UNIT 10

STRAIGHT LINES &

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
x -1 0 2
Table of values y 3 4 6
- Standard equation of a straight line
- y=mx+c
o m  gradient/steepness
o c  y-intercept

10.1 – STRAIGHT LINES

- Draw graph from equation
o Draw table of v, x and y coordinates of at least 3 points
o Draw up and label set of axes for range of y-values worked out
o Plot e/ point on n° plane (label)
o Draw straight line to join points (rules)

- Gradient
o Tells you how steep line is
o For every unit moved right, tells you how much line moves up/down
o Parallel graphs have same gradient
y change y 2− y 1 rise
o gradient= = =
x increase x 2−x 1 run
o REMEMBER – X increases only
o Y change +/- gives sign of gradient

- Vertical and horizontal lines

o Vertical – x=n°
o Horizontal – y=n°  gradient = 0

- Finding the equation of a line

o Write y=mx+c
o C (constant term) – y-intercept
 o M(coefficient of x) – gradient of graph
 Value means graph slopes down to right
 + value – slopes up to right
o Y – subject of equation

- Parallel and perpendicular lines  always write equations in form y=mx+c

o Perpendicular
 Meet at right angles – product of gradients : -1 (inverse)
 Lines w/ equations that are negative reciprocals are perpendicular
 Ex
 Passes point (a, b) , y=2x+1
 X= a y= b
 B= -1/2(a) + c  find reciprocal and substitute by values
 C= …
 Y= -1/2x + …
o Parallel
 Parallel lines have the same coefficient and different constant term

- Intersections w/ x-axis
o X-intercept  all points on x axis  y=0  substitute y by 0 and calculate
o Y-intercept  substitute x=0

- Finding length of straight line segment

o Line segment: any section of line joining 2 points
o Use Pythagoras Theorem to calculate length of line segment you know
co-ordinates of endpoints of
o
o a2 = b2 + c2
o ….
o a=√ …
o a=…

- Midpoints
o Point that is exactly halfway btw 2 optional points
o Add both x coordinates
o Divide by two  x coordinate
o Add both y coordinates
 o Divide by 2  y coordinate
o Midpoint: P(x coordinate, y coordinate)

10.2 – QUADTRATIC EXPRESSIONS

Quadratic expression: algebraic expression that contains an x2 term, x term and constant
term – a x 2+ bx+ c
- Product of + than 2 sets of brackets

- Squaring a binomial
o Product that
 1st term – square of 1st term
 Middle term – twice product of middle terms
 last term – square last term
- Factorizing a quadratic expression
o 1 x2 +ax +c → ( x +b )( x +d )
o C= bxd / a= b+d
o Conditions
 Coefficient x2 MUST be 1
 You need two n°s that
 Add to give coefficient x
 Multiply to give constant term
o Tips
 Multiply to give positive anser  both +/ both –
 Coef. X -  both –
 Coef. X +  both +
 Multiply to give – answer  dif signs
 Coef x +  > is +
 Coef x -  > is –
- Difference btw 2 squares
o x 2−a 2=( x+ a ) (x−a)
o You need
 2 perfect squares, one w/ - sign
 REMEMBER – you may need to take out c.f first before factorizing this
way

- REMEMBER – end of equation

o x−4 ⟹ x =4
o x +3 ⟹ x=−3  flechitas!!