:>LATE I. TOMB OF HUY.

CEILING PATTERNS.
 THE THEBAN TOMBS SERIES
EDITED BY NORMAN DE GARIS DAVIES AND ALAN H. GARDINER

F() I'll Tl! J[J,,'JIOJ 1.'

TOMB OF HUY
VICEROY OF NUBIA IN THE REIGN OF TUT(ANI(HAlYIUN
(No. 40)

COPIED I~ LIKE AXD COLOUR

B'[

N I NA DE G A HIS D AV I ES

AND WITH EXPLANATORY TEXT

RY

ALAN H. GARDINEH

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AllSPICES 0-'" THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY

LO~DON
PUBLISHED BY

THE FGPYT EXPLORATION SOCIETY

13, TAVISTOCK SQUAll,", 'V.C.
ALSO SOLD BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND S'fREET, W.I; HUl\IPHREY MILFORD,
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, A)fEN HOUSE, 'VARWICK SQUARE, E.C.4, AND 29, 'VEST 32ND STREET, KE\\' YORK, U.S.A.;
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FETTER LANE, LONDON, E.C. 4;
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBl ER & CO., 68-74, CARTER LAXE, E.C. 4;
GEORGE SALBY, 65, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.l.

1926
 LONDON:
MADE AND PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SOl'S, LIMITED.
 CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER L---GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMB, ITS HISTORY AND ITS OWNER.
Location, p. I.-General features of the tomb, p. 1.---The personality
of J:Iuy, p. 5.-Recent history of the tomb, p. 8.

CHAPTER n.-DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENES.

1. ~Iuy receives his appointment as viceroy of Nubia 10
2. J.Iuy renders thanks to the gods in the temple of Amun 13
3. J:Iuy leaves the temple of Amun 1<1
4. J:Iuy proceeds to Nubia in the viceregal dahabeeyah and is greeted by
the officials of his province 15
5. I.Iuy collects the ~evenue of Nubia 19
6. I,Iuy inspects the transport boats . 19
7. Sub-scenes of the east wall 20
8. J:Iuy brings the tribute of Nubia to Tut(ankhamun 21
9. J:Iuy presents to Tut(ankhamun the tribute of Asia 28
10. J:Iuy worships Osiris 30
11. Sub-scenes of the west wall 30
12. I.Iuy in the life after death 31
13. Second scene o(I.Iuy worshipping Osiris 32
14. Ceiling Inscriptions 32
15. Fragments and objects found 33

IKDEXES . 35

LIST OF PLATES 41
 THE TOMB OF HUY
VICEROY OF NUBIA IN THE REIGN OF TUT~NKHAMUN

(No. 40'>

=
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMB, ITS HISTORY AND ITS OWNER.'

LOCATION.--The tomb of the Nubian viceroy ij:uy ~~~, whose more dignified but
less usual name was Amen1}.otpe ~ ~ ~~, is situated high up on the eastern slope of
the hill known as ~urnet Mur'ai, the isolated hill rising from the plain at a little distance
north of Medmet Habu and crowned with the ruins of a Coptic Der. By the end of the
Eighteenth Dynasty the hill of Sheikh 'Abd el-J5.urneh, the fashionable burial-ground of the
Theban nobles, had become so honeycombed with tombs that the magnates of the later
reigns had perforce to place their sepulchres elsewhere. J5.urnet Mur'ai offers a good site,
and it is strange that it should not have acquired more popularity than it did. Besides
J:fuy, the owner of the tomb to be described in this volume, the only really eminent
personage known to have been buried there was Mermose, the viceroy of Nubia under
Amenophis Ill. He may have chosen this location because it looked out immediately
upon the great temple of his royal master. The tomb of Mermose must have been near that
of J:-[uy, as cones and other remains of him abound in the neighbourhood; it may even
have been accessible in the early days of Egyptology, since the sarcophagus has long been
ID the British Museum.

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE TOMB.-The courtyard has never been completely cleared,
and a mass of debris still encumbers the southern side, where the cliff may have extended
some seven feet further than is shown in the plan (PI. II). No trace now remains of the stone
framing of the door, which, judging from the rebate in the rock, must have been an unusually

J Like all ot.h\'[ volu111('s of the Series, this one is deeply indebted to the help of Mr. Norman de Garis Davics,
who not only prepared thl' planx alltl drew out PI. XXXVIII, hut also Ulldl'rtook the clearance of the underground
chamh('f~. Hp. has also made yaluabll' contributions to t.he following text. Our obligations to ot,her kind helpers
will be acknowledged in their proper places.
II
2 THE TOMB OF I.IUY.

solid one; the threshold of sandstone that is now seen may be modern, though the lower
of the two stones composing it possibly belongs to the original paving. Passing over this, we
enter an Entrance Passage some nine feet long, which was once adorned with paintings.
Fragmentary traces on the north side indicate that here stood a figure ~ accompanied by
a text. Besides this nothing is now left but a roughly painted kheker-pat.tern above the
ordinary band of rectangles. The ceiling pattern is shown in the annexed cut (Fig. 1).
From the Entrance Passage we enter the Outer Chamber, which consists of two long
but narrow bays extending to north and south. l It is here that is found practically all that
is preserved of the paintings. The room is unsymmetrical to the last degree. Neither are
the bays in line with one another, nor yet are the walls square with the ceiling or with the
floor. In most parts the walls are slightly concave. The ceiling of the northern part curves
badly, while that of the southern half slopes downwards. The floor likewise is uneven. At
the end of the north bay is a ledge of rock resembling a step.
The natural rock or--the walls has been
roughly smoothed and a layer of mud containing
a good deal of straw has heen laid upon this.
The thickness of the mud varies from about
1 . 5 cm. to as much as 7' 5 cm. A thin coating
of whitewash provides the painting surface.
The paintings were heavily coated with varnish,
which becomes anything but a preservative in
(,he presence of foul air, turning black and
opaque, and hringing away with it all colour
when removed., 'Vhen the tomb was first
discovered, its colours must have been brilliant
and unspoilt, since it claimed the special
attention of the early explorers. Now its
aspect is as repulsive as any tomb in the
neighbourhood, considerable stretches of the
wall-surface having fallen away, and the lower
parts especially having 'been soiled and dis-
FIG.l.
integrated by the use of the tomb as a dwelling
and as a stable.
Around the walls is a small frieze measuring 13' 5 cm. as its total height. This is completely
shown only in our PI. XXXV. The alternating lotus buds and blossoms pointing downwards
are no uncommon motif in the Theban tombs. These are surmounted by a border consisting
of a red and a black line on a white band, below ",hie-h in certain parts of the tomb is a
band of the ehain-like pattern which Mr. Davies has termed "tail-edging." 2 Underneath

1 Note that our descriptions employ the river-orientation, i.e. assume that the river always runs from south to

north, and that the hills in which the tombs are excavated have the same direction. In point of fact, the tomb of
~uy faces nearly south, instead of east.
2 The Tomb of TlIJO Sculptors at Thebes, p. 19,11.3. The ;;pot in the middle of this pattern is red in the entrance
to the inner chamber, but altefll1tely red and blue in the outer room.
 THE TOMB OF ~IUY. 3

the lotus ornament is the ordinary border of coloured rectangles, which also occurs as a
vertical margin on the two end-walls (PIs. XXXV-VI).
The paintings are of great interest, not merely for what they depict, but also as
showing a style which was adopted immediately after the breakdown of the Aten heresy
and the return of the Court to Thebes. On this topic let Mr. Davies speak :-
"There are four well-preserved tombs at Thebes of the last reigns of the EighteE'nth Dynasty:
our tomb, No. 49 (of the reign of Ay), Nos. 50 and 255 (of the reign of f.[areml)ab). The last has
all the dull formality of a commonplace Egyptian tomb of the pre-revolutionary period. No. 50,
a sculptured tomb, is almost pure Ramesside in style. The second is in some respects what we
should imagine a tomb of the EI-Amarna period would be if executed in flat colour ano in the best
style. The tomb of IJuy is a strange blend of dullness and brilliancy, of features derived from the
revolutionary era and others which forecast the tasteless and lifeless Ramesside style.. These tombs,
therefore, bear witness to the bewildered hesitancy in which Theban art stood for a while before it
subsided into the long monotony of the la~er sepulchral art.
"One can see that the merit and demerit of the execution is bound up with the choice of
subject-matter. Tombs 50 and 255 embody the decision that personal piety, ritual and sacrament,
are the proper subject of sepulchral decoration, but one is made to feel that the decision was regretted
and was devoid of any enthusiasm. The three royal tombs of the period are equally and similarly
uninspired. The artist of Tomb 49, however, has retained all the keen interest in life which had
marked the heretic king, so that even in his depiction of commonplace figures, burial and worship,
his brush has life and individuality still. This note of personality is also manifest in the earlier tomb
of IJuy. He has felt impelled to fill its surfaces with records of his official history, though these are
at times aull enough in presentation. But even here we seem aware of the exiled official whose
thoughts were in Egypt, when we note the attention given to the shipping that was the channel of inter-
course and of return. The same reason perhaps may have encouraged that affection for the horse
that is evinced here more than once, long before the days of Piankhi. His sojourn among the
barbarians, and earlier, perhaps, among the cultured foreigners of the north-east, appears to have
awakened the love of colour which is displayed on the back wall of the tomb and which was a
secular as well as a personal trait. What merit the tomb possesses i3 showa in those parts of the
walls that deal, as it seems, with these personal preferences of J:Iuy, however he communicated
them to the artist.
"There is a considerable difference in the draughtsmanship exhibited in the tomb; for while
the drawing of material objects and decorative elements is careful and holds by the old traditions,
the figure-drawing is poor, probably because the artist was wavering between allegiance to the old
and to the new styles. This is true even though we withdraw from criticism the upper part of the
figures of J:Iuy himself, which were evidently executed with some skill, but, having been erased, were
restored later in the slovenly style of Ramesside artists. The drawing, not being sure of its own
mind, then, cannot be good, but it is often attractively quaint; that is to say, individuality and
the historic change are at work in it. The Eighteenth Dynasty is no more, and we have an
unreconciled product of the past and the future, of the lesser and the greater, the temporary and
the permanent revolutions in art which Akhenaten and the line of Ramessids had accomplished one
after the other. We see the one in the forms of the figures, their individuality, and the mundane
subject-matter of the designs; the other in the harsh, if vivid, coloration, the 1003e lines, the free
confusion of such a group as the cattle on PI. XXX. The sepulchral art of EI-Amarna is more
often poor than good, and the artist of IJuy, we feel, has not followed the best traditions there.
The tomb, while strongly influenced by the new modes, scarcely finds a parallel either at Thebes
or at EI-Amarna. Each artist at this time was no doubt feeling the impact of the recent past and
of remote tradition in a different degree. Hence the idiosyncrasy of this tomb. But it is possible
that had its paintings not suffered such mutilation, especially the worst injury, that of restoration,
it might have created 11 much more favourable impression than a study of its separate features now
. yields."
B 2
 THE TO~IB OF TIUY.

A unique feature of the tomb consists in the small sub-scenes shown in PIs. V, VIII,
IX, XIII, XXI, XXXIV. These reach so nearly to the ground in many places that only
a blank space of 25-30 cm. is left below them. They have suffered severely from the
kicks of touristfl and of the natives who used to dwell in the tomb. In the southern
hay, east side, the sub-scenes show three superimposed rows of only 12 cm. each; these
are separated from the main scenes by bands of yellow and red. On the \vest wall there
is a single sub-scene of larger size.
The ceiling is exceptionally well preserved. It is slightly vaulted III the east-west
axis of the tomb, the vaulting being a trifle wider than the width of the entrance passage.
(1) Within this vaulting the pattern is as shown in the lower half of PI. J.1 In the white
interspaces are seen the titles of the
~~~
owner of the tomb, as follows:- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
M "the king's son of Cush, the royal scribe, Amenl;lOtpe"; l
" the overseer of the southern countries, J.Iuy" ; 1 a V a
f'vVVVIA 0 x I
9 ~ 'C7
c I a
"
~ ~ ~I =M ~~
the king's envoy in every
land"; ~ ~ ~ ~:: ~ ~ "the fan-bearer to the right of the king." A band of inscription
(D in PI. XXXVIII) divides this pattern into two halves. (2) In the north bay the pattern
is that shown at the top of PI. I. This also displays the coloured band which separates
this part of the ceiling from the central vaulting, as well as the beginning of one of the
lines of inscription given, together with a plan of the entire ceiling, in PI. XXXVIII.
(3) The ceiling pattern in the southern wing consists of zigzags enclosing quatrefoils; this
is too commonplace to be worth reproducing.
The Inner Passage lies in the axis of the Entrance Passage and is rather the shorter
of the two. On its southern wall it shows the same kheker-pattern as was noted in the
entrance. What remains of the paintings is shown on PI. XXXVII. The paintings of
the northern wall were too much damaged to be copied, and indeed the subjects are hardly
recognizable. Nearly the whole of the outer half is occupied by the imitation of a door,
black slats on a deep red (originally yellow?) ground; such doors have been noted in
similar positions in Tomb 74 (Thanuny) and in the temple of Del' el-Bal}.ri. Further
inward, the nort,h wall displays the traces of a tree with blue-green stems and red fruit.
On the left, facing. the tree, may have been a figure of I:Iuy holding a bouquet or
sekhem-sceptre. Traces of red flesh-colour and white dress can be found here and
there. The ceiling of this passage was prepared for pattern and inscription, but these
were never executed.
The Inner Hall follows the traditions of the revolutionary period in being pillared,
roomy and undecorated. The retreating back wall and niche are rough "in the extreme,
'and bear witness to the obstructions met with by the quarryme~, obstructions which
they took no great trouble to surmount. An enormous boulder still juts out from the
east \vall of this chamber (PI. Ill). The walls, the ceiling, and the sides of the pillars
were coated with mud and roughly plastered in readiness for the paintings, but J.Iuy's
death or disgrace prevented the work from being carried any further.

1 Also JEQUIER, La decoration egyptienne, PI. xxiv [37]. This author has unfortunately recorded a portion of
the pattern the yellow of which has been altered by fire to red.
 THE TOMB OF I:llTY. 5

The interior of the tomb was eleared by Mr. Davies in the spring of 1921. The
following is his account of the subterranean features that were discovered :--
" The provision of 'burial-placrs is so ample t.hat the "'hole floor of t.he Outer Ch:.-,mb:'r thrratens to
give way.1 But of these places of sepulture few probably go back to the days of l.Iuy himself. The
shallow pit in the Inner Hall, which, at the depth of a few feet, [',dmits to a very low and rough
chamber, m2,y be the only original one. A second pjt. waS opened in the north bay of the Outer
Chamber so near the west wall that it is unlikely to be the work of men who had any respect for
the safety of the paintings; in fact, a part of the wall has slipped away at this point. 'fhe rough
opening in the floor gives access to a subterranean chamber on the north. The low room above it
on the level of the Outer Hall has a better claim to be a contemporary burial place, since the opening
to it is made in tInt part of the north wall where the stela in the centre h2.d been left blank. The
few courses of brick which now stretch across its entrance tH'e likely to be much more mcdern.
Besides these, five other resting-places may be distinguished, though with difficulty, as they are mere
extensions and nooks added to the first penetration of the area below. A gallery which runs inward
and downward from the fa9ado seems to have been the first to be excavated. It is now bricked off
to sepamte it from extensions to the west and north. Under the south-west wall someone has
appropriated a corner of the cave by building two 'walls at right-angles ::md sinking a trench for a
sarcophagus. Kearly opposite this is another chamber \"ith a sunk floor. Northward of this the
excavations widl'll into something like a room, and from its north-west corner ::',11 additional and
unfinished cave has been hewn out which runs under that entered from the Innor Hall. It is of
the roughest character; but some effort at decency has been made by providing the entrance with
a front of built stone and a stone jamb. Finally, a narrow pit has been sunk in the entrance-way,
no bigger than would admit a body or 1:1, coffin."

THE PERSONALITY OF I:£uY.-The ovmer of our tomb has supplied us with much
information as to his functions as a high officer of state, but has left us singularly ill-
instructed concerning his family and personal antecedents. His mother's name was WanQ.o
::::::r ~, andshe IS seen as a white-haired lady accompanying him to the
quay-side when he starts for Nubia immediately after his appointment as viceroy (PI. XI).
His father is neither depicted nor named. 2 It must be remembered that. Egypt had
passed through troublous times. The opposition which the heresy of Akhenaten had
encount.ered in Thebes resulted in his leaving that city and building a new capital at
EI-Amarna, whither a sprinkling of the old nobles doubtless followed him. The Nubian
VIceroy during part or the whole of Akhenaten's reign was Djel;mtmose Jf mr,3 and
there is no record of any other viceroy between him and I:£uy, who owed his appointment
to the young king TutCankhamiin (PIs. IV-VI). 'We may take it that I.Iuy was born in
the reign of Amenophis In, the predecessor of Akhenaten, since his sons are represented

1 The Department of Antiquities was good enough, at Mr, Davies's request, to underpin the walls solidly in one

or two places where danger was greatest (March, ]925).

2 This mention of I:Iuy's mother shows that the Amenl:lOtpc called I.Iuy of the stela C 72 in the Louvre can have
nothing to do with our I.Iuy, as Prof. Reisner has suggested it might, for the mother of the I:Iuy of the Louvre stela
was named Nub~otpe. Pro£. Sethe has shown that I,lIlY was a not unusual abbreviation or variation of the name
Amenl;lOtpe, see Zeitscltrift fur iigyplische Sprache, vol. 44-, p. 89; cf. also Gauthier's article mentioned in the next
note, p. 198. Wc may here recall the fact that our Amenl:lOtpe-~Iuy was Dot the only viceroy of Nubia who bore the
name Amen\lOtpe. Another viceroy called Amenl,J.otpe held office under Tuthmosis IV, see Zeitschrift fiir iigyptische
Spraclte, vo1. 59, p. 157.
3 For the history of the viceroys of Nubia see the important articles by G, Reisner in Journal (If Egyptian
Archaeology, vo1. VI, pp, 28--53, 73-88, and by H. Ganthier in ReClteil de Travaux, vo1. XXXIX, pp. ] 79-238.
6 THE TOMB OF J;IUY.

In his tomb as grown up and holding various official positions. If his father had been
of humble birth, there is no particular reason why he should not J1ave been mentioned,
though probably no great prominence would have been given to him. It seems more
probable, though here we move wholly in the realm of conjecture, that ~Iuy's father was
a man of some position whose name, after the restoration of the worship of Amiin and.
the return to Thebes, was better kept in the background. Among I:Iuy's titles we find
<j?
---lJ
~ "prince"
0
---lJ
.
(PIs. XI, XXXVII), a title which appears alwavs
•
to constitute
a claim to descent from a noble line. In PI. XV the second prophet of TlltCankhamun
at Faras (see below) is described as I,Iuy's brother and bears the name Mermose ~ m~,
doubtless after the famous viceroy of the time of Amenophis Ill. If this man was a
real brother, we might guess that I:luy was closely related to the said viceroy.

=
Whether I:Iuy had held any office in Nubia before his promotion to be viceroy of that
province is uncertain, though there is a distinct possibility, in spite of the commonness
of the name, that he was identical with the ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~~ "despatch-
fij c;. IWVVV\

writer of tbe king's son Mermose I:Iuy" reported by M. Loret to have been named on a
stela from Mermose's tomb at Thebes. 1 It may be guessed that the title of ~ fij c:=~~
"real scribe of the king, beloved of him" (PIs. XI, XXXVIII, A, G) was the earliest of
those which brought I:Iuy into contact with the Pharaoh. But which king it was that conferred
this rank upon him is unknown, nor do we know whether I:Iuy was a partisan of
Akhenaten, or whether his sympathies lay with the party of Amun. The scene in which
I,Iuy presents to TutCankhamllll the tribute of Asia (PI. XX) makes it likely that at
the beginning of this reign he held the office of I, 0 \-.1 0 ~ ~ 'C7 "the king's envoy
flWVVV\ [] X l a 1 0
in every land" (above, p. 4; Pl. XX). Last of all came I:Iuy's appointment, under
TutCankhamiin, 'as viceroy of Nubia, or, as the Egyptians expressed it, ~ ~ IWVVV\ ~~
"king's son of Cush." That dignity carried with it several other titles, particularly
1 ~ !1?"1 "overseer of the southern countries" (p. 4; PIs. XX, XXXVIII, E, G)
and ~ ~~ ::,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "fan-bearer to the right of the king" (p. 4;
Pls·SXX, XXXVIII, A, B, D, E, [F,] G). Another title found in the tomb is l)G} ~ ~ ~
"overseer of the cattle of Amun" (PI. XXXVIII, B, [F]), which is expanded on a slab
from the temple of Faras (see below) to L-.;; ~ I I I n~ c:::= I~~ 0 'CA ~ "overseer
"""""" ~
IWVVV\
l IWVVV\ IWVVV\ c::::J
of the cattle of Amun in this land of Cush." 2 Yet other titles found in the same place
and clearly connected with the viceroyalty are L-.;; ~ ~ n~ "overseer of the
~
IWVVV\
( 0 III IWVVV\

gold-countries of Amiin," 3 1 ~~
0111000
NVV'"" 'C7 ~
~
"overseer of the gold-countries of the

Lord of the Two Lands," 4 and ~:::: ~ ~ ~ c:::= 1~ ~! "brave of His Majesty In

1 See GAUTHIER, Livre des Rois, vol. Il, p. 338, no. 12.
2 Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. VIII, PI. xxvii, no. 17.
3 Ibid. 4 Op. cit., PI. xxvii, no. 18.
 THE TOMB OF BUY. i

the cavalry." 1 In the Theban tomh a single priestly title IS conferred upon ~Iuy, that
of J~ "divine father, beloved of the god" (PI. XXIX); this title he may have borne
at Faras in connection with the temple to be mentioned in the next paragraph.
The information concerning the burial of TutC ankhamun which is daily coming to
hand while these pages are being written lends a pathos and an irony to the little that
can be gleaned about his personal history. Loaded with wealth and honour, and hailed
in grandiloquent inscriptions as the restorer of Egypt's fortunes, we now know him to
have been only eighteen years of age at the time of his death. Clearly he must have been
hut a puppet in the hands of his supporters, chief among whom we must reckon the
divine father Ay, at first his fan-bearer and later his successor on the throne. It is
thus hardly likely that Tut C ankhamun was personally responsible for his deification during
his own lifetime. Professor Griffith's excavations at Faras, on the west bank twenty-five
miles below Wady Halfa, have proved that this was none other than the fortress of
Se1.ltep-enteru so prominently mentioned in the pictures of J:Iuy's tomb at Thebes. 2 A
temple of TutC ankhamun was discovered on this site, and in it reliefs commemorating J:Iuy
and his wife. The divinisation of a living Pharaoh was not without precedent in Nubia,
for the example had been set by Sesostris III of the Twelfth Dynasty. Various other
remains of I:Iuy were found at Faras, showing beyond the possibility of doubt that it
was at this period the cent.re of the viceregal government. Several priests of the temple
of Tut(ankhamun will be found depicted in our plates (see below, p. 18). Not recorded
at Thebes is a wife of I:Iuy named Taemwadjsi ~ ~ ~ r\, ~, who bore the religious
title of ~ ~ NoNV". 0 ~~~ r~ 111 "chief lady of t.he harim of Nebkheprure( (i.e.
Tutr ankhamfin) in Se1)tep-enteru.·' 3 Perhaps this wife survived him, for on one of the
two monuments at Faras where she is named she is said "to make" J:Iuy's "name to
live." In the tomb itself a wife was shown accompanying I:£uy to the temple of Amfin
(PI. IX), but the wall is broken at this point, and ,ve do not learn whether the wife of
the Thehan tomb was Taemwadjsi or another. Other female relatives, including a sister,
a,re depicted in PI. XI. The grown-up sons mentioned in the tomb are (1) "the . . . of
His Majesty, king's envoy . . ." (PI. VI), (2) "the overseer of horses, Pesiilr" (PI. VI),
(3) "the principal stable-chief of the king, Th(u)r . . . " (PI. XI), and (4) "the stable-
chief and standard-bearer, Pesiilr," probably the S3-me as no. 2 (PI. XI).
That I:£uy's life was not free from vicissitudes and enmities seems clear from the
erasure of his figure on a monument at Faras: In the Theban tomb the original represen-
tation of I:Iuy, finely executed and heavily varnished, has everywhere been painted over,
and what we now see is a secondary and far more roughly executed depiction. In places
the later plaster has fallen away, leaving visible parts of the earlier portrait. The titles
of J:Iuy cross-hatched in PI. XXXVI are similarly original work subsequently deleted.
Mr. Davies believes that the restorations "are not earlier than Ramesside times, and
not in all probability even very early Ramesside." The more prominent cartouches of
---------

lOp. cit., PI. xxvii, no. 17. 2 Op. cit., pp. 83-9,1.
3 Op. cit., Pis. 2:xiv, no. 9; xxviii, no. 1. J Op. cit., Pi. xxi.
8 THE TOMB OF HUY.

TutCankhamun have been wilfully cut out as well, apparently by someone who objected
to the king's personality but was inclined to respect the hieroglyphic names of Re' and
Amun (good examples PIs. IV, XXII). Perhaps Buy's career came to an end at the same
time as that of his monarch. His tomb was left unfinished. Under Ay, the successor
of Tutrankhamun, there is another viceroy of Nubia named Pesillr. 1
Apart from the tomb at Thebes and the remains at Faras there are but few records
of our viceroy. The graffito of an official called Amenemope at Ellesiyeh contains the
information that he held subordinate offices under the three viceroys Mermose, Dje1:}.utmose
and I,Iuy.2 A broken sandstone statue in the temple of Amenophis III at EI-Kab belonged
to "the king's son of Cush, I:Iuy, deceased," 3 and the same inscription is found on the
rocks at Bigeh. 4 More puzzling are some graffiti at SeMI, where a viceroy ij:uy is seen
adoring the cartouches of Ramesses II. 5 Since the cartouche of TutCankhamun was
regularly erased by IJareml}ab, Professor Reisner thinks that the name of Ramesses II
is a later substitution at SeMI, and M. Gauthier agrees that this is a more likely view
than to suppose the existence of another viceroy }.[uy under Ramesses II, who has already
five viceroys to his credit. The question is one which could doubtless be answered after
inspection of the inscriptions themselves.

RECENT HISTORY OF THE TOMB.-The tomb of J.Iuy ",,-as discovered by Sir J. Gardner
Wilkinson before 1828,6 and some of its scenes and inscriptions are recorded in his MS.
notebooks,' though he utilized it but little for his celebrated book on the Manners and
Customs of the Anc~'ent Egyptians. The next visitor of importance was perhaps
Champollion, who made some notes on the pictures III 1829. 8 Either earlier or later than
this, Robert Hay's expedition gave some attention to the tomb, tracings by M. Dupuy,
the French artist of the expedition, being preserved in the British Musenm. 9 More time
was expended on it by Nestor I'H(jte, who made valuable drawings of its scenes and noted
their similarity to the sculptures of EI-Amarna. 1o Its real celebrity dates, however, from
the publication of R. Lepsius's monumental Denkmiikr, where the remarkable scenes of
Syrian and Nubian tribute are reproduced m colour from drawings by E. Weidenbach. 11

1 G. REISNER, op. cit., pp. 36-8; H. GAlJTHIER, op. cit., pp. 198-200.
2 LEPsn's, Dcnbniiler, Text, vol. V, p. 115. He was despatch-writer under Mermose, and lieutenant of Cush
under I;Iuy.
3 Op. cit., vol. IV, p. 42. 4 Op. cit., vo1. IV, pp. 174-5. Also BRUGSCH, Thesaurus, p. 1217.
5 DE MORGAN, Catalogue des MOTluments, vol. I, p. 84, no. 8; p. 96, nos. 153, 161.
6 Mate'ria Hiel'ogl!Jphica, Malta, 1828, p. 87, n. 6.
7 These were bequeathed to the late Sir John Harpur Crewe to be kept as heirlooms at Calke Abbey, Derbyshire,
and some extracts from them have been made in Professor Griffith's library at Oxford, whpre they are now on loan
by kind permission of the present owner, Mrs. Godfrey l\'losley.
8 Notices desc1'iptives, vo!. I, pp. 477-80.

9 Add. MSS. 29,851B, folios 340-86.

10 Lettres ecrites d'E!J!Jplc, Paris, IS I W. p. UV. The 1\188. of :Kcstor I'Hotc arc preserved iu the Bibliothequc
Nationale, Paris, and the references to the tomb of J:luy will be found under the press-mark 1LOuvelles arquisitions
frarv;aises, 20W4 and 20396.
11 The Berlin authorities have granted kind permission to pub]i~h here photographs of the original drawings,
and wc arc particularly indebted to Professor Grapow for consenting to the loan of these for the purpose.
 THE TOMB OF HUY. 9

Other scholars who have visited the tomb and published extracts from it are Prisse
d'Avennes, Erman, Newberry, Piehl, Petrie, Jeqnier and ·Wreszinski. 1 The early interest
wJlich it excited gave place in time to a wholly unmerited neglect, and at length, like so
many other precious painted tombs at Thebes, it fell into the hands of native squatters.
Much of its present squalor and ruin is due to the fella,hin from whom it was not rescued
until towards the end of the Nineteenth Century.

1 For the references given below Wf.\ are largely indebted to Miss Porter, whose bibliography of the Theban
tombs is about to be published by Miss Rosalind Moss. .
10 tHE TOMB OF J:IUY.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENES.

l.--J:lUY RECEIVES HIS APPOINTMENT AS VICEROY OF NUBIA. (PIs. IV-VIII.)

AT the northern extremity of the east wall we Flee Tut r ankhamfin 1 seated in regal state
beneath a richly ornamented baldachin supported by light lotus columns (PI. IV). He holds
the crook and flagellum, and the blue khepresh crown is upon his head. 'rhe background of
the baldachin is yellow, and probably we have to imagine that a gilded screen was
suspended behind the Pharaoh. Steps lead up to the dais, and at their foot courtiers are
shown in various attitudes of awe-struck homage (PI. VIII, left). Was it on account of
the king's tender age that the actual appointment of J:[uy was deputed to an unnamed
"overseer of the treasury"? In the uppermost register that official is seen, papyrus-
roll in hand, welcoming ~Iuy as he approaches carrying a fan and accompanied by four
courtiers (PI. VI). Interesting legends accompany these figures. 2 Beside the chief treasurer
we read 3:_
"The overseer of t.he treasury says :-Thus speaks Pharaoh: 4 there IS handed over to thee from
Nekhen to Nesut-towe."

I:fuy replies :--

" :May Amiin, lord of Nesut-towe, do according to all that thou hast commanded (?), 0 sovereign,
my lord." 5

The text cont.inues above the heads of the courtiers:-

" The courtiers who are in the palace say: Thou art the son of Amiin, 0 Nebkheprur~/! May he
cause the chiefs of all lands to come to thee with all the choicest and best of their lands! "

From the first of these legends we gather the important information that the province
of Nubia at this time extended from Nekhen, i.e, Hieraconpolis opposite EI-Kab, to Nesut-
towe or Napata just below the Fourth Cataract.

1The cartouches have been erased in the usual fashion; see above, pp. 7-8.
2 Besides the copy by Nestor I'Hote (see below) the texts of this wall were copied by Professor Erman, and
published, together with a brief description of the scenes, in BRUGSCH, Thesaurus, pp. 1133-6.
3 Published also in PIEHL, Inscriptions kieroglypltiques, vol. I, PI. 145, 8.
4 This is probably the first occurrence of the common late Egyptian formula, often misspelt, as here, lJrl mi ni m,
lit. " he speaks like this, namely (X),"
;; The text looks as though it had been plastered over and is very illegible. In front of the original I was unable
to improve on the copy in the Plate. The first word, however, is probably -<3!>- ~ [~J. Further down, Erman
gives 3.; the reading may be either tVllt·n·k or ~dt·n·k.
 THE TOMB OF HUY. 11

The wall with which we are dealing has been greatly damaged since the days of the
early Egyptologists, so that the drawing by Nestor l'Hute reproduced in PI. V forms a
valuable supplement to Mrs. Davies's plates. l In the second register (PI. VI) further incidents
of the installation are recorded. One would have welcomed some inscription to explain
the first of them, in which some palace official is addressing J:!uy, who has just received
what looks like a rolled-up scarf (white with pink outline). Further on, ~Iuy receives the
golden signet-ring of his office (yellow). The name of the official who presents this is
lost, but the available space and perhaps a tiny fragment of paint seems to indicate that
it was the vizier. The legend reads : -
" Giving the seal of the office of king's son by [the vizier (?)J." 2

A further explanatory title reads : -

"Handing over the office to the king's son of Cush l;£uy from: l Nekhen to I5-aroy."

As others have remarked, this passage shows that the land of J5-aroy mentioned here
and in various texts of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties must indicate the region
round about Napata. Professor Griffith has suggested an equivalence with EI-Kurru, which
is also in this neighbourhood and became the early home and burial-place of the Libyan-
Ethiopian royal family.4
In the next scene (PIs. V, VI, VII) ~Iuy is seen leaving the palace after his
appointment. Hitherto he has faced towards the left; now he moves to the right. In
each hand he carries one of those tightly packed, artificial bouquets for which Dr. Keimer
has recently found good analogies in Tunis."
The legend reads :-
" Going forth praised from the palace, having been promoted in presence of the good god to be
the king's son, overseer of the southern lands, l;£uy; Khenthanniifer (Upper Nubia) having been
Mltrusted to him,6 and Upper Egypt being bound together under his supervision, so as to administer
them on behalf of the Lord of the Two Lands like all subjects of His Majesty."
Behind !.luy, in the lower register, are two of his sons, likewise carrying bouquets and
bunches of foliage : -
"The of His Majesty, the king's envoy , the son of [the king's son] J:Iuy."
" The overseer of horses Pesiiir, the son of the king's son l;Iuy."

1 Plate V is taken directly from the original drawing in the Bibliotheque Nationale (nouv. acq.fr., 20404, fo!' 77).
This had already been published in AMELINEAU, Histoire de la sepulture eyyplienne, PI. 80. Rough drawings also
:lCcur nouv. acq. fr., 20396, folios 123, 124, 127, 128.
2 Reading ~ and ~ ~. These figures were published for the first time NEWBERR~', Scarabs, PI. ii.

Professor Newberry gives l g "overseer of the seal," but of this I could see no trace, though there appeared

~o be a trace of the back of a bird like ~. However, Mr. Davies writes from Thebes, after a re-examination of the
original, to say that ~ seems to him impossible, though Ql is still more so.

3 The reading is certainly B ~ ~ C==.

4 Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, voI. IX, p. 73, n.
6 Anterican Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, voI. 41, p. 145.
6 For the construction see my Egyptian Grammar, § 423.,
c i
12 THE TOMB OF I~UY.

As he issues from the palace (PI. VII), J..Iuy is welcomed by some officials called
<:::::>
c::=:::>
~ 0\ 1'u:dw, who are known to have been subordinates of the Nubian vicerov• 1
J( I I I
since we elsewhere find functionaries of the name administering estates,2 we may perhaps
think of them as agricultural surveyors, but pending better knowledge we will translate
" agents."
" The agents say: 0 king's son of the Ruler,3 may Amun receive him! "

It seems fairly clear from the other occurrences 4 of "may Amun receive him! "-the
phrase as here used seems peculiar to this tomb--that it refers to the Pharaoh, and not to
J..Iuy. Are we to guess from this that Tut(ankhamun's return to Thebes from EI-Amarna
still lay in the future ~ After a generation of heresy, there might well be some doubt as
to the warmth of his reception by the Theban priesthood.
Behind the agents are two servants, indicated as such by their less elaborate attire.
In the next register, three servants with bouquets and bunches of foliage move to the
right as part of the procession, while two look to the left welcoming I:Iuy. The
accompanying legend, now largely destroyed, was correctly copied by Nestor I'H6te (PI. V) 5 : -
"The servants say: The Ruler belongs to Amun! He shall live for eVE'r. He trains gE'nerations
and generations!"

As we proceed, we shall meet with these and like expreSSIOns of joy over and over
again. It is a marvel how a people so artistically gifted as the Egyptians were could
have tolerated the stereotyped repetition of the same· phrases on all occasions. But such
is the fact. The conventionality seen in their art was characteristic even of their speech.
We find the cliche" he trains generations and generations," which always accompanies pictures
of soldiers, under Tuthmosis IV,6 we find it under Akhenaten,7 and here it is once more.
The phrase "the Ruler helongs to Amiln" is hardly less hackneyed.~
- - - " ' - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _.----_. - - - - - - - - - - - - ._--------

1 Onc is nallled at Ibrim, in thc viccroyaIt.y of Sctaw (Ramcs1>cs II). Dr. Rcisllcr mentions thc titlc1> " nod of
the king's 1>on " and" rwd of Kush " (Journal of EgyptilUt Archaeology, VI, 86), but hc givcs no references for these
precise titles. The ru;dw are mentioned frequently in a long inscription from Nubia of the reign of Sethos I to be
published by Professor Griffith.
See my Inscription of Mes, p. 13, in K. SETHE, Untel'suchungen zur Geschiclde wd Altertu1llskunde, vo!. IV.
2

Several times below we shall find t.his phrase followed by an address in the second person singular. Hence
3
it seems necessary to take it as a vocative. Hardly" the king's son belongs to the Ruler," in spite of the similarity
to the phrase discussed n. 8, below.
4 It occurs fIve times: here, and identically PI. XIII; twice before ra·tcy lw, iwk r ht liy'k ihvt 1n nfrt,
PI. XXXIX, 1, 8; once before" may he [cause] thee to make [thy] life a good one," PI. XIII. Professor Erman has
had the kindness to send me the complete list of similar phrases contained in the Berlin dictionary. They all (except
those from our tomb) date to Dyn. XIX or later, and all refer to the king, Amiin or some other deity being stated
or asked to receive the king. The commonest form is ~ ~ ~ n
E:5, e.g. CHAMPOLLION, Notices
J( ~ ~ MN'vv,
r.....:=..JJ
Q

descriptives, voI. Il, p. 41. But the use as a complimentary wish after pi ~~i occurs only in this tomb.
1) Identically in the papers of Wilkinson, voI. V, folio 178.

6 DAVIES, Tombs of Two Officials, PI. xxxi.

DAVIES, El Amama, vo!. I, PI. viii; voI. Ill, PIs. xii, xvi; voI. IV, PIs. xvii, xix.
7

8 Tombs of Two Officials, loco cit.; " to Aten," DAVIES, El Amarna, vo!. Ill, PI. viii; VD!. IV, PI. xvii. To translate
" the Ruler of Amiin (Aten) " seems improbable, as it makes but little sense. The phrase is often accompanied by a
verb in the third person, and in those cases at least cannot be a vocative.
 THE TOl\-IB OF J:IUY. 13

Very little is now left of the viceroy's sailors, who are shown in the third register
marching abreast in a single row. They were preceded by two men, doubtless the chief
of the sailors and the standard-bearer respectively. The latter holds the standard, which
may have been of gold or at least gilded, since both the pole and the emblem of the
falcon with feather were coloured yellow; the streamers were red and white. l rrhe legend
above the sailors has to be reconstituted from the copies by Nestor I'H6te and Erman
(PI. XXXIX, 1) : -
" Sailors of the king's son of Cush l;{uy. Expressions of jubilation! They ::lay: 0 king's ::lon of the
Ruler, may Amrm receive him! Rejoice thou! Thou shalt make thy old age a good one! " ~

What has survived of the fourth register is shown in PI. VIII, which needs to he
compared with the fuller record preserved by Nestor I'H6te (PI. V). The servants with
jars and bouquet to right probably belong to the next scene, but the lute-player is to be
taken as the leader of the procession which accompanied ~Iuy from the palace. The six
close-shorn men who follow him and his fellow-musicians are presumably servants of l:Iuy's
household; they display a joy and an eagerness not emulated by the graver personages
in their rear. These are in full dress, and may be either courtiers or friends of Ifuy. The
vertical legends merely reiterate the words of praise which we have already encountered: 3 _

"Jubilations. They say: He trains generations ,md generations. The Ruler [belongs to] Amii.n!
He shall be unto eternity! "
"Jubilations. They say: He trains generations and generations, the Ruler."

2.-I.HJY RENDERS THANKS TO THE GODS IN THE TEMPLE

OF AlVIUN. (PI. IX.)

Straight. from the royal presence IJ"uy proceeds to the temple of Amun, where he
returns thanks for the high honour paid to him in his appointment as viceroy. The artist
has ingeniously contrived that the picture of l:Iuy making sacrifice should occur in its wonted
place just - at the near corner of the north bay as one enters the tomb from outside.
Elsewhere the scene is independent of the neighbouring scenes; here it is part of a
consecutive series which fills the entire east -wall from north to south. Lepsius was still
able to copy the hieroglyphic legend almost in its entiret.y (PI. XXXIX, 4):-
"The offering of all things good and pure, a thousand of bread and beer, oxen and geese, a
thousand of all (kinds of) vegetables, a thousand of libations, a thousand of wine, a thousand of
incense, a thousand of all (kinds of) flowers, a thousand of all things [agreeable] and sweet 4 ;
the giving of myrrh upon the fire to :J;Iarakhte, to Sokar-Osiris, lord 5 of Shetit, (to) Nefertem and
------------------------- ---

1 See BRUGSCH, Tltesau1'Us, p. 1137..

2 These words are repeated by the female deputation in PI. XV. Before nfrt we must emend the preposition ?I!.
3 See PI. XXXIX, 2, 3 for conjectural restorations of these legends. Nestor l'Hote is the only source heside
the present remains; he appears to have omitted sapr in the first line of 2.
4 n4mt bnrt, cL PI. XXXVIII, B, c.

5 <=:> is for '=7.. The texts of the tomb are full of obvious mistakes, so that this one is not necessarily to be
put to the account of the modern copyist.
14 THE TOMB OF HUY.

(to) Onnophris, and (to) all the gods of the Sacred Land, those who are over (?r the Island of the
.Just; by the king's son of Cush, the overseer of the southern countries, the fan-bearer to the right
of t.he king, Amen~lOtpe, justified." 2

The remains of the figure of ij"uy are seen, pouring from a dark blue jar deep red
myrrh on a table of offerings. This figure has been destroyed and later re-inserted, as
previously described (p. 7). What has been copied is partly underlay, e.g. the armlet.
J.luy was, according to Lepsius, accompanied by his sister; this means, in Egyptian
parlance, his wife. The figures to the extreme right of Nestor I'HOte's drawing (PI. V)
also belong to this scene. On the same level as ij"uy and his wife were probably several
of his sons, of whom we see the last. Above were attendants carrying tables of offerings;
the hindmost also leads a couple of calves. In the lowest row are two servants with
tables supporting jars on their shoulders, and a third bringing up the rear with a huge
bouquet.

3.-I.IUY LEAVES THE TEMPLE OF AMUN. (PIs. X-XIII.)

Neglecting for the moment the sub-scenes beneath the representations already discussed,
we will proceed to consider the next episode in the painted record which I~uy has left us of his
promotion to the office of viceroy. Immediately to the south of the entrance passage, on the
eastern wall and as the counterpart and continuation of the scene of sacrifice just examined,
we find a picture of I;Iuy and his household leaving the temple of Amiin. He wears his
(:erelllonial robes, his golden armlets on his arms and a fine collar around his neck.:l His left
hand grasps a sti(:k with which he is walking, and in his right hand is a bunch of foliage. The
multi-coloured inscription over his head explains the situation: 4 _
" Coming from the temple of Amllll, after doing what is laudable in his Eight,s in order to administer
that land of Gush, by the prince, the great courtier, important in his office, great in his dignity, the
real scribe of thp, king, beloved of him, Amenl.lOtpe ..."

J:Iuy is followed by his family.6 Perhaps all four men still visible in the top row were
sons. The titles of the two first can be restored from I..epsius, though some emendation
is necessary (PI. XXXIX, .5) : -
" His son, the principal stable-chief of the king, Th(u)r ..."
" His son, the stable-chief and standard-bearer, Pesiur."

1 Read I=""'J 1
I 1 1
2 LEPSIUS, Denkllliiler, Text, vo1. Ill, p. 305. The hieroglyphs are coloured, and show a certain amount of
detail. The last three lines were copied by Wilkinson (MSS., vol. V, folio 178).
3 The figure here again had been erased. What is now seen is a replacement.
4 LEPSlUS,Denkmiiler, Text, vol. In, p. 305, gives the legend incompletely, but enables us to restore the end

~~
as c=
? ~
~~ ~~~~. ~~~
I:::=I: MNVV\ ~:a::a:

5 M-~t h·t Qsst m Ql'j, lit. " after doing that praised in his (Amiin's) sight."
6 Unsatisfactory copies of all in BRlJGSCH, Thesaurus, p. 1137. The sons only in LEPS\US, Denkmiiler, Text,
vo!. Ill, p. 305.
 THE TOMB OF J:lUY. 15

Of the ladies below, the first, who is white-haired, IS

" His mother, the mistress of a house, Wanl.lO."

Then follow in turn:-

" The chantress of Amiin, singer (?) of the temple ('?), K(?)-?-r."
" Nedjmet." 1
"His sister, the mistress of a house, Gu."
" . . . . [the mistress of a houseJ, [I,Ie]nut." 2

The first of these ladies has black hair, and was evidently much younger than the
mother who precedes her. 'Was she a wife of I;Iuy? His Theban tomb nowhere mentions
the "sister," i.e. probably wife, who perpetuated his name at Faras (p. 7).
The procession also included other members of I:£ny's household and possibly some
of his neighbours and friends. These are depicted in the third register (Pi. XIII; see
also the key-plate, Pi. X). The three vertical columns in front of the three (or two?)
bewigged gentlemen are so much damaged that their status cannot be determined. But
what they say can be reconstituted with some likelihood, the congratulatory exclamations
on the whole of the east wall being monotonously alike:-
"Coming from [the temple of Amiin . . . by the . . . together withJ the SE'rvants. [TheyJ
say: 3 [0 king's son of the Ruler], may Amiin receive him! "

The servants have their heads closely shaven. Above them is written:-
"The servants. They say: 0 king's son [ofJ the Ruler,4 may Amiin receive him! :May he
[cause] 5 thee to make thy [life a good one (?) J."

4.-I;IUY PROCEEDS TO NUBlA IN THE VICEREGAL DAHABEEYAH, AND

IS GREETED BY THE OFFICIALS OF HIS PROVINCE. (PIs. X-XV.)

We have seen IJuy leaving the temple of Amun, whither he had betaken himself
immediately after his appointment as viceroy. The little procession consisting of himself, his
relatives and his household makes its way straight down to the river-side, where we behold the
magnificent state-dahabeeyah which is to convey him to Nubia. 6 It is depicted twice over,
and in the lower example, reproduced by Mrs. Davies in colour (Pi. XII), the gangway is out,
the sail-yard is lowered, the crew are ashore, and we are left to examine the vessel at our
leisure. The vjceroy's horses have already been shut up in their stall; otherwise the only
sign of life is a bird that has perched on the top of the mast. 7 An elaborate awning adorns

1 Almost certainly ~~ Jl.

2 Restore [~J ~ ~. Traces of the title are visible.
3 Here, as in the text above the servants, the reading ~ in BRUGSCH, Thesaurus, p. 1138, is a mistake for if:.d.
~

4 See above, p. 12, n. 3.

5 Restore ~ ~.

6 A good photograph in WRESZINSKI, Atlas zur altiiuyptisclten Kulturgeschicltte, Jsf. series, PI. 165.
7 Of. DAVIES, Tornbs of Two Officials, PIs. xxiv-v.
 16 THE TOMB OF I;IUY.

the central cabin, and those at the prow and the poop are richly decorated, like the hull
itself, with representations of the war-god Month. Such a vessel one might imagine to
have been specially designed for the use of Pharaoh himself, or for none of lesser rank
than his deputy in Nubia. This is, however, not the case; exactly similar ships are seen
in other tombs, and the representations of Month are a commonplace even on the vessels
designed for the pilgrimage to Abydos. 1 Note the black and white skin lashed to the
top of the steering-oar, as well as the standard carrying the falcon with solar disk that
has been fastened to the cabin abaft. 2
We have interpreted the picture just described as localized at Thebes, since the prow
of the dahabeeyah points northwards. There is, however, just a possibility that the artist
may have meant to depict the arrival in Nubia. or perhaps even both events were intended
to be illustrated. Be this as it may, the upper representation (PI. XI) clearly shows
the vessel as on its way to Nubia. The picture was complete in Robe:!.t Hay's time
and rough tracings are found among his papers. 3 The prow is turned southwards, and
Ijuy is seen sitting in the cabin forward, in front of which stands a pilot sounding the
depth of the river with a long pole. The bird on the
top of the mast has flown, but the horses are in
their stall as before. Oars and sail are both being
employed for the difficult journey upstream. Sailors
are seen in the rigging both fore and aft, and on the
top of the cabin amidships is seen the captain, scourge
in hand, exhorting the crew to yet more strenuous
efforts. This last figure alone seems to merit repro-
.duction here, so it has been redrawn, as well as might
be, from 1\1. Dupuy's tracing. 4 Beyond the points
specified above, there are slight divergences between

FIG. 2.
n~ the details of the ship in the two representations,
and these are accentuated in a third representation
which we shall encounter in PI. XXXI below.
There is good reason for thinking that the figures in the register below the dahabeeyah
represent persons who welcomed I,Iuy on the river-bank of Thebes prior to his departure
thence, for the two lieutenants are depicted again at the Nubian end (PI. XIV, top).
These officials, second in importance only to the viceroy himself, are seen kneeling in the
attitude of praise (Pl. XIII). The legend over the first of the two is lost, nor is it
recorded in any of the early publications. Doubtless it read [~ C ,----Ll ,,"'vw. ~J J? f1f1
"the lieutenant of Wawat," corresponding to the still half-preserved description of the

1 See op. cit., p. 17. See, too, the models from the tomb of Ameuophis II published by DARESSY, F&uilles de la
vallee des rois, PIs. xlviii-ix.
2 This standard must have been identical with that shown in P1. V, where, however, the disk is absent and there

is a feather not seen here.

3 British Museum, Add. llISS. 29,851B, folios 340-6.
4 This figure is found also among Wilkinson's papers, vo1. V, fo1. 180.
 THE TOMB OF ~UY. 17

other figure, namely ~ [0 ~

J(
'VVVVVo]
] "----'I """""" "CA
c=:J
~ "the lieutenant of Cush." I Dr. Reisner
has shown that at this period and later the province of Kubia was divided into two
administrative districts, Wawat or Lower Nubia being the region between the First and
Second Cataracts, while Cush or Upper Nubia embraced the whole stretch between Semneh
and Napata. The name of J:Iuy's southern lieutenant, not recorded here, is known to
have been Amenemope, for it is found in a graffito of the temple of Ellesiyeh." Three
vertical columns of hieroglyphs before the two men are now almost completely destroyed,
but they can be partly restored with the help of fragments copied by Erman and
Wilkinson (PI. XXXIX, 6):-
" The lieutenants:J of the king's son come to [welcome him on] his arrival in tIll' faHlUr of tlw
Ruler. They say: 'l'hou art come loaded with the many favours of the Ruler, gooll ... "

The sailors of the viceroy, seen already in PIs. V, VII, are depicted again here.
Their leader is called:-
"The chief of sailors of the king's son." 4

The red skins of the SiX sailors proclaim them to be Egyptians, or at all events not
negroes. The inscription over their heads can be completely restored from the older
publications (PI. XXXIX, 7):-
"The sailors njoice" and say: Abounding in wealth and knowing him who gIves it!" Tholl
Ruler beloved of Amiin, thou shalt be for ever."

A deputation of women with red, yellow, and black complexions and white dresses
chime in with the chorus of praise (PI. XV). Two of them beat tambourines, while others
dance. The legend can be restored (PI. XXXIX, 8):-
"The deputation says: 0 king's son of the Ruler, may Amlm reCeIve him! 'rwice joyful! 'l'hon
shalt make thine old age a good one."

On his arrival at the seat of the Nubian government, which we have been able to
locate at Faras, twenty-five miles north of the Second Cataract (see above, p. 7),
J:Iuy was there greeted by the principal persons of the place. 7 \Vith their own hands the

1 Probably the definite article pi was absent, as in the titles in PIs. XIV, XV. But d.l',' llr!! ~1I!!t immerliately
following.
2 See Journal of Eg!!ptian Aj'chaeology, vo!. VI, p. 84. See above, p. 8, n. 2.
3 Apparently ns n idnw, plura!. One would expect rather ps idnu· 2" the two lieutenants."

4 ~ F=l ~ ~~~. So Lepsius (op. cif., p. 305), though ~ry is omitted by Erman (BRCGSCH, Thesaurl/s,
p. 1138).
5 Nlun for nh'lll"Sn 1
6 These epithets of Pharaoh form yet another cliche of the Akhenaten period, and occur not only at EI-Alllurna
(DAVIES, op. cit., vo!. I, P!. viii; vo!. Ill, PI. xvii; vo!. IV, PI. vi), but also once again in our tomb (PI. XXIII,
bottom). The difficulty is to interpret the word following rlj. This is never written clearly as an infinitivr rdit (or (11t),
in which case one would have to render" knowing how to bestow it." Hence it appears better to interprf't di as a
participle alluding to thc Aten or to Amii.n, a view which is confirmed by ~ in PI. XXIII, and once at EI-Amarna.
7 The legends have been previously published from copies by Erman in BRUGSCH, Thesaurus, pp. 1137-t:L
D
is THE TOMB OF i;tUY.

great men bring food-offerings and bags of gold dust. The front figure in the top row
(PI. XIV) was probably the lieutenant of 'Vawat, since his colleague "the lieutenant of
Cush" occupies the second place. Then follows the mayor of Khac-em-ma(et, which
is none other than 801eb, some sixty miles by river north of the Third Cataract; here
Amenophis III built a splendid temple, which fully entitled him to call the settlement
by his banner-name "Appearing-in-Truth" (lp-rn-rn/t).l The top register is brought to
a close by the "overseer of cattle." 8ince I,Iuy himself bore the title of "overseer of
the cattle of Amrlll in this land of Cush," the official here named either had different duties
or else was the actual functionary entrusted with the work for which I,Iuy was responsible
in an honorary capacity.
The first personage in the second register was the high-priest of the deified
C
Tut ankhamQn at Faras (8el,ltep-enteru). The figure is now destroyed in part, together
with the bulk of the inscription accompanying it; both have
been re-drawn from the rough tracing in the Hay 1\188." The
legend reads:-
"The first prophet of [Nebkheprurin-in-the-midst-of-Sel!tep-enteru,
Khay. He says: May [he] praise thee and love thee .; may he
cause thec' to enjoy the life which his soul giveth."

The second and third personages, who both carry bags of

gold dust, are:-
"Tlw lieutl'llant of the fortress of S'l,ltep-enti"'ru, Pe;l1le."
"The mayor of Sl'1,ltl'p-pnttirll, 1;Iuy."

The dignitaries in the third register (PI. XV) are all priests,
and have shorn heads in contrast to most of the lay officials.
Their leader is:-
" His brother, the secontl prophet of Nebkheprure c -in-the-midst-of-the-
fortress-of-Sel)tep-enteru, Mermose." 3

"His brother," one would think, can hardly refer to anyone

FIG. 3.
except the viceroy I,Iuy himself; but whether real brotherhood
is meant, or merely friendship, remains uncertain. This 1\1ermose
was undoubtedly named after the famous viceroy of the time of Amenophis Ill.
A single title suffices to describe the two priests who follow:-
" Wi/b-priest(s) of Npbkheprure c -in-the-midst-of-the-fortress-of-Sel}tep-enteru."
-------

1 See GAUTHIER, Livre des Rois, vol. Ill, p. 314.

2 Add. MSS. 29,851B, folios 345-6. Champollion (op. cif., vol. I, p. 480) gives only the title. Erman (BRUGSCH,
op. cif., p. 1138) saw no more than is now preserved.

3 Restoring 1~ ~ MIWV\ ( 0 W~) as seen by Champollion (loc. cif.).

 THE TOMB OF ~IUY. 19

5.-ij:UY COLLECTS THE REVENUE OF NUBIA. (PIs. XVI, XVII.)

In the next scene, separated from the last by a black dividing line, we find J:Iuy engaged
in the most important of all his official duties, namely the collection of the Nubian revenue. l
Among this revenue gold predominates-gold in rings and gold dust in bags, the latter
alternately red and white. Some leopard-skins and dappled cow-hides serve to remind us that
the country had other products as well, and lower down there are dishes of red carnelian or
jasper and a green mineral not so easy to i.dentify. Some men in the lowest row bring
a quiver and leather bow-case. In the middle, near the bre~k, is a vessel with handle
and long spout, coloured white. The figure of J:Iuy, erased and restored as usual, is shown
seated on a simple stool. He looks south, as though he had now definitely turned his
back on Egypt, and henceforth proposed to devote himself solely to his Nubian adminis-
tration. As symbol of authority he holds the baton (s&m), while his other hand grasps
a walking-stick. The scribes engaged in recording the amounts have near them the usual
wooden chests and sacks of ornamented leather in which they kept their papyri and
writing utensils. A standing scribe superintends the weighing of the gold rings against
weights shaped like oxen or like mere lumps (PI. XVII). He is;-
" The scribe who counts the gold, J:[arniifer."

Another man, called "the chief of the stable J:Iati," helps in the receipt of the revenue.
He must have been a particular favourite of the viceroy, for he is depicted thrice.
The bringers of the revenue are men and women, young and old; there is even one
tiny girl, who looks up at her mother. The colours of the skins differ, but this is doubtless
often merely a devi.ce for keeping distinct the figures of persons overlapping one another. Some
of the women are as red as the men; three in the top row are white-haired, like one leaning
on a stick in the second. It will be observed that the procession in the uppermost
register diminishes in size towards the right. Is this an attempt to indicate its length,
the rearmost persons being so far away that they appeared quite small? Such a mode
of representation would be so unusual for an Egyptian tomb that one hesitates to hazard
the explanation. The ceiling curves downwards towards the south end of the tomb, and
it is possible that the diminishing size of the figures was merely meant to harmonize with
the line of the ceiling. We are left with our question unanswered.

6.-J:IUY INSPECTS THE TRANSPORT BOATS. (PI. XVIII.)

Another black dividing line brings us to the final scene of the east wall. Buy is arrayed
in his official attire as before, but on this occasion he is standing. The hieroglyphic description
which would have been acceptable here is denied us, so that there is some uncertainty as to
the interpretation of the picture. At the top are several transport boats with green hulls (the
hull of one boat is deep red), loaded with large crate-like erections. In one instance they are
stationary upon the ground, in another they are being dragged and pushed over the mud-flats
near the river, and further down they are seen with steering-oars affixed and with a man aboard,

1 Good photographs in WRESZINSKI, Atlas Z'UT altiiuyptischen KultuT(JCschichte, 1st series, PIs. 162-4.
D 2
20 THE TOMB OF I;IUY.

already in the water but still moored to the shore. An almost enhrely losl; middle register
depicted offerings of various kinds, jars on tables, altars with loaves or joints (?) upon
them, vessels with sl;oppered mouths, and cakes or loaves on dishes. The relevance of
these to the resb of the representations is obscure; Mr. Davies suggests that they might
be for the feast accompanying the launching ceremony. In the lowest row the contents
of the boats seem to be shown; they are being registered by two scribes, of whom we
have met. with one already. The inscriptions 1 read:-
" 1'he scribe-who-counts-the-golU of the king's son I,fuy, I:Iarniifer."
" The scribe of the king's son l:£uy, Kha c ."

Some long bundles (pink and white) are identical with those labelled nfw ~) (?
in the tomb of Rekhmer((; Professor Newberry has conjectured that these bundleR
contained roots of the edible eyperus, large quantities of which are consumed by the natives
ot the Sudan under the name of nefu or nufu. 2 The other products are not easily
identifiable. The packets which the men are piling up are red in white nek There are
also yellow and red arrows.

7.-SLB-SCENES OF THE EAST \VALL. (PIs. V, VIII, IX, XIII.)

Before we turn to the scenes on the west or real' wall, let us examine what is left of the
sub-scenes to which reference was made earlier (p. 4). Those on the northern half of the
wall are shown in PIs. V, VIII. They are terribly damaged, and the tracing and interpretation
of the scanty remains was a matter of great difficulty. The restorations in Mrs. Davies's
plate follow and join up existing lines rather than conform to Nestor I'Hote's drawings,
which are evidently far from correct. The top row depends entirely on Nestor I'Hote. The
gCl'~(, aIHl cattlc are a mere sketch which has been here enlarged to scale. The horses are
reproduced exactly from the French traveller's full-sized. drawing. 3 The second register
~tjll shows the donkeys on the extreme left, though in much damaged condition, excepting
only the two heads and the foal, which are taken from the old tracing. The goats are
similarly put in from a rough tracing, but there is no precise indication where they came
along the line. The right-hand portion of this register, as well as all that is left of the
next, is taken from the actual wall, helped out by Nestor I'Hote's material. The scribes
who are recording the number of the horses in the first register are shown by Nestor
l'Hote just above the chests in the second row, and they have therefore been placed in
that position in PI. VIII. But this throws out their relation to the upper registers as
shown in PI. V. Our own arrangement is determined by the still extant remains of the
chests. Nestor l'H6te's copy of the inscription over the seated figure is barely visible in
PI. V, so we have repeated it in PI. XXXIX, no. 9.
In these sub-scenes more of I:Iuy's official duties have been illustrated. Here he is
dealing with the live-stock of his province. In the lowest row, immediately behind the

1 Already published, LEPSIUS, op. cif., p. 305.

2 Pruceedillgs of the Sadety of Biblical Archaeology, vol. 22, p. 147.
3 Nouuelles acquisitions fran~aises, 20404, fol. 78, thence reproduced in AMELlNEAU, Histoire de la sepulture, PI. 81.
 THE TOMB OF I~IUY. 21

seated figure of the viceroy, men are shown branding cattle with the prenomen of
Tut( ankhamun; see PI. XL, top, for a larger and more completely restored copy of this
interesting scene. The branding-irons resemble those depicted in the tomb of ~enamun
(no. 93). The prenomen of Tut(ankhamun would seem to indicate that the royal herds,
rather than those of Amun, are here depicted, though the latter are known to have been
in I:Iuy's charge (p. 6). The scribes are shown recording the numbers of each kind of
herd; the census includes, besides oxen, also horses, donkeys, goats and geese. The
intrusion among the horses of a boy with a golden vase is difficult to account for, unless
indeed it contained refreshment for the viceroy. This suggestion is not unlikely, for the
tedium of the proceedings seems to have been mitigated also in other ways. The tree
dimly discerned behind l,Iuy indicates. that the spot chosen was shady and pleasurable;
near the tree Nestor l'Hote shows a female slave playing the harp, with her head turned
back in her master's direction. The hieroglyphic title (PI. XXXIX, 9) reads:-
"Taking stock of the head of cattle of the herds [according to?] their kind. The prince ... [I:!uy]."

The remains further to the right beyond the break (PI. IX) are lamentably scanty
and difficult of interpretation. Renewed examination shows that the. restorations in the
plate are inexact, and these should be replaced by the drawing shown in PI. XL, at
bottom. Probably it is the fortress of Faras that is depicted in course of being
revictualled. On the southern half of the east wall (PI. XIII) there were likewise three
registers of sub-scenes. Here furniture and the like are being brought to ~Iuy, again
products, we may conjecture, of his Nubian province. Meticulous record is being taken,
as usual, of the amounts delivered.

8.-l:IUY BRINGS THE TRIBUTE OF NUBIA TO TUT'ANKHAMUN.

(PIs. XXII-XXXI.)

We pass now to the western wall, and begin with its southern section. Here we find
ourselves back again in Egypt. The moment has come for J,Iuy to render an account of
his stewardship, and we see him approaching the royal presence from the south, l holding
in his left hand the T-crook betokening his viceregal authority, and with the right waving
before Pharaoh the short ostrich-feather fan which was his prerogative as "fan-bearer to the
right of the king." 2 Tut(ankhamun sits in state under his baldachin, much as in PI. IV.
His cartouches have' been erased, as elsewhere, but in such a way as to leave the names
of Amun and Re( almost intact. The lines have been ruled for a descriptive title to the
scene, but this has been left unexecuted.
By kind permission of the authorities of the Berlin Museum, we are enabled to
reproduce the original drawings by E. Weidenbach, from which the well-known coloured
plates in Lepsius's monumental work were made. These will serve both as key-plans to

1 Shown in colour, LEPSIUS, Denkmiiler, Part Ill, PI. 118; see also ib., Text, vol. Ill, p. 302; CHAMP., op. dt.,
vol. I, p. 477.
2 The crook is shown in Lepsius, but is now destroyed. The parallel scene in PI. XX makes its restoration cert.ain
 22 THE TOMB OF HUY.

the two sections of the west wall, and also as records of a number of important repre-
sentations that are now lost. At the same time we are compelled to point out that
Lepsius's plates are far from accurate, and cannot be trusted in detail. This criticism
can be verified both by reference to Mrs. Davies's careful tracings and also from the
photographs recently published by Professor Wreszinski.
PI. XXIII shows all the central portion of the southern half of the west wall. 1
Immediately behind the standing figure of J:Iuy (PI. XXII) we behold choice samples of
the Nubian tribute. Gold in rings and "gold tied up" in bags are there as a matter
of course (PI. XXIV), together with dishes of carnelian or red jasper (&nmt) and of the
green mineral already seen on the east wall. There are tusks of \vhite ivory and jet-black
logs of ebony. A model chariot of gold is supported by an attendant negro, perhaps of
ebony, on a gold pedestal. A series of interesting shields, which we have reproduced in
colour (PI. XXV), are seen amidst furniture of various sorts, stools and beds and
armchairs; one stool has a bright red cushion. Under the chariot appears to be a golden
shrine; the varnish over this has become dark and opaque, but neither in the original
nor in Wilkinson's drawing is there any sign of the ornamentation shown by Weidenbach.
Professor Wreszinski explains this object, together with the strange blue and yellow
appendage projecting from its top, as a portable chair with its curtain; but the colour
and details of the supposed appendage make it more likely that it was it bouquet resting
on a green mat. 2 "YVeidenbach seems to have introduced fanciful details again in the
object which reposes on a high white table; a deep-red varnish now disfigures the whole
of this; such details as Mrs. Davies could see in the upper segment have been inserted
in her plate.
The most curious features of the tribute still remain to be described. These are
apparently elaborate specimens of goldsmith's work, and there are analogies for them in
the tombs of ~enamiin (no. 93) and of Imesib (no. 65),3 as well as at EI-Amarna. 4 The
largest of the three examples is shown in PI. XXVI, the other two are in PI. XXIV.
The lower portion, identical in the three cases, consists of a solid pedestal covered with
gold, on which are depicted, beneath the cartouches of Tut C ankh:unCm, black negroes tied
back to back on each side of the I-emblem symbolizing the union of the two lands.
In the largest and most elaborate representation there rests upon the pedestal a golden
tray or table-top, the extremities of which, to right and left, are recumbent negroes like

1 LEPSIUS, Denkmiiler, Part Ill, Pis. 117-8; small reproduction from a photograph by Insinger, MASPERO,
Histoire Ancienne, vo!. Il, p. 232; see also LEPSIUS, 0p. cit., Text, vol. Ill, pp. 302-4; CHAMPOLLION,Op. cit., pp. 477-80.
Photographs of portions in PETRIE, Racial Types, sheet XVI (nos. 783-8), and on a much larger scale in WRESZINSKJ,
Atlas zur altiigyptiscllen Kulturgeschichte, 1st series, Pis. 158-161. Other partial publications will be mentioned in the
footnotes below. The manuscript sources are: (1) tracings of the three top rows of Nubians, complete, by M. Dupuy
of Robert Hay's expedition (Brit. Mus., A.dd. MSS. 29,851B, fo1. 347-61); (2) drawings and tracings by Nestor
I'Hote (Bibl. Nat., no ut:. acq. franlj., 20404-, foIl. 62, 67-71); (3) Wilkinson MSS. (see above, p. 8), vol. Il, p. 35, a
valuable drawing of the entire wall, excepting the boats to the left.
2 The lines run up to the shrine on the left, but nevertheless the object seems to rest on the mat. Mr. Davies
writes: "If it is not a bouquet-and one would expect flowers at the end of it if it were a real bouquet-it must
be a fillet or something of that sort."
3 The latter is shown in a good photograph, WRESZINSKI, op. cit., PI. 224.
4 DAVIES, El Amarna, vol. Il, PI. xxxviii, top.
 THE TOM13 OF J:IUY 23

those forming the ends of the walking-sticks found by Mr. Howard Carter. Heraldically
arranged palm-trees, with monkeys climbing in their branches and giraffes nibbling at their
leaves, stand upon the tray, together with kneeling negroes in an attitude of adoration
and with others holding cords attached to the necks of the giraffes. In the cent,re
stands a golden pyramid (or pyramid-like hut?) upon a semi-circular bowl of cow-hide,
black and white, with a leopard-skin hanging from it and nigger-heads peeping over the
brim; more recumbent negroes at the base. All the figures were yellow, as of gold, if
Weidenbach may be trusted, except the recumbent negroes and nigger-heads. On each
side of the central pedestal described above, leopard-skins hang from the golden tray, and
beyond these are suspended what appears to be cloths ornamented with rosettes, not
unlike the pall from the tomb of Tut'ankhamiin. That the rosettes are not links of
chains, as they certainly are in the tomb of Imesib, l is shown by the inner markings of
one of them, still visible on the left in the fifth row from the bottom. The rosettes on
the left are white on a red ground, on the right are red on a white ground.
In the two smaller examples (PI. XXIV), the black-and-white bowls rest immediately
on the pedestals, and many of the details just described are absent. A hole in the wall
obscures the nature of the building which, on the right, takes the place of the pyramid
in the two other examples. Weidenbach represents it as a kind of palace-front, but he
is certainly wrong; -Wilkinson's drawing sho\ys a simple dome-like structme rather similar
to the huts of the Puntites at Del' el-Ba~ri, and Mrs. Davies's lines, so far as they go,
entirely confirm this shape. No actual specimens of the kind of goldsmith's work here
depicted have come to light.
Tu the left of the tribute, at the bottom, J,luy is shown kneeling in adoration
(PI. XXVI). This figure is re-inserted over a previous erasure. In front of the destroyed
figure \vas an inscription, doubtless reading "giving [praise to the good god]." The first
word of this (~) has come to light by the falling away of the overlying whitewash.
In the upper registers, the princes of Nubia are seen coming to do homage in person.~
The viceroy himself turns round and beckons them on (PI. XXIV). The foremost persons
in the top row are the "chieftains of 'Vawat," or Lower Nubia (PI. XXVII). Two of
them kneel in adoration of the king's majesty; a third, who bears the good Egyptian
name 3 of "J.Iekanufer, the prince of Mi'am" (the modern Anibeh), has flung himself down
in still greater self-abasement. All are richly clad, in precisely the fashion which we find
in other Theban tombs of this period.': On their backs are leopard-skins, and finely
embroidered red sashes serving them as aprons are fastened over the left shoulder. Very
barbarous is their appearance, with the feathers in their hair and the large ear-rings. Two
feathers float to the ground, where the bows and arrows have already been laid. Note
the great disproportion in size between these chieftains and the figures further to the left.
-------~ ------ ---~-

1 There they are shown interlinked.

2 For bibliography, see above, p. 22, n. 1. Professor Wreszinski's photograpbs are specially valuable.
3 The name means appropriately" good chieftain."
4 So particularly in the tomh of Setbos I (LEPSIUS, Denkmiiler, Part Ill, PI. 136, a), and in Tomb 226
(WRESZIXRKJ, OJi. tit., PI. 372).
 24

A prmcess follows/ and behind her are "the princes' children of all lands" (in coiour,
PI. XXVIII). All wear golden diadems, ear-ornaments and collars of true Egyptian style,
and cats' (?) lails are suspended from above their elbows. 2 Two of the young princes have
blue side-locks in addition to their wigs. After two more Nubians of lesser rank carrying
gold, skins, and giraffes' tailR, comes the representation of a princess riding in a chariot
drawn by oxen, perhaps the strangest and most picturesque single figure to be found in
the entire necropolis; 3 the charioteer is nude to the waist, like the groom who stands at
the oxen's heads. This princess is clad much like the other princess whom we have already
seen walking, only there is a parasol of ostrich feathers growing out of her diadem. Five
half-nude prisoners follow (PI. XXX), their hands apparently fastened together and white
ties passing round their necks by which they could be hauled along. They have loin-
cloths of cow-hide with the tails showing at the back. 4 Two corpulent women with many-
coloured skirts lead by the hand small. children with their hair in tufts, while a smaller
one is carried in a pannier on the shoulders; this picture has a close parallel in the tomb
of J.IaremQab (no. 78).5
The second register (PI. XXVII) depicts the Nubian deputation from the southern
section of J.Iuy's province, consisting of the princes of Upper Nubia and their retainers.
The legend reads:-
"The chieftains of Cush. They say: Homage to thee, king of Egypt, sun of the Nine Bow;.;!
Grant to us the breath that thou givest, in ord.er that we may live at thy good pleasure." H

In front of these chieftains are heaped "gold" and "carnelian" (&nmt), besides other
blue and green minerals. The dresses are similar to those worn by the princes of Lower
Nubia in the top register, but the features appear most pronouncedly negroid. Professor
Seligman inclines to the view that all the Nubians depicted on this wall belong to the
mesaticephalic stock, which stretches at least from Darfur in the west, through Kordofan,
to the hills of Dar Fung province in the east. These people are bowmen, which the
Nilotes are not, and bows were found in our upper register. 7 Little importance can be
attached to the relative proportions of people or animals as shown in the Egyptian scenes,
but it is not impossible that the oxen which draw the princess's chariot described above
were dwarf cattle. If so, this might confirm Professor Seligman's view, for, as he points
out, there is a dwarf breed in the Nuba hills at the present day, whereas nothing of the
kind is known among the Nilotes. While we are dealing with these racial questions, let

1 Champollion (op. cit., p. 478) gives a rough sketch of the head, which is now broken away. Mrs. Davies has
restored this, as well as that of the groom further back, from M. Dupuy's tracing. The line plate had previously been
restored from less accurate sources.
2 So too in Tomb 226 (see p. 23, n. 4), in the tomb of J!areml,lab (no. 78; WRESZINSKI, op. cit., PI. 248), and elsewhere.
3 Additional publications: PRISSE D'AvENNEs, L'art egyptien [unnumbered plate], Text, p. 422; WILKINSON,
Jlrlanners and Customs, voI. Ill, p. 179 = ed. BIRCH, voI. I, p. 235, and voI. Il, p. 202.
4 So too in Tomb 74 (Thanuny), see WRESZINSKI, op. cit., PI. 236.
5 Op. cit., PI. 248.
6 Here there are at least two mistakes in the original; read in4 and (n~'n, also possibly mrt·k.
7 The long bow, incurved at the grip, is now, my friend Mr. T. G. Joyce tells me, typical of Uganda, and does
not now occur elsewhere in Africa.
 THE TOMB OF HUY. 25

it be noted that the alternation of black and dark red complexions is in all probability only
a graphic device in order to give clearness and variety to the individual figures. The
same applies to the alternately red and yellow "bobbed" hair which is likewise shown, if
hair it is and not a wig-like cap.l No Sudanese people now carry feathers on their
heads, and the chieftains in our tomb wear far more clothes than do any of their modern
representatives. It is clear from the jewellery of the princesses and their children, as well
as from the chariot, that Egyptian cultural influence had penetrated very far south by
this time.
To return to the point at which we digressed, the men following the chieftains of
Cush are remarkable only for the giraffes' tails which they carry. Mr. Warren Dawson
tells me that there is but little doubt that they are giraffes' tails (they are black, and not
green, as Lepsius makes them), the more so, since these are very highly prized from
Kordofan to Uganda. 2 The skins which these men carry over their arms as tribute, like
those in the top register, are yellow with black spots; if they are not small leopard skins
they may perhaps be intended for the skins of civet cats. The giraffe which is seen amid
the tribute-bearers is a very young bull of the Nubian variety (G1'rafJa camelopardalis
typica); it is of a light pinkish brown, with a fe"" markings on the neck. 3
Further to the left (PI. XXX), some herdsmen bring four lw;-oxen, alternately dappled
with black and with red. Their horns are ornamented in wondrous wise, little heads of
black or red-skinned Nubians being inserted in their midst, while hands placed on the tips
of the horns simulate arms raised in adoration to the Pharaoh. Another ox, between
whose horns is shown a bowl with fish swimming in it and plants growing out of it, was
depicted in the corresponding position at the end of the third row, but is now preserved
to us only in the early copies (PI. XXIII).4 For this latter representation there are analogies,
only less elaborate, in the festal procession of Ijaremlfab in the temple of Luxor,5 and
also at EI-Amarna. 6
A third register, of which the hinder figures are now lost, shows more princes of Cush
(PI. XXIX). The only new features here are two fan-bearers and the ox just alluded to.
The horizontal band of inscription at the top reads as follows:-
"The chieftains of Cush. 1hey say: Great is thy power, thou good god, and great is thy valour.
Gi\,o us the breath that thou giv('st, that Wl~ may cause ("?) th2e to be triumphant." 7
._----- --------------

1 Mr. Joyce tells me that the coiffures here seen strongly resemble the wig-like caps worn by the Bantu peoples
on the Zambesi and neighbourhood.
2 Mr. Dawson reminds me that" giraffes' tails" (sdlO me mm) were among the presents given to the shipwrecked

sailor in the tale (I!. 163-4) by his kindly host" the giant serpent.
3 " The immaturity of the animal is denoted by the very slight development of the median horn" (note by Mr.

Warren Dawson).
4 The drawing of Weidenbach differs but little from that made by 'Vilkinson and from M. Dupuy's tracing,
whereas Champollion's sketch (op. <'it., vo!. I, p. 479) diverges considerably.
5 DARESSY, Ln grandc ('olounade dn temple de Lou.mr, PI. xv.
G DAVIES, El A1ll-rtl'lIa, vo!. I, PI. xiv.
Lit. "that thy voice be true," i.f·. like Horus, the vanquisher of Seth. Emend ~ ~ for ~ ~,and
m
7

earlie! in the line for ~ ~.

E
 THE TOMB OF l,lUY.

Partly intruding into the scene of the Nubian tribute-bringers is the tall figure of I:Juy
as he issues from the palace (PI. XXIX). In place of the comparatively insignificant
ornaments which we have hitherto found him wearing, he has now maSSIve golden necklets
and armlets which are alluded to in the accompanying text : -
" Coming in peace from the royal palace by the prince, the divine father loved by the god, the
king's son of Cush, I;Iuy, after he had received the favours of the Lord of the Two IJands, having been
[rewarded (f~;')] with gold on his neck and arms time after time, exceedingly many (times). Great is
thy praise, 0 Nebkheprure'! If one should recount (every) occasion by name, they would be too
many to be put in writing."

In the fourth register we see I;Iuy's household and friends welcoming him home on his
return from the palace. Fully half the scene is now lost, and our plate XXIX must be
supplemented by the drawings of \Vilkinson and \Veidenbach. The women who follow the
men carry menats, as well as sprigs of foliage (PI. XXIII). Then come other men walking
rapidly, and behind them are servants issuing from the door of Ifuy's house. This was
red, as though of granite, and bore upon its lintel pictures of I,Iuy in front of the car-
touches of TutCankhamlin. In Weidenbach's day there was a large oblong hole at this
point, but the drawing in the \Vilkinson MSS. shows the door complete. Through it were
to be seen two more attendants like those 111 front of the door whose heads were seen
by Weidenbach.
The inscriptions m this register seem to be fnll of corruptions. Over the men to the
right \ve read :---
" They say: 0 (?) Ruler, good and stedfast in bringing to pass his rising, sun-god abounding III
wealth and [knowing] him who gives it/ . . ."

Over the women (PI. XXXIX, 10) :---

"Hearken the call, thou lord of truth, strong/ . . . (?), victorious lord (?)."

Over the door of Ijuy's house is an explanatory heading (PI. XXXIX, 11) : -
"Going forth by the [household?] of the king's son in order to welcome him 3 on his return
having received the favours of the Lord of the Two Lands. The house of the king's son of Cush,
the royal scribe, Am8nl}otpe, repeating life."

The southernmost scene of the wall (PIs. XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII) 4 ought logically to
have been described before those further northwards, since it depicts the arrival of I;Iuy
from his province, accompanied by the Nubian princes with their retinues and tribute.
Note how very sensitive the designer of the wall-paintings has been to the actual facts of
----- --------------

1 Identically in Wilkinson (Il 35), except that a horizontal short line represents the ~ of [~J to be
restored. For the phrase (8; ~t, r~ dd st sec above, p. 17, n. 6. The continuation below the line is utterly
unintelligible.
2 Emend tn(r). lVnwn is obscure. The meaning of the whole is very far from certain.
3 For 8Sp ~it see my note Zeitschrift fur iigyptische Sl'rache, vo1. 43, p. 160, n. 2.

4 See LEPSIUS, Denkmiiler, Part Ill, PI. 116, b; in photography, WRESZINSKI, op. cit., 1st series, PI. 42; the boat
with Nubians on board, PETRIE, Racial Types, no. 790, on sheet xvi; the fourth fair of boats from top, Wn,KINsoN,
.1I'fanners and Customs, vo1. Ill, p. 195 = ed. BIRCH, vo1. Il, p. 213.
 THE TOMB OF ~IUY. 27

geography. Quite similarly it is in the northern half of the wall that .I.Iuy comes, looking
southward, bringing the Asiatic princes with their presents. The great standing figure of
.I.Iuy, leaning on a walking-stick and with the sekhem-staff in the other hand, seems to
have been complete in Lepsius's day. The title to the scene reads 1 : -
"Coming from Cush with this goodly tribute consisting of all the choicest and hest of the
southern lands. Landing at the Southern City (i.e. Thebes) by the king's son of Cush, J:[uy."

In the top register .I.Iuy's state dahabeeyah is depicted again, and there is another
vessel behind it. On the top of the central cabin are great white hundles, the contents of
which we may suspect to have been gold. The masts are down and no trace is seen of
them. The oars rest in the water, abandoned by the crew. Only one sailor is left, filling
a pitcher from the river to quench his thirst. The horses are still in their stall. The
gangways have been lowered and the ships are moored to the shore both fore and aft.
The next vessels in the convoy were those which brought the Nubian princes. Some
prisoners are shown squatting on the top of the cabin, their hands manacled. A sailor is
making fast these vessels, and the mallets used for driving in the mooring-posts lie on the
ground. In the third row are cattle-barges, which our Ill. XXXIII shows in colour.
Weidenbach's drawing stopped at this point, so the lithographer responsible for Lepsius's
plate has repeated these cattle-barges foUl' times over. No Egyptian artist would have
made himself guilty of such monotonous handling of his theme. The wall has suffered
great loss at this point, and less and less remains of the three bottommost pairs of hoats
as we descend. The penultimate pair consisted again of cattle-boats, but the preceding
pair has some lively details, better preserved in the copy by Wilkinson (see p. 26, n. 4).2
In the hinder of the two boats the skipper is beating his rebellious mate, while a dog barks
an accompaniment. In the preceding boat an ox is seen, or rather the front part of it,
the hind-quarters being cut off by the second boat; in front of the ox is an oval
packet not unlike those seen in PI. XVIII. The skipper sitting above the crate-like cabin
turns round and says:-
"We are at No.3 The town is in good health! "
Of the last pair of boats, nothing but the steering-oars are left.

Before we take leave of the highly interesting series of scenes that have been described
above, it may be found instructive to read a letter found in a papyrus of the Nineteenth
Dynasty, and intended, no doubt, to serve as a model of style to youthful scribes. 4
The letter purports to be from Pesiur, the viceroy of Nubia at the time of Ramesses II,

1 See, too, LEPSIUS, op. dt., Text, voI. Ill, p. 303, a; PIEHL, Inscriptio1l8 hieroglyphiqltes, 1st series, PI. 144, f3.

Note the faulty spelling of Ht and le for n in inw. The damaged sign is ID.
2 See below, fig. 5 on p. 34, for a reconstruction of this boat, for which the publication by Wilkinson has been

utilized and the puzzling traces of thc original consultcd ancw.

:1 We retain f,lIC Bibliral pronunciation, though the Egyptians thelllselves said Nu. No or Ne IS a namc
for Thcbcs.
4 PapYl"us Kolle1', 3, 3-5, 4, published GARDINER, Literary Texts, voJ. I, pp. 45-8, and pp. 40*-42*.
E 2
28 THE TOMB OF 1.lUY.

and IS apparently addressed to one of his staff in Nubia. In spite of the unknown words
and lacunae, here faithfully reproduced, it would be di.fficult to find a more apt commentary
upon the pictures which we have been examining.
"The fan-bearer to the right of the king, the captain of auxiliary troops, the overseer of the
countries of Cush, Pesiiir, writes to [the oyerseer of the garrison], to wit :-'rhis communication is
brought to thee, saying: when my letter reaches thee thou shalt cause the tribute to be made ready
in all its details, in iW;'-bulls, young g;'-bulls, wndu:-bulls, gazelles, oryxes, ibexes, ostriches; their
broad-boats, cattle-barges and ordinary boats being ready to hand (?), their captains and their crews
prepared for starting; much gold wrought into dishes, refined gold in bushels (?), good gold, precious
stones (?) of the desert in bags of red cloth, i"olY and ebony, ostrich feathers, neb?.; fruit in ...,
bread of the neb~:, 8~:r~:by of (?) rnyny7;s, g(.., 8S;'y, panther skins, gum, dldy-berries, red jasper,
amethyst (?), crystal, cats of Miu, baboons, apes, .snw-vessels containing pigment, cyperus-roots (?),
sacks (?) and ps-packets (?); numerous men of 'Inn'; in front of the revenues, their staves (?) adorned
with gold, . . . containing . . . , . . . -ed with . . . and with all precious stones; tall men of Trk in
loin-cloths (?); their fans of gold, weuing high feathers; their bracelets (?) of woven thread; many
Nubians of all sorts. Increase thy contribution every year! Have a care for thy head, and turn
thee from thy indolence! rrhou art [old]; look to it diligently, an(l beware! Be mindful of the day
when the n'n'nues are brought, and thou pitSSest into the Presencf' Iwnf'itth the Balcony; the nobles
rangecl on eitl18r side in front of His Majt'sty, the ehiefs and enyoys of eyery land standing gazing
and looking at the reno'nups. Thou art afraid and shrinkest back (?); thy hand grows feehle, and
thou lmowest not ,Yhetl1C'r it 1)(' death or life that lit's lwfort' tlwe. Thou art profuse in prayers
[to] thy gods: 'Save nw, prospt'l' me this one time!'"

9.-J:lUY PH~SENTS TO TUTcANKHAMON THE TRIBUTE OF ASIA.

(PIs. XIX, XX.)

On the north ~ide of the west wall, exactly balancing and lllatehillg the scenes of
Nubian tribute on the south side, are representations of l.£uy introducing to Pharaoh the
prmces of Asia, who have come to do homage, needless to say not without sumptuous
gifts. l 'Ve need not dwell upon the figure of !:Iuy nor upon that of the king, for they
are depicted exactly as before, save that now, as the physical facts demand, J:Iuy advances
from the north. In what capacity do we find J:Iuy here? He carries both the fan and
the \-crook, insignia of the Nubian viceroy's office; yet the presentation of the Asiatic
tribute can hardly have been a function of that office. One of his titles in the super-
scription of this scene is "king's envoy to every land." Perhaps I;luy held this post
before his appointment as viceroy of Nubia. Or perhaps he now enjoyed the privilege
of presenting the tri.bute of Asia III a purely honorific way. We can but guess; there is
no ground for thinking, however, that the representations of this wall are fiction pure and
simple.

1 Bibliography: LEPSIUS, Denkmiiler, Part Ill, PIs. 115, 116, a; one Asiatic, BRUGSCH, Geographische I1l8chl'iften,

vol. Il, PI. Il, fig. 16; the three foremost figures of top register, l\'IASPERO, Histoire Ancienne, vo!. Il, p. 151, from a
photograph by Insinger; a vase, PRISSE D'AvE~xEs, Vart egyptien, vo!. I1, PI. 79 (8); the cartouches and mention
of Syrian chiefs, CHAMPOLLIO:O<, Notices descril'tit'es, '101. I, p. 480; some of the texts, LEPSIUS, Denkmliler, Text,
vol. Ill, p. 304. For the unpublished manuscript material, see the footnotes below.
 THE TO~IB OF JfUY. 29

This wall has suffered even more severely than the Nubian wall, and a large part of
its precious paintings had already perished when the tomb was first opened. vVeidenbach's
coloured drawing, reproduced photographically in PI. XIX, preserves a good deal more
than is now seen, and is the only source for some of the inscriptions. Behind the large
figure of ij:uy the scenes divide into two registers, and these sub-divide further on into
four. In the top half J.Iuy is shown carrying a dish of a blue substance which we may
guess to be lapis lazuli. He also holds a gold pectoral, the size of which has been
ludicrously exaggerated. In front of him is a golden howl on a table painted white, as
well as more lapis lazuli and carnelian. The eoloured hieroglyphic legend reads 1 : -
.. The king's son of Cush, overseer of the southern lands, fan-bearer to the right of the king,
J:luy, justified. He says: 'May thy father Amun protect thee with millions of jubilees, may he give
to thee everlasting as king of the two lands, and eternity as ruler of the nine bows! Thou art
Re r ; thy form is his form. To thee belongs the sky firm on its four supports. The land dwelleth
under thee because of thine excellence, thou good Ruler.' Presentation of tributo to the Lord of the
Two Lands, that which is offered by Rethenu (Syria) the vile, by the king's envoy to every land, the
king's son of Cush, the OYf'rseer of the southern lands, Amenl)otpe, justified."

For almost everything else in the top registers wc IUUSt rely upon \\Teidenhach, though
the Hay MSS. have preserved some tracings by .\I. Dupuy.2 These are hardly '~lorth
reproducing, though they show two more Syrians, with a child between them, before the
break in the second row. The first of these Syrians carries a bull-headed bowl, and the
whole representation is almost identical with the third figure in the top register. The
second Syrian brings the usual gift of minerals. Note that the last man in the top row
is still partly preserved, see PI. XXI, where also fragment B shows part of the gold bowl
borne by the third Syrian in the third register, and shows it, moreover, as very different
from vVeidenbach's copy. A verbal commentary on all these lost scenes seems superfluous,
except to mention that the vases are apparently both of gold and of silver, that except
in one case of red the mineral offered is blue, and lastly that the large object which one
Asiatic bears upon his shoulder appears to be an ingot of copper (Weidenhach has it
deep-red, but M. Dupuy notes it as black). The inscription over the chieftains, completed
from Lepsius and Nestor I'H6te in PI. XX,3 is as follows : -
.. The chieftains of Upper Rethenu, who had not known Egypt since the god (i.e. since primeval
times), beg for mercy before His Majesty. They say: Givo to us the breath of thy giving. 'fhen
wi1l 4 we tell of thy victorious power. There are no rebels in thy vicinity. E"ory land is at peace."

In the lower half is a wondrous array of gold vessels described as

"vessels of all the choicest and best of their count.ries, consisting of silwr and gold, lapis lazuli,
and turquoise, and of all precious stones."
- - - .. __.... _ - -
1 For this we have, besides the two copies in Lepsius, a third by .'estor I'Rote (Noul'ellel! o('quisitiolts !murailies,

2039fi, fol. 122). On these matcriahl the restorations in Pl. XX are based, but the short horizontal line at the end has
there been omitted.
2 Brit. 1\lus., Add. IIISS. 29,851B, fol. 369-86.
3 NO!lvelles acquisitions !ranl;aises, 20404, fol. 55-8.
4
. ~
All sources give ~~,
b ut doubtless k; sdd·jj. IS to be emencled, as III t h e text III front of the lower
.h'%:':
registers.
30 THE TOMB OF J.lUY.

Behind these, J:Iuy is seen turning to a number of other Syrian chieftains, some
crouching, and all holding up their hands in adoration to Tut'ankhaml1n. The shorter of
the two inscriptions is still preserved, and merely repeats part of the words we read in
the top register. The longer one is preserved only in I,epsius (PI. XIX):-

"All the chieftains of distant lands [who are in (?)J embassy to Pharaoh. l They say: How
great is thy might, thou good god, how great thy valour! There is none can live without thee. rrhose
who attack [theeJ slmll be non-existent. Give us the breath of thy giving. Then will we tell of thy
victorious power."

lO.-J.IUY WORSHIPS OSIRIS. (PI. XXI.)

At the northern extremity of the west wall, Osiris, crowned with the atef-crown,
received the homage of f.Iuy, who stood before him with uplifted hands. The scene is
almost totally destroyed, but the inscriptions above are nearly intact.
Above Osiris:-
"Osiris who is in front of the Westerners, the great god, lord of eternity, the ruler of Abydo3,
Onnophris, the chief of the Thinite nome, the lord of righteousness, the ruler of the land of quiet
('Iwgrt)."

Over the head of f.Iuy is a hymn of some length :--

"The king's son of Cush, the overseer of the southern lands, lfuy, the justified. He says: Hail
to thee, great one, lord of glorious appearings, great of titulary, high of feathers, lord of the ate]-
crown, sole god who created himself, feared in all lands! I have come to thee to see thy face, to
behold thy beauty. I have reached a good venerable age in the favour of this good god. I am grown old.
I have reached old age, my arms being strong in administering for the king. I have not told falsehood,
I have not done evil. I have not known. .. No fault of mine has come, no lapse in me has been
found. He who praises thee should be tranquil; I am one who quelled passion. Grant thou me a great
road in the necropolis, to come in and go forth from Rostaw, to drink water from the depth of the
river, and to feast. To the soul of the king's son of Cush, lfuy, justified."

ll.-SUB-SCENES OF THE WEST WALL. (PIs. XXI, XXXIV.)

Underneath the mam paintings of the south bay, and separated from them by the
usual bands of yellow and red, is a. sub-scene displaying a procession of officials and
servants bringing offerings (PI. XXXIV). There are hieroglyphic descriptions to two of
them, but they are illegible except for a rare title of uncertain meaning. 2 The sub-scene
in the north hay (PI. XXI) is of similar character, but far less is preserved.

2
Perhaps read [
See GARDINER,
f ] Y: IVVV\IV\ c=J = [L:J] .
Inscription of Mes, p. 20, n. 50.
 THE TOMB OF l:lUY. 31

12.-I.IUY IN THE J-lIFE AFTER DEATH. (PIs. XXXV, XXXVI.)

Of the two end-walls of the outer chamber, that to the north (PI. XXXV) is the less
uninteresting. The place where the circular-topped stela was to be painted in shows its
original mud surface still untouched by whitewash; but on either side there are completed
vignettes showing the ceremonies performed for J,Iuy for the first time between the day of
his death and his interment. 1 The officiant is in every case a "lector-priest" wearing the
leopard-skin. Except in the uppermost panels, where he is depicted in stiff mummy-like
poses, I.Iuy is clad in mnch the same way as in his earthly life; however, his attainment
of sepulchlal beatitude is marked by the was-sceptre (1) which in some cases he holds.
The ceremonies shown on the right are (I) "giving green paint and ?co?1l (eye-paint),"
(2) "making purification with bowls of water," (3) "giving gifts of fruit 0)," (4) "giving
clothing." Those on the left are (5) "giving the soul (ka) to its lord," (6) "giving the
god's ointment," (7) "giving white clothing," (8) "giving bread and beer." Most of
these scenes are commonplace. Only one is exceptional and that appears to be unique,
This is the scene where the lector-priest gives I:£uy his soul, or rather the hieroglyphic
symbol for the soul (U). The word ka should not be translated "double," as is so
frequently done. All the forms which the funerary texts tell us a man might possess or
assume are "doubles" in the sense that the being or nature or essence of their owner
was supposed to inhere in them. The best rendering for ka is undoubtedly "soul,n
for the Egyptian term embraces in its shifting meanings those notions of personality, self,
temperament, character and mentality which our western world sums up in the word
" soul." The term bai (~), usually rendered "soul" by Egyptologists, would better
be translated "external manifestation" or "visible manifestation." Why is this scene of
presenting the ka to its owner so rare ~ Doubtless because ritual is fond of circumstance,
and proceeds to the accomplishment of its end gradually and with infinite elaboration of
detail. Elsewhere the restoration of life and individuality to the dead man demands a
whole series of lustrations, magical pttsses, and incantations. 2 So all-embracing a rite as
is here depicted may well have been unpopular with some Egyptian theologians, even if
they did not consider it to be definitely heretical.
On the southern end-wall I.Iuy is depicted either as worshipping the gods of the 'Vest,
or else as passively enjoying the privileges of immortality (PI. XXXVI). The symbol of
the west divides the top register into two halves, in which I.Iuy is shown giving offerings,
libations and praises to Osiris and Anubis respectively. Further down he is shown
"partaking of all good things before Osiris," or sitting, sekhem-sceptre in hand, before a
conventional table of offering, the legend here reading:-

" Sitting in the company of Osiris and Anubis the lord of Rostaw."

_. -- _ .._ - - _ . - - - - - ---------------

1 The inscriptions have been previously publishl'cl in SCHlAPARF.T.LI Il lihro dei fUl/emli, vol. Il, p. 294.
2 See my Toml) of Amenem?tet, pp. 57-61.
 · THE TOMB OF IIVY.

Here again the stela has not yet reached the stage of whitewashing, but white lines
indicate where the outer bands and the centre of the inscriptions were to come.
A tiny sub-scene depicts baking operations, in which two women and a mall are
engaged.

13.-SECOND SCENE OF ~IUY WORSHIPPING OSIRIS. (PI. XXXVII.)

On the southern thickness of the passage to the Inner Hall I:Juy was again shown
worshipping Osiris. The figures have disappeared almost entirely, and the inscriptions,
which appear to have been of no great interest, are pitted with numberless holes. A
barbarian of the name of 1. T. MORSE has not improved the appearance of the wall
by scratching his name 011 it in huge letters.
Our translations of the inscriptions must perforce be fragmentary :--

"Praise to Ptah the great, (even) Osiris fair of face, who [created?] that which exists, the great
god of the first age, who gave birth to him(self) before this land came into being,! by the king's
son of Cush, [fan-bearer] to [the right] of the king, [Amenl;lOtpe, justified]. He says: Homage to
thee, being great, big, and distinguished like the doyen of the gods,2 [who came into existence before]
the gods came into existence . . . [the sky], thou didst establish him who is in it. All souls which
are come into existence, thou didst establish [them?J . . . him between them to conceal the lands (?)
of the gods. Thou didst create thyself . . . in [thy] body, day and night (are?) in thy likeness (?)
for ever and aye . . . . Made by the prince, great noble in the palace, important in his office, great
in his rank, a prince in front of the common folk, approaching the King of Upper Egypt, drawing
nigh to the King of Lower Egypt, in the heart of Horus, filling , finding good "
" Homage to thee, . . . Onnophris, son of [Nut] and Geb great of power "

l4.-CEILING INSCRIPTIONS. (PI. XXXVIII.)

The ceiling-inscriptions are unusually well preserved, but except in the case of one
single band (A),3 have not been published before. They are written in blue hieroglyphs
on a yellow 1, _ckground imitating wood; see PI. 1.

A. "An offering which the king gives to Amen-Re(, king of the gods, (to) Onnophris and (to) the
Huruses who are in Wawat, that they may give their favours consisting of existence upon earth, a long life
engaged in administration for the king, joy f01 the duration of life, and the end of (all) this in a goodly
burial after old age on the west of Thebes, to the soul of the !ling's son of Cush, thfl overseer of the
southern lands, the fan-bearer to the right of the king, the true scribe of the king, beloved of him,
the overseer of the southern lands . . . [l:I uy J."
- - - ... ---.---_._----------

1 Restore pit /1)/, 1IIS SIC 11 aln"t /; pll.

2 Rp((t!l) ll~nr, i.e. Geb, the earth-god.
3 BRUGSCH, Thesaurus, p. 1133; PIEHT" Illscriptions hib'oglypliiques, vol. I, PI. 144, A.
 THE TOMB OF I;IUY. 33

B. "The king's son of Cush, the fan-bearer to the right of the king, the overseer of the cattle
of Amun, J:Iuy, justified. He says: Homage to you, 0 lord of eternity, ruling on the earth for
ever, at the head of the westerners, and (you) goddesses who are in the necropolis. Behold, I am
come to you, pure and censed, powerful and with a soul (bai). [Give ye?] your water, myrrh, incense
. . . everything pleasant and sweet. Give ye . . . [to] . . . [J:Iuy], justified."
C. "An offering which the king gives to Osiris at the head of the westerners, the great gOI]
who is in Abydos, and (to) the gods lords of the sacred land who accompany Onnophris, that they
may give invocation-offerings of bread and beer, oxen and geese, cloth and alabaster, incense and oil,
all vegetables and plants, all things pleasant and sweet, and all that comes forth upon the altar of
the lord of the universe, to breathe the air which comes forth from Nun; to receive the offerings that
have come forth upon their altars; to become a living soul. Then shall he obtain possession of bread
and beer, the air and the water which are given to him in the course of every day, . . ."
D. "... [bull] of the west, Amun the lord of Karnak, who illuminates the two lands with his
beauty; that he may give goodly venerable age before the king, and to be buried in the tomb 1 he
made by the favour of the good god. To the soul of the king's son of Cush, the fan-bearer to the
right of the king, J:Iuy."
E. "An offering which the king gives to Osiris at the head of the west, and to Anubis at the
head of the gods lords of the necropolis; that they may give to breathe air with myrrh and incense,
libation and wine at both day-seasons; to receive offerings that have come forth in the presence on the
altars of the lords of eternity. J\Iayst thou receive offerings through Ptah's gift <to) thee, clean bread
upon the altar. May thy soul live, and thy muscle be firm. May thy sight be clear in the way of
darkness. I;Ia( py (the Nile), may he give thee water. Nepri (the corn-god), may he give thee beer. To
the soul of the king's son of Cush, the overseer of the southern countries, the fan-bearer to the right
of the king, the king's scribe, J:Iuy, justified."
F. "Spell for breathing the air and for obtaining water in the necropolis, by the king's son of
Cush, J:Iuy, justified. 2 He says: 0 J:Ia( py, great one of heaven, in this thy name of thy nostril (sic).
It is I who settled upon this place which is in the midst of Wenu (Hermopolis Magna). I have guarded
this egg of the great cackler. If it is made to flourish, I am made to flourish. If it lives, I live.
. . . To the soul of the prince, [dignitary] of the first times, noble in front of the common folk, the
king's son of Cush, the overseer of the southern lands, the ffl,n-bearer to the right of the king, the
overseer of the cattle of (?)] Amun, . . . , J:Iuy, the justified."
G. "An offering which the king gives to Osiris at the head of the west, Anubis the lord of
Rostaw, the gods lords of the west and the goddesses who are in the necropolis; that they may
give glory in heaven with Rii(, power on earth with Geb, to go in and out from Rostaw, [to receive]
invocation-offerings, libations, wine, milk, all plants and all flowers, to drink from the lip of the altar,
to receive offerings of the bread and beer that belongs to (?) the ruler of the Thinite nome, Osiris,
the king of eternity. To the soul of the king's son of Cush, the overseer of the southern lands, the
fan-bearer to the right of the king . . . one who says everything and it is done for him, the real
scribe of the king, beloved of him, Amenl)otpe, the justified." v

15.-FRAGMENTS AND OBJECTS FOUND.

In the course of Mr. Davies's excavations a few fragments of painting came to light;
these are shown in PI. XXI. Two (a and b) belong to the Syrian wall, where their place
can be determined on reference to Weidenbach's drawing. The places to which the
remainder should be allocated is obscure. The cartouches in c preserve the nomen of
-------~~--~

1 Read ~rt.

2 Ch. LIX of the Eighteenth DYlUttity recelltiiull of the Bouk of the Dead, with some elements drawn frum

Ch. LViI.
F
34 THE TOMB OF ~IUY.

Tut(ankhamiln more completely than it is preserved anywhere else in the tomb, though the
prenomen is legible in several places. Fragment e shows the old name of Nubia (t;-Sty)
written in hieroglyphs, while f mentions a "scribe" and an "agent" (rwdw).
A few objects were found, but little of real value. There were abundant cones of
the viceroy Mermose; 1 a flake of stone on which was
roughly sketched a four-wheeled cart (see annexed cut) ;
parts of a cylindrical blue-glaze jar; and parts of a painted
pottery funerary box. This last was oblong and nearly
eight inches in length, set on a base, the sides arched at
the top and then covered by a flat slab. A few more
FIG. 4.
objects remain in the tomb :-(1) Fragments of a triple
statue of black granite, either contemporary with l;Iuy
or later; this bore the ordinary ~ltp dl nsw formula, and a fragment shows traces of
personal names from which the ownership may some day be identified. (2) Part of a
sandstone jamb with the name of the viceroy Mermose. (3) Part of a small round-topped
stela of the same man.

1 DARESSY, Cones funeraires, no. 113.

FIG. 5. (See above, p. 27.)

INDEXES
 3,

INDEXES.

I.-GENERAL.

Abydos, 16. Carnelian, 19, 22, 24,29.

Agents (rwdw), 12, 3-L Carter, Mr. Howard, 23.
Akhenaten, 3, 5, 12. Cartouches, mutilation of, in tomb of J:Iuy, 7, 8.
Amenemope, lieutenant of Cush under I:Iuy, 17 j gl'Offito Cattle, branding of, 21 j dwarf, 24. See too Overseer.
of, at Ellesiyeh, 8. Cattle-barges, 27.
Amenl;lOtpe, viceroy of Nubia under Tut C ankbamll11, see Ceiling-inscriptions, 32.
IJuy. Ceiling-patterns, 2, 4.
Amenl,lotpe, other persons of the name, 5, n. 2. Census of live-stock, 21.
Amenophis IH, Mermose viceroy under, 1 j l,Iuy born Champollion, 8, 18, n. 2, 25, n. 4.
under, 5 j fortress of, at Soleb, 18. Chariot, drawn by oxen, princess riding in, 24; model
Amen-Re c , 32. of a, 22.
Amiin, 33; name not erased, 8 j temple of, 13, 14 j "Chief lady of the harim of Nebkheprure c ," title of
chantress of, 15 j cattle of, 6, 33 j gold-countries I;Iuy's wife, 7.
of,6. " Chief of the sailors," title, 13.
Anibeh,23. "Chief of the stable," title, 14, 19.
Anubis, 31, 33. Civet cats, 25.
"Appearing-in-Truth," fortress of Amenophis III at Copper, ingot of, 29.
801eb, 18. Courtyard of tomb, 1.
Arrows, 20, 23. Cow-hides, 19.
Asia, tribute of, 28. Crewe, Sir John Harpur, 8, n. 7.
Aiel-crown, 30. Crook, symbol of the viceregal authority, 21, 28.
Aten heresy, 3. Cush, extent of, 17 j chieftains of, 24, 25 j king's son
Ay, divine father, 3, 7, 8. of, 4, 11.
Cyperus, edible, depicted, 20.
Bai, or "external manifestation," 31, 33.
Dahabeeyah, viceregal, 15, 27.
Baking operations, 32.
Dar Fung, 24.
Baldachin, royal, 10.
Darfur, 24.
Barges for cattle, 27, 28.
Davies, Mr. N. de Garis, 1, n. 1,3,7, 11, n. 2, 20.
Berlin Museum, authorities of the, 21.
Davies, Mrs., 11, 15, 20, 22, 23.
Bigeh, graffito of l,Iuy at, 8.
Dawson, Mr. ,,yarren R., 25.
" Bobbed" hair, 25.
Del' el-Bal,lri, 4, 23.
Bouquets, artificial, 4, 11.
" Despatch-writer of the king's son," title, 6.
Bow-case, 19.
" Divine father," title of I:Iuy, 7.
Bowls, black and white, 23; bull-headed, 29 j of
Djel,Jutmose, viceroy under Akhenaten, 5, 8.
cow-hide, 23 j gold, 29.
Donkeys, 20, 21.
Bowmen, 24.
Door, imitation of, 4.
Bows, 23.
Dresses of Nubian chieftains, 24 j of Nubian princes, 23.
Branding cattle, 21.
Dupuy, :YIollsieur, 8, 16, 2.'), n. 4-,29.
Branding-irons, 21.
"Brave of His Majesty in the cavalry," title of l,Iuy, 7. Ear-ornaments, 24-.
Brother of l,Iuy, 6, 18. Ear-rings, 24.
 38 THE TOMB OF J:IUY.

EI-Amarna, 3, 22, 25. Island of the .J ust, H.

EI-Kub, 10; statue of I.IIlY at, 8. ]I/;;'-oxen, 25.
EI-Kurru, 11.
ElIesiyeh, graiJilo iLt, S, 17. Jasper, red, 19, 22.
Entrance Passage, 2. .Jcquier, MonsieUl' G., 9.
" Envoy, king's," title of a son of I.Tuy, 11. Joycc, Mr. T. A., 24, n. 7, 25, n. 1.
" Envoy, king's, in every land," title of I:Tuy, 4, G, 29.
Erman, Professor, 9, 12, n. 4, 13, 17, nn. 4, 7. Ka, nature of the, 31.
Karnak, Amiin the lord of, 33.
Falcon-standard, 13, 16. ~{aroy, 1 I.
Family of I.Iuy, 5, 7. Keimer, Dr., 11.
" Fan-bearer to the right of the king," title of I.Tuy, 4, Khac-em-miiCet (Soleb), mltyol' of, 18.
6, 21, 28, 32, 33. Klteker-pattem, 2, 4.
Fan-bearers, Nubian, 25. Khentl)annllfer, 11.
Faras, 17, 21 ; capital of N ubia under Tut Cankhamiin, "King's son of Cush," title of the Nubian vicel'oy, 4, 6
7; fortress of, 6, 7, 17. and passim.
Father of .J:fuy, unknown, 5. J~urnet Mur'ai, 1.
Feathers worn by Nubian chieftains, 23.
:Frieze above paintings, 2. Lapis lazu1i, 29.
Furniture, 21, 22. Lector-priest, 31,
Leopard-skins, 23, 25.
Gauthier, Monsieur H., :J, n. 3, 6, n. 1, S, n. I, 11. Lepsius, Richard, 8, 13, 14, 21, 29, 30.
Geb, 32, 33. L'Hote, Nestor, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14,20,21,29.
Geese, 21. Lieutenant, of ,Vawat, 16; of Cush, 17.
Giraffes, 23, 25; tails of, 24, 25. Loret, MOllsieur V., 6.
Goats, 20, 21. Lotus ornament, 2, 3.
Gold as tl'ibute, 19, 22; model chariot of, 22; vessels Lute-player', 13.
of, 29.
Goldsmith's work, specimens of, 22, 23. "Mayor," of Khat -em-m,i t et (Soleb), 18; of Segtep-
Gra.ffiti, at SeheJ, 8; at Bigeh, 8. ent ru (Fm'as), 18.
Graffito of Amenemope at Ellesiyeh, 8, 17. lIrena/s, women cal'l'ying, 26.
Grapow, Profes~or H., 8, n. 11. Mermose, brother of J:luy, 6.
Griffith, Professor, 7, 11, 12, n. 1. Mermose, viceroy under Amenophis Ill, tomb of, 1, 6;
cones of, I, 34; sandstone jll.mb naming, 34.
J:Ia C pi, 33. MiCam (Anibeh), 23.
J:Iarakhte, 13. Monkeys, 23.
J:IaremQab, king, 8, 24, n. 2, 25. Month, the god, depicted on dahabeeyahs, 16.
Harp, female slave playing, 21. Morse, J. T., 32.
Hay, Robert, 8, 16, 29. .Mosley, Mrs. Godfrcy, 8, n. 7.
Hieraconpolis, 10. Moss, Miss Rosalind, 9, n. I,
Horns of oxen, curiously ornamented, 25. Mother of Vuy, 5, 15.
Horses, 15,20,21. Mutilation, of paintings by enemies, 7; of tomb by
Horus, 32. nati \-CS, 2; of cartouches, 7.
House of I~uy, 26.
I~uy, viceroy of Nubia, passim; appointment as viceroy, Napata, 10.
10; family of, 5, 7; house of, 2G ; personality of, 5. Nefertem, 13.
I.Iuy, despatch. writer of the king's son, 6. Ne/u, the edible cyperus, 20.
I}uy, other persons of the name, 5, n. 2. Nekhen (Hieraconpolis), 10, 11.
Hymn to Osiris, 30. ~cpl'i, the com-god, 33.
Nesllt-towe (Napatll,), 10.
Innel' Hall, description of, 4. Newbel'l'y, Professor, 9, 20.
Inner Passage, description of, 4. N.-, (Thobes), 27.
 THE TOMB OF 1:IUY. 39

Nubia, extent of the province of, 10; J.Iuy's arrival in, SehCl, 1J1'(~Oiti of J:Iuy at, 8.
16; princes of, 23; old name of, 34. Scbtep-cntern (Faras), 7, 18.
Nun, 33. SekhclII-sceptre, 4, 10.
Nut, 32. Seligman, Pl'Ofessor, 24.
Senants of 1:1uy, 12, 26, 30.
Offerings, to the gods, 13; of yarious kinds, 20. Shetit, Sokar-Osiris lord of, 1:3.
Onnophris, 14, 30, 32, 3:3. Shields, 22.
Ornaments for the ears, 24. Shrine, golden, 22.
Osiris, worship of, 30, 31, 32, 33. Signet-ring of the viceroy, 11.
Outer Chamber of the tomb, 2. Silver, 29.
" Overseer of cattle," title, 18. Sisters of I:Iuy, 14, 15.
" Overseer of horses," title of PeSitll', son of 1:[uy, 7. Sokar-Osiris, 13.
"Overseer of the cattle of Amiin," title of 1.[uy, 6, 3:3. S01eb, fortress of Amenophis III at, 18.
" Overseer of the gold-countries of Amtm," title of ~Iuy, Sonsof1~uy, 7,11,14.

6,33. Soul being given to its lord, ceremony, 31.

" Overseer of the gold-countries of the Lord of the Two Standard-bearer of the viceroy's sailors, 13.
Lands," title of I:[uy, 6. Statue, of I:Juy at El-Kith, 8; fragments of triple, 34.
"Overseer of the southern lands," title of I.Iuy, 'l, 6. Steering.oar, 16.
"Overseer of the treasury," title, 10. Sub-scenes, 4, 20, 30.
Oxen, chariot drawn by, 24 ; 110;-, 25. Syrian chieftains, 29, 30.

Taemwadjsi, wife of ~Iuy, 7.

Paintings, style of the, 3.
Tail-edging, 2.
Parasol of ostrich feathers, 24.
Temple of Amiin, 1:1uy renders thanks in the, 13; I.Iny
Pectoral of gold, 29.
leaves the, 14.
Pesiiir, viceroy of Nuhia under Ay, 8; under Harnesses
Threshold, 2.
Il,27.
Titles of I~uy, 4, G, 7; of the sons of J.Iuy, 7.
Petrie, Professor Sir Flinders, 9.
Tomb, history of the, 8; subterranean features of the,5.
Piehl, Professor, 9.
Transport-boats, Hl.
Pits beneath the tomb, 5.
Treasury, oyerseel' of the, 10.
Porter, Miss, 9.
Tribute, of Nubia, 22; of Asia, ~8.
" Prince," title of l:Iuy, 6.
Tunis, bouquets found in, 11.
Prisse d'Avennes, 9.
Turquoise, 29.
Prophet of Tutrankhamiin, fh'st, 18; second, G, 18.
Tutrankhamtlll, 5,10, 12; cartouches of, 7, 21, 22, 26,
34; priests of, 7, 18; divinisation of, 7.

Varni~h, paintings coated with, 2.

Ramesses Il, cartouches of, at Sehel, 8. Vessels of gold, 29.
Ramesside re!.torations, supposed, in tomb of 1:1uy, 7. Viceroy of N ubia, I.1uy's appointment as, 10. See too
Re r , 8, 33. Djel)utmose, I:Juy, Mermose, Pesitlr, 5, 8.
" Real scribe of the king," title of 1:Iuy, 6, 14, 33.
Reisner, Professor, 5, n. 2, 8, 12, n. 1, 17. TVas-sceptre, 31.
Rethenu (Syria), 29. \Yawat, extent of, 17 ; lieutenant of, 16, 18; chieftains
Revenue, collection of N ubian, 19. of, 2;3.
Robes, ceremonial, 14. lVifb-priests, 18.
Rosettes, cloths ornamented with, 2:3. \Veidenbach, E., 8, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 33.
Rostaw, 30, 31, 33. \Veights shaped like oxen, 19.
Rwdw (" agents "), 12, 34. Wenll (Hermopolis Magna), 33.
West, gods of the, 31 ; symbol of the, :31.
Sacks of ornamented leather, 19. Wife of J.:Iuy, 7, 14.
Sailors of the viceroy,. 13. Wig-like caps, 25.
" Scribe of the king's son," title, 20. Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner, 8, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27. .
"Scribe who counts the gold," title, 19, 20. Wreszinski, Professor, 9, 22.
40 THE TOMB OF ~-IUY.

H.-NAMES OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TOMB.

N.B.-An asterisk * indicates a woman.

il1!ll-~ip (Amenl,lotpe), alternative name of the viceroy If;ty (I:Iati), chief of the stable, 19.
I;{uy, 1, 4-, 14-, 29,32,33. lJ.y (I~uy), king's son of Cush, passim.
.!Jy, mayor of Se9tep-enteru, 18.
*Wll.~r CWan1)o), I~uy's mother, 5,15. • [1;l]mvt ([I:Ie]uut), mistress of a house, 15.
lJ~,'-nfr (~-IekanlJfer),prince of MiCam, 23.
P,'-S1' (Pesitlr), overseer of horses, son of I:Iuy, 7, 11. If.r-nfr (J:IarnUfer), scribe who counts the gold, 19, 20.
p,'-sr (Pesitlr), stable-chief and standard-bearer, son of
~-Iuy, 7, 14-. .fit (Kha(), scribe of the king's son, 20.
PIl.ni 1Ot (Penne), lieutenant of the fortress Se1)tep-enteru, Il(Y (Khay), first prophet of Nebkhept'ure r , 18.
IS.
• K(?)-?-r, (Ke .... ), chantress of AmuII, 15.
Mr-ms (Mermose), second prophet of Nebkheprqre C,
·Ow (Gu), mistress of a house, sister of I:{uy, 15.
brother of I:Iuy, 6, 18.
Tlrt J lI~-imn (Tut Cankhamun), king of Egypt, 22, 34.
Nb-~prw.R' (NebkheprureC), pre1l0mell of Tut' ankhamiin,
7,10,18,21,26. '!.r ... (Thur .... ), principal stable-chief of the king, son
<t N!J.1Ili (Nedjmet), 15. ofI;{uy, 7,14.
 ( 41 )

LIST OF PLATES,
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

PLATE PAGES

I. (Frontispiece, coloured.) Ceiling Patterns 4

Il. Plan 1,2,4
Ill. Secliions 4, 5
IV. East Wall, North Side (I) 10
V. (Collotype.) Part of the East Wall, North Side, from the Papers of
Nestor I'H6te in the Bibliotheque Naliionale, Paris 11, 12, 13, 20
VI. East Wall, North Side (2) 10, 11
VII. East Wall, North Side (3) 11,12
VIII. East Wall, North Side (4) 13,20
IX. East Wall, North Side (5) 13, 14, 21
X. East Wall, South Side. Key Plate 14-20
XI. East Viall, South Side (1) 14, 15
XII. (Coloured.) The Viceregal Dahabeeyah 15, 16
XIII. East Wall, South Side (2) 16,17,21
XIV. East Wall, South Side (3) 18
XV. East Wall, South Side (4) 17, 18
XVI. East Wall, South Side (5) 19
XVII. East .Wall, South Side (6) 19
XVIII. East \Vall, South Side (7) 19,20
XIX. (Collotype.) Part of the \Vest \Vall, North Side, from the Papers of
Lepsius in the Neues Museum, Berlin 28-30
XX. 'Vest ",Vall, North Side (I) 28,29
XXI. West Wall, North Side (2) . 29,30
XXII. West Wall, South Side (I) 21,22
XXIII. (Collotype.) Part of the West Wall, South Side, from the Papers of
I,epsius in the Neues Museum, Berlin 21-26
XXIV. West Wall, South Side (2) 22, 23
G
 THE TO~IB OF ~IUY.

PLATE PAGES

XXV. (Coloured.) Shields 22

XXVI. 'Vest 'Vall, South Side (3) 22,23
XXVII. 'Vest Wall, South Side (4) 23,24
XXVIII. (Coloured.) The Homage of the Nubian Princes 24
XXIX. West 'Wall, South Side (5) 25,26
XXX. West Wall, South Side (6) 24,25
XXXI. West Wall, South Side (7) 26,27
XXXII. West 'Wall, South Side (8) 27, 34
XXXIII. (Coloured.) Boat with Cattle 27
XXXIV. 'Vest 'Vall, South Side (9) 30
XXXV. North Wall . 31
XXXVI. South'Wall . 31
XXXVII. Passage to Inner Chamber, South Wall . 32
XXXVIII. Ceiling Inscriptions 32, 33
XXXIX. Inscriptions now partly or wholly destroyed 13, 14,17,21,26
XIJ. Details from the sub-scenes . 21
PLATES