROGRAM IS APPLICABLE TO 44,000 VILLAGES SC/ST POPULATION
ABOVE 50%. IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
AND EMPOWERMENT.
9. NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION

IT IS A POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROJECT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA THAT BEGAN IN 2011. THIS SCHEME AIMS TO PROMOTE THE
SELF-EMPLOYMENT OF THE RURAL POOR. THE IDEA IS TO
ORGANIZE THE POOR INTO A SELF-HELP GROUP FOR SELF-
EMPLOYMENT.
IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT. THE

WORLD BANK FINANCES THIS SCHEME AS IT IS ONE OF THE
LARGEST SCHEMES WORKING FOR RURAL POOR. DEEN DAYAL
ANTYODAYA YOJANA TOOK OVER IT IN 2015.
10. SWAMITVA YOJANA

SWAMITVA YOJANA IS A GOVERNMENT SCHEME TO ENCOURAGE
LAND OWNERSHIP IN RURAL AREAS WITH USE OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY. THE PANCHAYATI RAJ MINISTRY OF THE UNION
GOVERNMENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS SCHEME MANAGEMENT.
PANCHAYATI RAJ DAY 2020 SAW THE LAUNCH OF THIS SCHEME.

THE REASON IS MANY VILLAGERS DON’T HAVE A PAPER TO
PROVE THEIR LAND. THIS YOJANA IS TO PROVIDE THEM
OWNERSHIP RIGHTS.

11. SANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA
IT IS A RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME THAT FOCUSES ON
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. IT AIMS TO
MOTIVATE PEOPLE ON SOCIAL MOBILIZATION OF THE VILLAGE
COMMUNITY.
THIS YOJANA IS DEMAND-DRIVEN, INSPIRED BY SOCIETY, AND

BASED ON PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION. IT COMES UNDER THE
MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BEGAN IN 2014.
12. MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT

GUARANTEE ACT
THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT
GUARANTEE ACT, 2005 WAS A PART OF THE COMMITMENTS MADE
BY THE UNITED PROGRESSIVE ALLIANCE(UPA) GOVERNMENT OF
ITS COMMON MINIMUM PROGRAMME AND CANE IN TO EFFECT IN
FEBRUARY 2006 PRIMARILY IN 200 DISTRICTS. IT WAS A
COMMENDABLE EFFORT AND HAS ATTRACTED NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION. IT HAS MANIFOLDS OBJECTIVES. ON
THE ONE HAND IT IS A SOCIAL PROTECTION MEASURE AND
IMPLEMENTED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF PREVIOUS PUBLIC
SCHEMES, ESPECIALLY THE EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME
(EGS) IN MAHARASTRA. ON THE OTHER HAND, THROUGH
PROVIDING GUARANTEE EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL AREAS, IT ALSO
SEEKS TO IMPROVE LOBOUR MARKET OUTCOMES. THIS ACT HAS
DUAL PURPOSE, IT CREATES EMPLOYMENT AS WELL AS
SUSTAINABLE ASSETS IN RURAL AREAS.

GUARANTEE ACT, 2005 THAT CREATED THE MGNREGS GRANTS
EACH RURAL HOUSEHOLD A LEGAL RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT OF
UP TO 100DAYS PER YEAR IN PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS AT A
MINIMUM WAGE RATE FIXED BY THE CONCERNED STATE. THIS
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE PROGRAMME IS PRIMARILY INTENDED
TO ENHANCE THE LIVELIHOOD SECURITIES OF THE PEOPLE IN
RURAL AREAS BY SUPPLEMENTING WAGE EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITIES TO THE UNSKILLED LABOUR FORCE.
THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF MGNREGA ARE 1. GUARANTEED

EMPLOYMENT, 2. KIND OF RIGHT-BASED EMPLOYMENT, 3.
PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUTIONS ARE ENTRUSTED WITH THE

POWERS OF MAKING SCHEME ACTIVE IN THE RURAL AREAS, 4. IN
CASE CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE THE RURAL
PEOPLE ARE ENTITLED TO GET UNEMPLOYMENT ALLOWANCE, 5.
UNLIKE OTHER EMPLOYMENT SCHEME CONTRACTORS ARE
PROHIBITED TO INTERFERE IN SCHEME, 6, ANOTHER FEATURE IS
WORKSITE FACILITIES ARE PROVIDED, 7. ALL THE PAYMENT OF
WAGES ARE MADE THROUGH BANKS OR POST OFFICES, 8.
PROVISION OF SOCIAL AUDIT RELATING TO ALL EXPENDITURE IS
THERE, 9. THE WORKS UNDERTAKEN WITH THE PURPOSE OF
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSET CREATION,
10. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY.
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE

ACT HAS A FIVE-TIER STRUCTURE OF IMPLEMENTATION
STARTING FROM GRAM PANCHAYAT AT THE BOTTOM TO THE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AT THE TOP. GRAM PANCHAYAT IS THE
NODAL AGENCY AT THE BOTTOM LEVEL THAT HAS THE
AUTHORITY TO SELECT, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT THE WORKS.
SPECIC GOALS OF THE SCHEME:
1. CREATION OF DURABLE ASSETS AND STRENGTHENING THE

LIVELIHOOD RESOURCE BASE OF THE RURAL POOR.
2. CREATION OF SOCIAL SAFETY NET FOR THE VULNERABLE

GROUPS BY PROVIDING A FALL-BACK EMPLOYMENT SOURCE,
WHEN OTHER EMPLOYMENT ALTERNATIVES ARE INADEQUATE.
3. PLAYING THE KEY ROLE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF

AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY.
4. EMPOWERING RURAL POOR THROUGH THE PROCESSES OF A

RIGHTS-BASED LAW.
TYPE OF WORK:
1. WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER HARVESTING.
2. DROUGHT PROOFING (INCLUDING FORESTATION AND TREE

PLANTATION)
3. IRRIGATION OF CANALS. PROVISION OF IRRIGATION FACILITY

TO LAND OWNED BY HOUSEHOLDS BELONGING TO THE SC AND ST

LAND BENEFICIARIES LAND REFORMS OR THAT OF THE
BENEFICIARIES UNDER THE INDIRA AWAS YOJANA.
4. RENOVATION OF TRADITIONAL WATER BODIES INCLUDING

DESILTING OF TANKS.
5. FLOOD CONTROL AND PROTECTION WORKS INCLUDING

DRAINAGE IN WATER LOGGED AREAS.
6. RURAL CONNECTIVITY TO PROVIDE ALL WEATHER ACCESS.
7. ANY OTHER WORK WHICH MAY BE NOTIFIED BY THE VENTRAL

GOVERNMENT IN CONSULTATION WITH THE STATE GOVERNMENT.
8. LAND DEVELOPMENT.
PERFORMANCE AT A GLANCE OF MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL

RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT
Total No. of Districts 685
Total No. of Blocks 6863
Total No. of Gram Panchayats 2,62,838
Total No. of Job Cards issued (In 12.49
Cr.)
Total No. of Workers (In Cr.) 25.18
Total No. of Active Workers (In 10.29
Cr.)
Financial Status 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16

Total Expenditure (Crore) 7,479.11 58,376.68 44,002.59
Expenditure on Wages (Crore) 5,855.71 40,804.01 30,890.96
Average Wage rate per day per 160.16 161.69 154.18
person (Rs)

SKILLS AND EMPLOYMENT
1. KISHORE VAIGYANIK PROTSAHAN YOJANA
IT IS A SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. IT AIMS
TO ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO CHOOSE RESEARCH CAREERS IN
BASIC SCIENCES. THE OFFER IS UP TO THE PRE-PH.D. LEVEL FOR
SELECTED STUDENTS. IT PROVIDES THEM SCHOLARSHIPS AND
CONTINGENCY GRANTS FOR THIS.
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE MANAGES THIS PROGRAMME

FROM 1999. THE STUDENTS HAVE TO CLEAR A THREE-TIER EXAM
TO GET BENEFITS OF KVPY.
2. NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME

IT IS AN INDIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAM. IT
COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF YOUTH AFFAIRS. AND THE
ADMINISTRATOR IS THE SPORT’S GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
GANDHIJI TOOK THE INITIATIVE TO LAUNCH THIS SCHEME IN 1969.
IT AIMS AT DEVELOPING A STUDENT’S PERSONALITY THROUGH

COMMUNITY SERVICE. NSS IS PRESENT IN SCHOOLS, COLLEGES,
AND UNIVERSITIES TO ENCOURAGE THE YOUTH TO PARTICIPATE.
3. DEEN DAYAL ANTYODAYA YOJANA

IT IS A SCHEME BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TO HELP THE
POOR BY PROVIDING SKILL TRAINING. IT REPLACES THE EXISTING
AAJEEVIKA SCHEME. THE MAIN AIM IS TO TRAIN 0.5 MILLION
PEOPLE IN URBAN AREAS AND 1 MILLION IN RURAL AREAS BY
2016.
THE IDEA IS TO MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS BY SKILL

DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH RURAL AND URBAN INDIA. IT BEGAN AS
SWARNAJAYANTI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA IN 1999. IT COMES
UNDER THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
4. PRADHAN MANTRI KAUSHAL VIKAS YOJANA

IT IS A SKILL DEVELOPMENT SCHEME BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA FOR SKILL RECOGNITION AND STANDARDIZATION. THE

IDEA IS TO ENCOURAGE EMPLOYABLE SKILLS AND THE WORKING
EFFICIENCY OF DAILY WAGE EARNERS. IT IS BY PROVIDING
MONETARY REWARDS AND QUALITY TRAINING.
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FUNCTION ON THE BASIS OF NATIONAL

OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS. THE SCHEME TARGETS TO TRAIN 1
CRORE INDIAN YOUTH BY 2020. IT BEGAN IN 2015 AND COMES
UNDER THE MINISTRY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP. IT IS A PART OF THE SKILL INDIA CAMPAIGN
2015.
5. NATIONAL CAREER SERVICE

IT IS A MISSION MODE PROJECT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
THIS AIMS TO ESTABLISH EFFICIENT CAREER-RELATED SERVICES
ACROSS THE COUNTRY. IT FOCUSES ON PROVIDING SKILLS AND
EMPLOYMENT.
THE IDEA IS TO PROMOTE IT-ENABLED CAREER CENTERS FOR

PROVIDING A DIGITAL PLATFORM TO THE EMPLOYMENT MARKET.
IT MAINLY CATERS TO YOUTH AND STUDENTS. IT COMES UNDER
THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT.
6. DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME

IT IS A CAMPAIGN BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. THIS IS TO
ENSURE THE GOVERNMENT’S SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE TO ALL
CITIZENS ELECTRONICALLY. IT IS TO IMPROVE ONLINE
INFRASTRUCTURE BY INCREASING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY.
THEY ALSO AIM TO CONNECT RURAL AREAS WITH HIGH-SPEED

INTERNET NETWORKS. IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF
ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.
7. MAKE IN INDIA
MAKE IN INDIA IS AN INITIATIVE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
THAT BEGAN IN 2014. IT ENCOURAGES COMPANIES TO INVEST AND
MANUFACTURE THEIR PRODUCTS IN INDIA. THE INITIATIVE
TARGETS 25 ECONOMIC SECTORS FOR JOB CREATION AND SKILL
ENHANCEMENT.
IT AIMS TO INCREASE THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR GROWTH

RATE TO 12-14% PER YEAR AND CREATE 100 MILLION
MANUFACTURING JOBS IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY BY 2022. IT
COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY.
8. STARTUP INDIA
IT IS AN INITIATIVE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA THAT BEGAN
IN 2015 TO SUPPORT ENTREPRENEURSHIP BY FUNDING SUPPORT
AND INCENTIVES, INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP AND
INCUBATION, AND SIMPLIFICATION AND HANDHOLDING.
IT IS SIMILAR TO STAND UP INDIA THAT PRIMARILY LOOKS AT

WOMEN AND VULNERABLE SECTIONS OF SOCIETY. THEY BOTH
COME UNDER THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY.

WOMEN AND CHILDREN
1. PRADHAN MANTRI MATRITVA VANDANA YOJANA – 2017
IT IS A MATERNITY BENEFIT PROGRAM BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA INTRODUCED IN 2017. IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF
WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT. THE FIRST TIME PREGNANT
AND LACTATING WOMEN OF 19 YEARS OF AGE OR ABOVE CAN
APPLY FOR THIS CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER SCHEME.
IT AIMS TO PROVIDE CONDITIONS FOR SAFE DELIVERY AND GOOD

NUTRITION FOR WOMEN. NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT, 2013
TIED UP WITH THIS SCHEME TO PROVIDE CASH MATERNITY
BENEFIT OF ₹6,000.
2. JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA – 2005

IT IS A SAFE MOTHERHOOD SCHEME UNDER THE NATIONAL
HEALTH MISSION. IT AIMS TO REDUCE MATERNAL AND
NEONATAL MORTALITY BY SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL
DELIVERY FOR POOR PREGNANT WOMEN. THE MAIN FOCUS IS ON
THE LOW PERFORMING STATES.
IT OFFERS CASH ASSISTANCE WITH DELIVERY AND POST-

DELIVERY CARE. IT BEGAN IN 2005 WITH THE IDEA OF A SAFE
PREGNANCY.
3. PRADHAN MANTRI UJJWALA YOJANA

IT IS AN INDIAN GOVERNMENT SCHEME TO DISTRIBUTE LPG
CONNECTIONS TO WOMEN OF BELOW POVERTY LINE FAMILIES. 22
MILLION LPG CONNECTIONS WERE DISTRIBUTED AGAINST THE
TARGET OF 15 MILLION. THE NUMBER CROSSED 58 MILLION IN
2018.
THE YOJANA LED TO A RISE IN LPG CONSUMPTION BY 56% IN 2019.

IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL
GAS. THE PRIME MINISTER MADE THIS SCHEME OFFICIAL IN 2016
WITH A TARGET OF 15 MILLION.

4. NATIONAL LITERACY MISSION PROGRAMME
IT IS AN INDIAN GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME TO CREATE A
LITERATE SOCIETY. THIS SCHEME HAS FOUR ELEMENTS –
SAKSHAR BHARAT, SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN, RASHTRIYA
MADHYAMIK SHIKSHA, AND TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMS.
IT MAINLY FOCUSES ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S EDUCATION AS

THEY ARE A LARGE PART OF THE INDIAN POPULATION. IT BEGAN
IN 1988 AND COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT.
5. INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES

IT IS A GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME TO PROVIDE BASIC FACILITIES
FOR CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE AND THEIR MOTHERS. THE
FACILITIES INCLUDE – FOOD, PRESCHOOL EDUCATION, PRIMARY
HEALTHCARE, IMMUNIZATION, AND HEALTH CHECK-UP. IT BEGAN
IN 1975 AND STOPPED IN THE 90S BY MORAJI DESAI.
IT RESUMED AGAIN AS PART OF THE TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN. THIS

SCHEME ALSO INTENDED TO REDUCE GENDER INEQUALITY BY
PROVIDING GIRLS THE SAME RESOURCES. IT COMES UNDER THE
MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE.
6. NATIONAL CHILD LABOUR PROJECTS

IT IS AN INDIAN GOVERNMENT SCHEME TO REHABILITATE
WORKING CHILDREN IN LABOR ENDEMIC DISTRICTS IN INDIA.
THERE WERE 12 SUCH DISTRICTS WHEN THE SCHEME BECAME
OFFICIAL IN 1988. IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR
AND EMPLOYMENT.
7. SUKANYA SAMRIDHI YOJANA

IT IS A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA SAVING SCHEME FOR THE
PARENTS OF GIRL CHILDREN. THIS ENCOURAGES PARENTS TO
SAVE FUNDS FOR THEIR FEMALE CHILD’S FUTURE EDUCATION
AND MARRIAGE EXPENSES. IT BECAME OFFICIAL IN 2015 AS A
PART OF THE BETI BACHAO, BETI PADHAO CAMPAIGN.
THE SCHEME PROVIDES AN INTEREST RATE OF 7.6% AND TAX

BENEFITS. ANY POST OFFICE OR AUTHORIZED COMMERCIAL
BANKS CAN FACILITATE THIS SCHEME ACCOUNT. IT COMES
UNDER THE MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

8. MIDDAY MEAL SCHEME
IT IS A SCHOOL MEAL PROGRAMME BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA. IT AIMS TO PROVIDE BETTER NUTRITIONAL STANDING OF
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN NATIONWIDE. THE PROGRAMME OFFERS
FREE LUNCH MEALS TO CHILDREN IN PRIMARY AND UPPER
PRIMARY CLASSES IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS ON WORKING
DAYS.
THIS SCHEME FEEDS LAKHS OF CHILDREN EVERY DAY. IT BEGAN

IN 1995 AND COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT.
9. SABLA
IT IS THE RAJIV GANDHI SCHEME FOR EMPOWERMENT OF
ADOLESCENT GIRLS BEGUN IN 2011. THE IDEA IS TO ENCOURAGE
SELF-DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT OF ADOLESCENT
GIRLS. THEY ALSO WANT TO IMPROVE THEIR NUTRITION AND
HEALTH AND PROMOTE AWARENESS AROUND THEIR CHANGING
BODY.
IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD

DEVELOPMENT. IT IS APPLICABLE TO GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF
11TO 18 YEARS.

CONCLUSION
IN THE RURAL AREAS THE MAJOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ARE
IRREGULAR AND INTERMITTENT MAINLY DUE TO THE SEASONAL
FLUCTUATIONS. THIS LEADS TO PERIODIC WITHDRAWAL OF
LABOUR FORCE, ESPECIALLY ON THE PART OF MARGINAL
LABOURS, OFTEN WOMEN, WHO SHIFT BACK AND FORTH
BETWEEN WHAT IS REPORTED AS DOMESTIC AND GAINFUL WORK.
THE POOR ECONOMIC STATUS OF RURAL PEOPLE HAVE FORCED
THEM TO USE THEIR CHILDREN FOR SOME WORK. ALL THESE
FACTS ARTICULATE FOR PROTECTION AND SYMPATHY FROM THE
GOVERNMENT TO SAFEGUARD THE RURAL POPULATION IN OUR
COUNTRY.
GUARANTEE ACT, 2005, THIS LAW PROVIDES THE GOVERNMENT
AN OPPORTUNITY REVERSE THE PROLONGED NEGLECT OF
PRODUCTIVE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE. THE FOCUS ON POVERTY
HAS BEEN SHARPENED AND STRENGTHENED BY OUR
GOVERNMENT BY RESTRICTING AND REVAMPING INCOME AND
THE LEVELS OF LIVING OF THE POOREST OF THE POOR BY
INTRODUCING MGNREG ACT. THE REDUCTION OF POVERTY IS
BEEN GIVEN PRIORITY IN THIS ACT AND ITS, MAIN GOAL IS TO
REMOVE POVERTY AND CREATE FULLER EMPLOYMENT. THE
MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR WHICH INFLUENCES THE STATUS OF A
POOR IS EMPLOYMENT RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT AS A CONDITION
UNDER WHICH THE WORK STATUS OF A POOR IS EMPLOYMENT.
RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT AS A CONDITION UNDER WHICH THE
WORKER WOULD BE WILLING TO WORK LONGER HOURS OR MORE
INTENSIVELY FAR A HIGHER INCOME BUT COULD HAVE NO
OPPORTUNITY OF DOING SO DUE TO THE ABSENCE OF
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WORKING.
IMPROVEMENT AND PROGRESS IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE GREATLY
DEPENDS ON GOOD GOVERNANCE, WHICH REQUIRES
MULTIPRONGED APPROACH. THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING FOR
OF RURAL PEOPLE LARGELY REMAINS IN PRIORITY.
DECENTRALIZED DEVELOPMENT PLANNING INVOLVING
PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUTIONS AND THE GRAM SABHA CAN
IMPROVE THE WAY FOR PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE WHILE

ADDRESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION
ISSUES. IF THE INSTITUTIONS LIKE PANCHAYATS, GRAM SABHAS
AND OTHER LOCAL BODIES CONSTITUTED IN RURAL AREAS PLAY
ACTIVE AND COMMENDABLE ROLE THEN ONLY THE BENEFITS OF
AMBITIOUS RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES WILL
BE PROVED BENEFICIAL FOR NEEDY PEOPLE OF THE RURAL
AREAS.

BILIOGRAPHY
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK AND APPRECIATE EVERYONE FOR
HELPING ME WITH THE OUTCOME OF THIS PROJECT.
FEW WEBSITES I USED TO GATHER INFORMATION:
 LEGALSERVICESINDIA.COM
 DRISHTIIAS.COM
 UN.ORG
 NITI.GOV.IN

Economics Project 2021-2022: Name: Jhalak Gupta Class: Xi S ID: 3090 Submitted To: Ms. Manasvi Singh Tanwar

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Economics Project 2021-2022: Name: Jhalak Gupta Class: Xi S ID: 3090 Submitted To: Ms. Manasvi Singh Tanwar

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ECONOMICS PROJECT

NAME: JHALAK GUPTA

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

SERIAL NO. CONTENT

2 GORDIAN KNOT: POVERTY

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

MORE THAN 800 MILLION PEOPLE IN INDIA ARE CONSIDERED

INDIA IS THE SECOND MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY AFTER

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

POVERTY IS A STATE OR CONDITION IN WHICH A PERSON OR

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

ABSOLUTE POVERTY: IT IS A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY

RELATIVE POVERTY: IT IS A LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME

SITUATIONAL POVERTY: IT IS TEMPORARY IN NATURE AND

GENERATIONAL OR CHRONIC POVERTY: THIS TYPE OF POVERTY

RURAL POVERTY: IT OCCURS IN NON-METRO AREAS WITH

URBAN POVERTY: IT OCCURS IN AREAS WITH POPULATION OF

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

POVERTY LINE IS THE LEVEL OF INCOME TO MEET THE

POVERTY LINE IS THE AMOUNT OF MONEY NEEDED FOR

POVERTY LINE DIFFERS FROM ONE COUNTRY TO

ESTIMATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA

ACCORDING TO RECENT REPORTS, MORE THAN A QUARTER OF

 POVERTY ESTIMATION IN INDIA IS CARRIED OUT BY NITI

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

1. DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAYA GRAMEEN KAUSHALYA YOJANA

IT AIMS TO GIVE DIVERSITY TO THE RURAL POOR FAMILY’S

2. PRADHAN MANTRI GRAMIN AWAAS YOJANA

IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND

3. GRAMIN BHANDARAN YOJANA

THIS CAN AVOID DISTRESS SALES AND HELP THEM ESTABLISH. IT

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

THIS WILL HELP IN PROVIDING POWER TO AGRICULTURAL

5. REMUNERATIVE APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED

IT WAS UNDER THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL AND AIMS

MACHINE LEARNING PROJECT SPAM DETECTOR

THE PROGRAMME AIMS TO PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT AND FOOD IN

7. PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

8. PRADHAN MANTRI ADARSH GRAM YOJANA

THE SCHEMES ARE – BHARAT NIRMAN, PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM

9. NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION

IT COMES UNDER THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT. THE

10. SWAMITVA YOJANA

PANCHAYATI RAJ DAY 2020 SAW THE LAUNCH OF THIS SCHEME.

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

THIS YOJANA IS DEMAND-DRIVEN, INSPIRED BY SOCIETY, AND

12. MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT

THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT

THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF MGNREGA ARE 1. GUARANTEED

JHALAK GUPTA/XI S/3090/ECONOMICS PROJECT

MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE

SPECIC GOALS OF THE SCHEME: