 POPULATION -“ALL THE INHABITANTS OF A PARTICULAR TOWN, AREA, OR

COUNTRY”
 THE HUMAN POPULATION IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF
LIVING HUMANS ON EARTH
 ENVIRONMENT MEANS “THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL SURROUNDINGS OF A
LIVING ORGANISM, INCLUDING NATURAL FORCES AND OTHER LIVING
THINGS, WHICH PROVIDE CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
AS WELL AS OF DANGER AND DAMAGE”
• THE TERM POPULATION HAS ITS ORIGIN THE LATIN WORD POPULOUS,
MEANING PEOPLE. IN ECOLOGY, A POPULATION MAY BE DEFINED AS A
GROUP OF ORGANISM OF THE SAME SPECIES OCCUPYING A PARTICULAR
SPACE.
• OUR GLOBAL HUMAN POPULATION, 7 BILLION AT PRESENT.
• INCREASE IN PRODUCTION PER CAPITA OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AT
A GLOBAL LEVEL CEASED DURING THE 1980’S.
• ONLY 15% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD IS
EARNING 79% OF INCOME!
• CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES THAT ESSENTIALLY LEAD TO
SHORT-TERM GAINS HAVE LED TO A BREAKDOWN OF OUR EARTH’S
ABILITY TO REPLENISH THE RESOURCES ON WHICH WE DEPEND.
 IN SOME COUNTRIES, FOOD SHORTAGE HAS BECOME A PERMANENT
FEATURE.
 TWO OF EVERY THREE CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICA ARE UNDERWEIGHT.
 IN OTHER REGIONS FAMINES DUE TO DROUGHT HAVE BECOME MORE
FREQUENT.
 PRESENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO
SUCCESSFULLY ADDRESS THESE PROBLEMS RELATED TO HUNGER AND
MALNUTRITION.
1. LACK OF BIRTH CONTROL:
• THE KEY COMPONENTS TO UNWANTED POPULATION GROWTH.
• STUDIES SHOW THAT NEARLY 2/3 RD OF THE WOMEN ARE POORLY
EDUCATED ABOUT THEIR REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITIES
• THIS CAUSES MANY WOMEN TO BREED MORE CHILDREN THAN ARE NEEDED IN
THEIR COUNTRY OR REGION.
2. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS:
• MOST OF THE DOCTRINES IN THESE RELIGIONS ARE BASED ON THE IDEA THAT
THE DEITY THEY WORSHIP WILL PREVENT OR SUPPORT THE BIRTH OF A CHILD.
• IN THIS WAY, THE RELIGIONS ACT AS A BIRTH CONTROL METHOD OF BELIEF.
3. FINANCIAL INCENTIVES:
• IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES WITH LOW POPULATION RATES, THERE ARE FINANCIAL
INCENTIVES ARE GIVEN TO THE PARENTS FOR EDUCATING CHILDREN.
• IN THE UNITED STATES, TAX DEDUCTIONS WERE PUT IN PLACE TO
ASSIST PARENTS WITH THE DAY-TO-DAY COSTS OF RAISING A CHILD.
4. FERTILITY TREATMENTS:
• MODERN SCIENCE HAS FOUND WAYS TO STIMULATE THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM IN MANY WAYS TO BETTER ENSURE A PREGNANCY.
• THERE ARE MANY DRAWBACKS WITH THIS PROCEDURE, HOWEVER, THERE ARE
CHANCES FOR INCREASED BIRTH RATES IN MANY WOMEN.
5. MORTALITY RATE:
• IN MOST THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES THE MORTALITY RATE FOR CHILDREN IS 1
IN 10 ACCORDING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
• WORLDWIDE, THERE ARE ROUGHLY 9 BIRTHS FOR EVERY DEATH.
6. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
• WHICH OCCURRED IN 19TH CENTURY EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA, INVOLVED
SEVERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, DEVELOPMENTS AND
ADVANCEMENTS, HAVE IMPROVED THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND HAVE EXPANDED
THE AVERAGE LIFE SPAN
7. FOOD PRODUCTION:
• SINCE THE MID-19TH CENTURY, MANY AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS HAVE
ENABLED FARMERS TO DRAMATICALLY INCREASE AND IMPROVE FOOD
PRODUCTION.
• FOR INSTANCE, BETWEEN 1950 AND 1984, THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF GRAIN
HARVESTED WORLDWIDE INCREASED FROM 631 MILLION TONS TO 1.65
BILLION TONS.
8. PUBLIC HEALTH:
• BY 1990, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS FACILITATING CLEANER CITIES,
EFFICIENT SEWAGE SYSTEMS, NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND ADEQUATE
HOMES HAVE ALSO LOWERED DEATH RATES.
9. DISEASE:
• SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS THAT
HELP PREVENT INFECTIONS, CURE ILLNESSES AND ENABLE PEOPLE TO
SURVIVE DISEASES HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY PROMOTED POPULATION
GROWTH.
• VACCINES HAVE REDUCED THE RATE OF INFECTIONS SUCH AS SMALLPOX,
INFLUENZA, RUBELLA AND POLIO.
1. OVER POPULATION:
• WHEN A POPULATION GROUP PASSES THE POINT AT WHICH THE
ENVIRONMENT CAN NO LONGER SUPPLY THE RESOURCES REQUIRED TO
SUPPORT THE GROUP'S NEEDS RELATED TO FRESH WATER, BIODIVERSITY
AND WASTE MANAGEMENT.
2. IMPACT ON FOOD AND WATER:
• FOOD PRODUCTION CREATES A STRAIN ON HABITAT AND ENERGY USE.
• WATER IS EVEN MORE CRITICAL FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL. THE SIERRA CLUB
STATES THAT MORE THAN 1 BILLION PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO
CLEAN WATER.
3. FOOD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION:
• MORE PEOPLE MEANS PRODUCTION OF MORE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD
RESOURCES.
• THE PROBLEM IS HOW THOSE FOOD RESOURCES ARE DISTRIBUTED AND
SHALL WE BE ABLE TO PRODUCE A DESIRED QUANTITY OF FOOD OR NOT?
4. ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WASTE:
• ENERGY TO HEAT AND COOL OUR HOMES AND BUILDINGS AND TO RUN CARS AND
EQUIPMENT.
• WASTE TAKES ON MANY FORMS FROM SEWAGE TO TRASH.
• SOME WASTE IS SPEWED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE OR INTO WATERWAYS. AIR
AND WATER POLLUTION ARE THE RESULT.
5. FOSSIL FUELS:
• MORE THAN 16 MILLION HECTARES OF FORESTS ARE CLEARED ANNUALLY.
• FOREST COVER IS LINKED NOT ONLY TO BIODIVERSITY ISSUES BUT ALSO TO
THE PRESERVATION OF FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES,
AND REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF GREENHOUSE GASES, WHICH CAUSE CLIMATE
CHANGE.
6. SOIL EROSION:
• THE MORE PEOPLE THERE ARE, THE MORE RESOURCES THEY USE, AND THE MORE
POLLUTION THAT RESULTS.
• THIS POLLUTION MAY INCLUDE AIR POLLUTION DUE TO INCREASED FOSSIL
FUEL EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES, OR LAND OR WATER POLLUTION DUE TO
INCREASED AMOUNTS OF WASTE.
7. HABITAT DESTRUCTION:
• AS POPULATIONS IN CITIES GROW, URBAN SPRAWL(DESIRE FOR COMFORT)
ALSO GROWS, RESULTING IN THE DESTRUCTION OF CRITICAL HABITAT FOR
A NUMBER OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES.
• THE LOSS OF HABITAT CAN RESULT IN THE ENCROACHMENT OF ANIMALS,
SUCH AS MOUNTAIN LIONS, DEER AND COYOTES.
8. HABITAT FRAGMENTATION:
• NATURAL HABITATS THAT ARE BROKEN INTO SEPARATE PIECES DUE TO THE
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS, ROADS AND OTHER MAN-MADE OBJECTS. IT
MAY ALTER THE MIGRATION ROUTES OF THE ANIMALS.
9. PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS:
• UNCHECKED POPULATION GROWTH MAY LEAD TO PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
• FOR EXAMPLE, IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, POPULATIONS DO NOT
HAVE ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER SOURCES. WATER POLLUTION, CAUSED BY A
LACK OF PROPER SANITATION, CAN EASILY LEAD TO THE SPREAD OF
DISEASE.
 WOMEN AND CHILD WELFARE
• IN THE COUNTRY LIKE INDIA, WOMEN ARE ALWAYS HAVING A PLACE IN THE
HOLY SERMON, EVEN PEOPLE FEEL THAT THE WOMEN ARE BEING A CONSTANT
SUPPORTER TO HIS FAMILY MEMBERS AND ESPECIALLY HER HUSBAND.
• BUT ON THE OTHER HAND, THE EVILS LIKE DOWRY AND FEMALE FETICIDE ARE
BEING THE OBSTACLES TO THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WOMEN.
• IT HAS BEEN SEEN THAT MOST OF THE WOMEN ARE LIVING IN THEIR
DEPRESSED, CRUSHED AND EXPLOITED PERSONALITIES.
• THOUGH SOME WOMEN ARE FOUND DOMINATING IN EXPOSING THEIR
STRENGTHS AND TALENTS. NOW A DAYS ARE LEADING IN ALMOST ALL FIELDS.
• IN THE ELECTION ALSO 33% SEATS ATE KEPT RESERVED FOR WOMEN, SO THAT
THEY CAN EXPLORE THEIR LIMITS AND CAN BE A PART IN ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT.
• THE REASON WHY WE NEED TO PROVIDE SOME STATUTORY PROTECTIONS TO THE
RIGHTS OF THE WOMEN IS, THEY ARE BEING FORCED BY THE FAMILY MEMBERS AND
SOCIETIES NOT TO THINK OUT OF THE BOX .
• AFTER MARRIAGE WOMEN ARE NOT ENCOURAGED TO TAKE PART IN ANY
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES AND ARE ONLY ALLOWED TO TAKE CARE OF THEIR FAMILY
AND ADJUST WITH THE NEW ENVIRONMENT.
• THE TRADITIONS LIKE DOWRY, SATI PRATHA, AND ENCOURAGING ONLY MALE
BIRTH NECESSITATES THE NEEDS TO PROVIDE SOME STATUTORY PROTECTIONS
TO THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN.
• FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE ACTS WHICH HELPS THE WOMEN TO STAND ON
THEIR FEET AND ENABLES THEM TO FIGHT AGAINST INJUSTICE.
1. DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT, 1961: TO PAY OR DEMAND FOR DOWRY IS A NON
COGNIZABLE OFFENCE, (IT IS COGNIZABLE AS PER THE AMENDMENT MADE IN
THE ACT AFTERWARDS)
2. HINDU WIDOW REMARRIAGE BILL

3. THE HINDU WOMEN’S RIGHTS TO PROPERTY

4. THE HINDU SUCCESSION ACT
5. THE EQUAL REMUNERATION ACT: TO EQUALIZE THE WAGE TARES FOR MEN AND
WOMEN EMPLOYEES WORKING AT THE SAME POSTS.

6. WOMEN AND GIRL ACT 1956- TO PROTECT OR TO UPLIFT FROM

ENTRAPPING WOMEN TO NON-ETHICAL ACT.
• CHILD WELFARE: FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN
FOR CHILD WELFARE UNDER THE “NATIONAL CHILDREN BOARD”.
1. INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICE:
• IMPROVING NUTRITIONAL AND HEALTH STATUS OF CHILDREN.
• PROPER PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN.
• REDUCING INCIDENCE OF THEIR MALNUTRITION, MORTALITY, MORBIDITY AND SCHOOL
DROPOUT.
• ENHANCING CAPACITY OF MOTHER TO LOOK AFTER NORMAL HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL
NEEDS OF CHILD THROUGH PROPER HEALTH, NUTRITION AND EDUCATION.

2. BALWADI NUTRITION PROGRAMME: (1970-71)

• TO PROVIDE FULL NUTRITION.
• PROVIDE FACILITIES AND INFORMAL PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION TO CHILDREN 3-5 YEARS OF
AGE.

3. TOY BANK SCHEME: (1986)

• TOY ARE COLLECTED IN SCHOOLS FROM CHILDREN AND ARE SENT TO ANGANWADI,
BALWADI AND NURSERIES FOR DISTRIBUTING TO CHILDREN WHO CANNOT AFFORD TO
BUY SUCH TOYS.
4. CHILD LABOUR ERADICATION SCHEME:
(1994)
• TO SHIFT THE CHILD LABOUR FROM HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES TO SCHOOL.

5. MID-DAY MEAL SCHEME: (1995)

• PRIMARY SCHOOLS ARE PROVIDED FREE MID-DAY MEAL. (AKSHAYPATRA)

6. THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION) ACT, 1986:

• PROHIBITS THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 14 YEARS.

7. INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME: (1975-76)

• SUPPLEMENTARY NUTRITION
• IMMUNIZATION
• HEALTH CHECKING SERVICES
• HEALTH EDUCATION
• NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
• OTHER RELATED SERVICES
 ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH
 HUMAN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT:
• DUE TO INCREASE IN POPULATION, WE STARTED DESTROYING NATURAL RESOURCES TO
OBTAIN SOME OF THE SERVICES LIKE:
• DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS FOR FIRE WOOD, CONSTRUCTION AND FURNITURE.
• DRILLING THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA FOR OBTAINING OIL FOR TRANSPORTATION.
• CONVERTING FORESTS INTO AGRICULTURAL LAND FOR GROWING AND INCREASING FOOD
PRODUCTION.
• USE OF WATER AT RESIDENTS AND INDUSTRIES, CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS FOR WATER
STORAGE.
• LAND POLLUTION DUE TO THE ESTABLISHMENTS OF TEXTILE AND DYING-BLEACHING
INDUSTRIES.
• IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING LIFE MORE COMFORTABLE, WE DEGRADED THE
ENVIRONMENT.
• THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IS THE EFFECT OF ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES LIKE,
URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND POPULATION DENSITY.
• THE GREATEST POLLUTION IS THE POPULATION GROWTH.
• THE FOLLOWING ARE THE REASONS WHY THE POPULATION GROWTH IS THE GREATEST
POLLUTION:

1. AREAS WHERE THE DIGGING PROCESS IS UNDERTAKEN FOR EXTRACTING MINERALS, BECOMES
USELESS FOR AGRICULTURAL AND VEGETATION PROCESS. THE PROCESS MAY EXCLUDE SOME
USEFUL MINERALS AND MAKE LAND INFERTILE.

2. USE OF WOOD FOR COUNTLESS ACTIVITIES DESTROYS THE FORESTS. DEFORESTATION

INCREASES THE LEVEL OF C02. THIS CAN INCREASE THE CHANCES OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT.

3. DUE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES, SMOKE, DUST PARTICLES AND

POISONOUS GASES ARE EMITTED FROM THE CHIMNEYS OF THE FACTORIES. THESE INCREASES
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION AND ALSO INCREASES THE CHANCES OF WATER AND AIR BORNE
DISEASES.

4. INCREASED TEMPERATURE WILL ALTER THE SEASON CYCLE AND ADVERSELY AFFECTS THE
PRODUCTIVITY OF THE CROPS. EVEN SOME SENSITIVE LIVING SPECIES MAY FACE SURVIVAL
PROBLEM.

5. TONS OF GARBAGE AND RUBBISH THROWN EVERYDAY, REDUCES THE SINKING CAPACITY OR
GARBAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF THE EARTH AND WE MAY FACE THE PROBLEM OF GARBAGE
DISPOSAL IN NEAR FUTURE.
 EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH DUE TO POLLUTION
BY POPULATION GROWTH
• INCREASED POPULATION DUE TO MIGRATION OF RURAL PEOPLE TO URBAN AREAS,
INCREASES THE POLLUTION IN THE CITIES AND BREAKS THE VILLAGES.
• THE IMMEDIATE INCREASE IN THE URBAN POPULATION CAUSES THE PROBLEMS OF
HOUSING AS RENTS MAY INCREASE AND POOR CLASS WILL BE UNABLE TO GET
PROPER ACCOMMODATION,.
• THEY WILL START LIVING IN THE SLUM AREAS, WHERE THERE ARE NO FACILITIES
LIKE SANITATION, EATER SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY AND AS SUCH, THE CHANCES OF
POLLUTION INCREASES.
• INCREASED POLLUTION MAY ALSO RESULT INTO SOME HEALTH PROBLEMS TO THE
PEOPLE F THAT AREA AND THE AREAS SURROUNDING THE SLUMS.
• DUE TO AIR, WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION THERE MIGHT BE CHANCES
OF
EPIDEMICS TO ATTACK THE CITY.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES
A. EPIDEMIC: SOMETIMES SOME TYPE OF DISEASES ARE BEING SUFFERED BY THE
WHOLE SOCIETY OR A LOCALITY FOR A PARTICULAR TIME PERIOD ONLY. SUCH
DISEASES ARE CALLED EPIDEMICS. E.G. IN MONSOON DUE TO HEAVY RAIN AND WET
ENVIRONMENT MALARIA MAY START SPREADING AS WET ATMOSPHERE IS SUITABLE
FOR THE GROWTH OF MOSQUITOES.

B. ENDEMIC: SOME DISEASES ARE CAUSED DUE TO SOME PARTICULAR SITUATION, LIKE
POPULATION DENSITY, RUBBISH THROWN NEAR SLUM, ETC. IN SUCH REGION SKIN
RELATED DISEASES MAY START DUE TO FILTH AND UNCLEANLINESS. IT MAY LAST
FOR A LONG TIME.

C. CHRONIC DISEASE: DISEASES LASTING FOR VERY LONG PERIOD AND CAUSING
PIERCING PAIN.

D. WATER, AIR AND SOIL BORNE DISEASES: GASTRO, ASTHMA, LUNG CANCER, BURNING
SENSATION.

E. COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: SMALL POX, ACUTE

DIARRHEAL DISEASE, VIRAL HEPATITIS CHOLERA, RABIES, ETC.
 INFORMATION ABOUT SOME DISEASES
A. MALARIA:
• SYMPTOMS:
1. TREMOR IN THE BEGINNING AND THEN THE PATIENT SUFFERS FEVER.
2. BODY BREAKING SENSATION, HEADACHE AND VOMITING
3. EXPERIENCING PERSPIRATION AFTER FEVER.
4. FEVER COMES EACH DAY OR ALTERNATE DAY OF THIRD DAY.
5. BODY BECOMES PALE DUE TO DESTRUCTIONS OF BLOOD CORPUSCLES.
6. SPLEEN OF PATIENT IS GROWN.
• CAUSES:
MALARIA IS CAUSED BY PLASMODIUM PARASITES. IT ENTERS THE HUMAN BODY
BY MOSQUITO BITES. OPEN PITS OF WATER OR CONSERVED WATER MAY BE THE
CAUSE OF PRODUCTION OF THESE MOSQUITOES. THE FEMALE OF ANOPHELES
MOSQUITO BITES A MALARIA PATIENT AND THEN TO ANOTHER HUMAN THEN HE
MAY SUFFER FROM MALARIA.
• TREATMENT:
1. PATIENT SHOULD BE GIVEN REST IN A ROOM WITH AIR AND LIGHT.
2. HE SHOULD BE GIVEN TREATMENT PRESCRIBED BY THE DOCTOR. (PELUDRINE)
3. EVEN AFTER THE FEVER, PATIENT SHOULD BE GIVEN CHLOROQUIN FOR FEW
MORE DAYS.
4. EFFORTS SHOULD BE STARTED TO CONTROL MOSQUITOES.
5. PROPER PESTICIDES SHOULD BE SPRINKLED IN PATIENTS ROOM.
B. TYPHOID:
• SYMPTOMS:
1. FEVER BEGINS WITH HEADACHE
2. OCCURRENCE OF SWELLING OR ULCER IN INTESTINE
3. LESS HUNGER
4. DIARRHEA OR CONSTIPATION
5. STOMACH ACHE
6. WEAKNESS IN THE BODY
7. SOMETIMES BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE
8. INCREASED FEVER IN THE FIRST WEEK, PINK SPOTS APPEARS ON CHEST OR
BELLY.
• CAUSES:
• TYPHOID IS A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CAUSED BY BACTERIA. IT
SPREADS THROUGH WATER AND FOOD. IN ITS SPREADING BEES PLAYS THE
MAIN ROLE.
• TREATMENT:
1. PATIENT SHOULD BE COMPLETE REST.
2. LIGHT-LIQUID DIET SHOULD BE PLANNED FOR PATIENT.
3. MILK AND WATER MUST BE GIVEN AFTER BOILING IT.
4. PUTTING WET CLOTH AND RUBBING ICE ON FOREHEAD CAN
BE HELPFUL IN TREATING FEVER.
5. EVEN AFTER RECOVERY, HEAVY FOOD SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO THE
PATIENT.
6. THE EXCRETION OF THE PATIENT SHOULD BE DUG OR BURNED.
7. CLOTHES, BAD SHEET AND UTENSILS SHOULD BE CLEANED
USING
INSECTICIDES.
8. THE TREATMENT SHOULD BE GIVEN ACCORDING TO THE ADVISE OF
THE DOCTOR.
C. DIARRHEA:
• HEAVY DIET OR POLLUTED WATER MAY CAUSE DIARRHEA.
• IT IS A BACTERIAL DISEASE.
• IF THE STOOL-MOTION EXTENDS CONTINUOUSLY, THEN THE WATER FROM THE
BODY DECREASES. THIS MAY CREATE THE POSSIBILITY OF DEHYDRATION.
• DUE TO THIS A DIARRHEA PATIENTS SHOULD BE TREATED WITH GLUCOSE AND
SALINE BOTTLES.
• PATIENT SHOULD ALSO BE SERVED FREQUENTLY WITH LEMON DRINK
OR GLUCOSE WATER AT INTERVALS OF TIME.
D. DYSENTERY:
• SYMPTOMS:
1. FREQUENT STOOL-MOTION AFTER FREQUENT PAIN IN
GRIPPING STOMACH.
2. PUSS AND BLOOD ALONG WITH STOOL OF THE PATIENT.
3. PAIN IN HANDS AND FEET.
4. NO TEMPTATION OF HUNGER AND DUE TO THIS, PATIENT
FEELS WEAKNESS.
5. IF AMOEBIC DYSENTERY LAST FOR MANY DAYS, THEN IT MAY
CREATE PUSS IN LIVER.
• CAUSES:
1. IT IS DISEASE SPREAD BY WATER AND FOOD. IMPURITIES IN WATER AND
POLLUTED AIR.
2. ANTIAMEBIAL PARASITES MAY CAUSE AMOEBIC DYSENTERY.
• TREATMENT:
1. MEDICINES AS PER THE ADVISE OF THE DOCTOR.
2. A PATIENT SHOULD BE GIVEN CASTOR OIL AS A PURGATIVE.
3. A PATIENT SHOULD BE GIVEN LIQUID LIGHT DIET LIKE BUTTER-MILK, SWEET
LIME JUICE, ORANGE JUICE, ETC.
4. TO GET RELIEF FROM GRIPPING PAIN IN STOMACH, WARM SHOULD BE GIVEN
AFTER APPLYING TURPENTINE.
5. SERVING BELLY JAM AND ISABGOL IN BOILED MILK TO A PATIENT.
6. PATIENT SHOULD BE GIVEN COMPLETE REST.
7. EXCRETION OF THE PATIENT SHOULD BE DISPOSED OFF AFTER
APPLYING INSECTICIDES.
8. BAD SHEETS, CLOTHES AND UTENSILS SHOULD BE CLEANED
USING INSECTICIDES.
E. CHOLERA:
• SYMPTOMS:
1. GRIPPING PAIN IN STOMACH.
2. WHITISH AND WATERY EXCRETORY MOTION AND WATERY VOMITING.
3. DRY SKIN, MORE THIRST AND STOPPAGE OF URINE PASSING.
4. PAIN IN HAND AND LEGS, MUSCLES OF THE LEGS BECOMES HARD.
5. ACUTE CHOLERA MAY CAUSE FEVER SOMETIMES.
6. PULSES ARE SHOCKING SLOW AND BODY BECOMES COLD SLOWLY.
• CAUSES:
1. IT IS A WATER BORNE DISEASE.
2. IT IS SPREAD BY THE CARRIERS LIKE FLIES.
3. THE EXCRETION OR VOMIT OF THE INFECTED PERSON IN OPEN MAY CAUSE AN
EPIDEMIC OF CHOLERA.
4. IT SPREAD VERY SPEEDILY THROUGH THE CONTACT OF STOOL-VOMIT WITH
THE DRINKING WATER.
• TREATMENT:
1. PROPORTION OF WATER IN THE BODY SHOULD BE KEPT APPROPRIATE.
2. PATIENT SHOULD BE HOSPITALIZED AND TREATED ON PRIMARY BASIS.
3. EVERY ONE SHOULD START DRINKING BOILED WATER ONLY TO STOP
THE
EPIDEMIC.
4. CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO MEET SUCH PATIENT.
5. EXCRETION OF THE PATIENT SHOULD BE DISPOSED OFF AFTER
APPLYING
INSECTICIDES.
6. BAD SHEETS, CLOTHES AND UTENSILS SHOULD BE CLEANED
USING INSECTICIDES.
F. RICKETTSIA:
• SYMPTOMS:
1. AFFECTED CHILD IS BEING OBSERVED LEGS LIKE BOW.
2. THE JOINT ARE ACHING.
3. THE LEGS ARE HAVING SWELLING.
4. MUSCLES ARE SLACK.
• CAUSE:
1. DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF PROTEIN, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND VITAMIN D IN
FOOD.
2. INSUFFICIENT SUN LIGHT.
3. INSUFFICIENT PROPORTION OF MILK AND MILK-FAT IN FOOD.
• TREATMENT:
1. REGULAR SUNBATH SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE AFFECTED CHILD.
2. PROPER DIET CONSISTING OF MILK, CREAM, CALCIUM AND PROTEIN SHOULD
BE SERVED.
G. CANCER:
• IT IS CAUSED BY THE UNCONTROLLED GROWTH AND SPREAD OF ABNORMAL
CELLS THAT MAY AFFECT ALMOST ANY TISSUE OF THE BODY. IT AFFECTS
DIFFERENT TISSUE OF HE BODY AND HENCE THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF CANCER, SUCH AS:
i. LUNG CANCER
ii. COLON CANCER
iii. RECTAL CANCER
iv. STOMACH CANCER
v. BREAST CANCER
vi. CERVICAL CANCER
• REMEDIES TO PREVENT AND CONTROL CANCER:
1. PROMOTING AND STRENGTHENING NATIONAL CANCER
COMPREHENSIVE CONTROL PROGRAMMES.

2. BUILDING INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS AND PARTNERSHIP FOR

CANCER CONTROL.
3. PROMOTING ORGANIZED EVIDENCE BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR THE
EARLY DETECTION OF CERVICAL AND BREAST CANCER.
4. DEVELOPING GUIDELINES ON DISEASE AND PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT.

5. ADVOCATING A RATIONAL APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT

FOR POTENTIALLY CURABLE TUMORS.
6. SUPPORTING LOW COST APPROACHES TO RESPOND TO GLOBAL NEEDS FOR PAIN
RELIEF AND PALLIATIVE CARE.
• SUGGESTIONS FOR PREVENTION OF CANCER:
1. TOBACCO AND SMOKING IS THE SINGLE LARGEST PREVENTABLE CAUSE
OF CANCER IN THE WORLD. IT CAUSES 80-90% OF ALL LUNG CANCER
DEATHS. ANOTHER 30%DEATHS DUE TO ORAL CAVITY, LARYNX,
ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH, WHICH ARE RELATED TO TOBACCO CHEWING.
2. APPROACHING TOWARDS HEALTHY DIET. OVER WEIGHT AND OBESITY
CAN BE THE CAUSE OF CANCERS RELATED TO BREAST, RECTUM, UTERUS
AND KIDNEY. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES ARE EFFECTIVE CONTROLLERS
FOR MAY OF THE CANCERS.
3. INFECTIOUS AGENTS LIKE VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C (LIVER), PAPILLOMA
VIRUS (CERVIX), HELICOBACTER PYLORI (STOMACH). GROWTH OF SUCH
AGENTS SHOULD BE CONTROLLED.
4. AVOIDING PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SUN (UV RAYS) AND RADIATION.
5. AVOIDING USE OF SOME CHEMICALS LIKE, ASBESTOS, ANILINE,
BENZENE, ETC.
H. HIV/AIDS:
• HIV FOR IMMUNODEFICIENCY IF LEFT
STANDS HUMAN VIRUS. (ACQUIRED
UNTREATED, HIV CAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME). TO THE DISEASE AIDS
LEAD
• UNLIKE SOME OTHER VIRUSES, THE HUMAN BODY CAN’T GET RID OF HIV
COMPLETELY. SO ONCE YOU HAVE HIV, YOU HAVE IT FOR LIFE.
• HIV ATTACKS THE BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM, SPECIFICALLY THE CD4 CELLS
(T CELLS), WHICH HELP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM FIGHT OFF INFECTIONS. IF
LEFT UNTREATED, HIV REDUCES THE NUMBER OF CD4 CELLS (T CELLS) IN
THE BODY, MAKING THE PERSON MORE LIKELY TO GET INFECTIONS OR
INFECTION-RELATED CANCERS. OVER TIME, HIV CAN DESTROY SO MANY OF
THESE CELLS THAT THE BODY CAN’T FIGHT OFF INFECTIONS AND
DISEASE. THESE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS OR CANCERS TAKE
ADVANTAGE OF A VERY WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM AND SIGNAL THAT THE
PERSON HAS AIDS, THE LAST STATE OF HIV INFECTION.
• NO EFFECTIVE CURE FOR HIV CURRENTLY EXISTS, BUT WITH PROPER
TREATMENT AND MEDICAL CARE, HIV CAN BE CONTROLLED. THE MEDICINE
USED TO TREAT HIV IS CALLED ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY OR ART. IF TAKEN
THE RIGHT WAY, EVERY DAY, THIS MEDICINE CAN DRAMATICALLY PROLONG
THE LIVES OF MANY PEOPLE WITH HIV, KEEP THEM HEALTHY, AND GREATLY
LOWER THEIR CHANCE OF TRANSMITTING THE VIRUS TO OTHERS. TODAY, A
PERSON WHO IS DIAGNOSED WITH HIV, TREATED BEFORE THE DISEASE IS
FAR ADVANCED, AND STAYS ON TREATMENT CAN LIVE A NEARLY AS LONG AS
SOMEONE WHO DOES NOT HAVE HIV.
• THE ONLY WAY TO KNOW FOR SURE IF YOU HAVE HIV IS TO GET TESTED.
TESTING IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE. YOU CAN ASK YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
FOR AN HIV TEST. MANY MEDICAL CLINICS, SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS,
COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS, AND HOSPITALS OFFER THEM TOO. YOU CAN
ALSO BUY A HOME TESTING KIT AT A PHARMACY OR ONLINE.
• ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
• AIDS STANDS FOR ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. AIDS IS THE
FINAL STAGE OF HIV INFECTION, AND NOT EVERYONE WHO HAS HIV
ADVANCES TO THIS STAGE.
• AIDS IS THE STAGE OF INFECTION THAT OCCURS WHEN YOUR IMMUNE
SYSTEM IS BADLY DAMAGED AND YOU BECOME VULNERABLE TO
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS. WHEN THE NUMBER OF YOUR CD4 CELLS FALLS
BELOW 200 CELLS PER CUBIC MILLIMETER OF BLOOD (200 CELLS/MM3), YOU ARE
CONSIDERED TO HAVE PROGRESSED TO AIDS. (NORMAL CD4 COUNTS ARE
BETWEEN 500 AND 1,600 CELLS/MM3.) YOU CAN ALSO BE DIAGNOSED WITH
AIDS IF YOU DEVELOP ONE OR MORE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS,
REGARDLESS OF YOUR CD4 COUNT.
• WITHOUT TREATMENT, PEOPLE WHO ARE DIAGNOSED WITH AIDS TYPICALLY
SURVIVE ABOUT 3 YEARS. ONCE SOMEONE HAS A DANGEROUS OPPORTUNISTIC
ILLNESS, LIFE EXPECTANCY WITHOUT TREATMENT FALLS TO ABOUT 1 YEAR.
PEOPLE WITH AIDS NEED MEDICAL TREATMENT TO PREVENT DEATH.
• WHERE DID HIV COME FROM?
• SCIENTISTS IDENTIFIED A TYPE OF CHIMPANZEE IN CENTRAL AFRICA AS
THE SOURCE OF HIV INFECTION IN HUMANS. THEY BELIEVE THAT THE
CHIMPANZEE VERSION OF THE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (CALLED
SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, OR SIV) MOST LIKELY WAS
TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS AND MUTATED INTO HIV WHEN HUMANS
HUNTED THESE CHIMPANZEES FOR MEAT AND CAME INTO CONTACT WITH
THEIR INFECTED BLOOD. STUDIES SHOW THAT HIV MAY HAVE JUMPED
FROM APES TO HUMANS AS FAR BACK AS THE LATE 1800S. OVER DECADES,
THE VIRUS SLOWLY SPREAD ACROSS AFRICA AND LATER INTO OTHER
PARTS OF THE WORLD. WE KNOW THAT THE VIRUS HAS EXISTED IN THE
UNITED STATES SINCE AT LEAST THE MID- TO LATE 1970S.
• CAUSES OF HIV:
• YOU CANNOT BECOME HIV POSITIVE FROM HUGGING, SALIVA, KISSING,
SNEEZES, COUGHS, SHARING BATHS OR TOWELS, FROM SWIMMING POOLS,
TOILET SEATS OR FROM SHARING CUPS, PLATES OR CUTLERY.
• YOU CANNOT GET HIV FROM ANY ANIMALS OR INSECTS, INCLUDING
MOSQUITOES. HIV IS NOT PASSED ON THROUGH BITING.
• BUT HIV CAN PASS THROUGH UNPROTECTED PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIP.
• USING A NEEDLE OR INJECTING EQUIPMENT WHICH HAS ALREADY BEEN USED BY
SOMEONE WHO IS INFECTED WITH HIV.
• A WOMAN WITH HIV CAN TRANSMIT THE VIRUS TO HER BABY BEFORE OR DURING
BIRTH, OR BY BREASTFEEDING. THIS RISK CAN BE REDUCED BY TESTING AND
TREATMENT DURING PREGNANCY, PLANNING THE DELIVERY AND AVOIDING
BREASTFEEDING.
• INJECTING THE BLOOD OF AN HIV POSITIVE PERSON TO ANY UNINFECTED PERSON
CAN ALSO CAUSE HIV.
 SOME AIR BORNE
1. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
DISEASES(T.B):
• PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IS AN AIRBORNE DISEASE THAT AFFECTS 10 PEOPLE
OUT OF EVERY 100,000 PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES, SAYS MEDLINEPLUS. THIS
DISEASE OCCURS WHEN A PERSON INHALES INFECTED RESPIRATORY DROPLETS.
• SYMPTOMS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS INCLUDE COUGHING UP BLOOD OR
PHLEGM, EXCESSIVE NIGHT SWEATS, FEVER, WEIGHT LOSS AND TIREDNESS. THIS
DISEASE CAN ALSO LEAD TO CHEST PAIN, WHEEZING AND PROBLEMS BREATHING.
• THE EXACT CAUSE FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IS THE MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS BACTERIA. MEDLINEPLUS SAYS THAT THE ELDERLY, INFANTS AND
THOSE PEOPLE WITH A WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEMS HAVE A RISK FOR GETTING
TUBERCULOSIS.
• TREATMENT FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS INVOLVES TAKING ANTIBIOTIC
MEDICATIONS SUCH AS ISONIAZID OR RIFAMPIN TO ELIMINATE THE BACTERIA.
THIS TREATMENT MAY BE FOR MORE THAN SIX MONTHS, DEPENDING UPON THE
SEVERITY OF THE TUBERCULOSIS.
2. H1N1 FLU:
• THE H1N1 FLU, COMMONLY CALLED THE SWINE FLU, IS ANOTHER AIRBORNE DISEASE
PASSED VIA RESPIRATORY DROPLETS. THE H1N1 FLU BECAME A HOUSEHOLD NAME IN
THE SPRING OF 2009 WHEN AN EPIDEMIC OF THIS TYPE OF FLU AROSE.
• SPECIFIC H1N1 FLU SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A FEVER, DIARRHEA, CHILLS, A SORE THROAT, A
HEADACHE, BODY ACHES AND FATIGUE, ACCORDING TO THE MAYO CLINIC. OTHER FLU
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A COUGH AND VOMITING. TYPICALLY, THESE SYMPTOMS DEVELOP
AFTER THREE TO FIVE DAYS OF INITIAL EXPOSURE. THIS FLU MAY LAST FOR ABOUT
EIGHT DAYS.
• SPECIFICALLY, THE H1N1 INFLUENZA VIRUSES CAUSES THIS TYPE OF FLU.
• TYPICALLY, HEALTHY PERSONS DO NOT REQUIRE TREATMENT OTHER THAN SUPPORTIVE
MEDICATIONS FOUND AT THE LOCAL PHARMACY. HOWEVER, ANTIVIRAL MEDICATIONS
SUCH AS OSELTAMIVIR AND ZANAMAVIR MAY BE PRESCRIBED TO FIGHT OFF THE VIRAL
INFECTION. USUALLY, PREGNANT WOMEN, AIDS OR HIV SUFFERERS, CHILDREN YOUNGER
THAN FIVE YEARS OF AGE AND THOSE WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS
ASTHMA ARE CONSIDERED HIGH-RISK GROUPS THAT MAY BENEFIT FROM THE
AFOREMENTIONED MEDICATIONS.
• PNEUMONIA, RESPIRATORY ARREST (STOP BREATHING) AND EXACERBATION OF
DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA MAY RESULT IF THE H1N1 FLU IS NOT TREATED.
3. MEASLES:
• MEASLES IS A VERY CONTAGIOUS DISEASE THAT SPREADS VIA CONTACT WITH
DROPLETS FROM AN INFECTED PERSON, STATES MEDLINEPLUS. SPECIFIC
SYMPTOMS OF THE MEASLES INCLUDES A COUGH, FEVER, MUSCLE PAIN, LIGHT
SENSITIVITY AND A RASH. THIS RASH CAN REVEAL ITSELF THREE TO FIVE DAYS
AFTER SHOWING THE AFOREMENTIONED SYMPTOMS AND CAN LAST FOR AS LONG
AS SEVEN DAYS. SPECIFICALLY, THIS RASH IS RED, FLAT, ITCHY AND RAISED IN
SOME PLACES ON THE SKIN. OTHER MEASLES SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A RUNNY NOSE,
A SORE THROAT, REDNESS OF THE EYES AND SMALL WHITE SPOTS ON THE INSIDE
OF THE MOUTH (KOPLIK SPOTS).
• NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT EXISTS FOR THE MEASLES, BUT RESTING, USING A
HUMIDIFIER AND TAKING ACETAMINOPHEN MAY BE BENEFICIAL IN MANAGING
THE SYMPTOMS.
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (I.T)
• DATA THAT IS
1. ACCURATE AND TIMELY,
2. SPECIFIC AND ORGANIZED FOR A PURPOSE,
3. PRESENTED WITHIN A CONTEXT THAT GIVES IT MEANING AND RELEVANCE,
AND
4. CAN LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN UNDERSTANDING AND DECREASE
IN UNCERTAINTY.
• INFORMATION IS VALUABLE BECAUSE IT CAN AFFECT BEHAVIOR, A DECISION,
OR AN OUTCOME. FOR EXAMPLE, IF A MANAGER IS TOLD HIS/HER COMPANY'S
NET PROFIT DECREASED IN THE PAST MONTH, HE/SHE MAY USE THIS
INFORMATION AS A REASON TO CUT FINANCIAL SPENDING FOR THE NEXT
MONTH. A PIECE OF INFORMATION IS CONSIDERED VALUELESS IF,
AFTER RECEIVING IT, THINGS REMAIN UNCHANGED.
1. NEWSPAPER:
• THE NEWSPAPER IS ALL IMPORTANT THESE DAYS. IT IS ALMOST THE FIRST THING THAT
GREETS YOU IN THE MORNING. YOU READ WHAT IS HAPPENING IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD
AND FOR A WHILE GET OUT OF THE NARROW CIRCLE OF YOUR PERSONAL AFFAIRS. SO MUCH
IS HAPPENING EVERY DAY THAT UNLESS YOU KEEP YOURSELF ABREAST OF THESE CHANGES
YOU CANNOT ADJUST YOURSELF TO THEM OR MOVE WITH THE TIMES SMOOTHLY AND
EASILY.
• BENEFITS
• A MODERN NEWSPAPER IS A CHRONICLE AND AN ENCYCLOPEDIA IN MINIATURE. THE EVENTS
THAT HAPPEN ARE RECORDED IN A NEWSPAPER. IT SEEKS NOT ONLY TO INFORM BUT TO
INTEREST, TO STIMULATE, AND TO EXCITE.
• A BUSY PERSON HARDLY GETS THE TIME TO READ EVERYTHING THAT IT CONTAINS. ONE
PERSON MAY BE INTERESTED IN POLITICS, ANOTHER IN SPORTS. THESE ARE MATTERS OF
PERSONAL PREFERENCE. BUT GENERALLY, IT IS NECESSARY FOR ALL ALIKE TO READ THE
PROGRESS THAT IS BEING MADE FROM DAY TO DAY IN THE AFFAIRS OF YOUR COUNTRY AND
IN THE AFFAIRS TO THE WORLD. READING A NEWSPAPER MAKES A PERSON FIT TO
PARTICIPATE USEFULLY IN A CULTIVATED SOCIETY.
• NEWSPAPER ALSO IMPARTS PATRIOTIC FEELING AMONG THE CITIZENS OF THE COUNTRY. THE
INSPIRING STORIES OF OUR FREEDOM FIGHTERS ARE VIVIDLY DESCRIBED DURING NATIONAL
FESTIVALS AND OTHER OCCASIONS.
2. RADIO TRANSMISSION:
• THERE CAN BE SOME PROGRAMMES BE BROADCASTED ON THE RADIO WITH SOME
EXPERTS WHO CAN PROVIDE INFORMATION RELATED TO HEALTH.
• PEOPLE ARE UNABLE TO READ NEWSPAPERS CAN BE PROVIDED THE INFORMATION WITH
RADIO TELECASTS.
• THE FARMERS CAN GET INFORMATION THROUGH LISTENING FROM THE RADIO. THEY
CAN BE GIVEN INFORMATION ABOUT THE WHETHER FORECAST AND CLIMATE SO THAT
THEY CAN PLAN THEIR CULTIVATION .
• THE INFORMATION REGARDING INSECTICIDES WILL HELP FARMERS TO KEEP THEIR
LAND AND CROP PROTECTED.
3. T.V. TRANSMISSION:
• THE PROGRAMMES ON T.V. ARE AUDIO-VISUAL AND ARE CAPABLE OF ATTRACTING
MORE NO. OF PEOPLE. THE PROGRAMS RELATED TO HEALTH AN ENVIRONMENT CAN
BE TRANSMITTED IN LOCAL CHANNEL.
• IT IS MORE EFFECTIVE AS COMPARED TO RADIO AND NEWSPAPERS. THE
DEMONSTRATIONS OF SOME INTEGRAL ACTIVITIES CAN ALSO BE PROVIDED TO
AVOID THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY DISASTERS.
• EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES FOR STUDENTS WILL ALSO HELPFUL IN INCREASING
THE INTELLECTUAL LEVEL OF THE COUNTRY. THERE ARE CERTAIN T.V. CHANNELS
FOR EDUCATION PURPOSE ONLY LIKE GYAN DARSHAN OF DD.
• EMERGENCY NEWS REGARDING DISASTERS OR ANY CALAMITIES CAN BE INFORMED
TO THE MASS VERY EASILY.
• USES OF T.T. FOR HUMAN WELFARE:

1. AT EDUCATIONAL FIELD: THE PROPORTION OF ILLITERATE POPULATION IS VERY

HIGH IN INDIA. GOVERNMENT HAS MADE AN EFFORT TO DECREASE THIS ILLITERACY
PROPORTION BY DISPLAYING CERTAIN SITES FOR EDUCATING SUCH ILLITERATE
RURAL AND TRYING TO PROPAGATE MASS EDUCATION. FOR THIS PURPOSE, EACH
PANCHAYAT IN RURAL AREA IS GIVEN A T.V. AS A GIFT. RURAL PEOPLE ARE BEING
GIVEN BASIC LEVEL EDUCATION BY THE USE OF THIS GIFT. SOME PEOPLE ARE
PURCHASING T.V. AND LOOKING THESE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES. BY ATTACHING
CD OR DVD PLAYERS TO T.V. SOME EDUCATIONAL VIDEOS CAN BE SHOWN AND
KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE CAN BE ENHANCED.

2. T.V. FOR DEVELOPMENT: THE RESEARCH OF NEW FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND

PESTICIDES WILL HELP THE FARMERS TO GAIN MORE CROP YIELD. BUT IT IS POSSIBLE
IF THEY ARE BEING INFORMED ABOUT SUCH RESEARCHES. T.V. CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE
MEDIUM TO PROVIDE SUCH INFORMATION TO RELATED FIELD AND PRODUCTIVITY OF
THAT FIELD CAN BE INCREASED WHICH ULTIMATELY INCREASES THE LEVEL OF
DEVELOPMENT BY INCREASING THE NATIONAL INCOME AT THE MACRO LEVEL.
3. T.V. FOR COMMUNICATION: INFORMATION REGARDING THE PROBABLE
ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES SUCH AS CYCLONE, HEAVY RAIN FALL, DISASTERS,
STORMS OR ANY MAN-MADE DISASTER CAN EASILY AND SPEEDILY BE GIVEN
WITH THE HELP OF T.V. PEOPLE CAN BE MADE AWARE ABOUT THE RELIEF
CENTERS, LOST AND FOUND PROPERTIES OF THE PEOPLE, HELP LINE, SAFE PLACE
FOR SHELTER AND EVEN THE WAY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CAN BE INFORMED
TO PEOPLE BY T.V. IN THE EMERGENCY SITUATION. FINANCIAL HELP TO BE GIVEN
BY THE GOVERNMENT IN CASE OF DISASTER CAN ALSO BE ANNOUNCED ON T.V.
AND PEOPLE CAN ALSO BE GUIDED IN A WAY TO REDUCE THE DAMAGE DUE TO
DISASTER.
4. INTERNET:
• INTERNET IS THE NETWORK OF LARGE NUMBER OF COMPUTERS CONNECTED TO EACH
OTHER MUTUALLY. THE INFORMATION OF ONE COMPUTER CAN EASILY BE
TRANSMITTED TO OTHER.
• THE MESSAGE CAN BE TRANSMITTED TO ANY PERSON IN ANY CORNER OF THE WORLD
THROUGH E-MAIL.
• USES OF INTERNET:
1. SENDING OR RECEIVING MESSAGE.
2. TO RECEIVE INFORMATION REGARDING ANY SPECIFIC EVENTS OR TOPICS.
3. FOR THE PURPOSE OF SPREADING NEWS.
4. READING AND STORING OF INFORMATION.
5. OPERATING BANK ACCOUNTS.
6. EXPANSION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES AT LEAST COST.
7. FOR E-COMMERCE, SELL AND PURCHASE OF STOCK, AND OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES.
5. COMPUTER:
• COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC MACHINE ACCEPTS INFORMATION,
OPERATES ON IT AND GIVES AN DESIRED RESULT. THE CAPABILITIES OF
THIS MACHINE ARE:
i. IT WORKS VERY FAST.
ii. IT PROVIDES ACCURATE RESULTS.
iii. STORES INFORMATION ON LARGE SCALE.
iv. REPEATS THE PROCESSES DONE PREVIOUSLY.
v. CONTINUOUS WORK CAN BE TAKEN.
vi. CAN HELP IN ENTERTAINMENT.
vii. IT CAN ANALYZE THE DATA.
viii. HUMAN ATTENDANCE IS NOT NECESSARY.
• TYPES OF COMPUTERS:

1. PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

2. DESKTOP
3. LAPTOP
4. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANCE (PDAS)/ PALMTOP/ SMARTPHONES

5. WORKSTATION- MORE POWER RESOURCES TO ENHANCE MEMORY AND PROCESSING

6. SERVER – WHICH ACCEPTS REQUESTS AND PROVIDES RESPONSES. (E-MAIL SERVER, WEB
SERVER)
7. MAINFRAME – BIG COMPUTERS WHICH USED TO REQUIRE A FLOOR OR ROOM.

8. MINICOMPUTER – COMPATIBLE VERSION OF PERSONAL COMPUTER.

9. SUPER COMPUTER – A MACHINE DESIGNED FOR NUMERIC CALCULATIONS AT A TIME
WITH HIGHEST SPEED.
10. WEARABLE – A COMPUTER WHICH CONVERTS THE HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN TO DATA FOR
MEDICAL AND SCIENCE.
• USES OF COMPUTER
1. USES OF COMPUTER AT HOME:
A. HOME BUDGET: COMPUTER CAN BE USED TO MANAGE HOME BUDGET. YOU CAN EASILY
CALCULATE YOUR EXPENSES AND INCOME. YOU CAN LIST ALL EXPENSES IN ONE
COLUMN AND INCOME IN ANOTHER COLUMN. THEN YOU CAN APPLY ANY CALCULATION
ON THESE COLUMNS TO PLAN YOUR HOME BUDGET. THERE ARE ALSO SPECIALIZE
SOFTWARE THAT CAN MANAGE YOUR INCOME AND EXPENSES AND GENERATE SOME
COOL REPORTS.
B. COMPUTER GAMES: AN IMPORTANT USE OF COMPUTERS AT HOME IS PLAYING GAMES.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GAMES ARE AVAILABLE. THESE GAMES ARE A SOURCE OF
ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION. MANY GAMES ARE AVAILABLE THAT ARE
SPECIALLY DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE YOUR MENTAL CAPABILITY AND THINKING POWER.
C. WORKING FROM HOME: PEOPLE CAN MANAGE THE OFFICE WORK AT HOME. THE OWNER
OF A COMPANY CAN CHECK THE WORK OF THE EMPLOYEES FROM HOME. HE CAN
CONTROL HIS OFFICE WHILE SITTING AT HOME.
D. ENTERTAINMENT: PEOPLE CAN FIND ENTERTAINMENT ON THE INTERNET. THEY CAN
WATCH MOVIES, LISTEN TO SONGS, AND WATCH VIDEOS DOWNLOAD DIFFERENT
STUFF. THEY CAN ALSO WATCH LIVE MATCHES ON THE INTERNET.
 E. INFORMATION: PEOPLE CAN FIND ANY TYPE OF INFORMATION ON THE
INTERNET. EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIVE WEBSITES ARE AVAILABLE TO
DOWNLOAD BOOKS, TUTORIALS ETC. TO IMPROVE THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND
LEARN NEW THINGS.
F. CHATTING & SOCIAL MEDIA: PEOPLE CAN CHAT WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY
ON THE INTERNET USING DIFFERENT SOFTWARE LIKE SKYPE ETC. ONE CAN
INTERACT WITH FRIENDS OVER SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITES LIKE FACEBOOK,
TWITTER & GOOGLE PLUS. THEY CAN ALSO SHARE PHOTOS AND VIDEOS WITH
FRIENDS.

2. USES OF COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION:

• CBT ARE DIFFERENT PROGRAMS THAT ARE SUPPLIED ON CD-ROM. THESE
PROGRAMS INCLUDE TEXT, GRAPHICS AND SOUND. AUDIO AND VIDEO
LECTURES ARE RECORDED ON THE CDS. CBT IS A LOW COST SOLUTION FOR
EDUCATING PEOPLE. YOU CAN TRAIN A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE EASILY.
• BENEFITS OF COMPUTER BASED TEACHING:

1. THE STUDENTS CAN LEARN NEW SKILLS AT THEIR OWN PACE. THEY CAN EASILY
ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE IN ANY AVAILABLE TIME OF THEIR OWN CHOICE.

2. TRAINING TIME CAN BE REDUCED.

3. TRAINING MATERIALS ARE INTERACTIVE AND EASY TO LEARN. IT ENCOURAGES
STUDENTS TO LEARN THE TOPIC.
4. PLANNING AND TIMING PROBLEMS ARE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED.

5. THE SKILLS CAN BE TAUGHT AT ANY TIME AND AT ANY PLACE.

6. IT IS VERY COST EFFECTIVE WAY TO TRAIN A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDENTS.
7. TRAINING VIDEOS AND AUDIOS ARE AVAILABLE AT AFFORDABLE PRICES.
• COMPUTER AIDED LEARNING (CAL)

• COMPUTER AIDED LEARNING IS THE PROCESS OF USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO

HELP TEACHING AND ENHANCE THE LEARNING PROCESS. THE USE OF COMPUTER CAN
REDUCE THE TIME THAT IS SPENT ON PREPARING TEACHING MATERIAL. IT CAN ALSO
REDUCE THE ADMINISTRATIVE LOAD OF TEACHING AND RESEARCH. THE USE OF
MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR AND POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS HAS IMPROVED THE
QUALITY OF TEACHING. IT HAS ALSO HELPED THE LEARNING PROCESS.
• DISTANCE LEARNING

• DISTANCE LEARNING IS A NEW LEARNING METHODOLOGY. COMPUTER PLAYS THE KEY

ROLE IN THIS KIND OF LEARNING. MANY INSTITUTES ARE PROVIDING DISTANCE
LEARNING PROGRAMS. THE STUDENT DOES NOT NEED TO COME TO THE INSTITUTE. THE
INSTITUTE PROVIDES THE READING MATERIAL AND THE STUDENT ATTENDS VIRTUAL
CLASSROOM. IN VIRTUAL CLASSROOM, THE TEACHER DELIVERS LECTURE AT HIS OWN
WORKPLACE. THE STUDENT CAN ATTEND THE LECTURE AT HOME BY CONNECTING TO A
NETWORK. THE STUDENT CAN ALSO ASK QUESTIONS TO THE TEACHER.
• ONLINE EXAMINATION
• THE TREND OF ONLINE EXAMINATION IS BECOMING POPULAR. DIFFERENT
EXAMINATION LIKE GRE, GMAT AND SAT ARE CONDUCTED ONLINE ALL OVER THE
WORLD. THE QUESTIONS ARE MARKED BY COMPUTER. IT MINIMIZES THE CHANCE
OF MISTAKES. IT ALSO ENABLES TO ANNOUNCE THE RESULT IN TIME.

3. USES OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS:

• THE USE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS PROVIDES MANY FACILITIES.
BUSINESSMEN ARE USING COMPUTERS TO INTERACT WITH THEIR CUSTOMERS
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. MANY BUSINESS TASKS ARE PERFORMED MORE
QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY. COMPUTERS ALSO HELP THEM TO REDUCE THE OVERALL
COST OF THEIR BUSINESS. COMPUTER CAN BE USED IN BUSINESS IN THE
FOLLOWING WAYS.
• MARKETING
• AN ORGANIZATION CAN USE COMPUTERS FOR MARKETING THEIR PRODUCTS.
MARKETING APPLICATIONS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRODUCTS TO
CUSTOMERS. COMPUTER IS ALSO USED TO MANAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM,
ADVERTISING AND SELLING ACTIVITIES. IT CAN ALSO BE USED IN DECIDING
PRICING STRATEGIES. COMPANIES CAN KNOW MORE ABOUT THEIR CUSTOMERS
AND THEIR NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ETC.

• STOCK EXCHANGE
• STOCK EXCHANGE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PLACE FOR BUSINESSMEN. MANY
STOCK EXCHANGES USE COMPUTERS TO CONDUCT BIDS. THE STOCKBROKERS
PERFORM ALL TRADING ACTIVITIES ELECTRONICALLY. THEY CONNECT WITH THE
COMPUTER WHERE BROKERS MATCH THE BUYERS WITH SELLERS. IT REDUCES COST
AS NO PAPER OR SPECIAL BUILDING IS REQUIRED TO CONDUCT THESE ACTIVITIES.
4. USES OF COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL FIELD:
• HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES ARE USED TO AUTOMATE THE

DAY TO DAY PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS AT HOSPITALS. THESE TASKS MAY BE
ONLINE APPOINTMENTS, PAYROLL ADMITTANCE AND DISCHARGE RECORDS ETC.
• PATIENT HISTORY
• HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CAN STORE DATA ABOUT PATIENTS.
COMPUTERS ARE USED TO STORE DATA ABOUT PATIENTS, THEIR DISEASES &
SYMPTOMS, THE MEDICINES THAT ARE PRESCRIBED.
• PATIENTS MONITORING
• MONITORING SYSTEMS ARE INSTALLED IN MEDICAL WARDS AND INTENSIVE CARE
UNITS TO MONITORING PATIENTS CONTINUOUSLY. THESE SYSTEMS CAN
MONITOR PULSE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND BODY TEMPERATURE AND CAN ALERT
MEDICAL STAFF ABOUT ANY SERIOUS SITUATIONS.
• LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
• SPECIALIZED DEVICES ARE USED TO HELP IMPAIRED PATIENTS LIKE
HEARING AIDS.
• DIAGNOSIS PURPOSE
• A VARIETY OF SOFTWARES ARE USED TO INVESTIGATE SYMPTOMS AND
PRESCRIBED MEDICATION ACCORDINGLY. SOPHISTICATED SYSTEMS ARE
USED FOR TESTS LIKE CT SCAN, ECG, AND OTHER MEDICAL TESTS.
• ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER:

1. COMPUTER HAS MADE A VERY VITAL IMPACT ON SOCIETY. IT HAS CHANGED THE
WAY OF LIFE. THE USE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY HAS AFFECTED EVERY FIELD
OF LIFE. PEOPLE ARE USING COMPUTERS TO PERFORM DIFFERENT TASKS QUICKLY
AND EASILY. THE USE OF COMPUTERS MAKES DIFFERENT TASK EASIER. IT ALSO
SAVES TIME AND EFFORT AND REDUCES THE OVERALL COST TO COMPLETE A
PARTICULAR TASK.

2. MANY ORGANIZATIONS ARE USING COMPUTERS FOR KEEPING THE RECORDS OF

THEIR CUSTOMERS. BANKS ARE USING COMPUTERS FOR MAINTAINING
ACCOUNTS AND MANAGING FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS. THE BANKS ARE ALSO
PROVIDING THE FACILITY OF ONLINE BANKING. THE CUSTOMERS CAN CHECK
THEIR ACCOUNT BALANCE FROM USING THE INTERNET. THEY CAN ALSO MAKE
FINANCIAL TRANSACTION ONLINE. THE TRANSACTIONS ARE HANDLED EASILY
AND QUICKLY WITH COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS.
3. PEOPLE ARE USING COMPUTERS FOR PAYING THEIR BILLS, MANAGING THEIR
HOME BUDGETS OR SIMPLY HAVING SOME BREAK AND WATCHING A MOVIE,
LISTENING TO SONGS OR PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES. ONLINE SERVICES LIKE
SKYPE OR SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITES ARE USED FOR COMMUNICATION AND
INFORMATION SHARING PURPOSES.
4. COMPUTER CAN BE USED AS A GREAT EDUCATIONAL TOOL. STUDENTS CAN HAVE
ACCESS TO ALL SORT OF INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET. SOME GREAT
WEBSITES LIKE WIKIPEDIA, KHAN’S ACADEMY, CODE ACADEMY, BYTE-NOTES
PROVIDES FREE RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS & PROFESSIONALS.

5. MOREOVER, THE COMPUTER IS BEING USED IN EVERY FIELD OF LIFE SUCH AS

MEDICAL, BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, AIRLINE AND WEATHER FORECASTING.
• DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER:

1. UNEMPLOYMENT: DIFFERENT TASKS ARE PERFORMED AUTOMATICALLY BY USING

COMPUTERS. IT REDUCES THE NEED OF PEOPLE AND INCREASES UNEMPLOYMENT
IN SOCIETY.
2. WASTAGE OF TIME AND ENERGY: MANY PEOPLE USE COMPUTERS WITHOUT
POSITIVE PURPOSE. THEY PLAY GAMES AND CHAT FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
IT CAUSES WASTAGE OF TIME AND ENERGY. YOUNG GENERATION IS NOW
SPENDING MORE TIME ON THE SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITES LIKE FACEBOOK,
TWITTER ETC OR TEXTING THEIR FRIENDS ALL NIGHT THROUGH SMARTPHONES
WHICH IS BAD FOR BOTH STUDIES AND THEIR HEALTH. AND IT ALSO HAS
ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIAL LIFE.

3. DATA SECURITY: THE DATA STORED ON A COMPUTER CAN BE ACCESSED BY

UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS THROUGH NETWORKS. IT HAS CREATED SERIOUS
PROBLEMS FOR THE DATA SECURITY.
4. COMPUTER CRIMES: PEOPLE USE THE COMPUTER FOR NEGATIVE ACTIVITIES. THEY HACK THE
CREDIT CARD NUMBERS OF THE PEOPLE AND MISUSE THEM OR THEY CAN STEAL IMPORTANT
DATA FROM BIG ORGANIZATIONS.

5. PRIVACY VIOLATION: THE COMPUTERS ARE USED TO STORE PERSONAL DATA OF THE PEOPLE.
THE PRIVACY OF A PERSON CAN BE VIOLATED IF THE PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL
RECORDS ARE NOT PROTECTED PROPERLY.

6. HEALTH RISKS: THE IMPROPER AND PROLONGED USE OF COMPUTER CAN RESULTS IN
INJURIES OR DISORDERS OF HANDS, WRISTS, ELBOWS, EYES, NECKS AND BACK. THE USERS
CAN AVOID HEALTH RISKS BY USING THE COMPUTER IN PROPER POSITION. THEY MUST ALSO
TAKE REGULAR BREAKS WHILE USING THE COMPUTER FOR LONGER PERIOD OF TIME. IT IS
RECOMMENDED TO TAKE A COUPLE OF MINUTES BREAK AFTER 30 MINUTES OF COMPUTER
USAGE.

7. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT: THE COMPUTER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND COMPUTER

WASTE ARE POLLUTING THE ENVIRONMENT. THE WASTED PARTS OF COMPUTER CAN
RELEASE DANGEROUS TOXIC MATERIALS. GREEN COMPUTER IS A METHOD TO REDUCE THE
ELECTRICITY CONSUMED AND ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE GENERATED WHEN USING A
COMPUTER. IT INCLUDES RECYCLING AND REGULATING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. THE
USED COMPUTERS MUST BE DONATED OR DISPOSED OFF PROPERLY.
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