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UVOD U ALGORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA


Dejan Živković

UVOD U
ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
PODATAKA Dejan Živković

METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA UVOD U


Algoritmi i strukture podataka se nalaze u centru svih ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
tehnologija koje se koriste u radu sa savremenim
računarima. Mada na prvi pogled možda ne izgleda tako,
neka napredna metodologija se sigurno temelji na
sofisticiranim algoritmima i strukturama podataka. Skromni
cilj ove knjige je upoznavanje čitalaca sa osnovama ove

PODATAKA
fascinantne oblasti računarstva. Zbog toga se u knjizi
prevashodno razmatraju neke od najosnovnijih metoda i
paradigmi za dizajniranje i analiziranje struktura podataka i
algoritama. Pri tome je učinjen poseban napor da se u knjizi
stavi naglasak na idejama i lakšem razumevanju koncepata,
a ne na implementacionim detaljima. U knjizi se nalazi preko
150 slika i tabela koje služe za ilustraciju teksta. Algoritmi u
tekstu su navedeni na jednostavnom pseudo jeziku tako da
čitaoci ne moraju da uči novi programski jezik da bi razumeli
kako rade algoritmi. Dodatno, na kraju svakog poglavlja se
nalazi više zadataka čija težina ide progresivno u rasponu od
METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA
prostih vežbi za utvrđivanje gradiva pa do kreativnih
problema. Ovi zadaci se smatraju integralnim delom knjige i
čitaoci treba da bar pokušaju da ih reše.

Beograd, 2018.
UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM

Dejan Živković

U VOD U A LG O R I TM E I
S T RU K T U R E P ODATA K A

Peto izdanje

Beograd, 2018.
UVOD U ALGIORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA

Autor:
dr Dejan Živković

Recenzent:
dr Dragan Cvetković

Izdavač:
UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM
Beograd, Danijelova 32
www.singidunum.ac.rs

Za izdavača:
dr Milovan Stanišić

Tehnička obrada:
Dejan Živković

Dizajn korica:
Aleksandar Mihajlović

Godina izdanja:
2018.

Tiraž:
750 primeraka

Štampa:
Kaligraf, Beograd

ISBN: 978-86-7912-572-9

Copyright:
© 2018. Univerzitet Singidunum
Izdavač zadržava sva prava.
Reprodukcija pojedinih delova ili celine ove publikacije nije dozvoljeno.
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[B SB[MJLV PE TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB BQTUSBLUOJ UJQPWJ QPEBUBLB TV OF[BWJTOJ
PE JNQMFNFOUBDJKF QB ÍBL J PE QSPHSBNTLPH KF[JLB
/B QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP QSPHSBN [B TJNVMJSBOKF SBEB OFLPH SFTUPSB
OB "LP SFTUPSBO OB NFOJKV JNB KFMP SBľOKJÇF POEB CJ KFEBO PE NPEVMB
QSPHSBNB WFSPWBUOP NPSBP EB TJNVMJSB TUBWMKBOKF LPNBEB NFTB OB ľJDV
SBľOKJÇB [B QPTMVľJWBOKF HPTUB J TLJEBOKF LPNBEB NFTB TB ľJDF SBEJ KFEFOKB
4UBWMKBOKF LPNBEB NFTB OB ľJDV SBľOKJÇB J OKJIPWP TLJEBOKF TB ľJDF NPľF
TF PQJTBUJ BQTUSBLUOJN NPEFMPN LPKJ TF OB[JWB TUFL
4UFL KF BQTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB LPKJ JNB TBNP KFEOV QSJTUVQOV UBÍLV ‫ۊ‬
WSI TUFLB 1SJ UPNF OPWJ QPEBDJ TF VWFL EPEBKV OB WSI TUFLB B TUBSJ QPEBDJ
V TUFLV TF NPHV EPCJUJ J TLJOVUJ TBNP TB WSIB TUFLB "LP LPNBEF NFTB
BQTUSBIVKFNP LBP QPEBULF J ľJDV SBľOKJÇB LBP TUFL QSJNFUJNP EB QPTUVQBL
SBEB TB QPEBDJNB V TUFLV UBÍOP PEHPWBSB OBÍJOV OB LPKJ TF QPTUVQB TB
  6WPE

LPNBEJNB NFTB OB ľJDJ SBľOKJÇB EPEBKV TF OB WSI ľJDF J PEBUMF TF TLJEBKV


/BSBWOP TUFL LBP MPHJÍLJ NPEFM QPEBUBLB OJKF LBSBLUFSJTUJÍBO TBNP [B
CBOBMBO QSJNFS SBľOKJÇB QB WBľOPTU TUFLB QSPJ[JMB[J J[ UPHB ġUP TF NPľF
QSFQP[OBUJ V NOPHJN ESVHJN WBľOJKJN QSJNFOBNB
4 ESVHF TUSBOF TUFL LBP TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB QPTNBUSB TF TB TUBOPWJġUB
QSPHSBNTLF SFBMJ[BDJKF OKFHPWF BQTUSBLUOF PSHBOJ[BDJKF QPEBUBLB 1JUB
OKB OB LPKB USFCB PEHPWPSJUJ V UPN TMVÍBKV TV SFDJNP EB MJ KF TUFL CPMKF
SFBMJ[PWBUJ QPNPÇV OJ[B JMJ QPWF[BOF MJTUF LPMJLB KF FਫLBTOPTU PQFSBDJKB
EPEBWBOKB J VLMBOKBOKB QPEBUBLB J[ TUFLB V QPKFEJOJN TMVÍBKFWJNB J UBLP
EBMKF
"QTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB EFਫOJġF JOUFSGFKT J[NFÑV QSPHSBNFSB J QPEB
UBLB J [BPLSVľVKF OFLJ NPEFM QPEBUBLB V TNJTMV EB KF JNQMFNFOUBDJKB UPH
NPEFMB MPLBMJ[PWBOB V KFEOPN EFMV QSPHSBNB 5P KF PE WFMJLF QSBLUJÍOF
WBľOPTUJ KFS BLP ľFMJNP EB QSPNFOJNP SFBMJ[BDJKV PEHPWBSBKVÇF TUSVLUVSF
QPEBUBLB OBKQSF [OBNP HEF UP USFCB VÍJOJUJ 5BLPÑF [OBNP EB BLP QSP
NFOJNP KFEBO NBMJ EFP QSPHSBNB UJNF OFÇFNP J[B[WBUJ UFġLP VPÍMKJWF
HSFġLF V OFLPN ESVHPN EFMV LPKJ OFNB WF[F TB PEHPWBSBKVÇJN UJQPN QP
EBUBLB /B LSBKV TB QPEBDJNB BQTUSBLUOPH UJQB NPľFNP SBEJUJ LBP EB TV
QSJNJUJWOPH UJQB J OF PCSBÇBUJ QBľOKV OB OKJIPWV LPOLSFUOV SFBMJ[BDJKV
"QTUSBLUOJ UJQPWJ QPEBUBLB JNBKV EWB QPľFMKOB TWPKTUWB HFOFSBMJ[BDJ
KV J FOLBQTVMBDJKV LPKF OBN PNPHVÇBWBKV EB JTQVOJNP WBľBO DJMK TPऺWFS
TLPH JOľFOKFSTUWB ‫ ۊ‬WJġFLSBUOV VQPUSFCMKJWPTU /BJNF QPġUP JNQMFNFOUJ
SBNP BQTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB NPľFNP HB LPSJTUJUJ V SB[MJÍJUJN QSPHSBNJ
NB
.PľF TF EBLMF [BLMKVÍJUJ EB QPEBDJ V SBÍVOBSTUWV JNBKV EWB QPKBWOB
PCMJLB MPHJÍLJ J ਫ[JÍLJ /KJIPW MPHJÍLJ PCMJL TF PESFÑVKF EFਫOJDJKPN BQ
TUSBLUOPH UJQB QPEBUBLB EPL TF ਫ[JÍLJ PCMJL EPCJKB JNQMFNFOUBDJKPN PE
HPWBSBKVÇF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB 0WP [BQBľBOKF KF JMVTUSPWBOP OB TMJDJ 

 "MHPSJUNJ
4QPNFOVUP KF EB TV BMHPSJUNJ V UFTOPK WF[J TB TUSVLUVSBNB QPEBUB
LB J EB TF LPSJTUF [B QSPHSBNTLV SFBMJ[BDJKV EP[WPMKFOJI PQFSBDJKB OFLPH
BQTUSBLUOPH UJQB QPEBUBLB 5P KF JQBL TBNP KFEOB TQFDJਫÍOB QSJNFOB BM
HPSJUBNB B EB CJTNP JI QPTNBUSBMJ PQġUJKF NPSBNP QPÇJ PE SBÍVOBSTLJI
QSPCMFNB LPKF BMHPSJUNJ SFġBWBKV
 "MHPSJUNJ 

5JQ QPEBUBLB

"QTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB


‫ ۉ‬TLVQ QPEBUBLB MPHJÍLB GPSNB
‫ ۉ‬TLVQ PQFSBDJKB

4USVLUVSB QPEBUBLB
‫ ۉ‬NFNPSJKTLB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB ਫ[JÍLB GPSNB
‫ ۉ‬BMHPSJUBNTLB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB

4MJLB  -PHJÍLB J ਫ[JÍLB GPSNB QPEBUBLB

1PE SBÍVOBSTLJN
QSPCMFNPN TF QPESB[VNFWB [BEBUBL LPKJ USFCB J[
WSġJUJ OB SBÍVOBSV 5BLBW [BEBUBL TF PQJTVKF QSFDJ[OPN TQFDJਫLBDJKPN
ľFMKFOPH VMB[OPJ[MB[OPH PEOPTB LPKJN TF J[SBľBWB QSJSPEB QSPCMFNB /B
QSJNFS QSPCMFN TPSUJSBOKB OJ[B CSPKFWB NPľF TF PQJTBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
VMB[ KF OJ[ CSPKFWB V QSPJ[WPMKOPN SFEPTMFEV B J[MB[ KF OJ[ JTUJI CSPKFWB
LPKJ TV QSFVSFÑFOJ UBLP EB TF QPKBWMKVKV V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV PE OBKNB
OKFH EP OBKWFÇFH +Pġ KFEBO QSJNFS KF QSPCMFN WSBÇBOKB LVTVSB VMB[ KF
OFLJ OPWÍBOJ J[OPT J BQPFOJ NFUBMOJI OPWÍJÇB B J[MB[ KF OBKNBOKJ CSPK UJI
OPWÍJÇB LPKJNB TF EBUJ J[OPT NPľF QPUQVOP VTJUOJUJ
,PE NOPHJI QSPCMFNB OJKF EPWPMKOP OB PWBK OFGPSNBMBO OBÍJO EFਫOJ
TBUJ OKJIPW VMB[OPJ[MB[OJ PEOPT LPKJ TF USBľJ /B QSJNFS LPE QSPCMFNB
TPSUJSBOKB LBLP TNP HB OBWFMJ OJKF KBTOP EB MJ OFLJ CSPKFWJ V VMB[OPN OJ[V
NPHV CJUJ KFEOBLJ J LBLP POEB KFEOBLJ CSPKFWJ USFCB EB CVEV QPSFÑBOJ V
J[MB[OPN OJ[V ;BUP TF V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV LPSJTUJ GPSNBMOJKJ NBUFNBUJÍLJ
BQBSBU P LPNF HPWPSJNP V OBTUBWLV LBLP CJ TF PULMPOJMB TWBLB EWPTNJ
TMFOPTU *BLP UBK OBÍJO OFÇFNP QPTFCOP OBHMBġBWBUJ V PWPK LOKJ[J KFS TF
LPSJTUJ PQġJSBO QSJLB[ TWBLPH QSPCMFNB USFCB [OBUJ EB KF V QSBLTJ UP EPNJ
OBOUBO OBÍJO [CPH TWPKF LPODJ[OPTUJ J QSFDJ[OPTUJ
'PSNBMOP SBÍVOBSTLJ QSPCMFN TF [BEBKF VMB[OJN QBSBNFUSJNB J PEHP
  6WPE

WBSBKVÇJN J[MB[OJN QBSBNFUSJNB QSJ ÍFNV PCF WSTUF QBSBNFUBSB [BEPWP


MKBWBKV PESFÑFOF VTMPWF LPKJNB TF EFਫOJġF T¢N QSPCMFN *OTUBODB QSPCMF
NB TF TBTUPKJ PE WBMKBOJI LPOLSFUOJI WSFEOPTUJ [B VMB[OF QBSBNFUSF QSP
CMFNB B SFġFOKF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB TF TBTUPKJ PE PEHPWBSBKVÇJI WSFEOPTUJ
J[MB[OJI QBSBNFUBSB [B EBUF VMB[OF WSFEOPTUJ /B QSJNFS KFEOB JOTUBODB
QSPCMFNB TPSUJSBOKB KF OJ[ CSPKFWB       B SFġFOKF UF JOTUBODF
KF OJ[ CSPKFWB      
4UBOEBSEOJ GPSNBU [B EFਫOJTBOKF QSPCMFNB TF TBTUPKJ PE EWB EFMB LPKJ
PESFÑVKV OKFHPWF VMB[OF J J[MB[OF QBSBNFUSF 0CB EFMB TF J[SBľBWBKV QP
NPÇV QPHPEOJI NBUFNBUJÍLJI PCKFLBUB LBP ġUP TV CSPKFWJ TLVQPWJ GVOL
DJKF J UBLP EBMKF QSJ ÍFNV VMB[OJ EFP QSFETUBWMKB HFOFSJÍLV JOTUBODV QSP
CMFNB J J[MB[OJ EFP QSFETUBWMKB HFOFSJÍLP SFġFOKF PWF HFOFSJÍLF JOTUBODF
QSPCMFNB /B QSJNFS QSPCMFN WSBÇBOKB LVTVSB NPľFNP GPSNBMOP EFਫ
OJTBUJ V PCMJLV V LPKFN TF USBľJ EB CVEF [BEPWPMKFO PWBK VMB[OPJ[MB[OJ
PEOPT
6MB[ 1P[JUJWBO DFP CSPK ‫۔ ܃‬CSPK NFUBMOJI OPWÍJÇB‫
ۓ‬OJ[ PE ‫ ܃‬QP[JUJWOJI
DFMJI CSPKFWB =‫  ૾ۼ‬Ə  ‫۔ ? ܃ۼ‬QPKFEOJOBÍOJ BQPFOJ OPWÍJÇB‫
ۓ‬J QP[JUJWBO
DFP CSPK ‫۔ ۺ‬OPWÍBOJ J[OPT‫
ۓ‬
*[MB[ /J[ PE ‫ ܃‬OFOFHBUJWOJI DFMJI CSPKFWB =‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫۔ ? ܃ۻ‬QPKFEOJOBÍOJ CSPKF
WJ OPWÍJÇB TJUOJOF‫
ۓ‬UBLP EB TV [BEPWPMKFOB EWB VTMPWB
 ‫ ܁ۻ ૾܁܃˛  ۺ‬Ώ ‫۔ ܁ۼ‬TJUOJOB KF JTQSBWOB [B EBUJ OPWÍBOJ J[OPT‫
ۓ‬J
 ˛‫ ܁ۻ ૾܁܃‬KF NJOJNBMOP ‫[۔‬CJS OPWÍJÇB TJUOJOF KF OBKNBOKJ‫
ۓ‬
+FEOB JOTUBODB QSPCMFNB WSBÇBOKB LVTVSB KF TQFDJਫLBDJKB LPOLSFUOJI
WSFEOPTUJ [B VMB[OF QBSBNFUSF PWPH QSPCMFNB PEOPTOP [B CSPK ‫[ ܃‬B OJ[ PE
‫ ܃‬FMFNFOBUB J [B CSPK ‫ ۺ‬/B QSJNFS ‫   ܃‬OJ[ =   ? PE ÍFUJSJ FMFNFOUB
J ‫   ۺ‬QSFETUBWMKBKV KFEOV JOTUBODV QSPCMFNB WSBÇBOKB LVTVSB 3FġFOKF
PWF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB WSBÇBOKB LVTVSB KF OJ[ =   ? PE ÍFUJSJ FMFNFOUB
KFS KF    Ώ   Ώ   Ώ   Ώ  J [CJS       PESFÑVKF OBKNBOKJ
NPHVÇJ CSPK OPWÍJÇB EBUJI BQPFOB [B VTJUOKBWBOKF J[OPTB PE  OPWÍBOJI
KFEJOJDB
4BEB LBEB [OBNP ġUB TV SBÍVOBSTLJ QSPCMFNJ NPľFNP QSFDJ[OJKF HP
WPSJUJ P BMHPSJUNJNB KFS POJ SFġBWBKV UF QSPCMFNF 1SF TWFHB BMHPSJUBN KF
UBÍOP EFਫOJTBOB SBÍVOBSTLB QSPDFEVSB LPKB QSFUQPTUBWMKB OFLF QPEBULF
LBP VMB[ J QSPJ[WPEJ OFLF QPEBULF LBP J[MB[ 0WP QSWFOTUWFOP [OBÍJ EB TF
BMHPSJUBN TBTUPKJ PE KBTOF J OFEWPTNJTMFOF TQFDJਫLBDJKF OJ[B LPSBLB LPKJ
TF NPHV NFIBOJÍLJ J[WSġJUJ OB SBÍVOBSV TMJLB 

 "MHPSJUNJ 

VMB[ JOTUBODB QSPCMFNB

"MHPSJUBN

BMHPSJUBNTLJ
LPSBDJ

J[MB[ SFġFOKF JOTUBODF

4MJLB  1PKFEOPTUBWMKFOB TMJLB BMHPSJUNB

;B EPCSV JOUVJUJWOV TMJLV BMHPSJUNB NPľF QPTMVľJUJ BOBMPHJKB TB LV


IJOKTLJN SFDFQUPN [B OFLP KFMP CBġ LBP ġUP TF LVIJOKTLJ SFDFQU TBTUPKJ
PE OJ[B QSPTUJKJI LPSBLB LPKF J[WSġBWB LVWBS UBLP TF BMHPSJUBN TBTUPKJ PE
OJ[B SBÍVOBSTLJI LPSBLB LPKF J[WSġBWB SBÍVOBS 6MB[OJ QPEBDJ [B SFDFQU TV
QPUSFCOJ TBTUPKDJ [B LVWBOKF B EPCJKFOJ J[MB[ QPTMF ‫۔‬J[WSġBWBOKB‫ ۓ‬SFDFQUB
KF TQSFNMKFOP KFMP
"MHPSJUBN SFġBWB OFLJ QSPCMFN VLPMJLP TF [B TWBLV JOTUBODV UPH QSP
CMFNB QPE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB TF OB VMB[V BMHPSJUNB OBMB[J KFEOB JOTUBODB
QSPCMFNB OB J[MB[V BMHPSJUNB EPCJKB SFġFOKF UF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB /B QSJ
NFS BMHPSJUBN LPKJ SFġBWB QSPCMFN TPSUJSBOKB OB VMB[V EPCJKB OFVSFÑFO
OJ[ CSPKFWB J LBP SF[VMUBU OB J[MB[V QSPJ[WPEJ OJ[ JTUJI CSPKFWB V SBTUVÇFN
SFEPTMFEV
"MHPSJUBN [B OFLJ QSPCMFN KF EBLMF QSFDJ[OP OBWFEFO OJ[ JOTUSVLDJKB
LPKF SBÍVOBS USFCB EB J[WSġJ SBEJ SFġBWBOKB UPH QSPCMFNB PEOPTOP SBEJ
USBOTGPSNJTBOKB TWBLF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB V OKFOP SFġFOKF /BSBWOP KFEBO
QSPCMFN NPľF JNBUJ WJġF BMHPSJUBNB LPKJ HB SFġBWBKV
/B PTOPWV TWFHB EP TBEB SFÍFOPH NPľFNP TVNJSBUJ HMBWOF PEMJLF TWB
LPH BMHPSJUNB
ۘ "MHPSJUBN NPSB CJUJ QPTUVQBL LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE LPOBÍOP NOPHP LP
SBLB LPKJ TF NPHV J[WSġJUJ OB SBÍVOBSV
ۘ "MHPSJUBN NPSB CJUJ QPTUVQBL QP LPKFN KF OFEWPTNJTMFOP PESFÑFO
TWBLJ TMFEFÇJ LPSBL [B J[WSġBWBOKF
  6WPE

ۘ "MHPSJUBN NPSB CJUJ JTQSBWBO LPSFLUBO


QPTUVQBL 5P QSWFOTUWFOP
[OBÍJ EB TF [B TWBLV JOTUBODV QSPCMFNB OB VMB[V BMHPSJUNB NPSB
EPCJUJ OKFOP PEHPWBSBKVÇF SFġFOKF OB J[MB[V BMHPSJUNB "MJ UP PCV
IWBUB J VTMPW LPKJ ÇFNP QPESB[VNFWBUJ EB KF JTQVOKFO EB [B VMB[
BMHPSJUNB LPKJ OJKF JOTUBODB QSPCMFNB J[MB[ BMHPSJUNB OJKF CJUBO BMJ
TF J[WSġBWBOKF BMHPSJUNB NPSB [BWSġJUJ V TWBLPN TMVÍBKV
,SFBUJWOJ QSPDFT QJTBOKB BMHPSJUBNB LPKJN TF EPMB[J EP OFEWPTNJTMF
OJI JOTUSVLDJKB PE LPKJI TF TBTUPKJ KFEBO BMHPSJUBN OB[JWB TF EJ[BKO BMHPSJU
NB ;B PWBK QSPDFT OF QPTUPKJ ÍBSPCOB GPSNVMB LPKB TF NPľF QSJNFOJUJ V
PQġUFN TMVÍBKV WFÇ TF PE EJ[BKOFSB TMPľFOPH BMHPSJUNB [BIUFWB J EP[B MV
DJEOPTUJ *QBL QPTUPKF TUBOEBSEOJ NFUPEJ LPKF NPľFNP LPSJTUJUJ EB CJTNP
BMHPSJUBNTLJ SFġJMJ NOPHF UJQPWF QSPCMFNB 5V TQBEBKV BMHPSJUBNTLF QB
SBEJHNF LBP ġUP TV SFLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ ‫۔‬QPIMFQOJ‫ ۓ‬BMHPSJUNJ BMHPSJUNJ
EJOBNJÍLPH QSPHSBNJSBOKB SBOEPNJ[JSBOJ BMHPSJUNJ J UBLP EBMKF
6 QPTUVQLV BOBMJ[F BMHPSJUNB TF LWBOUJUBUJWOP PESFÑVKF VQPUSFCB SB
ÍVOBSTLJI SFTVSTB OFLPH BMHPSJUNB /BKTLVQMKJ SFTVSTJ LPKF PCJÍOP ľFMJNP
EB NJOJNJ[VKFNP TV WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB J NFNPSJKTLJ [BIUFWJ OFLPH BMHP
SJUNB J QSFNB UPNF HPWPSJNP P OKFHPWPK WSFNFOTLPK J NFNPSJKTLPK TMPľF
OPTUJ 0WEF USFCB PCSBUJUJ QBľOKV OB UP EB NFSB WFMJÍJOF SFTVSTB LPKF OFLJ
BMHPSJUBN LPSJTUJ VNOPHPNF [BWJTJ PE NPEFMB SBÍVOBSB OB LPKFN TF BMHP
SJUBN J[WSġBWB 6 PWPK LOKJ[J TF LSFÇFNP JTLMKVÍJWP V HSBOJDBNB NPEFMB
TFLWFODJKBMOJI NBġJOB ‫ ۊ‬NPEFMJ QBSBMFMOJI SBÍVOBSB J QBSBMFMOJ BMHPSJUNJ
[BTMVľVKV QPTFCOV LOKJHV

 3BÍVOBSTLJ NPEFM


0OP ġUP KF PTUBMP OFEPSFÍFOP J[ QSFUIPEOF EJTLVTJKF P BMHPSJUNJNB KF
TV SBÍVOBSTLF JOTUSVLDJKF JMJ LPSBDJ
LPKF ÍJOF BMHPSJUBN *BLP KF UP OBEB
NP TF JOUVJUJWOP KBTOP ÍJUBPDJNB LPKJ JNBKV QSPHSBNFSTLP JTLVTUWP SBEJ
WFÇF KBTOPÇF QPUSFCOP KF JQBL OFġUP WJġF SFÇJ P UPNF LPKF OBN JOTUSVLDJKF
UBÍOP TUPKF OB SBTQPMBHBOKV LBEB QJġFNP OFLJ BMHPSJUBN %SVHJN SFÍJNB
QPUSFCOP KF NBMP EFUBMKOJKF PQJTBUJ NPEFM SBÍVOBSB OB LPKFN TF J[WSġBWBKV
BMHPSJUNJ P LPKJNB TNP HPWPSJMJ V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV
6PQġUFOP HPWPSFÇJ SBÍVOBSTLJ NPEFMJ TV QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOJ PQJTJ TUWBS
OJI SBÍVOBSB LPKJNB TF [BOFNBSVKF OKJIPWB QVOB TMPľFOPTU PTJN OFLPMJLP
TWPKTUBWB [B LPKF TF TNBUSB EB OBKCPMKF PETMJLBWBKV GFOPNFO LPKJ TF J[VÍB
WB 1PġUP KF NFSFOKF SBÍVOBSTLJI SFTVSTB WSFNF J QSPTUPS
LPKF BMHPSJUNJ
 3BÍVOBSTLJ NPEFM 

LPSJTUF KFEBO PE QSFENFUB OBġFH J[VÍBWBOKB UP [OBÍJ EB OBKQSF USFCB QSFDJ


[OP GPSNVMJTBUJ NPEFM SBÍVOBSTLF NBġJOF OB LPKPK TF BMHPSJUNJ J[WSġBWBKV
J EFਫOJTBUJ QSJNJUJWOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF TF LPSJTUF QSJMJLPN J[WSġBWBOKB .F
ÑVUJN OFÇFNP JÇJ V UPMJLP EFUBMKB [B PQJT GPSNBMOPH SBÍVOBSTLPH NPEFMB
WFÇ ÇFNP V OBTUBWLV TBNP OFGPSNBMOP PQJTBUJ HMBWOF PEMJLF SBÍVOBSTLPH
NPEFMB TB LPKJN SBEJNP 5P KF EPWPMKOP [B OBġV TWSIV KFS ÇF OBT JOUFSF
TPWBUJ BTJNQUPUTLF QFSGPSNBOTF BMHPSJUBNB PEOPTOP OKJIPWB FਫLBTOPTU
[B WFMJLJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB 1PSFE UPHB UBÍOJ SBÍVOBSTLJ NPEFMJ TV
[BJTUB QPUSFCOJ [B EPLB[JWBOKF EPOKJI HSBOJDB TMPľFOPTUJ BMHPSJUBNB 1P
ġUP TF UJNF OFÇFNP CBWJUJ V PWPK LOKJ[J OFNB QPUSFCF EB LPNQMJLVKFNP
J[MBHBOKF OFQPUSFCOJN EFUBMKJNB
0TOPWOB QSFUQPTUBWLB KF EB LPSJTUJNP SBÍVOBSTLJ NPEFM LPKJ QSFETUB
WMKB JEFBMJ[PWBO ‫۔‬SFBMBO‫ ۓ‬SBÍVOBS TB KFEOJN QSPDFTPSPN /F QPTUBWMKBNP
OJLBLWV HPSOKV HSBOJDV OB WFMJÍJOV NFNPSJKF UBLWPH SBÍVOBSB BMJ QSFUQP
TUBWMKBNP EB QSPHSBNJ LPKJ TF OB OKFNV J[WSġBWBKV OF NPHV EB NPEJਫLVKV
TBNJ TFCF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF V PWPN NPEFMV OF QPTUPKJ NFNPSJKTLB IJKF
SBSIJKB OB QSJNFS LFġ JMJ WJSUVBMOB NFNPSJKB LBP LPE QSBWJI SBÍVOBSB
5BÍBO SFQFSUPBS JOTUSVLDJKB PWPH NPEFMB SBÍVOBSB OJKF QPTFCOP CJUBO
QPE VTMPWPN EB KF TLVQ UJI JOTUSVLDJKB TMJÍBO POPN LPKJ TF NPľF OBÇJ LPE
QSBWJI SBÍVOBSB ;BUP QSFUQPTUBWMKBNP EB QPTUPKF BSJUNFUJÍLF PQFSBDJKF
[B TBCJSBOKF PEV[JNBOKF NOPľFOKF EFMKFOKF EFMKFOKF TB PTUBULPN DF
MPCSPKOJ EFP CSPKB
MPHJÍLF PQFSBDJKF J JMJ OFHBDJKB
VMB[OPJ[MB[OF PQF
SBDJKF ÍJUBOKF QJTBOKF
PQFSBDJKF [B QSFNFġUBOKF QPEBUBLB LPQJSBOKF J[
NFNPSJKF V QSPDFTPS J PCSBUOP
PQFSBDJKF [B QPNFSBOKF CJUPWB QPEBUBLB
MFWP JMJ EFTOP [B NBMJ CSPK QP[JDJKB LBP J VQSBWMKBÍLF PQFSBDJKF [B VTMPWOP
J CF[VTMPWOP HSBOBOKF QP[JW J QPWSBUBL J[ QPUQSPDFEVSF
 0WF PQFSBDJKF
SBEF OBE TWPKJN PQFSBOEJNB LPKJ TV TNFġUFOJ V NFNPSJKTLJN SFÍJNB ÍJKF
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V TWPN EVIV OB QSJNFS SBE TB WFMJLJN CSPKFWJNB TF EFMJ V WJġF KFEOPTUBW
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WV BMHPSJUNB TF OBWPEF TUWBSOJ BSHVNFOUJ VNFTUP OKFHPWJI QBSBNFUBSB
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LPKJ TF LPSJTUJ V LOKJ[J V OBTUBWLV OBWPEJNP BMHPSJUNF [B EWB KFEOPTUBWOB
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1SJNFS [BNFOB WSFEOPTUJ EWF QSPNFOMKJWF


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NFOP ÍVWBOKF TUBSF WSFEOPTUJ KFEOF PE QSPNFOMKJWJI QSF OFHP ġUP V UV
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PE BOBMJ[F UBLP[WBOJI SBOEPNJ[JSBOJI BMHPSJUBNB 3BOEPNJ[JSBOJ BMHPSJU
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TF TMVÍBKOF PEMVLF /KJIPWP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [BWJTJ PE TMVÍBKOJI JTIPEB


UJI PEMVLB J [BUP QSFETUBWMKB TMVÍBKOV WSFEOPTU ;B SBOEPNJ[JSBOF BMHP
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PÍFLJWBOKF J[SBÍVOBWB V PEOPTV OB TMVÍBKOF PEMVLF UPLPN J[WSġBWBOKB
4BTWJN ESVHBÍJKJ QSJTUVQ KF PDFOB FਫLBTOPTUJ BMHPSJUNB V PEOPTV OB
FਫLBTOPTU ESVHJI BMHPSJUBNB LPKJ SFġBWBKV JTUJ QSPCMFN 0WBK NFUPE TF TB
TUPKJ V UPNF EB TF GPSNJSB NBMB LPMFLDJKB UJQJÍOJI VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB LPKJ TF
OB[JWBKV CFOÍNBSL QPEBDJ #FOÍNBSL QPEBDJ TF EBLMF TNBUSBKV SFQSF[FO
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QFSGPSNBOTF [B TWF VMB[OF QPEBULF ,BLP KF OBġ DJMK BOBMJUJÍLB PDFOB Fਫ
LBTOPTUJ BMHPSJUBNB B CFOÍNBSL BOBMJ[B KF V TVġUJOJ FNQJSJKTLJ NFUPE P
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BMHPSJUBNB LPKJ SFġBWBKV JTUJ QSPCMFN "LP UP QPSFÑFOKF JEF V QSJMPH QP
TNBUSBOPN BMHPSJUNV NPľFNP LWBOUJUBUJWOP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF PO EPCBS BM
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OKJIPWB WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB JQBL OF NPľFNP SFÇJ EB MJ KF POBK CPMKJ BM
HPSJUBN [BJTUB J OBKCPMKJ NPHVÇJ %SVHJN SFÍJNB NPSBNP OFLBLP [OBUJ
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5P [OBÍJ EB [B EBUJ QSPCMFN OF TBNP QP[OBUJ BMHPSJUNJ OFHP J POJ LPKJ KPġ
OJTV PULSJWFOJ NPSBKV TF J[WSġBWBUJ [B WSFNF LPKF KF WFÇF PE OFLF HSBOJ
DF 0ESFÑJWBOKF PWBLWJI EPCSJI HSBOJDB OJKF MBL [BEBUBL J UJNF TF OFÇFNP
CBWJUJ V PWPK LOKJ[J
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OB TVQFS SBÍVOBSV [B EPWPMKOP WFMJLF VMB[OF QPEBULF V ġUB ÇFNP TF J TBNJ


VWFSJUJ 6 TUWBSJ JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB OF NPSBKV EB QPTUBOV UPMJLP WFMJLF
QSF OFHP ġUP CSľJ BMHPSJUNJ QPTUBOV TVQFSJPSOJKJ ÍBL J LBEB TF J[WSġBWBKV
OB PCJÍOPN QFSTPOBMOPN SBÍVOBSV

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%B CJTNP CPMKF SB[VNFMJ TVġUJOV EJ[BKOB J BOBMJ[F BMHPSJUBNB V PWPN
PEFMKLV ÇFNP QSFUIPEOV EJTLVTJKV P UPNF QPULSFQJUJ LPOLSFUOJN SFQSF
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KFS VTQPTUBWMKBKV PTOPWF EJ[BKOB J BOBMJ[F BMHPSJUBNB OB LPKF TF PTMBOKBKV
PTUBMJ EFMPWJ PWF LOKJHF

1SJNFS OBKNBOKJ FMFNFOU OJ[B


1SPCMFN OBKNBOKFH FMFNFOUB OJ[B KF TMJÍBO QSPCMFNV OBKWFÇFH FMF
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P D>@  QDMPDQML HOHPHQW QDÓHQ GR VDGD


M   LQGHNV QDMPDQMHJ HOHPHQWD

L 
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P D>L@  ]DSDPWLWL WDM PDQML HOHPHQW
M L  NDR L QMHJRY LQGHNV

L L    SUHÉL QD VOHGHÉL HOHPHQW QL]D

UHWXUQ M  YUDWLWL LQGHNV QDMPDQMHJ HOHPHQWD

"OBMJ[V KFEOPTUBWOPH BMHPSJUNB PLQ OJKF UFġLP J[WSġJUJ 1PġUP CSPK JUF
SBDJKB UFMB ZKLOH QFUMKF J[OPTJ ‫  ˜ ܆‬B UFMP UF QFMKF TF TBTUPKJ PE LI OBSFECF
J OBSFECF EPEFMF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB PLQ KF

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6 PWPN J[SB[V [B GVOLDJKV ۳


‫ ܆‬V QSWPN SFEV QSWF USJ KFEJOJDF V [CJSV TV
WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB QSWF USJ OBSFECF EPEFMF V BMHPSJUNV PLQ GBLUPS
 
QSFETUBWMKB WSFNF KFEOPH J[WSġBWBOKB UFMB ZKLOH QFUMKF QSPWFSB VTMPWB
J EWF OBSFECF EPEFMF V LI OBSFECJ LBP J OBSFECB EPEFMB OB LSBKV UFMB
QFUMKF
B QPTMFEOKPN KFEJOJDPN KF PCVIWBÇFOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB UHWXUQ
OBSFECF
6 J[SB[V ‫[ ܆‬B GVOLDJKV ۳
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WFMJÍJOB VMB[B ‫ ܆‬UK CSPK FMFNFOBUB VMB[OPH OJ[B
QPKBWMKVKF OB QSWJ TUFQFO
;BUP [B UBK BMHPSJUBN LBľFNP EB KF MJOFBSOJ BMHPSJUBN 1SJNFUJNP KPġ EB
KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB PD[ J[ PEFMKLB  UBLPÑF ۳
‫ ܆  ܆‬KFS TV
BMHPSJUNJ PLQ J PD[ QSBLUJÍOP JTUJ

1SJNFS NBLTJNBMOB TVNB QPEOJ[B


1SPCMFN NBLTJNBMOF TVNF QPEOJ[B TF ÍFTUP QPKBWMKVKF V SBÍVOBSTLPK
CJPMPHJKJ QSJMJLPN BOBMJ[F %/" JMJ QSPUFJOTLJI TFLWFODJ 5BK QSPCMFN KF SB
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[B OKFHPWP SFġFOKF 6 PWPN PEFMKLV ÇFNP PQJTBUJ TBNP OBKTQPSJKJ LWBESBU
OJ BMHPSJUBN [B OKFHPWP PÍJHMFEOP SFġFOKF OB PTOPWV EFਫOJDJKF QSPCMFNB
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OJKF BMHPSJUBNTLF UFIOJLF P LPKJNB TF HPWPSJ V OBTUBWLV LOKJHF
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"MJ QSF EFਫOJDJKF TBNPH QSPCMFNB QPUSFCOP KF QSFDJ[JSBUJ ġUB TNBUSB


NP QPEOJ[PN OFLPH OJ[B ;B OJ[ ‫ ۺ‬PE ‫ ܆‬CSPKFWB ‫  ૿ۺ  ૾ۺ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ۺ‬OFQSFLJEOJ
QPEOJ[ OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬KF ESVHJ OJ[ LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE OVMB JMJ WJġF V[BTUPQOJI FMFNF
OBUB OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬/B QSJNFS BLP KF

‫ ?˜  ˜  ˜ ˜   ˜ =  ۺ‬

POEB TV =  ˜ ˜ ? J =˜? OFQSFLJEOJ QPEOJ[PWJ EPL OJ[ =  ? UP OJ
KF 1PġUP OBT V PWPN PEFMKLV JOUFSFTVKV TBNP QPEOJ[PWJ LPKJ TF TBTUPKF
PE V[BTUPQOJI FMFNFOBUB SBEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ J[SBľBWBOKB VNFTUP UFSNJ
OB ‫۔‬OFQSFLJEOJ QPEOJ[‫ ۓ‬ÍFTUP LPSJTUJNP LBP TJOPOJN LSBÇJ J[SB[ ‫۔‬QPEOJ[‫ۓ‬
"LP KF EBU OFQSFLJEOJ
QPEOJ[ ‫  ܁ۺ‬Ə  ‫ ܂ۺ‬OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬TVNB UPH QPEOJ[B LPKV
P[OBÍBWBNP ۲‫ ܂܁‬KFTUF PCJÍBO [CJS TWJI FMFNFOBUB QPEOJ[B PEOPTOP

‫܂‬
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‫܁܃‬

0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB TF QSB[BO OJ[ EVľJOF OVMB TNBUSB OFQSFLJEOJN


QPEOJ[PN TWBLPH OJ[B QB QP EFਫOJDJKJ V[JNBNP EB KF TVNB QSB[OPH QPE
OJ[B KFEOBLB OVMJ
1SPCMFN NBLTJNBMOF TVNF OFQSFLJEOPH
QPEOJ[B TBTUPKJ TF V UPNF EB
TF PESFEJ OBKWFÇB TVNB TWJI OFQSFLJEOJI QPEOJ[PWB EBUPH OJ[B 0QġUJ
KF QPUSFCOP KF PESFEJUJ J T¢N OFQSFLJEOJ QPEOJ[ LPKJ JNB OBKWFÇV TVNV

/B QSJNFS ÍJUBPDJ NPHV QSPWFSJUJ EB SFġFOKF QSPCMFNB NBLTJNBMOF TVNF


QPEOJ[B [B QSFUIPEOJ OJ[

‫ ?˜  ˜  ˜ ˜   ˜ =  ۺ‬

J[OPTJ  ġUP KF [CJS FMFNFOBUB QPEOJ[B = ˜ ?


&MFNFOUJ EBUPH OJ[B NPHV CJUJ QP[JUJWOJ OFHBUJWOJ J OVMF "LP EBUJ OJ[
TBESľJ TBNP QP[JUJWOF CSPKFWF SFġFOKF QSPCMFNB NBLTJNBMOF TVNF QPEOJ
[B UBLWPH OJ[B KF PÍJHMFEOP [CJS TWJI FMFNFOBUB OJ[B "LP OJ[ TBESľJ TBNP
OFHBUJWOF CSPKFWF OFQSFLJEOJ QPEOJ[ LPKJ JNB OBKWFÇV TVNV KF QSB[BO
QPEOJ[ J SFġFOKF V PWPN TMVÍBKV KF [BUP VWFL OVMB *OUFSFTBOUBO TMVÍBK KF
EBLMF LBEB JNBNP [BKFEOP QP[JUJWOF J OFHBUJWOF CSPKFWF V EBUPN OJ[V
;B EBUJ OJ[ ‫ ۺ‬PE ‫ ܆‬CSPKFWB OFLB KF ۬ TVNB OKFHPWPH OFQSFLJEOPH
QPEOJ[B LPKJ JNB OBKWFÇV TVNV 'PSNBMOP

۬  OCZഘ OCZ ۲‫ ܂܁‬ഛ 


૾̮‫܆̮܂̮܁‬
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/VMB OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ PWF KFEOBLPTUJ KF QPUSFCOB [BUP ġUP CF[ PWF OVMF
KFEOBLPTU OF CJ CJMB UBÍOB LBEB TF EBUJ OJ[ TBTUPKJ TBNP PE OFHBUJWOJI FMF
NFOBUB "MJ SBEJ KFEOPTUBWOJKFH QJTBOKB V EBMKFN UFLTUV QSFUQPTUBWMKBNP
EB JNQMJDJUOP VWFL V[JNBNP  LBP NBLTJNBMOV TVNV V UPN TQFDJKBMOPN
TMVÍBKV 5BLP QSFUIPEOV KFEOBLPTU QJġFNP TBľFUJKF

۬  OCZ ۲‫ ܂܁‬


૾̮‫܆̮܂̮܁‬

%B CJTNP J[SBÍVOBMJ ۬ QP EFਫOJDJKJ USFCB EB J[SBÍVOBNP TVNF TWJI


QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ QPÍJOKV V QP[JDJKJ  EBUPH OJ[B [BUJN USFCB EB J[SBÍVOBNP
TVNF TWJI QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ QPÍJOKV V QP[JDJKJ  EBUPH OJ[B J UBLP EBMKF TWF
EPL OF J[SBÍVOBNP TVNF TWJI QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ QPÍJOKV V QP[JDJKJ ‫ ܆‬EBUPH
OJ[B /B LSBKV QPUSFCOP KF EB EPEBUOP J[SBÍVOBNP NBLTJNVN TWJI PWJI
TVNB
,PMJLP JNBNP PWJI NPHVÇJI TVNB ÍJKJ NBLTJNVN USBľJNP -BLP KF
WJEFUJ EB CSPK TWJI QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ QPÍJOKV V QP[JDJKJ  EBUPH OJ[B J EBLMF
CSPK OKJIPWJI TVNB
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[JDJKJ  EBUPH OJ[B J[OPTJ ‫  ˜ ܆‬J UBLP EBMKF EB CSPK TWJI QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ
QPÍJOKV V QP[JDJKJ ‫ ܆‬EBUPH OJ[B J[OPTJ  1SFNB UPNF VLVQBO CSPK TVNB
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TWF NPHVÇF TVNF J UFL OBLPO UPHB USBľJNP OKJIPW NBLTJNVN NPľFNP
SBÍVOBUJ QBSDJKBMOF NBLTJNVNF TVNB FMFNFOBUB PE ‫܁‬UF QP[JDJKF OJ[B J OB
LSBKV USBľJUJ NBLTJNVN PWJI QBSDJKBMOJI NBLTJNBMOJI TVNB 1SFDJ[OJKF
BLP [B TWBLP ‫    ܁‬Ə  ‫ ܆‬V ‫܁‬UPN LPSBLV EPEBUOP J[SBÍVOBNP QBSDJKBM
OJ NBLTJNVN TVNB TWJI QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ QPÍJOKV V ‫܁‬QP[JDJKJ EBUPH OJ[B
POEB OB TBNPN LSBKV QSFPTUBKF TBNP EB J[SBÍVOBNP NBLTJNVN PWJI ‫܆‬
QBSDJKBMOJI NBLTJNBMOJI TVNB 0WP NPľFNP QSFETUBWJUJ UBLP EB OBKQSF
SBÍVOBNP ESVHJ OJ[ ‫ ۻ‬PE ‫ ܆‬FMFNFOBUB ‫  ૿ۻ  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ۻ‬QSJ ÍFNV KF

‫  ܁ۻ‬OCZ ഘ۲‫  ܁܁‬۲‫  ૾ ܁܁‬Ə  ۲‫ ܆܁‬ഛ  OCZ ۲‫ ܂܁‬


‫܁܂‬Ə‫܆‬

B [BUJN SBÍVOBNP ۬ LBP

۬  OCZ ]‫  ૿ۻ  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫  _ ܆ۻ‬OCZ ‫ ܁ۻ‬


‫૾܁‬Ə‫܆‬
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BMJ TF ġUFEJ OB NFNPSJKJ
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;B BMHPSJUBNTLP J[SBÍVOBWBOKF WSFEOPTUJ ۬ QSJNFOKVKFNP VQSBWP PWBK


QSJTUVQ 3FBMJ[BDJKB UPH QPTUVQLB OB QTFVEPKF[JLV TBTUPKJ TF PE EWB BMHP
SJUNB 1SWJ QPNPÇOJ BMHPSJUBN SBÍVOB FMFNFOU ‫ ܁ۻ‬OJ[B ‫ ۻ‬%SVHJ HMBW
OJ BMHPSJUBN LPSJTUJ QSWJ BMHPSJUBN LBP QPUQSPHSBN [B OBMBľFOKF SFġFOKB
QSPCMFNB NBLTJNBMOF TVNF QPEOJ[B EBUPH OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬1PNPÇOJ BMHPSJUBN V
MJTUJOHV  KF QP TUSVLUVSJ TMJÍBO BMHPSJUNV PLQ J[ QSFUIPEOPH PEFMKLB

-JTUJOH  1BSDJKBMOF NBLTJNBMOF TVNF QPEOJ[PWB

 8OD] LQGHNV ‫ ܁‬QL]D ‫ ۺ‬GXŀLQH ‫܆‬


 ,]OD] HOHPHQW ‫  ܁ۻ‬OCZ‫܁܂‬Ə‫ ܆‬۲‫ ܂܁‬QL]D ‫ۻ‬
DOJRULWKP % L D Q

P   PDNVLPDOQD VXPD SRGQL]D RG SR]LFLMH ‫܁‬


V   VXPH ۲‫] ܂܁‬D ‫ ܁  ܂‬Ə  ‫܆‬

IRU M L WR Q GR  L]UDÏXQDWL ۲‫] ܂܁‬D ‫ ܁  ܂‬Ə  ‫܆‬


V V  D>M@  ۲‫  ܂܁‬۲‫܂ۺ ૾˜܂܁‬
LI P  V WKHQ  QDÓHQD YHÉD VXPD
P V  DŀXULUDWL PDNVLPDOQX VXPX

UHWXUQ P  YUDWLWL ‫܁ۻ‬

"MHPSJUBN % J[SBÍVOBWB FMFNFOU ‫ ܁ۻ‬OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO 1SPNFOMKJWB ‫܅‬


TBESľJ QSJWSFNFOP J[SBÍVOBUV NBLTJNBMOV TVNV QPEOJ[PWB LPKJ QPÍJOKV
V QP[JDJKJ ‫ ܁‬B QSPNFOMKJWB ‫ ܋‬TBESľJ TVNF UJI QPEOJ[PWB 0WF QSPNFOMKJWF
TF OBKQSF QSBWJMOP JOJDJKBMJ[VKV WSFEOPġÇV  1PUPN TF V TWBLPN LPSBLV
‫ ܂‬PE ‫ ܁‬EP ‫ ܆‬J[SBÍVOBWB TVNB ۲‫ ܂܁‬V QSPNFOMKJWPK ‫ ܋‬EPEBWBOKFN FMFNFOUB
‫ ܂ۺ‬QSFUIPEOP J[SBÍVOBUPK TVNJ ۲‫  ૾˜܂܁‬0ENBI [BUJN TF QSPWFSBWB EB MJ KF
‫ ܋  ܅‬PEOPTOP EB MJ KF QSPOBÑFO QPEOJ[ PE QP[JDJKF ‫ ܁‬ÍJKB KF TVNB WFÇB PE
USFOVUOP NBLTJNBMOF /BSBWOP BLP KF UP TMVÍBK QSJWSFNFOV NBLTJNBMOV
TVNV USFCB BľVSJSBUJ ġUP TF J ÍJOJ
%B CJTNP BOBMJ[JSBMJ WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB % QSJNFUJNP EB POP
[BWJTJ PE EWB QBSBNFUSB CSPKB FMFNFOBUB ‫ ܆‬OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬J JOEFLTB ‫ ܁‬FMFNFOUB ‫܁ۻ‬
LPKJ TF J[SBÍVOBWB 6 WSFNFOV J[WSġBWBOKB PWPH BMHPSJUNB EPNJOJSB IRU
QFUMKB ÍJKF TF UFMP QPOBWMKB ‫  ܁ ˜ ܆‬QVUB KFS TF CSPKBÍ ‫ ܂‬PWF QFUMKF NFOKB PE
  %J[BKO J BOBMJ[B BMHPSJUBNB

‫ ܁‬EP ‫ ܆‬1SFNB UPNF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB % KF

۳
‫  
 ܁ ˜ ܆
   ܁ ܆‬
  
‫  ܁ ˜ ܆‬
 
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,BP QSWJ QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP PWBK BMHPSJUBNTLJ GSBHNFOU LPKJ NBUSJDV
‫ ۺ‬EJNFO[JKF ‫ ܆ “ ܆‬JOJDJKBMJ[VKF EB CVEF KFEJOJÍOB NBUSJDB

 IRU L  WR Q GR
 IRU M  WR Q GR
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 IRU L  WR Q GR
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7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ۳
‫ ܆‬PWPH GSBHNFOUB KFEOBLP KF [CJSV WSFNFOB J[
WSġBWBOKB EWF QFUMKF QSWF IRU QFUMKF V QSWPN SFEV J ESVHF IRU QFUMKF V
ÍFUWSUPN SFEV ,BLP QSWB IRU QFUMKB TBESľJ VHOKFľÑFOV IRU QFUMKV V ESV
HPN SFEV JTUP LBP SBOJKF NPSBNP OBKQSF PESFEJUJ CSPK JUFSBDJKB PWJI QFUMKJ
J WSFNF KFEOPH J[WSġBWBOKB UFMB VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF B [BUJN QPNOPľJUJ PWF
USJ WSFEOPTUJ
1PġUP TF UFMP VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF V USFÇFN SFEV J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP
WSFNF B CSPK JUFSBDJKB TQPMKBġOKF J VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF KFEOBL KF ‫ ܆‬VLVQOP
WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB IRU QFUMKF V QSWPN SFEV KF OFLB LPOTUBOUB QPNOPľFOB
TB ‫  ૿܆‬0WV LPOTUBOUV NPľFNP NFÑVUJN [BOFNBSJUJ LBEB KF ‫ ܆‬WFMJLP QB
[BLMKVÍVKFNP EB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB QSWF IRU QFUMKF SFEB ‫ ૿܆‬
4MJÍOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ESVHF IRU QFUMKF V ÍFUWSUPN SFEV KF SFEB ‫ ܆‬
KFS KF CSPK OKFOJI JUFSBDJKB KFEOBL ‫ ܆‬J OKFOP UFMP V QFUPN SFEV TF J[WSġBWB
[B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 1SFNB UPNF VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ۳
‫ ܆‬EBUPH
GSBHNFOUB KF SFEB ‫ ܆ ૿܆‬BMJ UP NPľFNP EBMKF VQSPTUJUJ J [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF
۳
‫ ܆‬SFEB WFMJÍJOF ‫ ૿܆‬QPġUP GVOLDJKB ‫ ૿܆‬EPNJOJSB GVOLDJKPN ‫[ ܆‬B WFMJLP ‫܆‬
,BP ESVHJ QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP TMJÍBO BMHPSJUBNTLJ GSBHNFOU LPKJ JNB
JTUV GVOLDJPOBMOPTU LBP QSFUIPEOJ QSJNFS UK NBUSJDB ‫ ۺ‬EJNFO[JKF ‫ ܆ “ ܆‬TF
JOJDJKBMJ[VKF EB CVEF KFEJOJÍOB NBUSJDB

 IRU L  WR Q GR
 IRU M  WR Q GR
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

 LI L M WKHQ
 D>LM@ 
 HOVH
 D>LM@ 

7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ۳
‫ ܆‬PWPH GSBHNFOUB KFEOBLP KF WSFNFOV J[WSġB
WBOKB EWF VHOKFľÑFOF IRU QFUMKF V QSWPN J ESVHPN SFEV ,BLP TF UFMP
VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF TBTUPKJ TBNP PE LI OBSFECF V SFEPWJNB ‫ ۉ‬B OJKF TF
UFġLP VWFSJUJ EB TF UB OBSFECB J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF UP [OBÍJ EB
TF UFMP VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF ,BLP KF EBMKF CSPK
JUFSBDJKB TQPMKBġOKF J VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF KFEOBL ‫ ܆‬WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB EWF
VHOKFľÑFOF IRU QFUMKF KF OFLB LPOTUBOUB QPNOPľFOB TB ‫  ૿܆‬1SFNB UPNF
QPġUP PWV LPOTUBOUV NPľFNP [BOFNBSJUJ LBEB KF ‫ ܆‬WFMJLP VLVQOP WSFNF
J[WSġBWBOKB ۳
‫ ܆‬EBUPH GSBHNFOUB KF SFEB ‫ ૿܆‬
0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB TNP V QSFUIPEOJN QSJNFSJNB [B PESFÑJWB
OKF BTJNQUPUTLPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB ÍFTUP LPSJTUJMJ GSB[F ‫۔‬WSFNF J[WSġB
WBOKB KF SFEB WFMJÍJOF‫۔ ۓ‬LPOTUBOUB TF NPľF [BOFNBSJUJ‫ ۓ‬J ‫۔‬KFEOB GVOLDJKB
EPNJOJSB ESVHPN GVOLDJKPN‫ ۓ‬5P OJTV KFEJOF GSB[F V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV LPKF
TF TUBMOP QPOBWMKBKV [CPH ÍFHB TF VWPEJ TQFDJKBMOB BTJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB
LPKPN TF J[SBľBWBOKF PMBLġBWB J EPEBUOP QSFDJ[JSB
+FEBO PCMJL PWF OPUBDJKF KF UBLP[WBOJ ‫[ۮ‬BQJT QB CJTNP SFDJNP [B QSFU
IPEOB EWB BMHPSJUBNTLB GSBHNFOUB LSBULP SFLMJ EB KF OKJIPWP WSFNF J[WS
ġBWBOKB ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬ÍJUB TF WFMJLP P PE ‫ 
૿܆‬0WBK TBľFU [BQJT PCVIWBUB OF
TBNP UP EB KF OKJIPWP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB SFEB WFMJÍJOF ‫[ ૿܆‬B WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬OFHP
J UBÍOP PESFÑVKF ġUB QPESB[VNFWBNP QPE UJNF LBEB LBľFNP EB KF KFEOB
GVOLDJKB SFEB WFMJÍJOF ESVHF GVOLDJKF 0 PWPNF ÇFNP NOPHP EFUBMKOJKF
HPWPSJUJ V PEFMKLV  V OBTUBWLV

1SJNFS CJOBSOB QSFUSBHB TPSUJSBOPH OJ[B


0QġUJ QSPCMFN QSFUSBHF OJ[B WJEFUJ  [BEBUBL OB TUSBOJ 
KF EB [B
EBUJ OJ[ ‫ ۺ‬PE ‫ ܆‬OFVSFÑFOJI CSPKFWB ‫  ૿ۺ  ૾ۺ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ۺ‬J EBUJ CSPK ‫ ܐ‬USFCB PESFEJUJ
EB MJ TF CSPK ‫ ܐ‬OBMB[J V OJ[V ‫ ۺ‬6LPMJLP KF UP TMVÍBK SF[VMUBU USFCB EB CVEF
JOEFLT OJ[B ‫ ܃‬UBLBW EB KF ‫  ܃ۺ  ܐ‬V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV SF[VMUBU USFCB EB
CVEF 
6 PWPN QSJNFSV QPTNBUSBNP TQFDJKBMOJ TMVÍBK PQġUFH QSPCMFNB QSF
USBHF LBEB TF EBUJ OJ[ ‫ ۺ‬OF TBTUPKJ PE OFVSFÑFOJI CSPKFWB WFÇ KF UBK OJ[
CSPKFWB TPSUJSBO V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV ‫ ̮ ૿ۺ ̮ ૾ۺ‬ι ̮ ‫  ܆ۺ‬0WV QSFUQPTUBW
 "TJNQUPUTLP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB 

LV EB KF OJ[ TPSUJSBO NPľFNP JTLPSJTUJUJ EB CJTNP QSFUSBHV CSPKB ‫ ܐ‬V OJ[V


[OBUOP VCS[BMJ
.FUPE LPKJ TF QSJNFOKVKF V TQFDJKBMOPN TMVÍBKV TPSUJSBOPH OJ[B OB
[JWB TF CJOBSOB QSFUSBHB J TMJÍBO KF OBÍJOV OB LPKJ TF USBľJ OFLB PTPCB V
EFCFMPN UFMFGPOTLPN JNFOJLV /BJNF EB CJTNP EBUP JNF J QSF[JNF OFLF
PTPCF QSPOBġMJ V JNFOJLV OBKQSF CJTNP JNFOJL PUWPSJMJ OFHEF OB TSFEJ
OJ JNFOJLB J UV QPLVġBMJ EB QSPOBÑFNP ľFMKFOV PTPCV "LP KF UV OFNB
POEB CJTNP QSF[JNF USBľFOF PTPCF VQPSFEJMJ TB QSF[JNFOJNB PTPCB OB UPK
TSFEOKPK TUSBOJDJ 6LPMJLP KF QSWP TMPWP QSF[JNFOB USBľFOF PTPCF QP B[CVÍ
OPN SFEV J[B QSWPH TMPWB QSF[JNFOB PTPCB OB TSFEOKPK TUSBOJDJ JNFOJLB
QSFUSBHV CJTNP VTNFSJMJ OB ESVHV QPMPWJOV JNFOJLB /BJNF USBľFOB PTP
CB TF TJHVSOP OF NPľF OBMB[JUJ V QSWPK QPMPWJOJ JNFOJLB QPġUP TV PTPCF
V JNFOJLV QPSFÑBOF QP B[CVÍOPN SFEV OKJIPWJI QSF[JNFOB UK TPSUJSBOF
TV V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV
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QSF[JNFOB USBľFOF PTPCF QP B[CVÍOPN SFEV JTQSFE QSWPH TMPWB QSF[JNF
OB PTPCB OB TSFEOKPK TUSBOJDJ JNFOJLB QSFUSBHV CJTNP VTNFSJMJ OB QSWV
QPMPWJOV JNFOJLB
6 ESVHPN LPSBLV CJTNP QSFUSBHV OBTUBWJMJ V PEHPWBSBKVÇPK QPMPWJOJ
JNFOJLB QPOBWMKBOKFN TMJÍOPH QPTUVQLB /FHEF OB QPMPWJOJ PEHPWBSBKVÇF
QPMPWJOF CJTNP QPLVġBMJ EB QSPOBÑFNP ľFMKFOV PTPCV QB BLP KF UV OFNB
QSFUSBHV CJTNP VTNFSJMJ OB KFEOV PE QPMPWJOB UF QPMPWJOF UK ÍFUWSUJOV DF
MPH JNFOJLB
V LPKPK TF NPSB OBMB[JUJ USBľFOB PTPCB [BWJTOP PE QSWPH TMPWB
OKFOPH QSF[JNFOB 6 TMFEFÇFN LPSBLV CJTNP QSFUSBHV VTNFSJMJ OB PEHP
WBSBKVÇV QPMPWJOV QSFUIPEOF ÍFUWSUJOF JNFOJLB UK PTNJOV DFMPH JNFOJLB

J UBLP EBMKF /B PWBK OBÍJO V TWBLPN LPSBLV CJTNP [B GBLUPS EWB TNBOKJ
WBMJ EVľJOV QSFUIPEOPH EFMB JNFOJLB V LPKFN TF NPľF OBMB[JUJ USBľFOB
PTPCB
1SFNB UPNF QPOBWMKBOKFN PWJI LPSBLB NPHVÇB TV EWB JTIPEB JMJ TF
V OFLPN LPSBLV QSPOBMB[J ľFMKFOB PTPCB OB OKFOPK TUSBOJDJ JNFOJLB JMJ TF
OB LSBKV EVľJOB EFMB JNFOJLB V LPNF KF NPHVÇF OBÇJ USBľFOV PTPCV TWPEJ
OB OVMV /BSBWOP V QSWPN TMVÍBKV KF KBTOP EB TF USBľFOB PTPCB OBMB[J V
JNFOJLV EPL V ESVHPN TMVÍBKV NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB TF POB OF OBMB[J V
JNFOJLV
0WBK EVľJ PQJT JEFKF CJOBSOF QSFUSBHF KF OBEBNP TF EPWPMKBO [B MBLP
SB[VNFWBOKF TMJÍOPH QPTUVQLB [B USBľFOKF CSPKB ‫ ܐ‬V TPSUJSBOPN OJ[V ‫ ۺ‬LPKJ
KF QSJLB[BO V MJTUJOHV 
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

-JTUJOH  #JOBSOB QSFUSBHB


 8OD] VRUWLUDQ QL] ‫ ۺ‬QMHJRY EURM HOHPHQDWD ‫ ܆‬EURM ‫ܐ‬
 ,]OD] ‫ ܃‬WDNYR GD ‫  ܃ۺ  ܐ‬LOL  DNR ‫ ܐ‬QLMH X QL]X ‫ۺ‬
DOJRULWKP ELQVHDUFK D Q [

L  M Q  GRQML L JRUQML LQGHNV REODVWL SUHWUDJH


ZKLOH L  M GR
N L  M   LQGHNV VUHGQMHJ HOHPHQWD
LI [  D>N@ WKHQ
M N    ‫ ܐ‬VH PRŀGD QDOD]L X SUYRM SRORYLQL
HOVH LI [ ! D>N@ WKHQ
L N    ‫ ܐ‬VH PRŀGD QDOD]L X GUXJRM SRORYLQL
HOVH
UHWXUQ N  ‫ ܐ‬MH QDÓHQ
UHWXUQ   ‫ ܐ‬QLMH QDÓHQ

6 BMHPSJUNV ELQVHDUFK TF OBKQSF QSBWJMOP JOJDJKBMJ[VKF PCMBTU QSFUSB


HF OJ[B LPKB KF PHSBOJÍFOB EPOKJN JOEFLTPN ‫ ܁‬J HPSOKJN JOEFLTPN ‫ ܂‬5B
PCMBTU TF OB QPÍFULV OBSBWOP QSPUFľF OB DFP OJ[ PE QSWPH EP ‫܆‬UPH FMF
NFOUB ;BUJN TF TWF EPL EPOKJ JOEFLT PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF OF QSFNBġVKF OKFO
HPSOKJ JOEFLT UK ‫
܂ ̮ ܁‬J[SBÍVOBWB JOEFLT ‫ ܃‬TSFEOKFH FMFNFOUB PCMBTUJ QSF
USBHF QSJ ÍFNV TF QPESB[VNFWB DFMPCSPKOP EFMKFOKF CSPKFN EWB
J JTQJUVKF
UBK TSFEOKJ FMFNFOU ‫"  ܃ۺ‬LP PWBK FMFNFOU OJKF KFEOBL USBľFOPN CSPKV ‫ ܐ‬
QSFUSBHB TF OBTUBWMKB V QSWPK JMJ ESVHPK QPMPWJOJ PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF [BWJTOP
PE UPHB EB MJ KF ‫ ܐ‬NBOKF JMJ WFÇF PE ‫"  ܃ۺ‬LP KF TSFEOKJ FMFNFOU KFEOBL USB
ľFOPN CSPKV ‫ ܐ‬QSFUSBHB TF QSFLJEB J WSBÇB TF SF[VMUBU ‫ ܃‬/B TMJDJ  KF
JMVTUSPWBOB QSWB JUFSBDJKB CJOBSOF QSFUSBHF CSPKB ‫ ܐ‬V TPSUJSBOPN OJ[V ‫ۺ‬
 ‫܆ ̒ ܃‬ ‫܆‬
‫ۺ‬

PCMBTU QSFUSBHF ‫! ܃ۺ  ܐ‬ PCMBTU QSFUSBHF


BLP KF ‫܃ۺ  ܐ‬ BLP KF ‫܃ۺ ܐ‬

4MJLB  #JOBSOB QSFUSBHB

"LP TF J[WSġBWBOKF ZKLOH QFUMKF [BWSġJMP [CPH UPHB ġUP KF EPOKJ JOEFLT
PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF QSFNBġJP OKFO HPSOKJ JOEFLT UK ‫
܂ ܁‬UP [OBÍJ EB TF EVľJOB
 "TJNQUPUTLP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB 

PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF OJ[B TNBOKJMB EP OVMF 6 UPN TMVÍBKV EBLMF CSPK ‫ ܐ‬OJKF
QSPOBÑFO V OJ[V ‫ ۺ‬QB TF LBP SF[VMUBU WSBÇB 
%B CJTNP PESFEJMJ BTJNQUPUTLP
WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ۳
‫ ܆‬BMHPSJUNB CJ
OBSOF QSFUSBHF ELQVHDUFK QSJNFUJNP EB KF EPWPMKOP TBNP PESFEJUJ WSF
NF J[WSġBWBOKB OKFHPWF ZKLOH QFUMKF 0TUBMJ EFMPWJ UPH BMHPSJUNB JOJDJKBMJ
[BDJKB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF OB QPÍFULV J UHWXUQ OBSFECB OB LSBKV
J[WSġBWBKV TF
[B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF LPKF KF [BOFNBSMKJWP V PEOPTV OB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
ZKLOH QFUMKF LBEB KF EVľJOB OJ[B ‫ ܆‬EPWPMKOP WFMJLB
4B ESVHF TUSBOF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ZKLOH QFUMKF KF QSPQPSDJPOBMOP CSP
KV JUFSBDJKB UF QFUMKF KFS TF UFMP UF QFUMKF J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 6
UP TF MBLP NPľFNP VWFSJUJ VLPMJLP QSJNFUJNP EB TF UFMP ZKLOH QFUMKF TBTUP
KJ TBNP PE KFEJOJÍOJI JOTUSVLDJKB QB KF PÍJHMFEOP OKJIPWP VLVQOP WSFNF
J[WSġBWBOKB V OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV LPOTUBOUOP 1PKFEOPTUBWMKFOB BOBMJ[B BM
HPSJUNB ELQVHDUFK TF TWPEJ EBLMF OB PESFÑJWBOKF OBKWFÇFH CSPKB JUFSBDJKB
ZKLOH QFUMKF V UPN BMHPSJUNV
.FÑVUJN OBKWFÇJ NPHVÇJ CSPK JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF OJKF PÍJHMFEBO KFS
TF QFUMKB [BWSġBWB LBEB VTMPW ‫ ܂ ̮ ܁‬OJKF JTQVOKFO JMJ KF USBľFOJ CSPK ‫ ܐ‬OBÑFO
B UP [BWJTJ PE TBNJI CSPKFWB OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬J USBľFOPH CSPKB ‫ ܐ‬.PHVÇF KF EB CSPK ‫ܐ‬
OBÑFNP PENBI V QSWPN LPSBLV JMJ V OFLPN LPSBLV QPTMF UPHB BMJ TF OJKF
UFġLP VWFSJUJ EB TF OBKWFÇJ CSPK JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF J[WSġBWB LBEB TF CSPK ‫ܐ‬
OF OBMB[J V OJ[V ‫ ۺ‬0OEB TF OBJNF QSPMB[J LSP[ DFP DJLMVT TVľBWBOKB PCMBTUJ
QSFUSBHF ‫ ۊ‬PE DFMPH OJ[B [BUJN KFEOF QPMPWJOF OJ[B QB KFEOF ÍFUWSUJOF
OJ[B QB KFEOF PTNJOF OJ[B J UBLP EBMKF OB LSBKV EP PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF PE
TBNP KFEOPH FMFNFOUB OJ[B QPTMF ÍFHB WJġF OF WBľJ VTMPW ‫ ܂ ̮ ܁‬J QFUMKB TF
[BWSġBWB
,PMJLJ KF POEB OBKWFÇJ CSPK JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF V UPN TMVÍBKV LBEB TF
CSPK ‫ ܐ‬OF OBMB[J V OJ[V ‫ ۺ‬0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB OB PWP QJUBOKF NPľFNP
OF SB[NJġMKBKVÇJ NOPHP PEHPWPSJUJ EB KF UBK CSPK OBKWJġF ‫ ܆‬KFS TF OJLBE OFLJ
FMFNFOU OJ[B OF JTQJUVKF WJġF PE KFEOPN 5P KF UBÍOP BMJ POEB CJTNP NPHMJ
SFÇJ J EB KF UBK CSPK OBKWJġF ‫ ૿܆‬JMJ ‫ ଀܆‬JMJ OFġUP TMJÍOP 0WEF TF TSFÇFNP TB KPġ
KFEOJN TWPKTUWPN BTJNQUPUTLPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB JBLP TF
OKFHPWB BOBMJ[B VNOPHPNF QPKFEOPTUBWMKVKF JQBL TF USVEJNP EB EPCJKFNP
ġUP UBÍOJKV PDFOV QSBWPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB
%B CJTNP UBÍOJKF PESFEJMJ OBKWFÇJ CSPK JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF NPSBNP
OB OFLJ OBÍJO OBÇJ EPCSV NFSV POPHB ġUP TF [BJTUB EFġBWB QSJMJLPN J[WS
ġBWBOKB UF QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV ELQVHDUFK 6 QPTUVQLV CJOBSOF QSFUSBHF
TVġUJOB KF EB EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF QPÍFUOP J[OPTJ ‫ ܆‬B OB QPÍFULV TWBLF
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

JUFSBDJKF PTJN QSWF EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF KFEOBLB KF PUQSJMJLF QPMPWJOJ


EVľJOF PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF OB QPÍFULV QSFUIPEOF JUFSBDJKF %SVHJN SFÍJNB
BLP ‫ ܅‬P[OBÍBWB VLVQBO CSPK JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF LBEB TF CSPK ‫ ܐ‬OF OBMB[J
V OJ[V ‫ ۺ‬POEB
˜ OB QPÍFULV QSWF JUFSBDJKF EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF J[OPTJ ‫܆‬
˜ OB QPÍFULV ESVHF JUFSBDJKF EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF J[OPTJ PUQSJMJLF
‫ ૾܆  ܆‬
˜ OB QPÍFULV USFÇF JUFSBDJKF EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF J[OPTJ PUQSJMJLF

‫ ૿܆  ܆   ܆‬
˜ OB QPÍFULV ÍFUWSUF JUFSBDJKF EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF J[OPTJ PUQSJMJLF

‫ ଀܆  ܆   ܆‬
˜ J UBLP EBMKF Ə
˜ OB QPÍFULV QPTMFEOKF ‫܅‬UF JUFSBDJKF EVľJOB PCMBTUJ QSFUSBHF J[OPTJ
PUQSJMJLF ‫ ૾˜܅܆‬
"MJ POP ġUP KPġ [OBNP KF EB TF PCMBTU QSFUSBHF OB QPÍFULV QPTMFEOKF
‫܅‬UF JUFSBDJKF TBTUPKJ PE TBNP KFEOPH FMFNFOUB OJ[B ;BUP NPSB CJUJ
‫܆‬
 
‫૾˜܅‬
PEOPTOP
‫ ૾˜܅  ܆‬
4BEB MBLP NPľFNP EPCJUJ VLVQBO CSPK JUFSBDJKB ‫ ܅‬V [BWJTOPTUJ PE CSPKB
FMFNFOBUB OJ[B ‫ ܆‬VLPMJLP QPTMFEOKV KFEOBLPTU MPHBSJUNVKFNP [B PTOPWV
EWB J EPCJKFOV KFEOBLPTU SFġJNP QP ‫܅‬

‫  ܅‬NQI ‫  ܆‬

/BKWFÇJ CSPK JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV ELQVHDUFK KF EBLMF


SFEB NQI ‫ ܆‬QB KF UP J SFE WFMJÍJOF WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB UPH BMHPSJUNB +Pġ
CPMKF VLPMJLP QSJNFOJNP ‫[ۮ‬BQJT PWV ÍJOKFOJDV NPľFNP TBľFUP J[SB[JUJ
J[SB[PN ۳

ۮ  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

5JQJÍOF GVOLDJKF WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB


1PKFEOPTUBWMKFOPN BOBMJ[PN BMHPSJUNB ÍJKJ KF DJMK PESFÑJWBOKF OKFHP
WPH BTJNQUPUTLPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB [B WFMJLJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
 "TJNQUPUTLP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB 

EPCJKB TF OFLPMJLP TUBOEBSEOJI GVOLDJKB LPKF OBKÍFġÇF PQJTVKV WSFNFOB


J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB 1P[OBWBKVÇJ [BUP TBNP PWBK NBMJ CSPK GVOLDJKB
NPľFNP NOPHP CSľF J MBLġF TUFÇJ VWJE V QFSGPSNBOTF BMHPSJUNB
/B TMJDJ  TV QSJLB[BOF OBKÍFġÇF GVOLDJKF LPKF TF TSFÇV V BOBMJ[J WSF
NFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB 0WF GVOLDJKF TV V UBCFMJ OB MFWPK TUSBOJ UF
TMJLF OBWFEFOF PEP[HP OB EPMF V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV QSFNB CS[JOJ SBTUB
[B WFMJLF WSFEOPTUJ TWPH BSHVNFOUB /B EFTOPK TUSBOJ TMJLF  SBEJ CP
MKFH SB[VNFWBOKB SFMBUJWOF CS[JOF SBTUB PWJI UJQJÍOJI GVOLDJKB QSJLB[BOJ
TV OKJIPWJ QSJCMJľOJ HSBਫDJ

'VOLDJKB /FGPSNBMOP JNF ۳


‫ ܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫૿܆ ଀܆‬ ‫ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫܆‬

 LPOTUBOUOB GVOLDJKB
NQI ‫܆‬ MPHBSJUBNTLB GVOLDJKB
‫܆‬ MJOFBSOB GVOLDJKB NQI ‫܆‬
‫ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ MJOFBSOPMPHBSJUBNTLB GVOLDJKB

‫૿܆‬ LWBESBUOB GVOLDJKB
‫଀܆‬ LVCOB GVOLDJKB
‫܆‬ FLTQPOFODJKBMOB GVOLDJKB
‫܆‬

4MJLB  5JQJÍOF GVOLDJKF [B WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB

'VOLDJKF OB TMJDJ  OJTV JOUFSFTBOUOF V SBÍVOBSTUWV [CPH TWPKF BQ


TUSBLUOF NBUFNBUJÍLF QSJSPEF WFÇ POF QSFETUBWMKBKV BTJNQUPUTLB WSFNF
OB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB 6PÍJNP [BUP EB TF V UBCFMJ OB MFWPK TUSBOJ UF
TMJLF TWBLP OFGPSNBMOP JNF GVOLDJKF PEOPTJ V TUWBSJ OB LMBTV GVOLDJKB JT
UF CS[JOF SBTUB 5BLP LWBESBUOPN GVOLDJKPN TF OB[JWBKV TWF GVOLDJKF LPKF
TV SFEB WFMJÍJOF ‫[ ૿܆‬B WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬4MJÍOP [B LPOTUBOUOV GVOLDJKV KF VPCJÍB
KFOP EB TF V[JNB OBKQSPTUJKJ CSPK  [B WSFEOPTU LPOTUBOUF NBEB WSFEOPTU
LPOTUBOUOF GVOLDJKF NPľF CJUJ CJMP LPKJ CSPK OF[BWJTBO PE ‫܆‬
(SBਫDJ UJQJÍOJI GVOLDJKB OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ TMJLF  QPLB[VKV EB [B NBMF
WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB ‫ ܆‬QPTUPKF UBÍLF V LPKJNB KF KFEOB LSJWB QPÍFUOP JTQPE
ESVHF BMJ TF PE OFLF UBÍLF EPCJKB PCSOVU TMVÍBK /B QSJNFS QPÍFUOP KF
LWBESBUOB LSJWB JTQPE MJOFBSOF LSJWF BMJ LBEB ‫ ܆‬QPTUBOF EPWPMKOP WFMJLP
UB PTPCJOB TF NFOKB V LPSJTU MJOFBSOF LSJWF ;B NBMP ‫ ܆‬KF UFġLP VQPSFÑJWBUJ
GVOLDJKF QPġUP TV UBEB LPOTUBOUF WSMP CJUOF /B QSJNFS GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆‬
KF WFÇB PE ‫ ૿܆‬LBEB KF ‫ ܆‬NBOKF PE  "MJ [B NBMJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
TF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB TWBLPH BMHPSJUNB PCJÍOP NFSJ EFMJÇFN TFLVOEF QB
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

QBľMKJWB BOBMJ[B BMHPSJUNB [B NBMJ VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB OJKF OJ JOUFSFTBOUOB J


PCJÍOP TF [BOFNBSVKF
/FLJ BMHPSJUBN KF EBLMF CPMKJ VLPMJLP TF OKFHPWB GVOLDJKB WSFNFOB J[
WSġBWBOKB OBMB[J CMJľF WSIV UBCFMF OB MFWPK TUSBOJ TMJLF  %SVHJN SFÍJNB
KFEBO BMHPSJUBN KF CSľJ PE ESVHPH VLPMJLP KF OKFHPWB GVOLDJKB WSFNFOB J[
WSġBWBOKB JTQPE JMJ OFGPSNBMOP ‫۔‬NBOKB PE‫ ۓ‬GVOLDJKF WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB
ESVHPH BMHPSJUNB /B TMJDJ  TF WJEJ EB KF HSBਫL MPHBSJUBNTLF GVOLDJKF
VWFL JTQPE HSBਫLB PTUBMJI GVOLDJKB PTJN LPOTUBOUF GVOLDJKF 5P [OBÍJ EB
TV MPHBSJUBNTLJ BMHPSJUNJ V QSBLTJ VWFL CSľJ PE BMHPSJUBNB PTUBMJI WSFNFO
TLJI TMPľFOPTUJ PTJN OBSBWOP LPOTUBOUOF GVOLDJKF
 0CSBUJUF JQBL QBľOKV
OB UP EB TUWBSOB WSFNFOTLB SB[MJLB [BWJTJ PE LPOTUBOUJ LPKF VÍFTUWVKV
V J[SB[JNB [B WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB QB KF NPHVÇF EB SFDJNP MJOFBSOP
MPHBSJUBNTLJ BMHPSJUBN CVEF CSľJ PE MJOFBSOPH BMHPSJUNB [B SFMBUJWOP NBMJ
CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
4B ESVHF TUSBOF FLTQPOFODJKBMOJ BMHPSJUNJ TV CFTLPSJTOJ [B WFMJLJ CSPK
VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB /BJNF POP ġUP KF VQBEBMP V PÍJ V UBCFMBNB OB TMJDJ 
OB TUSBOJ  JNB TWPKF PCKBġOKFOKF V WSMP PġUSPN SBTUV FLTQPOFODJKBMOF
GVOLDJKF ġUP QPLB[VKF OKFO HSBਫL OB TMJDJ 
 &LTQPOFODJKBMOJ BMHPSJUBN
TF NPľF QBľMKJWP PQUJNJ[PWBUJ J SFBMJ[PWBUJ OB WSMP FਫLBTOPN NBġJOTLPN
KF[JLV BMJ PQFU ÇF UBLBW BMHPSJUBN SBEJUJ OFQSJIWBUMKJWP EVHP [B WFMJLJ CSPK
VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB 1SFNB UPNF OBKQBNFUOJKB QSPHSBNFSTLB QPCPMKġBOKB
JMJ TKBKOJ SBÍVOBSJ OF NPHV VÍJOJUJ CS[JN OFLJ OFFਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN ;CPH
UPHB QSF OFHP ġUP V[BMVE VUSPġJNP WSFNF OB QPQSBWLV MPġFH BMHPSJUNB JMJ
QPUSPġJNP OPWBD OB CSľF SBÍVOBSF NPSBNP TF OBKQSF QPUSVEJUJ EB OBQJġF
NP FਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN

 "TJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB


*[ QSFUIPEOF EJTLVTJKF NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB BMHPSJUNF VQPSFÑVKFNP
QSFNB OKJIPWJN GVOLDJKBNB BTJNQUPUTLPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB ġUP KF UB
LWB GVOLDJKB ‫۔‬NBOKB‫ ۓ‬UP KF BMHPSJUBN CPMKJ CSľJ
 0CJÍOP KF KBTOP EB MJ KF
OFLB GVOLDJKB ‫۔‬NBOKB‫ ۓ‬PE ESVHF BMJ [B TMPľFOJKF TMVÍBKFWF KF QPUSFCOP JNB
UJ QSFDJ[OJKV EFਫOJDJKV UPHB ġUP TF QPESB[VNFWB LBEB TF UWSEJ EB KF OFLB
GVOLDJKB ‫۔‬NBOKB‫ ۓ‬PE ESVHF "TJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB PNPHVÇBWB VQSBWP EB
TF OB QSFDJ[BO OBÍJO VWFEF SFMBUJWOJ QPSFEBL [B GVOLDJKF
"TJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB JNB ÍFUJSJ PCMJLB ‫[ۮ‬BQJT WFMJLP P
ù[BQJT WF
MJLP PNFHB
é[BQJT WFMJLP UFUB
J ‫[܇‬BQJT NBMP P
 4 PC[JSPN OB UP EB
 "TJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB 

TF V QSBLTJ OBKÍFÇF LPSJTUJ ‫[ۮ‬BQJT V PWPN PEFMKLV ÇFNP OBKWFÇV QBľOKV


QPTWFUJUJ UPN [BQJTV "MJ JBLP V PTUBMPN EFMV LOKJHF TLPSP JTLMKVÍJWP LP
SJTUJNP ‫[ۮ‬BQJT V OBTUBWLV ÇFNP TF LSBULP PTWSOVUJ J OB PTUBMF WBSJKBOUF
BTJNQUPUTLF OPUBDJKF SBEJ LPNQMFUOPTUJ
+FEOB OBQPNFOB OFLJN ÍJUBPDJNB ÇF PWBK PEFMKBL J[HMFEBUJ LBP ‫۔‬TVWB
NBUFNBUJLB‫ ۊ ۓ‬OBľBMPTU JMJ OB TSFÇV UP KF OBKCPMKJ OBÍJO EB TF QSFDJ[OP
J[SB[J POP P ÍFNV TF HPWPSJ

‫[ۮ‬BQJT
‫[ۮ‬BQJT TF LPSJTUJ [B QSFDJ[OP EFਫOJTBOKF QPKNB EB KF OFLB GVOLDJKB
‫۔‬NBOKB‫ ۓ‬PE ESVHF "MJ OB QPÍFULV OBQPNFOJNP EB TF [B TWF GVOLDJKF P
LPKJNB TF PWEF HPWPSJ QPESB[VNFWB EB TV UP QP[JUJWOF JMJ UBÍOJKF OFOFHB
UJWOF
GVOLDJKF B OFOFHBUJWOPTU TF QPESB[VNFWB J [B OKJIPWF BSHVNFOUF
1SFDJ[OJKF SFÍFOP QPTNBUSBNP GVOLDJKF LPKF QSFTMJLBWBKV TLVQ QSJSPEOJI
CSPKFWB Ǹ V TLVQ OFOFHBUJWOJI SFBMOJI CSPKFWB Ȁ  0WB SFTUSJLUJWOPTU
OF VUJÍF OB PQġUPTU SB[NBUSBOKB BMJ TF WPEJNP UJNF EB QPTNBUSBOF GVOL
DJKF QSFETUBWMKBKV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB LPKB TV QSJSPEOP OFLF
QP[JUJWOF WSFEOPTUJ [B OFLJ QP[JUJWOJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
"LP [B EWF GVOLDJKF ‫ ۿ‬J ‫ ܀‬LBľFNP EB KF ‫ ۿ‬NBOKB PE ‫ ܀‬POEB JOUVJUJWOP
NJTMJNP EB KF ‫[ ܆
܀ ̮ ܆
ۿ‬B TWF WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB ‫ ܆‬6 TUWBSJ QP
ġUP OBT JOUFSFTVKF BTJNQUPUTLP QPOBġBOKF GVOLDJKB WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB

NPľFNP SFÇJ EB KF ‫[ ܆
܀ ̮ ܆
ۿ‬B TWF PTJN [B LPOBÍOP NOPHP WSFEOPTUJ
BSHVNFOUB ‫ ܆‬0WP KF VQSBWP NPUJWBDJKB [B ‫[ۮ‬BQJT ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
ۿ‬LPKJN
TF PCVIWBUB TWPKTUWP EB KF GVOLDJKB ‫ ۿ‬NBOKB PE GVOLDJKB ‫ ܀‬PEOPTOP EB
GVOLDJKB ‫ ܀‬EPNJOJSB OBE GVOLDJKPN ‫ ۿ‬
%FਫOJDJKB ‫[ۮ‬BQJT
;B EWF OFOFHBUJWOF GVOLDJKF ‫ ̀ ܀ ۿ‬Ǹ ɜ Ȁ LBľFNP
EB KF ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
ۿ‬BLP QPTUPKF QP[JUJWOF LPOTUBOUF ‫ ۼ‬J ‫ ૽܆‬UBLWF EB [B TWBLP
‫ ૽܆ ̯ ܆‬WBľJ OFKFEOBLPTU
‫ ۼ ̮ ܆
ۿ‬Ώ ‫ ܆
܀‬
;BQJT ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
ۿ‬GPSNBMOP EBLMF [OBÍJ EB QPTUPKJ UBÍLB ‫ ૽܆‬UBLWB
EB [B TWF WSFEOPTUJ ‫ ܆‬PE UF UBÍLF GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆
ۿ‬KF PHSBOJÍFOB WSFEOPġÇV
QSPJ[WPEB OFLF QP[JUJWOF LPOTUBOUF ‫ ۼ‬J GVOLDJKF ‫  ܆
܀‬%SVHJN SFÍJNB ‫ۮ‬
[BQJT P[OBÍBWB EB GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆
܀‬QSFETUBWMKB BTJNQUPUTLV HPSOKV HSBOJDV [B
GVOLDJKV ‫ ܆
ۿ‬KFS TF EP OFLF LPOBÍOF UBÍLF ‫ ૽܆‬EP[WPMKBWB EB GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆
܀‬
CVEF JTQPE GVOLDJKF ‫ ܆
ۿ‬JMJ ÍBL EB UF GVOLDJKF CVEV OFVQPSFEJWF 0WB
ÍJOKFOJDB KF JMVTUSPWBOB OB TMJDJ 
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

‫ ܆
܀‬

‫ ܆
ۿ‬

‫૽܆‬ ‫܆‬

4MJLB  ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
ۿ‬

%B CJTNP PWV TMJLV JOUFSQSFUJSBMJ V LPOUFLTUV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB


BMHPSJUBNB QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆
ۿ‬QSFETUBWMKB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
۳
‫ ܆‬OFLPH BMHPSJUNB J EB KF SFDJNP ‫  ૿܆  ܆
܀‬4B TMJLF EBLMF WJEJNP EB VLP
MJLP VTQFNP EB QPLBľFNP EB KF ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬POEB TNP [BQSBWP QPLB[BMJ
[BOFNBSVKVÇJ LPOTUBOUF EB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB TJHVSOP PHSB
OJÍFOP LWBESBUOPN GVOLDJKPN 1SJNFUJNP EB ‫[ۮ‬BQJTPN EPCJKBNP TBNP
HPSOKV HSBOJDV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB 5P JQBL OJKF WFMJLJ QSPCMFN QPġUP
JPOBLP WSFNF SBEB BMHPSJUBNB PESFÑVKFNP [B OBKHPSJ TMVÍBK J[WSġBWBOKB
PEOPTOP QSBWP WSFNF SBEB BMHPSJUNB PHSBOJÍBWBNP OBKHPSJN WSFNFOPN
OKFHPWPH J[WSġBWBOKB
%B CJTNP [B LPOLSFUOF GVOLDJKF QPLB[BMJ EB KF ۳
‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆‬NPľFNP
V LSBKOKFN TMVÍBKV LPSJTUJUJ GPSNBMOV EFਫOJDJKV ‫[ۮ‬BQJTB ;B UP KF QPUSFC
OP EB OBÑFNP LPOLSFUOF WSFEOPTUJ [B ‫ ૽܆‬J ‫  ۼ‬UBLWF EB KF ۳
‫ ܆
܀ۼ ̮ ܆‬
[B TWBLP ‫  ૽܆ ̯ ܆‬/B QSJNFS QPLBľJNP EB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJU
NB EXEEOHVRUW OB TUSBOJ  KFEOBLP ‫  ૿܆
ۮ‬1PġUP TNP V PWPN TMVÍBKV
J[SBÍVOBMJ EB KF ۳
‫[  ܆ ˜ ૿܆  ܆‬B ‫  ̯ ܆‬JNBNP

‫ ૿܆  ૿܆ ૿܆ ̮  ૿܆ ̮  ܆ ˜ ૿܆‬

%BLMF BLP J[BCFSFNP ‫   ૽܆‬J ‫   ۼ‬QP EFਫOJDJKJ NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF


۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬
1SBLUJÍOJ QPTUVQBL EPCJKBOKB EPNJOJSBKVÇF GVOLDJKF NPľF TF [OBUOP
VCS[BUJ VLPMJLP TF JTLPSJTUF PQġUF PTPCJOF ‫[ۮ‬BQJTB /FLF PE PWJI PTPCJ
OB LPKF [BJOUFSFTPWBOJ ÍJUBPDJ NPHV MBLP EPLB[BUJ OB PTOPWV EFਫOJDJKF
OBWFEFOF TV V OBTUBWLV
 "TJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB 

 ,POTUBOUOJ GBLUPSJ OJTV WBľOJ ۳


‫ۼ
ۮ  ܆‬۳
‫[ ܆‬B TWBLV QP[JUJW
OV LPOTUBOUV ‫  ۼ‬/B QSJNFS V TMVÍBKV BMHPSJUNB EXEEOHVRUW
NPľFNP UWSEJUJ EB KF ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬VLPMJLP V QSFUIPEOPN EPLB[V
J[BCFSFNP LPOTUBOUV ‫*   ۼ‬MJ ÍBL NPľFNP UWSEJUJ EB KF ۳
‫ ܆‬
‫ ૿܆
ۮ‬VLPMJLP J[BCFSFNP LPOTUBOUV ‫  ۼ‬
 %PNJOBOUOJ UFSNJ TV OBKWBľOJKJ BLP KF ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ܆
܀ ܆
ۿ‬ക J ‫ ܆
܀‬
‫ ܆
ۿ
ۮ‬POEB KF ۳
‫  ܆
ۿ
ۮ  ܆‬/B QSJNFS PQFU V TMVÍBKV BMHPSJUNB
EXEEOHVRUW PENBI NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬KFS KF
PÍJHMFEOP ‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆ ˜ ૿܆‬J   ‫ ૿܆
ۮ‬
 1SBWJMP [CJSB ‫ۮ‬ഒ‫ ܆
܀ ܆
ۿ‬ക  ‫  ܆
܀
ۮ ܆
ۿ
ۮ‬/B QSJNFS BLP KF
۳
‫ 
ۮ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬POEB KF ۳
‫  ܆
ۮ  ܆‬PEOPTOP ۳
‫ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬
QSFNB QSFUIPEOPN QSBWJMJ KFS KF   ‫ ܆
ۮ‬
 1SBWJMP QSPJ[WPEB ‫ۮ‬ഒ‫ ܆
ۿ‬Ώ ‫ ܆
܀‬ക  ‫ ܆
ۿ
ۮ‬Ώ ‫  ܆
܀
ۮ‬/B QSJNFS BLP
KF ۳
‫ ܆  ܆‬Ώ ‫ 
ۮ‬POEB KF ۳
‫ ܆  ܆‬Ώ ‫ ܆
ۮ  
ۮ‬Ώ ‫ ܆
ۮ  
ۮ‬
 1SBWJMP USBO[JUJWOPTUJ BLP KF ۳
‫ ܆
ۿ
ۮ  ܆‬J ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
ۿ‬POEB
KF ۳
‫  ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆‬/B QSJNFS V TMVÍBKV BMHPSJUNB EXEEOHVRUW KF
۳
‫"  ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬MJ LBLP KF PÍJHMFEOP ‫ ଀܆
ۮ  ૿܆‬NPľFNP SFÇJ EB KF J
۳
‫ ଀܆
ۮ  ܆‬
1P[OBWBKVÇJ PWF PTPCJOF ‫[ۮ‬BQJTB NPľFNP PCJÍOP SFMBUJWOP MBLP PESF
EJUJ EPNJOJSBKVÇV GVOLDJKV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB KFEOPTUBWOJI BMHPSJUBNB
;B NBMP TMPľFOJKF BMHPSJUNF KF QPUSFCOP QP[OBWBUJ J SFMBUJWOF PEOPTF OF
LJI PTOPWOJI GVOLDJKB OB QSJNFS
ۘ J[SB[ ‫ ۺ܆‬EPNJOJSB OBE J[SB[PN ‫[ ۻ܆‬B ‫ۺ‬ ‫ ۻ‬OB QSJNFS ‫ ଀܆
ۮ  ܆‬
ۘ TWBLB FLTQPOFODJKBMOB GVOLDJKB EPNJOJSB OBE TWBLPN QPMJOPNTLPN
GVOLDJKPN OB QSJNFS ‫܆‬ଂ  ‫ ܆
ۮ‬
ۘ TWBLB QPMJOPNTLB GVOLDJKB EPNJOJSB OBE TWBLPN MPHBSJUBNTLPN
GVOLDJKPN OB QSJNFS
NQI ‫  ܆
ۮ  ଀ ܆‬1SJNFUJNP EB PEBWEF TMF
EJ EB KF ‫ ܆‬NQI ‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆
ۮ܆  ܆‬
1BľMKJWJ ÍJUBPDJ TV NPľEB QSJNFUJMJ EB KF ‫[ۮ‬BQJT VOFLPMJLP EWPTNJTMFO
J EB TF QPTUBWMKB QJUBOKF LBLP UJN [BQJTPN V TUWBSJ J[SBľBWBNP WSFNF
J[WSġBWBOKB OFLPH BMHPSJUNB 3FDJNP WJEFMJ TNP EB [B WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
 1SBWJMP EB LPOTUBOUF OJTV WBľOF OF USFCB QPHSFġOP SB[VNFUJ 1SBLUJÍOJ QSPHSBNFSJ

QPOFLBE EBOJNB QPLVġBWBKV EB KFEBO BMHPSJUBN VCS[BKV [B OFLJ WSMP NBMJ GBLUPS 0WEF
KF SFÍ TBNP P UPNF EB ľFMJNP EPCSV PQġUV TMJLV P BMHPSJUNJNB LPKB CF[ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ
BTJNQUPUTLF OPUBDJKF OF CJ CJMB NPHVÇB
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

BMHPSJUNB EXEEOHVRUW ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ   ܆ ˜ ૿܆  ܆‬NPľFNP SFÇJ OB PTOPWV
QSBWJMB USBO[JUJWOPTUJ EB KF J ۳
‫ ଀܆
ۮ  ܆‬JMJ EBMKF ÍBL J ۳
‫ ૽૾܆
ۮ  ܆‬
4B ESVHF TUSBOF QSJSPEOP KF USBľJUJ OBKCPMKV V TNJTMV ‫۔‬OBKCMJľV‫
ۓ‬EPNJ
OJSBKVÇV GVOLDJKV [B WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB 5P KFTU BLP KF ۳
‫  ˜ ܆ ૿܆  ܆‬
UP ľFMJNP EB PDFOJNP TB ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬B OF UFIOJÍLJ UBÍOPN BMJ MPġJKPN
PDFOPN ۳
‫  ଀܆
ۮ  ܆‬.FÑVUJN QSFNB QSBWJMV EB LPOTUBOUOJ GBLUPSJ OJTV
WBľOJ NPľFNP CF[ LSBKB OBWPEJUJ CMJľF HSBOJDF SFDJNP ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬
JMJ ۳
‫ ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬J UBLP EBMKF
%B CJTNP SB[SFġJMJ PWBK OBJ[HMFE LPOUSBEJLUPSBO QSPCMFN VWFL LBEB
KF UP NPHVÇF LPSJTUJNP ‫[ۮ‬BQJT LPKJ KF OBKQSPTUJKJ 5P [OBÍJ EB KF PO J[
SBľFO KFEOJN UFSNPN J EB KF LPOTUBOUOJ GBLUPS V[ UBK UFSN KFEOBL CSPKV
 5SFCB JQBL JNBUJ OB VNV EB TV KFEOPTUBWOPTU J OBKCPMKB PDFOB V OFLJN
TMVÍBKFWJNB TVQSPTUBWMKFOJ DJMKFWJ BMJ UJ TMVÍBKFWJ TV TSFÇPN SFULJ V QSBLTJ
/B LSBKV QSJNFUJNP EB V SBEV [MPVQPUSFCMKBWBNP TJNCPM  KFS [OBL
KFEOBLPTUJ OJKF [BQSBWP TJNFUSJÍBO SFਬFLTJWBO
LBEB TF LPSJTUJ ‫[ۮ‬BQJT
5P [OBÍJ EB BLP KF ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
૾ۿ‬J ‫ ܆
܀
ۮ  ܆
૿ۿ‬POEB UP OF JNQMJDJSB EB
KF ‫  ܆
૿ۿ  ܆
૾ۿ‬4USJLUOP HPWPSFÇJ [B OFOFHBUJWOV GVOLDJKV ‫ ̀ ܀‬Ǹ ɜ Ȁ
‫ ܆
܀
ۮ‬USFCB EFਫOJTBUJ LBP LMBTV OFOFHBUJWOJI GVOLDJKB PEOPTOP

‫  ܆
܀
ۮ‬ങ‫ ̀ ۿ‬Ǹ ɜ Ȁ ^
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.BMP QPCPMKġBOKF PWF PQġUF TUSBUFHJKF V LWBESBUOPN BMHPSJUNV TBTUPKJ


TF V UPNF EB TF EWB QSFUIPEOB LPSBLB OF SB[EWBKBKV OFHP EB TF [B TWBLP
‫   ܁‬Ə  ‫ ܆‬SFEPN J[SBÍVOBWBKV TVNF ۲‫ ܁܁‬۲‫ ૾ ܁܁‬Ə ۲‫ ܆܁‬LPSJTUFÇJ KFEOBLPTU
۲‫  ܂܁‬۲‫ ܂ۺ ૾˜܂܁‬J JTUPWSFNFOP PESFÑVKF OKJIPW NBLTJNVN ;OBUOP QPCPMKġB
OKF NFÑVUJN [BIUFWB CPMKJ VWJE V J[SBÍVOBWBOKF NBLTJNVNB ۬ FMFNFOUB
OJ[B ‫ ۻ‬LBLP CJ TF UP QPTUJHMP V KFEOPN QSPMB[V JTQJUVKVÇJ VMB[OJ OJ[ TMFWB
OB EFTOP %PCJKFOJ MJOFBSOJ BMHPSJUBN KF UJQJÍOJ QSJNFS PQġUF [BLPOPNFS
OPTUJ FਫLBTOJKJ BMHPSJUNJ NPSBKV JTLPSJTUJUJ QSJSPEV TBNPH QSPCMFNB OB
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

EVCMKJ OBÍJO 1SJNFUJNP J EB KF [BUP JTQSBWOPTU FਫLBTOJKJI BMHPSJUBNB NOP


HP NBOKF PÍJHMFEOB J EB TUPHB [BIUFWB QBľMKJWJKJ EPLB[
,WBESBUOP WSFNF [B OBMBľFOKF NBLTJNBMOF TVNF QPEOJ[B NPľF TF ESB
TUJÍOP TNBOKJUJ EP MJOFBSOPH WSFNFOB VLPMJLP TF PCSBUJ WFÇB QBľOKB OB TV
NF ۲‫ ܁܁‬۲‫ ૾ ܁܁‬Ə ۲‫ ܆܁‬LPKF TF J[SBÍVOBWBKV V ‫܁‬UPN LPSBLV SBEJ PESFÑJWBOKB
FMFNFOUB ‫ ܁ۻ‬OJ[B ‫ ۻ‬0WF TVNF LPKF TF SFEPN J[SBÍVOBWBKV [BEPWPMKBWBKV
KFEBO PE PWB EWB VTMPWB JMJ TV POF TWF OFOFHBUJWOF JMJ TV OFLF PE OKJI OF
HBUJWOF 1SWP [BQBľBOKF KF EB V PCB TMVÍBKB NPľFNP J[CFÇJ NOPHB OBSFEOB
J[SBÍVOBWBOKB FMFNFOBUB OJ[B ‫ۻ‬
-FNB  ;B TWBLP ‫  ] ˒ ܁‬Ə  ‫ _܆‬
 BLP TV TWF TVNF ۲‫ ܁܁‬۲‫ ૾ ܁܁‬Ə ۲‫ ܆܁‬OFOFHBUJWOF PEOPTOP ۲‫[  ̯ ܂܁‬B
TWBLP ‫  ܁ ܁  ܂‬Ə  ‫ ܆‬POEB KF
۬  OCZ]‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫ _ ܁ۻ‬

 BLP TV OFLF PE TVNB ۲‫  ܁܁‬۲‫  ૾ ܁܁‬Ə  ۲‫ ܆܁‬OFHBUJWOF OFLB KF ‫ ܂‬OBKNBOKJ


QSWJ
JOEFLT UBLP EB KF ۲‫   ܂܁‬0OEB KF
۬  OCZ]‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ  ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫ _ ܆ۻ‬

%PLB[ 0CB TMVÍBKB TF TMJÍOP EPLB[VKV J [BTOJWBKV TF OB QSPTUPK ÍJOKFOJ


DJ TVNB OFLPH QPEOJ[B TF NPľF TBNP TNBOKJUJ VLPMJLP TF QPEOJ[ TNBOKJ
[B FMFNFOUF OB OKFHPWPN QPÍFULV ÍJKB KF TVNB QP[JUJWOB 'PSNBMOJKF V
QSWPN TMVÍBKV ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ EB KF ‫[ ܁ۻ ̮ ܃ۻ‬B TWBLP ‫  ܁  ܃‬Ə  ‫ ܆‬PEBLMF
POEB TMFEJ EB KF
۬  OCZ]‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫  ૾ ܁ۻ  ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫  _ ܆ۻ‬OCZ]‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫ _ ܁ۻ‬

KFS TV TWJ FMFNFOUJ ‫  ૾ ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ۻ‬NBOKJ JMJ KFEOBLJ ‫ ܁ۻ‬


/FLB KF [BUP ‫ ܃ۻ‬FMFNFOU TB JOEFLTPN ‫ ܃‬UBLWJN EB ‫ ܆ ̮ ܃  ܁‬J QSFUQPTUB
WJNP
‫  ܃ۻ‬OCZ ഘ۲‫  ܃܃‬۲‫  ૾ ܃܃‬Ə  ۲‫ ܆܃‬ഛ  ۲‫܊܃‬
[B OFLP ‫ ܃ ̯ ܊‬0WB TJUVBDJKB KF JMVTUSPWBOB OB TMJDJ 
0OEB KF
‫  ܃ۻ‬۲‫܊܃‬
̮ ۲‫ ૾˜܃܁‬۲‫  ܊܃‬KFS ۲‫  ̯ ૾˜܃܁‬QP QSFUQPTUBWDJ
 ۲‫܊܁‬
̮ ‫ ܁ۻ‬ KFS ‫  ܁ۻ‬OCZ ۲‫ ܂܁‬
‫܁܂‬Ə‫܆‬
 /J[PWJ 

 ‫܁‬ ‫܃ ˜܃‬ ‫܊‬ ‫܆‬


‫ۺ‬

۲‫ ̯ ૾˜܃܁‬ ۲‫܊܃‬

4MJLB 

ġUP KF USFCBMP QPLB[BUJ


6 ESVHPN TMVÍBKV KF EPLB[ TLPSP JEFOUJÍBO PTJN ġUP TF QPLB[VKF EB KF
‫[ ܁ۻ ̮ ܃ۻ‬B TWBLP ‫  ܁  ܃‬Ə  ‫ ܂‬HEF KF ‫ ܂‬QSWJ JOEFLT [B LPKJ KF ۲‫   ܂܁‬/BJNF
BLP [B ‫ ܂ ̮ ܃  ܁‬QSFUQPTUBWJNP ‫  ܃ۻ‬۲‫[ ܊܃‬B OFLP ‫ ܃ ̯ ܊‬LBLP KF ‫ ܂‬QSWJ JOEFLT
[B LPKJ KF ۲‫   ܂܁‬UP KF ۲‫  ̯ ૾˜܃܁‬QB [BUP
‫  ܃ۻ‬۲‫ ̮ ܊܃‬۲‫ ૾˜܃܁‬۲‫  ܊܃‬۲‫ ܁ۻ ̮ ܊܁‬

1SFNB UPNF
۬  OCZ]‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫  ૾ ܁ۻ  ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ  ܂ۻ‬Ə  ‫  _ ܆ۻ‬OCZ]‫  ૾ۻ‬Ə  ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ  ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫ _ ܆ۻ‬

KFS TV TWJ FMFNFOUJ ‫  ૾ ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫ ܂ۻ‬NBOKJ JMJ KFEOBLJ ‫ ܁ۻ‬ 


1SJNFUJNP EB OB PTOPWV QSWPH [BQBľBOKB KPġ OF NPľFNP NOPHP EB
VCS[BNP LWBESBUOJ BMHPSJUBN 1SWJ TMVÍBK QSFUIPEOF MFNF OJKF QSPCMFN
KFS PE ‫܁‬UF QP[JDJKF SFEPN JTQJUVKFNP FMFNFOUF OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬EP LSBKB UPH OJ[B J
OJLBE TF OF WSBÇBNP LBEB TF VTUBOPWJ EB TV TWF TVNF ۲‫ ܁܁‬۲‫ ૾ ܁܁‬Ə ۲‫ ܆܁‬OF
OFHBUJWOF QPTUVQBL TF NPľF [BWSġJUJ KFS TV EBMKB J[SBÍVOBWBOKB FMFNFOBUB
‫  ૾ ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ۻ‬OFQPUSFCOB
6 ESVHPN TMVÍBKV LBEB TF J[B ‫܁‬UF QP[JDJKF PULSJKF QSWB QP[JDJKB ‫[ ܂‬B LPKV
KF ۲‫   ܂܁‬POEB TF NPHV QSFTLPÍJUJ J[SBÍVOBWBOKB FMFNFOBUB ‫  ૾ ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫ ܂ۻ‬J
OBTUBWJUJ TB J[SBÍVOBWBOKFN PE FMFNFOUB ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ‬.FÑVUJN QSPCMFN KF ġUP
FMFNFOU ‫ ܁ۻ‬EP QP[JDJKF ‫ ܂‬OJKF KPġ PESFÑFO J [BUP TF NPSBKV JTQJUJWBUJ TWJ
FMFNFOUJ OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬EP LSBKB SBEJ J[SBÍVOBWBOKB TVNB ۲‫ ૾ ܂܁‬۲‫ ૿ ܂܁‬Ə ۲‫ ܆܁‬
6 ESVHPN TMVÍBKV EBLMF QSPMB[J TF PE ‫܁‬UF QP[JDJKF OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬EP OKFHPWPH
LSBKB B [BUJN TF WSBÇB J OBTUBWMKB TMJÍBO QPTUVQBL PE QP[JDJKF ‫  ܂‬5P V
OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV NPľF PQFU QSPJ[WFTUJ LWBESBUOP WSFNF 4SFÇPN ESVHP
[BQBľBOKF KF EB V PWPN TMVÍBKV EB CJTNP PESFEJMJ FMFNFOU ‫[ ܁ۻ‬BQSBWP OF
NPSBNP JTQJUJWBUJ TWF FMFNFOUF OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬EP LSBKB SBEJ J[SBÍVOBWBOKB TVNB
۲‫ ૾ ܂܁‬۲‫ ૿ ܂܁‬Ə ۲‫ ܆܁‬
-FNB  ;B TWBLP ‫  ] ˒ ܁‬Ə  ‫ _܆‬BLP KF ‫ ܂‬OBKNBOKJ QSWJ
JOEFLT [B LPKJ KF
۲‫   ܂܁‬J ‫ ̪ ܁ۻ‬OCZ ഘ۲‫  ܁܁‬۲‫  ૾ ܁܁‬Ə  ۲‫ ૾˜܂܁‬ഛ POEB KF ‫ ૾ ܂ۻ ̮ ܁ۻ‬
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

%PLB[ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP ‫  ܁ۻ‬۲‫  ܊܁‬,BLP KF ‫ ̪ ܁ۻ‬OCZ ഘ۲‫  ܁܁‬۲‫  ૾ ܁܁‬Ə  ۲‫ ૾˜܂܁‬ഛ QP


QSFUQPTUBWDJ UP KF ‫ ܂ ܊‬1SJNFUJNP EB ‫ ܂ ̪ ܊‬QPġUP ۲‫
  ܂܁‬0WB TJUVBDJKB
KF JMVTUSPWBOB OB TMJDJ 

 ‫܁‬ ‫ ܂ ܂‬ ‫܊‬ ‫܆‬


‫ۺ‬

۲‫  ܂܁‬ ۲‫܊૾ ܂‬

4MJLB 

0OEB KF

‫  ܁ۻ‬۲‫܊܁‬
 ۲‫ ܂܁‬۲‫܊૾ ܂‬
̮ ۲‫ ܊૾ ܂‬ KFS ۲‫   ܂܁‬QP QSFUQPTUBWDJ
̮ ‫ ૾ ܂ۻ‬ KFS ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ‬OCZ]۲‫  ૾ ܂૾ ܂‬Ə  ۲‫_ ܆૾ ܂‬

ġUP KF USFCBMP QPLB[BUJ 


0WB MFNB JNQMJDJSB EB UPLPN J[SBÍVOBWBOKB CJMP LPH FMFNFOUB ‫ ܁ۻ‬QSWJ
QVU LBEB PULSJKFNP ۲‫   ܂܁‬NPľFNP CF[CFEOP QSFLJOVUJ UP J[SBÍVOBWBOKF
J OBTUBWJUJ TB J[SBÍVOBWBOKFN FMFNFOBUB ‫ ૾ ܂ۻ‬Ə ‫  ܆ۻ‬/BJNF VLPMJLP KF FMF
NFOU ‫ ܁ۻ‬KFEOBL KFEOPK PE TVNB ۲‫  ܁܁‬۲‫  ૾ ܁܁‬Ə  ۲‫ ૾˜܂܁‬POEB TWBLBLP OF NPSB
NP JTQJUJWBUJ EBMKF TVNF ۲‫  ૾ ܂܁‬۲‫  ૿ ܂܁‬Ə  ۲‫  ܆܁‬6 TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV VLPMJLP
KF FMFNFOU ‫ ܁ۻ‬KFEOBL OFLPK EBMKPK TVNJ PE QP[JDJKF ‫ ܂‬POEB KF QSFNB QSFU
IPEOPK MFNJ ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ ̮ ܁ۻ‬5P [OBÍJ EB KF FMFNFOU ‫ ܁ۻ‬OFWBľBO [B J[SBÍVOBWBOKF
NBLTJNVNB OJ[B ‫ ۻ‬QB [BUP J[SBÍVOBWBOKF FMFNFOUB ‫ ܁ۻ‬NPľFNP QPUQVOP
[BOFNBSJUJ J OBTUBWJUJ TB J[SBÍVOBWBOKFN FMFNFOBUB ‫ ૾ ܂ۻ‬Ə ‫ ܆ۻ‬
1PTUVQBL [B OBMBľFOKF NBLTJNBMOF TVNB QPEOJ[B LPKJ TF [BTOJWB OB
QSFUIPEOJN [BQBľBOKJNB QSJLB[BO KF OB QTFVEPKF[JLV V MJTUJOHV 

-JTUJOH  .BLTJNBMOB TVNB QPEOJ[B MJOFBSOJ BMHPSJUBN


 8OD] QL] ‫ ۺ‬L QMHJRY EURM HOHPHQDWD ‫܆‬
 ,]OD] PDNVLPDOQD VXPD SRGQL]D ۬
DOJRULWKP PFVV D Q

0   PDNVLPDOQD VXPD SRGQL]D


 /J[PWJ 

L 
ZKLOH L  Q GR  L]UDÏXQDWL ‫܁ۻ‬
V 
IRU M L WR Q GR  L]UDÏXQDWL ۲‫܂܁‬
V V  D>M@  ۲‫  ܂܁‬۲‫܂ۺ ૾˜܂܁‬
LI V   WKHQ  DNR MH ۲‫   ܂܁‬RQGD
EUHDN  SUHNLQXWL VD ‫  ૾ ܁ۻ  ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫܂ۻ‬
HOVH LI 0  V WKHQ  LQDÏH DŀXULUDWL
0 V  PDNVLPDOQX VXPX SRGQL]D
L M    QDVWDYLWL VD ‫  ૾ ܂ۻ‬Ə  ‫܆ۻ‬

UHWXUQ 0

.BEB J PWB WFS[JKB BMHPSJUNB PFVV TBESľJ EWF VHOKFľÑFOF QFUMKF OKFHP
WP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB KF MJOFBSOP /BJNF QSJNFUJNP EB V TWBLPN LPSBLV
TQPMKBġOKF ZKLOH QFUMKF QPWFÇBWBNP OKFO CSPKBÍ ‫ ܁‬EP QP[JDJKF VMB[OPH OJ[B
LPKB KF [B KFEBO WFÇB PE QP[JDJKF V LPKPK KF VOVUSBġOKB IRU QFUMKB TUBMB 5P
[OBÍJ EB CSPKBÍ ‫ ܂‬VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF EPCJKB TWF WSFEOPTUJ PE  EP ‫ ܆‬UBÍOP
KFEOPN ;BUP TF UFMP VOVUSBġOKF QFUMKF J[WSġBWB UBÍOP ‫ ܆‬QVUB B LBLP KF
[B KFEOP J[WSġBWBOKF UPH UFMB PÍJHMFEOP QPUSFCOP LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF UP KF
VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWF WFS[JKF BMHPSJUNB KFEOBLP
۳
‫ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬Ώ ‫ ܆
ۮ  
ۮ‬

.BUSJDF
%P TBEB TNP HPWPSJMJ V TUWBSJ P OBKÍFġÇF LPSJġÇFOPN PCMJLV OJ[B LPKJ
TF PQġUJKF OB[JWB KFEOPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[ JMJ QPOFLBE J WFLUPS
 (FOFSBMJ
[BDJKB UPH LPODFQUB TF NPľF EPCJUJ VLPMJLP TF V[NF EB TV TBNJ FMFNFOUJ
KFEOPEJNFO[JPOBMOPH OJ[B PQFU KFEOPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[PWJ 1PETFUJNP
TF EB [B UJQ FMFNFOBUB OJ[PWB OF QPTUPKJ OJLBLWP PHSBOJÍFOKF V WF[J TB
OKJIPWPN TMPľFOPġÇV
5BLP TF EPCJKB EWPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[ JMJ NBUSJDB
FMFNFOBUB
.BUSJDB FMFNFOBUB QSFETUBWMKB LPODFQDJKTLJ UBCFMV UJI FMFNFOBUB LPKB
JNB PESFÑFO CSPK WSTUB J LPMPOB &MFNFOUJ NBUSJDF JNBKV [BUP EWPTUSVLF JO
EFLTF QSWJ JOEFLT VLB[VKF OB WSTUV J ESVHJ OB LPMPOV V LPKJNB TF FMFNFOU
OBMB[J V NBUSJDJ 1PSFE UPHB [B NBUSJDV FMFNFOBUB TF VOBQSFE NPSBKV [B
EBUJ CSPKFWJ OKFOJI WSTUB J OKFOJI LPMPOB LPKJ TF OB[JWBKV WFMJÍJOB NBUSJDF
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

7FMJÍJOB NBUSJDF OF NPľF TF NFOKBUJ ġUP QSPJ[JMB[J J[ OFQSPNFOMKJWPTUJ


WFMJÍJOF KFEOPEJNFO[JPOBMOPH OJ[B /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOB
NBUSJDB FMFNFOBUB WFMJÍJOF  “  LPKB JNB USJ WSTUF J ÍFUJSJ LPMPOF
‫ۺ‬
D>@ D>@ D>@ D>@

D>@ D>@ D>@ D>@

D>@ D>@ D>@ D>@

4MJLB  .BUSJDB ‫ ۺ‬WFMJÍJOF “

1PTUVQBL VPQġUBWBOKB PTOPWOPH LPODFQUB KFEOPEJNFO[JPOBMOPH OJ


[B LPKJN TF EPCJKB NBUSJDB FMFNFOBUB NPľF TF OBTUBWJUJ OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO
6LPMJLP FMFNFOUJ KFEOPEJNFO[JPOBMOPH OJ[B QSFETUBWMKBKV NBUSJDF EPCJ
KB TF USPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[ PEOPTOP OJ[ NBUSJDB /BSBWOP PWBK QPTUVQBL
TF NPľF EBMKF OBTUBWJUJ EB CJ TF EPCJMJ WJġFEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[PWJ BMJ OKJIP
WB VQPUSFCB V QSBLTJ KF PHSBOJÍFOB OB WSMP TQFDJKBMOF QSJNFOF ,BLP TF
OJ LPODFQUVBMOP OJġUB OPWP OF EPCJKB EBMKJN VPQġUBWBOKFN WJġFEJNFO[JP
OBMOJ OJ[PWJ ÍJKB KF EJNFO[JKB WFÇB PE EWB OJTV QSFENFU OBġF QBľOKF V PWPK
LOKJ[J

1SJNFS QSPCMFN TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB


1SPCMFN TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB V TWPN PTOPWOPN PCMJLV TV QSFETUBWJMJ
BNFSJÍLJ FLPOPNJTUJ (FKM (BMF
J ĠFKQMJ 4IBQMFZ
V WF[J TB QSPCMFNPN
VQJTB TUVEFOBUB OB VOJWFS[JUFUF 5BK QPÍFUOJ PCMJL QSPCMFNB KF QSFUSQFP
NOPHF NPEJਫLBDJKF J OKFHPWF SB[OF WBSJKBOUF TV OBġMF ġJSPLV QSJNFOV V
SBÍVOBSTUWV NBUFNBUJDJ FLPOPNJKJ UFPSJKJ JHBSB J PQFSBDJPOJN JTUSBľJWB
OKJNB 1PTUVQBL [B SFġBWBOKF QSPCMFNB TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB PULSJWB CPHBUV
TUSVLUVSV UPH QSPCMFNB J V SBÍVOBSTUWV TMVľJ LBP QSJNFS BMHPSJUNB ÍJKJ KF
EPLB[ JTQSBWOPTUJ TMPľFOJKJ OFHP BOBMJ[B OKFHPWPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB
6 PQJTV QSPCMFNB TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB TMFEJNP USBEJDJKV QP LPKPK TF UBK
QSPCMFN ľJWPQJTOP EFਫOJġF LBP QSPCMFN ľFOJECF NMBEJÇB TB EFWPKLBNB
JMJ VEBKF EFWPKBLB [B NMBEJÇF
 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB TV EBUB EWB EJTKVOLUOB
TLVQB ۬ J ۣ PCB WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬ÍJKJ TF FMFNFOUJ QPJTUPWFÇVKV TB NMBEJÇJNB
J EFWPKLBNB 1SPTUP SFÍFOP TLVQ ۬ TF TBTUPKJ PE ‫ ܆‬NMBEJÇB J TLVQ ۣ TF
TBTUPKJ PE ‫ ܆‬EFWPKBLB 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EBMKF EB NMBEJÇJ J EFWPKLF J[ PWB EWB
 /J[PWJ 

TLVQB USBľF TWPKF ľJWPUOF QBSUOFSF V TPDJKBMOPN PLSVľFOKV LPKF QSFETUB


WMKB NPOPHBNOP J IFUFSPTFLTVBMOP ESVġUWP ġUP [OBÍJ EB TWBLB PTPCB [B
TVQSVľOJLB ľFMJ UBÍOP KFEOV PTPCV TVQSPUOPH QPMB 7F[JWBOKF LPKJN TF
TWBLPN NMBEJÇV J[ TLVQB ۬ EPEFMKVKF SB[MJÍJUB EFWPKLB J[ TLVQB ۣ OB[JWB
TF TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF 4MJLPWJUB BOBMPHJKB KF EB TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF QSFE
TUBWMKB KFEOP NPHVÇF LPMFLUJWOP WFOÍBOKF TWJI NMBEJÇB J EFWPKBLB J[ EWB
EBUB TLVQB ۬ J ۣ 3BEJ EBMKF BOBMPHJKF BLP NMBEJÇV ‫ ۬ ˒ ܅‬V TBWSġFOPN
WF[JWBOKV PEHPWBSB EFWPKLB ‫ ۣ ˒ ۽‬UP TF P[OBÍBWB LBP CSBÍOJ
QBS
‫ ۽ ܅‬
+BTOP KF EB [B EBUF TLVQPWF ۬ J ۣ WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬QPTUPKJ WFMJLJ CSPK ‫
܆‬
NPHVÇJI TBWSġFOJI WF[JWBOKB QB CF[ JLBLWJI PHSBOJÍFOKB UP OJKF NOPHP
JOUFSFTBOUBO QSPCMFN %PEBUOP PHSBOJÍFOKF LPKF TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF NPSB
[BEPWPMKJUJ [B QSPCMFN TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB VWPEJ TF SBEJ UPHB EB TWF WF[F
NMBEJÇB J EFWPKBLB CVEV EVHPUSBKOF PEOPTOP EB OKJIPWJ CSBLPWJ CVEV
TUBCJMOJ CF[ SB[WPEB
6 UPN DJMKV QSFUQPTUBWMKB TF EB TWBLB PTPCB JNB MJTUV OBLMPOPTUJ TWJI
PTPCB TVQSPUOPH QPMB LPKB PESBľBWB QSWFOTUWP QP LPKFN CJ EBUB PTPCB
ľFMFMB EB TUVQJ V CSBL TB ESVHPN PTPCPN %SVHJN SFÍJNB TWBLJ NMBEJÇ
SBOHJSB TWF EFWPKLF PE POF LPKB NV TF OBKWJġF TWJÑB QB EP POF LPKB NV
TF OBKNBOKF TWJÑB B UP JTUP ÍJOF J EFWPKLF [B NMBEJÇF 0WP SBOHJSBOKF
TF QPESB[VNFWB EB KF CF[ KFEOBLJI OBLMPOPTUJ UBLP EB TF MJTUB OBLMPOPTUJ
TWBLF PTPCF NPľF QSFETUBWJUJ TPSUJSBOJN OJ[PN V TUSJLUOP PQBEBKVÇFN
SFEPTMFEV TWJI ‫ ܆‬PTPCB TVQSPUOPH QPMB 1PESB[VNFWB TF J EB TF OBLMPOPTUJ
PTPCB OF NFOKBKV UPLPN WSFNFOB
/B QSJNFS BLP TV ۬  ]۷ ۸ ۹ ۴_ J ۣ  ]‫ _܍ ܒ ܑ ܐ‬EWB TLVQB QP ÍFUJSJ
NMBEJÇB J EFWPKBLB MJTUF OBLMPOPTUJ NMBEJÇB V TLVQV ۬ J EFWPKBLB V TLVQV
ۣ NPHV CJUJ

۷ ̀ ‫܍ ܐ ܑ ܒ‬ ۸ ̀ ܑ ‫܍ ܒ ܐ‬ ۹ ̀ ‫ܑ ܒ ܍ ܐ‬ ۴ ̀ ‫ܑ ܐ ܒ ܍‬


‫ ̀ ܐ‬۷ ۸ ۹ ۴ ܑ ̀ ۴ ۹ ۸ ۷ ‫ ̀ ܒ‬۸ ۹ ۷ ۴ ‫ ̀ ܍‬۹ ۴ ۷ ۸
-JTUF OBLMPOPTUJ TWJI NMBEJÇB J EFWPKBLB KF QPHPEOJKF QSFETUBWJUJ EWF
NB UBCFMBNB KFEOPN [B NMBEJÇF J KFEOPN [B EFWPKLF 5BCFMBSOJ PCMJL TWJI
MJTUB OBLMPOPTUJ V QSFUIPEOPN QSJNFSV KF
NMBEJÇJ     EFWPKLF    
۷ ‫ܒ‬ ܑ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܍‬ ‫ܐ‬ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۴
۸ ܑ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫܍‬ ܑ ۴ ۹ ۸ ۷
۹ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܍‬ ‫ܒ‬ ܑ ‫ܒ‬ ۸ ۹ ۷ ۴
۴ ‫܍‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ܑ ‫܍‬ ۹ ۴ ۷ ۸
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

"LP KF EBUB MJTUB OBLMPOPTUJ PTPCF ‫ ܈‬LBľFNP EB TF PTPCJ ‫ ܈‬WJġF TWJÑB


PTPCB ‫ ܉‬PE PTPCF ‫ ܊‬TVQSPUOPH QPMB VLPMJLP TF ‫ ܉‬OBMB[J QSF ‫ ܊‬V MJTUJ OBLMP
OPTUJ PTPCF ‫ ܈‬5BLP V QSFUIPEOPN QSJNFSV EFWPKDJ ‫ ܒ‬TF WJġF TWJÑB ۸ PE
۴ J NMBEJÇV ۸ TF WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ܐ‬PE ‫ܒ‬
/BMBľFOKF TBWSġFOPH WF[JWBOKB NMBEJÇB J EFWPKBLB UBLP EB TF QPUQVOP
[BEPWPMKF OKJIPWF MJTUF OBLMPOPTUJ KF UFľBL [BEBUBL B V OFLJN TMVÍBKFWJ
NB KF J OFNPHVÇ 0ENBI KF KBTOP EB TF OF NPľF PCF[CFEJUJ EB TWBLP [B
CSBÍOPH ESVHB EPCJKF TWPK QSWJ J[CPS BLP KF JTUJ NMBEJÇ QSWJ J[CPS [B WJġF
EFWPKBLB TBNP KFEOB EFWPKLB NV NPľF QPTUBUJ TVQSVHB EPL TF ESVHF NP
SBKV [BEPWPMKJUJ NVľFN LPKJ OJKF QSWJ OB OKJIPWPK MJTUJ ;CPH UPHB VNFTUP
EB TF V TBWSġFOPN WF[JWBOKV USBľJ OBKWFÇB TSFÇB [B TWBLPHB QPTUBWMKB TF
TLSPNOJKJ ESVġUWFOJ DJMK EB EPCJKFOJ CSBLPWJ CVEV TUBCJMOJ
0WBK TLSPNOJKJ DJMK QPESB[VNFWB EB USFCB QSPOBÇJ TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF
LPKF TQSFÍBWB QPUFODJKBMOP TBHMBTOP CSBLPMPNTUWP 5P KF POP WF[JWBOKF
LPKF OF QSBWJ OJKFEOF EWF PTPCF TVQSPUOPH QPMB OF[BEPWPMKOJN V TNJTMV
EB TF PCF PTPCF NFÑVTPCOP WJġF TWJÑBKV KFEOP ESVHPN OFHP OKJIPWJ EP
EFMKFOJ CSBÍOJ ESVHPWJ V WF[JWBOKV 1SFDJ[OJKF OFLJ NMBEJÇ ‫ ۬ ˒ ܅‬J OFLB
EFWPKLB ‫ ۣ ˒ ۽‬TF OB[JWBKV OF[BEPWPMKOJ QBS V TBWSġFOPN WF[JWBOKV BLP ‫܅‬
J ‫ ۽‬OJTV WF[BOJ KFEOP [B ESVHP V UPN WF[JWBOKV PEOPTOP V UPN WF[JWBOKV
TV PESFÑFOJ CSBÍOJ QBSPWJ
‫ ܅‬঑ J
ঙ ‫[ ۽‬B OFLF ESVHF ঑ ˒ ۣ J ঙ ˒ ۬ BMJ
TF NMBEJÇV ‫ ܅‬WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ۽‬PE OKFHPWF ľFOF ঑ J EFWPKDJ ‫ ۽‬TF WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ܅‬PE
OKFOPH NVľB ঙ 1SJNFUJNP EB TV NJġMKFOKB NMBEJÇB ঙ J EFWPKLF ঑ OFCJUOB

1SJSPEOP KF QSFUQPTUBWJUJ EB OJLP OF CJ ‫۔‬ġWSMKBP‫ ۓ‬J TUVQJP V WF[V TB OF


LJN LP NV TF NBOKF TWJÑB PE EPEFMKFOPH QBSUOFSB BMJ OJġUB OF TQSFÍBWB
OFLJ OF[BEPWPMKOJ QBS NMBEJÇB J EFWPKLF EB SBTLJOV CSBLPWF TB TWPKJN EP
EFMKFOJN CSBÍOJN ESVHPWJNB J NFÑVTPCOP TUVQF V CSBL 3BEJ PQġUF EPCSP
CJUJ ESVġUWB USFCB [BUP OBÇJ TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF CF[ OF[BEPWPMKOJI QBSPWB
PEOPTOP UBLP[WBOP TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF 0WBK [BEBUBL TF VQSBWP OB[JWB QSP
CMFN TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB [B EBUF MJTUF OBLMPOPTUJ TWJI NMBEJÇB J[ TLVQB ۬ J
TWJI EFWPKBLB J[ TLVQB ۣ USFCB PESFEJUJ KFEOP TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF
3B[NPUSJNP TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF
۷ ‫
 ܐ‬۸ ܑ 
۹ ‫
 ܒ‬۴ ‫[ ܍‬B QSFUIPEOJ
QSJNFS MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ .MBEJÇ ۹ J EFWPKLB ‫ ܍‬TV OF[BEPWPMKOJ QBS V PWPN
WF[JWBOKV QPġUP TF NMBEJÇV ۹ WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ܍‬PE OKFHPWF ľFOF ‫ ܒ‬B EFWPKDJ ‫܍‬
TF WJġF TWJÑB ۹ PE OKFOPH NVľB ۴  1SFNB UPNF UP WF[JWBOKF OJKF TUBCJMOP
"LP QPLVġBNP EB VLMPOJNP PWV OFTUBCJMOPTU WF[JWBOKFN PWPH OF[B
EPWPMKOPH QBSB [BNJTMJNP EB TV TF CSBÍOJ QBSPWJ
۹ ‫ ܒ‬J
۴ ‫ ܍‬SB[WFMJ
J
[BUJN WFľFNP ۴ J ‫ ܒ‬QPġUP KF UP KFEJOJ J[CPS [B OKJI EPCJKBNP OPWP WF[JWB
 /J[PWJ 

OKF
۷ ‫
ܐ‬۸ ܑ
۹ ‫
܍‬۴ ‫  ܒ‬.FÑVUJN PWP WF[JWBOKF KF UBLPÑF OFTUBCJMOP
TBEB [CPH ۷ J ‫ ܒ‬/BJNF V OPWPN WF[JWBOKV TF NMBEJÇV ۷ WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ܒ‬PE
‫ ܐ‬B EFWPKDJ ‫ ܒ‬TF WJġF TWJÑB ۷ PE ۴  0WBK QPTUVQBL TVLDFTJWOJI SB[WPEB
J WF[JWBOKB OF[BEPWPMKOJI QBSPWB NPľFNP OBTUBWJUJ BMJ OJKF UFġLP TNJTMJ
UJ QSJNFS V LPKFN TF PWJN QSJTUVQPN WSUJNP V LSVH J OJLBE OF EPCJKBNP
TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF
1PTMF PWPHB TF PENBI QPTUBWMKB QJUBOKF QPTUPKBOKB TUBCJMOPH WF[JWB
OKB V TWBLPK JOTUBODJ QSPCMFNB TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB 5P KFTU BLP TV EBUF
QSPJ[WPMKOF MJTUF OBLMPOPTUJ TWJI NMBEJÇB J EFWPKBLB EB MJ VWFL QPTUPKJ CBS
KFEOP TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF 0EHPWPS OB PWP QJUBOKF KF QPUWSEBO J EPOFLMF
J[OFOBÑVKVÇF EPLB[ UPHB KF TBTWJN LPOTUSVLUJWBO 6 TUWBSJ EPLB[ TF TB
TUPKJ PE TBNPH BMHPSJUNB LPKJN TF LPOTUSVJġF TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF [B VMB[OF
MJTUF OBLMPOPTUJ
.BEB KF OBMBľFOKF CSBÍOPH ESVHB J PTUBKBOKF V TUBCJMOPK WF[J TB OKJN
EBMFLP LPNQMJLPWBOJKF V TUWBSOPN ľJWPUV SFġFOKF SBÍVOBSTLPH QSPCMFNB
TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB KF SFMBUJWOP KFEOPTUBWOP (MBWOB JEFKB PSJHJOBMOPH (FKM
ĠFKQMJ BMHPSJUNB NPľF TF QPQVMBSOP TBľFUJ V GSB[J ‫۔‬NMBEJÇJ QSPTF EFWPKLF
B EFWPKLF CJSBKV QPOVEF‫ ۓ‬5P [OBÍJ EB V UPLV SBEB BMHPSJUNB OFLJ QBSP
WJ QPTUBKV WFSFOJDJ VTMFE QSPTJECJ NMBEJÇB B QPOFLBE EFWPKLF SBTLJEBKV
WFSJECF BLP EPCJKV CPMKV QSJMJLV "MHPSJUBN V HMBWOJN DSUBNB NPľF TF
PQJTBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
ۘ /B QPÍFULV TWJ NMBEJÇJ J EFWPKLF TV TMPCPEOJ OJTV WFSFOJ
B [BUJN
TF POJ NFÑVTPCOP TQBKBKV V JUFSBDJKBNB
ۘ /B QPÍFULV TWBLF JUFSBDJKF TF CJSB KFEBO TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ LPKJ QSPTJ
QSWV OBKQPľFMKOJKV
EFWPKLV OB TWPKPK MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ PE POJI LPKF
OJLBE SBOJKF OJKF [BQSPTJP 1SJNFUJNP EB PWP JNQMJDJSB EB OJKFEBO
NMBEJÇ OF QSPTJ JTUV EFWPKLV EWBQVU

ۘ "LP KF TMPCPEOB EFWPKLB [BQSPġFOB POB VWFL QSJIWBUB QPOVEV B


NMBEJÇ LPKJ KV KF [BQSPTJP J UB EFWPKLB QPTUBKV WFSFOJDJ J OJTV WJġF
TMPCPEOJ
 "LP KF [BV[FUB EFWPKLB [BQSPġFOB POB QSPWFSBWB TWPKV
MJTUV OBLMPOPTUJ J QSJIWBUB QPOVEV TBNP BLP KPK TF WJġF TWJÑB NMBEJÇ
LPKJ KV KF [BQSPTJP PE TWPH BLUVFMOPH WFSFOJLB "LP KF UP TMVÍBK
NMBEJÇ LPKJ KF [BQSPTJP EFWPKLV J [BQSPġFOB EFWPKLB QPTUBKV OPWJ
QBS WFSFOJLB B TUBSJ WFSFOJL EFWPKLF QPTUBKF TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ "LP
TF [BV[FUPK EFWPKDJ WJġF TWJÑB BLUVFMOJ WFSFOJL PE NMBEJÇB LPKJ KV KF
[BQSPTJP POB PECJKB QPOVEV J OJġUB TF PTUBMP OF NFOKB
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

ۘ "MHPSJUBN [BUJN QSFMB[J V OBSFEOV JUFSBDJKV TWF EPL TWJ NMBEJÇJ OF


QPTUBOV WFSFOJ OFTMPCPEOJ
LBEB TF TWF WFSJECF QSPHMBġBWBKV CSB
LPWJNB 5P KFTU TWJ [BWSġOJ QBSPWJ WFSFOJLB TV SF[VMUBU LPKJ TF WSBÇB
LBP TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF
0WBK OFGPSNBMOJ PQJT KF OB QTFVEPKF[JLV NBMP QSFDJ[OJKF J[SBľFO V MJ
TUJOHV  *NF BMHPSJUNB VPS KF TLSBÇFOJDB FOHMFTLPH UFSNJOB [B QSPCMFN
TUBCJMOJI CSBLPWB UIF TUBCMF NBSSJBHF QSPCMFN

-JTUJOH  4UBCJMOJ CSBLPWJ


 8OD] OLVWH QDNORQRVWL PODGLÉD OLVWH QDNORQRVWL GHYRMDND
 ,]OD] VWDELOQR YH]LYDQMH PODGLÉD L GHYRMDND
DOJRULWKP VPS OLVWH QDNORQRVWL PODGLÉD L GHYRMDND

6YL PODGLÉL L GHYRMNH VX VORERGQL


ZKLOH SRVWRML VORERGDQ PODGLÉ P GR
G SUYD GHYRMND QD PRYRM OLVWL NRMX MRģ QLMH ]DSURVLR
 P SURVL G
LI G VORERGQD GHYRMND WKHQ
P L G VX YHUHQLFL  G SULKYDWD SURVLGEX P
HOVH LI G YLģH YROL P RG YHUHQLND Y WKHQ
P L G VX YHUHQLFL  G SULKYDWD SURVLGEX P
Y MH VORERGDQ
HOVH
QLģWD  G RGELMD SURVLGEX P

UHWXUQ YHULGEH  SURVODYLWL VWDELOQH EUDNRYH

"LP [B USFOVUBL [BOFNBSJNP QSPHSBNTLV SFBMJ[BDJKV BMHPSJUNB VPS


QBľMKJWJKJ ÍJUBPDJ TV NPľEB QSJNFUJMJ EB PO JNB USJ QPUFODJKBMOF HSFġLF 1SF
TWFHB OJKF KBTOP EB MJ TF PWBK BMHPSJUBN VPQġUF [BWSġBWB B LBNPMJ EB MJ
KF OKFHPW SF[VMUBU [BJTUB KFEOP TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF /BJNF V TWBLPK JUF
SBDJKJ ZKLOH QFUMKF JNBNP TMPCPEOPH NMBEJÇB LPKJ NPľF PTUBUJ TMPCPEBO
VLPMJLP HB PECJKF OKFHPWB OBKQPľFMKOJKB [BV[FUB EFWPKLB LPKV QSPTJ ÌBL
J BLP HB POB QSJIWBUJ OKFO TUBSJ WFSFOJL QPTUBKF TMPCPEBO UBLP EB TF CSPK
TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB OFÇF TNBOKJUJ ;BUP KF [BNJTMJWP EB ÇF VWFL QPTUPKBUJ
TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ OB QPÍFULV TWBLF JUFSBDJKF QB ÇF TF BMHPSJUBN J[WSġBWBUJ
CFTLPOBÍOP
 /J[PWJ 

%SVHB QPUFODJKBMOB HSFġLB BMHPSJUNB VPS KF V UPNF ġUP J[BCSBOJ TMP


CPEOJ NMBEJÇ OB TBNPN QPÍFULV OFLF JUFSBDJKF NPľEB OFNB EFWPKLV OB
TWPKPK MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ LPKV OJKF WFÇ [BQSPTJP /BJNF NPľEB KF NPHVÇF
EB KF OFLJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ ‫ ܅‬WFÇ [BQSPTJP TWF EFWPKLF &LWJWBMFOUOP OF
QPTUPKJ EFWPKLB V MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ NMBEJÇB ‫ ܅‬LPKV PO WFÇ OJKF [BQSPTJP QB
‫ ܅‬OFNB QSWV UBLWV EFWPKLV LPKV CJ [BQSPTJP
,POBÍOP PQJT BMHPSJUNB VPS OJKF V QPUQVOPTUJ EFUFSNJOJTUJÍLJ QPġUP
TF V VTMPWV OBTUBWLB ZKLOH QFUMKF QSPWFSBWB TBNP EB MJ QPTUPKJ TMPCPEBO
NMBEJÇ "LP KF UP TMVÍBK V BMHPSJUNV OJKF OBWFEFOP LBLP TF CJSB KFEBO
UBLBW NMBEJÇ BLP QPTUPKF WJġF LBOEJEBUB [B BLUVFMOV JUFSBDJKV ;BUP TF
T QSBWPN NPľF QPTUBWJUJ QJUBOKF EB MJ KF SFEPTMFE QP LPKFN TF POJ CJSB
KV WBľBO [B SF[VMUVKVÇF WF[JWBOKF PEOPTOP EB MJ NPľEB OFLJ ‫۔‬QPHSFġBO‫ۓ‬
SFEPTMFE J[CPSB TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB OF CJ QSPJ[WFP OFTUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF
4WF PWP QPLB[VKF EB JTQSBWOPTU BMHPSJUNB VPS OJKF PÍJHMFEOB J EB KF
QPUSFCOP QBľMKJWJKF JTQJUBUJ OKFHPWB TWPKTUWB 6 OBTUBWLV TF [BUP LSP[ OJ[
GPSNBMOJI [BQBľBOKB SB[SFġBWBKV TWF QSFUIPEOF EJMFNF
-FNB  ;B ‫ ܆‬NMBEJÇB J ‫ ܆‬EFWPKBLB BMHPSJUBN VPS TF [BWSġBWB V OBKWJġF ‫૿܆‬
JUFSBDJKB
%PLB[ 1SJNFUJNP EB TF PWEF UWSEJ WJġF PE UPHB EB BMHPSJUBN VPS OF SB
EJ CFTLPOBÍOP ‫ ۊ‬UWSEJ TF EB TF PO OF TBNP [BWSġBWB WFÇ J EB UP SBEJ V
OBKWJġF ‫ ૿܆‬JUFSBDJKB %B CJTNP PWP QPLB[BMJ NPSBNP OBÇJ EPCSV NFSV OB
QSFEPWBOKB ZKLOH QFUMKF 7JEFMJ TNP EB UP OJKF CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB

1PLB[BÇFNP EB KF UP CSPK QSPTJECJ LPKF NMBEJÇJ J[WFEV V UPLV SBEB BMHPSJU


NB
;BJTUB OJKFEBO NMBEJÇ OF QSPTJ JTUV EFWPKLV EWBQVU KFS OFLJ NMBEJÇ
VWFL QSPTJ EFWPKLV LPKV OJLBE SBOJKF OJKF [BQSPTJP 5P [OBÍJ EB TWBLJ
NMBEJÇ J[WFEF OBKWJġF ‫ ܆‬QSPTJECJ UPLPN SBEB BMHPSJUNB VPS PEOPTOP TWJI
‫ ܆‬NMBEJÇB [BKFEOP J[WFEV OBKWJġF ‫ ૿܆‬QSPTJECJ VLVQOP 6 TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ
ZKLOH QFUMKF TF J[WPEJ UBÍOP KFEOB OPWB QSPTJECB QB [BUP NPľF CJUJ OBKWJġF
‫ ૿܆‬JUFSBDJKB 
1SF OFHP ġUP QPLBľFNP EB V BMHPSJUNV VPS TWBLJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ JNB
EFWPKLV OB TWPKPK MJTUJ LPKV KPġ OJKF [BQSPTJP QSJNFUJNP KFEOP JOUFSFTBOU
OP TWPKTUWP UPH BMHPSJUNB 4WBLJ QVU LBEB NMBEJÇ QSPTJ OFLV EFWPKLV PO
UP SBEJ OB TWPKV WFÇV ľBMPTU QSWJ QVU QSPTJ TWPKV OBKWFÇV MKVCBW [BUJN
QSPTJ EFWPKLV LPKB KF OKFHPW ESVHJ J[CPS QB USFÇJ J[CPS J UBLP EBMKF %FWPK
LF TB ESVHF TUSBOF TWBLJ QVU LBEB QSPNFOF WFSFOJLF SBEF UP OB TWPKV WFÇV
TSFÇV 4MPCPEOB EFWPKLB PE USFOVULB LBEB QSJIWBUJ QPOVEV OFLPH NMBEJ
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

ÇB LPKJ KV KF [BQSPTJP OJLBE WJġF OF QPTUBKF TMPCPEOB ‫ ۊ‬POB NPľF TBNP


QSPNFOJUJ TWPH WFSFOJLB BLP EPCJKF CPMKV QPOVEV J[ OKFOPH VHMB HMFEBOKB
PEOPTOP BLP KF [BQSPTJ NMBEJÇ LPKJ KPK TF WJġF TWJÑB PE BLUVFMOPH WFSFOJLB
-FNB  4WBLJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ OB QPÍFULV ZKLOH QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV VPS JNB
EFWPKLV LPKV KPġ OJKF [BQSPTJP
%PLB[ 1SJNFUJNP OBKQSF EB KF OB QPÍFULV J[WSġBWBOKB TWBLF JUFSBDJKF ZKL
OH QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV VPS CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB KFEOBL CSPKV TMPCPEOJI
EFWPKBLB 5P KF V TUWBSJ JOWBSJKBOUB UF QFUMKF PEOPTOP VTMPW LPKJ PTUBKF
OFQSPNFOKFO OBLPO J[WSġBWBOKB TWBLF JUFSBDJKF QFUMKF ÌJUBPDJ TF P JOWB
SJKBOUBNB QFUMKJ NPHV QPETFUJUJ OB TUSBOJ 

6 UP TF NPľFNP VWFSJUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO +BTOP KF EB KF UBK VTMPW [B


EPWPMKFO OB QPÍFULV QSWF JUFSBDJKF QPġUP TV POEB TWJ NMBEJÇJ J EFWPKLF
TMPCPEOJ 1PE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB KF UBK VTMPW UBÍBO OB QPÍFULV OFLF JUFSB
DJKF J[WSġBWBOKFN UF JUFSBDJKF TF CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB J CSPK TMPCPEOJI
EFWPKBLB JMJ OF NFOKBKV JMJ PCB TNBOKVKV [B KFEBO LBEB TMPCPEOB EFWPKLB
QSJIWBUJ QPOVEV TMPCPEOPH NMBEJÇB
QB KF UBK VTMPW UBÍBO J OB QPÍFULV
TMFEFÇF JUFSBDJKF
4BEB NPľFNP QPLB[BUJ EB WBľJ UWSÑFOKF MFNF /FLB KF ‫ ܅‬TMPCPEBO NMB
EJÇ OB QPÍFULV ZKLOH QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV VPS 1SFNB JOWBSJKBOUJ UF QFUMKF
NPSB QPTUPKBUJ J CBS KFEOB TMPCPEOB EFWPKLB SFDJNP ‫ ۽‬5P [OBÍJ EB PWV
EFWPKLV ‫ ۽‬EP UBEB KPġ OJLP OJKF [BQSPTJP 6 TVQSPUOPN EB KV KF OFLJ NMB
EJÇ SBOJKF [BQSPTJP POB CJ NPSBMB EB QSJIWBUJ OKFHPWV QPOVEV J OJLBE WJġF
OF CJ CJMB TMPCPEOB 1SFNB UPNF TQFDJਫÍOP OJ NMBEJÇ ‫ ܅‬OJKF KPġ [BQSPTJP
TMPCPEOV
EFWPKLV ‫ ۽‬5P [OBÍJ EB KF CBS UB EFWPKLB KFEOB PE POJI LPKF
TMPCPEOJ NMBEJÇ OJKF [BQSPTJP ġUP KF USFCBMP QPLB[BUJ 
-FNB  "MHPSJUBN VPS LBP SF[VMUBU EBKF TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF
%PLB[ /FLB TV CSPK NMBEJÇB J CSPK EFWPKBLB KFEOBLJ ‫ ܆‬1SWP ÇFNP QPLB
[BUJ EB BMHPSJUBN VPS QSPJ[WPEJ TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF PEOPTOP UBÍOP ‫ ܆‬CSBÍ
OJI QBSPWB V LPKJNB TF TWBLJ NMBEJÇ J EFWPKLB QPKBWMKVKV UBÍOP KFEOPN
,BEB TF ZKLOH QFUMKB [BWSġJ OF QPTUPKJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ 5P [OBÍJ EB TV
TWJ NMBEJÇJ WFSFOJ CBS TB KFEOPN EFWPKLPN 0ÍJHMFEOP KF EB OFLJ NMBEJÇ
NPľF CJUJ WFSFO TB OBKWJġF KFEOPN EFWPKLPN KFS NMBEJÇ NPľF CJUJ WFSFO
TBNP LBEB KF TMPCPEBO 4UPHB LBEB TF ZKLOH QFUMKB [BWSġJ TWBLJ NMBEJÇ KF
WFSFO TB UBÍOP KFEOPN EFWPKLPN 4B ESVHF TUSBOF OB PTOPWV JOWBSJKBOUF
ZKLOH QFUMKF OF QPTUPKJ OJ TMPCPEOB EFWPKLB KFS KF CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB
UK OVMB
KFEOBL CSPKV TMPCPEOJI EFWPKBLB 5P [OBÍJ EB KF J TWBLB EFWPKLB
 /J[PWJ 

WFSFOB CBS TB KFEOJN NMBEJÇFN ,BLP KF J PÍJHMFEOP EB OFLB EFWPKLB NPľF


CJUJ WFSFOB TB OBKWJġF KFEOJN NMBEJÇFN UP [OBÍJ KF SF[VMUBU BMHPSJUNB VPS
KFEOP TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF
%B CJTNP QPLB[BMJ EB KF SF[VMUVKVÇF TBWSġFOP WF[JWBOKF TUBCJMOP QSJ
NFOJÇFNP OBÍJO [BLMKVÍJWBOKB QP LPOUSBEJLDJKJ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EBLMF TV
QSPUOP EB QPTUPKJ OF[BEPWPMKOJ QBS SFDJNP NMBEJÇ ‫ ܅‬J EFWPKLB ‫ ۽‬V EPCJKF
OPN WF[JWBOKV 5P [OBÍJ EB V UPN WF[JWBOKV JNBNP CSBÍOF QBSPWF
‫ ܅‬঑
J
ঙ ‫ ۽‬BMJ TF NMBEJÇV ‫ ܅‬WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ۽‬PE OKFHPWF TVQSVHF ঑ J EFWPKDJ ‫ ۽‬TF
WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ܅‬PE OKFOPH NVľB ঙ 1PġUP KF
‫ ܅‬঑ CSBÍOJ QBS ‫ ܅‬KF NPSBP EB
[BQSPTJ ঑ KFS OFLJ NMBEJÇ NPľF CJUJ WFSFO TBNP BLP [BQSPTJ EFWPKLV "MJ
UBEB KF ‫ ܅‬NPSBP [BQSPTJUJ J TWF EFWPKLF LPKF TV QSF OKFHPWF ľFOF ঑ OB OKF
HPWPK MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ KFS NMBEJÇJ QSPTF EFWPKLF QP SFEV V LPKFN TF POF
OBMB[F OB OKJIPWPK MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ 4QFDJਫÍOP UPLPN SBEB BMHPSJUNB ‫ ܅‬KF
NPSBP [BQSPTJUJ J EFWPKLV ‫ ۽‬KFS NV TF POB WJġF TWJÑB PE OKFHPWF ľFOF ঑ J
QSJ UPNF KF ‫[ ܅‬BQSPTJP ‫ ۽‬QSF OFHP ġUP KF [BQSPTJP TWPKV ľFOV ঑

4B ESVHF TUSBOF QPġUP KF
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EFWPKLF ‫ ۽‬OBKCPMKJ OBKWJġF SBOHJSBOJ
NMBEJÇ LPKJ KV KF JLBE [BQSPTJP KFS
EFWPKLF NFOKBKV WFSFOJLF TBNP VLPMJLP EPCJKV CPMKF QPOVEF 4QFDJਫÍOP
QPġUP KF ‫ ܅‬QSPTJP ‫ ۽‬UP [OBÍJ EB KF ঙ JTQSFE ‫ ܅‬OB MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ EFWPKLF
‫" ۽‬MJ PWP KF V TVQSPUOPTUJ TB OBġPN QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB KF QBS ‫ ܅‬J ‫ ۽‬OF[B
EPWPMKBO PEOPTOP EB TF EFWPKDJ ‫ ۽‬WJġF TWJÑB ‫ ܅‬PE OKFOPH NVľB ঙ %BLMF
OBġB QSFUQPTUBWLB EB QPTUPKJ OF[BEPWPMKOJ QBS KF OFPESľJWB KFS UP WPEJ V
LPOUSBEJLDJKV 0WP QPLB[VKF EB OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO OF[BEPWPMKOJ QBS V EP
CJKFOPN WF[JWBOKV 
1SFPTUBMP KF KPġ EB TF VWFSJNP EB OFEFUFSNJOJ[BN BMHPSJUNB OJKF CJUOB
PEOPTOP EB J[CPS TMPCPEOPH NBMBEJÇB OB QPÍFULV ZKLOH QFUMKF NPľF CJUJ
QSPJ[WPMKBO
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LBLP TF CJSBKV TMPCPEOJ NMBEJÇJ V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ ZKLOH QFUMKF
%PLB[ /B QSPTJECV TMPCPEOPH NMBEJÇB OJ OB LPKJ OBÍJO OF VUJÍF UP ġUB
OFLJ ESVHJ NMBEJÇ SBEJ 4MJÍOP OB J[CPS OJKFEOF EFWPKLF OF VUJÍF UP ġUB
ESVHF EFWPKLF SBEF 1SFNB UPNF V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ OJKF CJUOP LPKJN SFEPN
TF QSPTJECF PCBWMKBKV OJUJ LPKJN SFEPN EFWPKLF CJSBKV NMBEJÇF 
"OBMJ[JSBKNP TBEB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB VPS "LP TV EBUF MJ
TUF OBLMPOPTUJ ‫ ܆‬NMBEJÇB J ‫ ܆‬EFWPKBLB OB PTOPWV -FNF  KF OBKWFÇJ CSPK
JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF V UPN BMHPSJUNV KFEOBL ‫  ૿܆‬7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB UPH
BMHPSJUNB CJÇF [BUP V OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV QSPQPSDJPOBMOP ‫ ૿܆‬VLPMJLP TF PCF[
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

CFEJ EB TF TWBLB JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 4WJ


EFUBMKJ PWF JNQMFNFOUBDJKF BMHPSJUNB VPS OJTV JMVTUSBUJWOJ WJEFUJ  [BEB
UBL OB LSBKV QPHMBWMKB
QB TF V OBTUBWLV TBNP V HSVCJN DSUBNB OBWPEF
TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB LPKF PNPHVÇBWBKV EB TF TWBLJ LPSBL V UFMV ZKLOH QFUMKF
UPH BMHPSJUNB SFBMJ[VKF [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF
ۘ ;B QSFETUBWMKBOKF ‫ ܆‬NMBEJÇB J ‫ ܆‬EFWPKBLB NPHV TF LPSJTUJUJ PCJÍOJ
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ۘ ;B QSFETUBWMKBOKF OKJIPWJI WFSJECJ NPHV TF LPSJTUJUJ EWB OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬J ‫ ۻ‬PE
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NMBEJÇ ‫ ܁‬WFSFO B ‫   ܁ۺ‬BLP KF NMBEJÇ ‫ ܁‬TMPCPEBO 4MJÍOP ‫ ] ˒ ܁ۻ‬Ə  ‫_܆‬
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EBO NMBEJÇ TF V[JNB TB LSBKB UPH OJ[B B OPWJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ TF
UBLPÑF EPEBKF OB LSBK UPH OJ[B ÌJUBPDJ LPKJ CPMKF QP[OBKV TUSVL
UVSF QPEBUBLB NPHV QSFQP[OBUJ EB PWJN TJNVMJSBNP TUFL NBEB TF
NPľF LPSJTUJUJ J SFE [B ÍFLBOKF

ۘ ;B QSFETUBWMKBOKF MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ TWJI NMBEJÇB NPľF TF LPSJTUJUJ ‫܆“܆‬


NBUSJDB ‫ ܅‬UBLP EB ‫܁‬UJ SFE UF UBCFMF QSFETUBWMKB MJTUV OBLMPOPTUJ NMB
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5BLP ‫[ ܃  ܂܁܅‬OBÍJ EB KF EFWPKLB ‫ ܃‬OB ‫܂‬UPN NFTUV V MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ
NMBEJÇB ‫܁‬
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QSPTJP NPľF TF LPSJTUJUJ OJ[ ‫ ܊‬PE ‫ ܆‬FMFNFOBUB UBLP EB ‫ ܂  ܁܊‬P[OBÍBWB
EB TF QPTMFEOKB EFWPKLB LPKV KF NMBEJÇ ‫[ ܁‬BQSPTJP OBMB[J OB ‫܂‬UPN NF
TUV V OKFHPWPK MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ PEOPTOP UP KF EFWPKLB ‫  ܂܁܅‬/B PWBK
OBÍJO NPľF TF MBLP PESFEJUJ QSWB EFWPKLB LPKV OFLJ NMBEJÇ USFCB EB
[BQSPTJ
ۘ ;B QSFETUBWMKBOKF MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ TWJI EFWPKBLB NPľF TF LPSJTUJUJ
‫۔ ܆ “ ܆‬NBUSJDB SBOHJSBOKB‫ ۽ ۓ‬UBLP EB ‫ ܂܁۽‬P[OBÍBWB SBOH NMBEJÇB ‫[ ܂‬B
EFWPKLV ‫ ܁‬V OKFOPK MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ 5BLP ‫ ܃  ܂܁۽‬P[OBÍBWB EB TF
NMBEJÇ ‫ ܂‬OBMB[J OB ‫܃‬UPN NFTUV V MJTUJ OBLMPOPTUJ EFWPKLF ‫ ܁‬3B[MPH
PWF BTJNFUSJÍOPTUJ V PEOPTV OB MJTUF OBLMPOPTUJ NMBEJÇB MFľJ V UPNF
ġUP TF OB PWBK OBÍJO NPľF MBLP QSPWFSJUJ EB MJ TF EFWPKDJ ‫ ܁‬WJġF TWJÑB
NMBEJÇ ‫ ૾܂‬PE NMBEJÇB ‫ ૿܂‬
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 -JTUF
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KF TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB LPKB KF TMJÍOB OJ[V
KFS QSFETUBWMKB TFLWFODV FMFNFOBUB JTUPH UJQB .FÑVUJN [B SB[MJLV PE
OJ[B LPE LPHB TF TFLWFODJKBMOB VSFÑFOPTU EPCJKB JOEFLTJSBOKFN FMFNFOBUB
OJ[B MJOFBSOJ QPSFEBL FMFNFOBUB MJTUF TF PESFÑVKF QPLB[JWBÍFN V TWBLPN
FMFNFOUV OB TMFEFÇJ FMFNFOU V MJTUJ 0WB LPODFQUVBMOB TMJLB QPWF[BOF MJTUF
Ƿ  і‫  ૿ܐ  ૾ܐ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ܐ‬ї LPKB TBESľJ ‫ ܆‬FMFNFOBUB QSJLB[BOB KF OB TMJDJ 

Ƿ
‫૾ܐ‬ ‫૿ܐ‬ ‫܆ܐ‬

4MJLB  1PWF[BOB MJTUB Ƿ

0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB BQTUSBLUOJ QPKBN QPLB[JWBÍB V MJTUJ OF NPSB


EB CVEF JTUJ POBK LPKJ TF LPSJTUJ V OFLPN QSPHSBNTLPN KF[JLV /B BQTUSBLU
OPN OJWPV KF UP KFEOPTUBWOP OFLB JOEJLBDJKB V KFEOPN FMFNFOUV MJTUF OB
UP LPKJ KF TMFEFÇJ FMFNFOU V MPHJÍLPN QPSFULV MJTUF 1PTMFEOKJ FMFNFOU MJTUF
TBESľJ TQFDJKBMOJ QPLB[JWBÍ LPKJ OF VLB[VKF OJ OB KFEBO FMFNFOU
5FSNJOPMPHJKB V WF[J TB MJTUBNB KF TMJÍOB POPK [B OJ[PWF #SPK FMFNF
OBUB MJTUF TF OB[JWB WFMJÍJOB JMJ EVľJOB MJTUF B MJTUB CF[ FMFNFOBUB TF OB[JWB
QSB[OB MJTUB ;B EWB TVTFEOB FMFNFOUB MJTUF TF LBľF EB KF ESVHJ TMFECFOJL
QSWPN JMJ EB KF QSWJ QSFUIPEOJL ESVHPN 1SWJ FMFNFOU MJTUF LPKJ TF PCJÍ
OP OB[JWB HMBWB MJTUF OFNB QSFUIPEOJLB QPTMFEOKJ FMFNFOU MJTUF LPKJ TF
PCJÍOP OB[JWB SFQ MJTUF OFNB TMFECFOJLB
(MBWOB SB[MJLB MJTUJ V PEOPTV OB OJ[PWF KF V UPNF ġUP EVľJOB MJTUF OJKF
VOBQSFE PESFÑFOB 4WBLB MJTUB KF OB QPÍFULV QSB[OB B [BUJN TF OKFOB EV
ľJOB QPWFÇBWB JMJ TNBOKVKF EPEBWBOKFN OPWJI JMJ VLMBOKBOKFN QPTUPKFÇJI
FMFNFOBUB ;BUP MJTUB LBP BQTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB JNB QSFEOPTU OBE OJ[PN
V QSJNFOBNB LPE LPKJI VLVQBO CSPK OFLJI JTUPSPEOJI FMFNFOBUB OJKF QP
[OBU JMJ PQFSBDJKF EPEBWBOKB J VLMBOKBOKB UJI FMFNFOBUB OF TMFEF VOBQSFE
QP[OBU PCSB[BD
4 ESVHF TUSBOF OJ[PWJ JNBKV QSFEOPTU LBEB KF QPUSFCBO FਫLBTBO QSJ
TUVQ QSPJ[WPMKOPN FMFNFOUV ‫ ۊ‬QSJTUVQ TWBLPN FMFNFOUV LPE MJTUF NPSB
QPÍFUJ PE QSWPH FMFNFOUB J TMFEFÇJ OKFHPWPH TMFECFOJLB EPÇJ EP ESVHPH
FMFNFOUB [BUJN TMFEFÇJ OKFHPWPH TMFECFOJLB EP USFÇFH J UBLP EBMKF EPL TF
OF TUJHOF EP ľFMKFOPH FMFNFOUB 1SFNB UPNF QSJTUVQ QSPJ[WPMKOPN FMF
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

NFOUV MJTUF OJKF PQFSBDJKB LPOTUBOUOPH WSFNFOB OFHP [BWJTJ PE OKFHPWF


QP[JDJKF V MJTUJ
/FQPUQVO TQJTBL UJQJÍOJI PQFSBDJKB OBE MJTUPN KF
ۘ ,POTUSVJTBOKF QSB[OF MJTUF
ۘ %PEBWBOKF OPWPH FMFNFOUB V MJTUV
ۘ 6LMBOKBOKF EBUPH FMFNFOUB J[ MJTUF
ۘ 1SFUSBHB MJTUF
1SBLUJÍOB SFBMJ[BDJKB BQTUSBLUOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB MJTUF J PQFSBDJKB
OBE MJTUPN OB OFLPN QSPHSBNTLPN KF[JLV NPľF TF J[WFTUJ QPNPÇV OJ[P
WB JMJ QPLB[JWBÍB ,BLP TWJ NPEFSOJ QSPHSBNTLJ KF[JDJ TBESľF QPLB[JWBÍLJ
UJQ QPEBUBLB V OBTUBWLV TF LPOLSFUOJKF HPWPSJ TBNP P PWBLWPK JNQMFNFO
UBDJKJ MJTUF B ÍJUBPDJNB TF [B WFľCV PTUBWMKB EB PTNJTMF JNQMFNFOUBDJKV MJTUF
QPNPÇV OJ[PWB WJEFUJ  [BEBUBL OB LSBKV QPHMBWMKB


*NQMFNFOUBDJKB MJTUF QPNPÇV QPLB[JWBÍB


6 QSPHSBNTLJN KF[JDJNB LPKJ PNPHVÇBWBKV SBE TB QPLB[JWBÍJNB TUSVL
UVSB QPEBUBLB MJTUF SFBMJ[VKF TF OB QSJSPEBO J KFEOPTUBWBO OBÍJO TWBLJ
FMFNFOU MJTUF QSFETUBWMKB TF KFEOJN PCKFLUPN TB EWB QPMKB 0WBK PCKFLBU
TF PCJÍOP OB[JWB ÍWPS MJTUF B QSWP QPMKF ÍWPSB TBESľJ SFMFWBOUBO QPEBUBL
PEHPWBSBKVÇFH FMFNFOUB MJTUF EPL ESVHP QPMKF ÍWPSB TBESľJ QPLB[BWBÍ OB
TMFEFÇJ ÍWPS MJTUF
1PġUP TBESľBK FMFNFOBUB MJTUF NPHV CJUJ QPEBDJ CJMP LPH JTUPH
UJQB
QSWP QPMKF NPSB CJUJ PEHPWBSBKVÇFH UJQB UJI QPEBUBLB LPKJ [BWJTJ PE LPO
LSFUOF QSJNFOF MJTUF .FÑVUJN OB PQġUFN OJWPV TF TBESľBK FMFNFOBUB
MJTUF QPTNBUSB OFVUSBMOP J PCJÍOP TF OB[JWB LMKVÍFN ÍWPSB MJTUF 1SFNB
UPNF QSWP QPMKF V TWBLPN ÍWPSV MJTUF P[OBLB NOMXÏ
QPJTUPWFÇVKF TF TB
QSBWJN TBESľBKFN PEHPWBSBKVÇFH FMFNFOUB MJTUF EPL ESVHP QPLB[JWBÍLP
QPMKF P[OBLB VOHG
VLB[VKF OB TMFECFOJLB FMFNFOUB MJTUF
-JTUJ Ƿ TF HSVQOP QSJTUVQB QSFLP QPTFCOPH TQPMKBġOKFH QPLB[JWBÍB O
LPKJ OJKF EFP MJTUF J LPKJ QPLB[VKF OB QSWJ ÍWPS MJTUF 1PHPEOP KF QSFUQP
TUBWJUJ J QPTUPKBOKF TQFDJKBMOF WSFEOPTUJ QPLB[JWBÍB QXOO LPKB OJLBE OF
VLB[VKF OJ OB ġUB /B UBK OBÍJO TF NPHV VOJGPSNOP USFUJSBUJ ÍWPSPWF MJTUF
KFS QPTMFEOKJ ÍWPS MJTUF V QPLB[JWBÍLPN QPMKV QSJSPEOP TBESľJ UV TQFDJKBMOV
WSFEOPTU QPLB[JWBÍB 1PSFE UPHB BLP QPLB[JWBÍ O JNB WSFEOPTU QXOO PO
EB TF TNBUSB EB KF MJTUB ‫ ܄‬QSB[OB /B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB
 -JTUF 

MJTUF Ƿ  і‫۽ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬ї QPNPÇV QPLB[JWBÍB LPKB TBESľJ ÍFUJSJ FMFNFOUB ‫ ۽ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬
UJN SFEPN
‫܄‬
NOMXÏ VOHG NOMXÏ VOHG NOMXÏ VOHG NOMXÏ VOHG

‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫۽‬

4MJLB  3FQSF[FOUBDJKB MJTUF Ƿ  і‫۽ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬ї QPNPÇV QPLB[JWBÍB

%B CJTNP JMVTUSPWBMJ UJQJÍOF PQFSBDJKF OBE MJTUPN V OBTUBWLV ÇFNP


QSJLB[BUJ BMHPSJUNF [B TWBLV PE OKJI J BOBMJ[JSBUJ OKJIPWP WSFNF J[WSġBWB
OKB

,POTUSVJTBOKF QSB[OF MJTUF ,POTUSVJTBOKF QSB[OF MJTUF LPKF TF PCBWMKB


BMHPSJUNPN OLVWPDNH V MJTUJOHV  TBTUPKJ TF TBNP PE JOJDJKBMJ[BDJKF OKF
OPH QSJTUVQOPH QPLB[JWBÍB WSFEOPġÇV QXOO 7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB
OLVWPDNH KF PÍJHMFEOP LPOTUBOUOP

-JTUJOH  ,POTUSVJTBOKF QSB[OF MJTUF


 8OD] OLVWD Ƿ
 ,]OD] SUD]QD OLVWD Ƿ
DOJRULWKP OLVWPDNH O

O QXOO

UHWXUQ O

%PEBWBOKF OPWPH FMFNFOUB V MJTUV %PEBWBOKF FMFNFOBUB V MJTUV LBP


J VLMBOKBOKF FMFNFOBUB J[ OKF
NPEJਫLVKF TBESľBK MJTUF QB KF QPUSFCOP MP
LBMOP QSFVSFEJUJ MJTUV LBLP CJ TF [BESľBMB TFLWFODJKBMOB VSFÑFOPTU MJTUF TB
OPWJN TBESľBKFN %B CJ UP CJMP NPHVÇF LPE EPEBWBOKB OPWPH ÍWPSB V
MJTUV NPSB TF [OBUJ ÍWPS MJTUF J[B LPHB TF EPEBKF OPWJ ÍWPS
"LP KF EBU QPLB[JWBÍ OB
OPWJ ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J QPLB[JWBÍ OB
ÍWPS ‫ ܈‬MJTUF J[B
LPHB TF EPEBKF OPWJ ÍWPS WF[B J[NFÑV ÍWPSB ‫ ܈‬J OKFHPWPH TMFECFOJLB V MJTUJ
NPSB TF SBTLJOVUJ J J[NFÑV OKJI VNFUOVUJ ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬/B TMJDJ  TV QSJLB[BOF
OFPQIPEOF NBOJQVMBDJKF QPLB[JWBÍJNB SBEJ EPEBWBOKB ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬V MJTUV J[B
ÍWPSB ‫܈‬
  0TOPWOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB

‫܈‬

‫ۺ‬ ‫ۼ‬

‫ۻ‬

‫ܐ‬

4MJLB  %PEBWBOKF ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬V MJTUV J[B ÍWPSB ‫܈‬

6 QPTFCOPN TMVÍBKV LBEB OPWJ ÍWPS USFCB EPEBUJ OB QPÍFUBL MJTUF QP
ġUP UP NFTUP OFNB QSFUIPEOJLB QSFUQPTUBWMKB TF EB KF ‫ ܈‬KFEOBLP QXOO "M
HPSJUBN OB QTFVEPKF[JLV [B EPEBWBOKF OPWPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬V MJTUV Ƿ J[B ÍWPSB
‫ ܈‬UF MJTUF KF QSJLB[BO V MJTUJOHV  ,BLP TV TWF NBOJQVMBDJKF QPLB[JWB
ÍJNB KFEJOJÍOF JOTUSVLDJKF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB OLVWLQVHUW [B
EPEBWBOKF ÍWPSB V MJTUV KF PÍJHMFEOP LPOTUBOUOP

-JTUJOH  %PEBWBOKF OPWPH FMFNFOUB V MJTUV

 8OD] QRYL ÏYRU ‫ ܐ‬ÏYRU ‫ ܈‬X OLVWL Ƿ


 ,]OD] OLVWD Ƿ VD ÏYRURP ‫ ܐ‬L]D ÏYRUD ‫܈‬
DOJRULWKP OLVWLQVHUW [ S O

LI S QXOO WKHQ  QRYL ÏYRU GRGDWL QD SRÏHWDN


[VOHG O
O [
HOVH  QRYL ÏYRU GRGDWL L]D ÏYRUD S
[VOHG SVOHG
SVOHG [

UHWXUQ O

6LMBOKBOKF FMFNFOUB J[ MJTUF 4MJÍOP LBP LPE EPEBWBOKB ÍWPSB V MJTUV


[B VLMBOKBOKF ÍWPSB J[ MJTUF NPSB TF [OBUJ ÍWPS MJTUF J[B LPHB TF VLMBOKB QP
TUPKFÇJ ÍWPS EB CJ TF MPLBMOF WF[F NPHMF QSFVSFEJUJ J [BESľBUJ TFLWFODJKBMOB
VSFÑFOPTU MJTUF
 -JTUF 

"LP KF EBU QPLB[JWBÍ OB


ÍWPS ‫ ܈‬MJTUF ÍJKFH TMFECFOJLB USFCB VLMPOJUJ
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TMJDJ  TV QSJLB[BOF OFPQIPEOF NBOJQVMBDJKF QPLB[JWBÍJNB SBEJ VLMBOKB
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‫܈‬ ‫ܐ‬

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TF PESFÑVKF EB MJ TF V EBUPK MJTUJ Ƿ OBMB[J ÍWPS TB EBUJN LMKVÍFN ‫" ܃‬LP KF UP
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V QPMKV SUHW J QPTMFEOKJ ÍWPS V QPMKV VOHG JNBKV WSFEOPTU QXOO ,BP LPE
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SB NPľFNP J[WPEJUJ J[B JMJ JTQSFE EBUPH ÍWPSB 1PSFE UPHB [B VLMBOKBOKF
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‫ܐ‬

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LPKJ
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LPKFN TF POJ VLMBOKBKV TB TUFLB KF PCSOVU POPN QP LPKFN TV POJ EPEBUJ OB
TUFL
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OB[JWB QPQ B QSJNFS FGFLUB PWF PQFSBDJKF OB TUFL ‫ ܋‬LPKJ TBESľJ FMFNFOUF
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4MJLB  0QFSBDJKB VLMBOKBOKB FMFNFOUB J[ TUFLB


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4WF JNQMFNFOUBDJKF MJTUF P LPKJNB TNP HPWPSJMJ V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV


NPHV TF JTLPSJTUJUJ J [B TUFL QPġUP KF TUFL TB TWPKJN PQFSBDJKBNB TQFDJ
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PCF[CFÑVKF SBE TB QPLB[JWBÍJNB JNQMFNFOUBDJKB MJTUF QSBLUJÍOP OF NPSB
EB TF NFOKB [B JNQMFNFOUBDJKV TUFLB 1SJ UPNF PQFSBDJKF [B EPEBWBOKF
FMFNFOBUB OB QPÍFUBL MJTUF J [B VLMBOKBOKF FMFNFOBUB TB QPÍFULB MJTUF TV
V TUWBSJ ESVHB JNFOB [B PQFSBDJKF QVTI J QPQ
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LPSJTUJUJ ÍJOKFOJDB EB TF EPEBWBOKB J VLMBOKBOKB FMFNFOBUB WSġF TBNP OB
WSIV TUFLB ;BUP NPľFNP LPSJTUJUJ TBNP KFEBO OJ[ J[KFEOBÍJUJ EOP TUFLB
TB QPÍFULPN UPH OJ[B B [BUJN VWFÇBWBUJ TUFL QSFNB LSBKV UPH OJ[B 0WBK
QSJTUVQ KF JMVTUSPWBO OB TMJDJ  OB LPKPK KF MFWP QSJLB[BO MPHJÍLJ J[HMFE
KFEOPH TUFLB ‫ ܋‬J EFTOP OKFHPWB SFBMJ[BDJKB QPNPÇV OJ[B ‫ۺ‬

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 ‫ۺ‬    

4MJLB  4UFL ‫ ܋‬QSFETUBWMKFO OJ[PN ‫ۺ‬

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QSFETUBWMKB OJ[PN ‫ ۺ‬EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬4UFLV TF QSJTUVQB QSFLP QSPNFOMKJWF ܎ ÍJKJ
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QPTMFEOKF EPEBU OB TUFL &MFNFOUJ TUFLB [BV[JNBKV QP[JDJKF  Ə  ܎ V OJ[V
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6LPMJLP KF ܎   TUFL OFNB FMFNFOBUB J POEB TF LBľF EB KF TUFL QSB[BO
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KF QVO "LP TF EPEBKF FMFNFOU OB QVO TUFL EPMB[J EP QSPHSBNTLF HSFġLF
QSFLPSBÍFOKB TUFLB FOHM PWFSञPX

5JQJÍOF PQFSBDJKF [B SBE TB TUFLPN QPSFE USJ VPCJÍBKFOF PQFSBDJKF LPO
TUSVJTBOKB QSB[OPH
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FMFNFOUB TB WSIB TUFLB VLMKVÍVKV J VQJUF EB MJ KF TUFL QSB[BO JMJ QVO LB
LP CJ TF J[CFHMF HSFġLF QPULPSBÍFOKB J QSFLPSBÍFOKF TUFLB 6 OBTUBWLV KF
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EBUB KFEOPTUBWOB BMHPSJUBNTLB JNQMFNFOUBDJKB PWJI PQFSBDJKB OBE TUFLPN


QSFETUBWMKFOPH KFEOJN JEFOUJਫLVKVÇJN PCKFLUPN ‫ ܋‬LPKJ PCVIWBUB QSPNFO
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-JTUJOH  ,POTUSVJTBOKF QSB[OPH TUFLB


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DOJRULWKP VWDFNPDNH V

VY 

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3FE [B ÍFLBOKF FOHM RVFVF
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LPE LPKF TF FMFNFOUJ EPEBKV OB KFEOPN LSBKV MJTUF J VLMBOKBKV TB ESVHPH
LSBKB MJTUF .FTUP OB LPKFN TF FMFNFOUJ EPEBKV MPHJÍLJ QSFETUBWMKB LSBK
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UPNF LBEB TF OPWJ FMFNFOU EPEBKF V SFE [B ÍFLBOKF UBK FMFNFOU TF VWFL
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6 TUSVLUVSJ QPEBUBLB SFEB [B ÍFLBOKF OFNB ‫۔‬QBEPCSBOBDB‫


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QPÍFUBL LSBK
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4MJLB  0TOPWOF PQFSBDJKF TB FMFNFOUJNB SFEB [B ÍFLBOKF

0QFSBDJKB EPEBWBOKB KFEOPH FMFNFOUB V SFE [B ÍFLBOKF TF USBEJDJPOBM


OP OB[JWB FORVFVF 1SJNFS FGFLUB PWF PQFSBDJKF EPEBWBOKB FMFNFOUB ‫ۺ‬
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QPÍFUBL LSBK QPÍFUBL LSBK


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4MJLB  0QFSBDJKB EPEBWBOKB FMFNFOUB SFEV [B ÍFLBOKF

4MJÍOP PQFSBDJKB VLMBOKBOKB KFEOPH FMFNFOUB J[ SFEB [B ÍFLBOKF TF USB


EJDJPOBMOP OB[JWB EFRVFVF B QSJNFS FGFLUB PWF PQFSBDJKF OB SFE [B ÍFLBOKF
‫ ܉‬LPKJ TBESľJ FMFNFOUF     UJN SFEPN PE QPÍFULB EP LSBKB QSJLB
[BO KF OB TMJDJ  6LMPOKFOJ FMFNFOU J[ SFEB ‫ ܉‬OB UPK TMJDJ TF EPEFMKVKF
QSPNFOMKJWPK ‫ܐ‬
‫ܐ‬


QPÍFUBL LSBK QPÍFUBL LSBK


SFEB SFEB SFEB SFEB

‫܉‬ ‫܉‬
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4MJLB  0QFSBDJKB VLMBOKBOKB FMFNFOUB J[ SFEB [B ÍFLBOKF


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,BP J [B TUFLPWF TWF JNQMFNFOUBDJKF MJTUF TF NPHV JTLPSJTUJUJ J [B SFEP


WF [B ÍFLBOKF 6 QSPHSBNTLPN PLSVľFOKV TB QPLB[JWBÍLJN UJQPN QPEBUB
LB JNQMFNFOUBDJKB SFEB [B ÍFLBOKF KF TLPSP JEFOUJÍOB JNQMFNFOUBDJKJ MJTUF
1SJNFUJNP TBNP EB TF UV NPľF EPEBUOP LPSJTUJUJ QPLB[JWBÍ OB LSBK MJTUF LB
LP CJ PQFSBDJKB FORVFVF CJMB FਫLBTOJKB /B UBK OBÍJO OBJNF VWFL LBEB TF
EPEBKF OPWJ FMFNFOU OB LSBK SFEB OF NPSB TF QSPMB[JUJ LSP[ DFMV MJTUV PE
QPÍFULB EP LSBKB OFHP TF LSBK MJTUF NPľF EJSFLUOP QP[JDJPOJSBUJ 0TUBMJ
EFUBMKJ SFBMJ[BDJKF PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB OBE SFEPN [B ÍFLBOKF QPNPÇV MJTUF
PTUBWMKBKV TF ÍJUBPDJNB [B WFľCV WJEFUJ  [BEBUBL OB LSBKV QPHMBWMKB


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6 OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV SB[EWBKBOKB QPEOJ[PWB LBEB TF OB TWBLPN SFLVS
[JWOPN OJWPV BMHPSJUNB VMB[OJ QPEOJ[ EFMJ OB PUQSJMJLF EWF KFEOBLF QPMP
WJOF SFLVSFOUOB KFEOBÍJOB [B WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB JNB PCMJL

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۼ ܆‬

0WB KFEOBÍJOB KF JEFOUJÍOB SFLVSFOUOPK KFEOBÍJOJ [B WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB


LPE TPSUJSBOKB PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN QB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B TPSUJSBOKF SB[
EWBKBOKFN V OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV J[OPTJ ‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
1SPTFÍBO TMVÍBK WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB TPSUJSBOKB SB[EWBKBOKFN KF NOP
HP CMJľJ OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV OFHP OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV 1PġUP GPSNBMOJ EPLB[
PWF ÍJOKFOJDF [BIUFWB TMPľFOJKJ NBUFNBUJÍLJ BQBSBU PWEF ÇFNP TBNP JOUV
JUJWOP PCKBTOJUJ [BġUP KF TPSUJSBOKF SB[EWBKBOKFN FਫLBTBO NFUPE V QSBLTJ
1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB BMHPSJUBN SDUWLWLRQ VWFL EFMJ VMB[OJ QPEOJ[ V PEOPTV
SFDJNP  QSPDFOBUB 5P J[HMFEB LBP WSMP OFVSBWOPUFľFOP EFMKFOKF J [B
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB TXLFNVRUW EPCJKBNP SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۼ ܆‬

"MJ SFġFOKF PWF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF KF J EBMKF ۳


‫ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬ġUP TF NP
ľF QSPWFSJUJ JOEVLDJKPN NBEB TB WFÇPN LPOTUBOUPN TLSJWFOPN V BTJNQ
UPUTLPK OPUBDJKJ %BLMF ÍBL J LBEB TF V QPTUVQLV TPSUJSBOKB SB[EWBKBOKFN
EPCJKBKV OBJ[HMFE WSMP OFKFEOBLF WFMJÍJOF QPEOJ[PWB BTJNQUPUTLP WSFNF
J[WSġBWBOKB KF J EBMKF ‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ۊ ܆‬JTUP POP LPKF TF EPCJKB LBEB TV QPEFMF
UBÍOP QP TSFEJOJ 6 TUWBSJ TWF QPEFMF J[WSġFOF V LPOTUBOUOPK QSPQPSDJKJ OB
TWBLPN OJWPV SFLVS[JKF ÍBL J [B  QSPDFOBUB EBKV WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
*BLP OJKF NOPHP WFSPWBUOP EB ÇFNP [B TMVÍBKOJ VMB[OJ OJ[ VWFL EPCJUJ
QSPQPSDJPOBMOF QPEFMF PÍFLVKFNP EB ÇF OFLF QPEFMF CJUJ EPCSP VSBWOP
UFľFOF J EB ÇF OFLF CJUJ QSJMJÍOP OFVSBWOPUFľFOF %SVHJN SFÍJNB EPCSF
J MPġF QPEFMF ÇF TF TNFOKJWBUJ OB TWJN OJWPJNB SFLVS[JKF .FÑVUJN PÍF
LVKFNP EB EPCJKFNP NOPHP WJġF EPCSJI QPEFMB OFHP MPġJI QPġUP OBġB
OFGPSNBMOB BOBMJ[B OBHPWFġUBWB EB TV OBJ[HMFE MPġF QPEFMF [BQSBWP EP
CSF %BLMF ÍBL J LBEB TF OFLB WSMP MPġB QPEFMB EPCJKF QSF EPCSJI QPEFMB
PEHPWBSBKVÇJ QPEOJ[ ÇF TF CS[P TPSUJSBUJ /BJNF EPEBUOJ QPTBP [CPH MPġF
QPEFMF TF OF PESBľBWB OB EPEBUOF SFLVS[JWOF QP[JWF OFHP KF EPNJOJSBO
EPEBUOJN SB[EWBKBOKFN LPKF TF BQTPSCVKF V VLVQOPN WSFNFOV J[WSġBWB
OKB

 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF


6 QSJNFSJNB V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV VWFSJMJ TNP TF EB TF V BOBMJ[J SF
LVS[JWOJI BMHPSJUBNB PCJÍOP TSFÇFNP TB SFLVSFOUOJN KFEOBÍJOBNB LPKF
OB OFLJ OBÍJO USFCB SFġJUJ %SVHJN SFÍJNB VLPMJLP GVOLDJKB ۳
‫ ܆‬LPE UJI
BMHPSJUBNB P[OBÍBWB NBLTJNBMOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B VMB[ WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬
POEB TF ۳
‫ ܆‬J[SBľBWB KFEOBÍJOPN V LPKPK VÍFTUWVKV WSFEOPTUJ UF JTUF GVOL
DJKF [B WFMJÍJOF VMB[B NBOKF PE ‫; ܆‬BEBUBL KF OBÇJ GPSNVMV JMJ CBS HPSOKV
HSBOJDV
[B ۳
‫ ܆‬J[SBľFOV TBNP QPNPÇV WFMJÍJOF VMB[B ‫܆‬
,SP[ QSJNFSF V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV TNP VQP[OBMJ J NFUPE WJġFTUSVLF
[BNFOF [B SFġBWBOKF OFLJI SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB 1PLB[BMJ TNP EB TF
NFUPE WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF TBTUPKJ PE [BNFOKJWBOKB WSFEOPTUJ ۳
‫[ ܅‬B ‫ ܅‬
‫ ܆‬PQġUJN PCMJLPN SFLVSFOUOPH EFMB KFEOBÍJOF [B ۳
‫  ܆‬1SJ UPNF OBLPO
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

OFLPMJLP [BNFOB PÍFLVKFNP EB NPľFNP PESFEJUJ PQġUJ PCSB[BD [B ۳


‫ ܆‬J
EB NPľFNP PESFEJUJ LBEB UBK PQġUJ PCMJL QSFMB[J V CB[OJ TMVÍBK
4B NBUFNBUJÍLF UBÍLF HMFEJġUB QPTUPKJ USFOVUBL LBEB LPE NFUPEB WJ
ġFTUSVLF [BNFOF EPMB[J EP NBMP PQBTOPH MPHJÍLPH TLPLB 5P TF EPHBÑB V
USFOVULV LBEB P PQġUFN PCMJLV SFġFOKB [BLMKVÍVKFNP OB PTOPWV PCSBTDB
LPKJ EPCJKBNP OBLPO OJ[B [BNFOB ÌFTUP KF UBK MPHJÍLJ TLPL TBTWJN PQSBW
EBO BMJ QPOFLBE UP OJKF CBġ PÍJHMFEOP J NPľF CJUJ QPEMPľOP HSFġLBNB %B
CJTNP CJMJ QPUQVOP TJHVSOJ V UBLWJN TMVÍBKFWJNB PQġUJ PCMJL SFġFOKB USFCB
EBMKF WFSJਫLPWBUJ PCJÍOP JOEVLDJKPN ,PNCJOPWBO TB PWPN WFSJਫLBDJKPN
NFUPE WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF KF TBTWJN LPSFLUBO OBÍJO [B EPCJKBOKF SFġFOKB
SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB
1PġUP TF V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV BOBMJ[F SFLVS[JWOJI BMHPSJUBNB NPHV EPCJ
UJ SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF LPKF TV UFľF [B SFġBWBOKF V PWPN PEFMKLV ÇFNP
VQP[OBUJ KPġ OFLF NBUFNBUJÍLF NFUPEF [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJ
OB SFLVS[JWOJI BMHPSJUBNB

.FUPE TUBCMB SFLVS[JKF


.FUPE WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF TF TBTUPKJ PE [BNFOKJWBOKB SFLVSFOUOPH EFMB
KFEOBÍJOF [B ۳
‫ ܆‬B [BUJN PE ÍFTUP TMPľFOPH TSFÑJWBOKB EPCJKFOPH J[SB[B V
PCMJL J[ LPHB NPľFNP QSFQP[OBUJ PQġUJ PCSB[BD .FÑVUJN LPE UFľJI QSJ
NFSB TF MBLP NPľFNP J[HVCJUJ V TWPN UPN TJNCPMJÍLPN NBOJQVMJTBOKV QB
TF [BUP VQPUSFCPN TUBCMB SFLVS[JKF PCF[CFÑVKF TMJLPWJUJKJ OBÍJO [B QSBÇF
OKF ġUB TF EPHBÑB OB TWBLPN OJWPV SFLVS[JKF ,PE QSJNFOF NFUPEB TUBCMB
SFLVS[JKF SFLVSFOUOB KFEOBÍJOB TF QSFETUBWMKB TUBCMPN V LPKFN OBT TWB
LB [BNFOB SFLVSFOUOPH EFMB QPMB[OF KFEOBÍJOF EPWPEJ EP KFEOPH OJWPB
EVCMKF V TUBCMV
(MBWOV JEFKV NFUPEB TUBCMB SFLVS[JKF [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOB
ÍJOB PCKBTOJÇFNP OB QSJNFSV SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
[B WSFNF J[WSġB
WBOKB BMHPSJUNB PHUJHVRUW OB TUSBOJ  LPKV TNP EBMKF QPKFEOPTUBWJMJ
V[JNBKVÇJ EB KF LPOTUBOUB ‫
  ۼ‬

ϫ
Ϯ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ 

Ϯ۳
‫܆ ܆‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
ϭ

1PETFUJNP TF BMHPSJUBNTLF JOUFSQSFUBDJKF PWF KFEOBÍJOF EB CJTNP OJ[ EV


ľJOF ‫ ܆‬TPSUJSBMJ PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN NPSBNP TPSUJSBUJ PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN EWB
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

QPEOJ[B EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬J VSBEJUJ ‫ ܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH QPTMB [B OKJIPWP OFSF


LVS[JWOP PCKFEJOKBWBOKF ;B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV TPSUJSBOKB PCKFEJOKBWB
OKFN DSUBNP TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF TB LPSFOPN LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB QPMB[OJ QSPCMFN
J LPSFO P[OBÍBWBNP WSFNFOPN [B SFġBWBOKF UPH QSPCMFNB V OFSFLVS[JW
OPN EFMV LPKF J[OPTJ ‫ ܆‬ÌJOKFOJDV EB QPMB[OJ QSPCMFN EFMJNP V EWB QPU
QSPCMFNB QSFETUBWMKBNP DSUBOKFN EWPKF EFDF LPSFOPH ÍWPSB 5V EFDV UB
LPÑF P[OBÍBWBNP WSFNFOPN [B OKJIPWP SFġFWBOKF V OFSFLVS[JWOPN EFMV
LPKF TBEB J[OPTJ ‫ ܆‬/B TMFEFÇFN OJWPV JNBNP ÍFUJSJ ÍWPSB QPġUP TF TWBLJ
PE EWB QPUQSPCMFNB OB QSFUIPEOPN OJWPV EBMKF EFMJ V EWB QPUQSPCMFNB
4WBLJ PE PWB ÍFUJSJ ÍWPSB JNB P[OBLV ‫ ܆‬KFS KF UP WSFNF QPUSFCOP [B SFġB
WBOKF TWBLPH PE PWJI QPUQSPCMFNB V OFSFLVS[JWOPN EFMV 0WBK QPTUVQBL
TF OBTUBWMKB TWF EP QPTMFEOKFH OJWPB OB EOV TUBCMB LPKF TBESľJ ÍWPSPWF
[B QSPCMFNF WFMJÍJOF  J LPKJ TV P[OBÍFOJ WSFNFOPN [B OKJIPWP SFġBWBOKF
J[ CB[OPH TMVÍBKB /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP SF[VMUVKVÇF TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF [B
SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 
LPKB PQJTVKF GVOLDJKV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB [B
TPSUJSBOKF PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN

7FMJÍJOB 4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF +FEJOJDF


QSPCMFNB SBEB
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ Ώ‫܆܆‬

‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬  Ώ


‫܆  ܆‬

‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬  Ώ


‫܆  ܆‬ NQI ‫ ܆‬
OJWP

‫܁܆‬ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ ‫܁‬ Ώ
‫ ܁܆‬ ‫܆‬

        ‫܆‬Ώ‫܆‬

4MJLB  4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF [B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 




1SJNFUJNP EB TNP V LSBKOKF EFTOPK LPMPOJ OB TMJDJ  OBWFMJ VLVQOP


WSFNF [B TWBLJ OJWP SFLVS[JKF "LP OJWP OB TBNPN WSIV P[OBÍJNP EB
CVEF OJWP  POEB OB OJWPV ‫ ܁‬JNBNP ‫ ܁‬QPUQSPCMFNB WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܁܆‬J EPEBU
OP WSFNF [B SFġBWBOKF TWBLPH PE OKJI V OFSFLVS[JWOPN EFMV KF ‫  ܁܆‬5P
[OBÍJ EB KF [B ‫܁‬UJ OJWP QPUSFCOP VLVQOP WSFNF KFEOBLP ‫ ܁‬Ώ
‫܆  ܁܆‬
1PġUP TUBCMP JNB NQI ‫  ܆‬OJWP UP TV OJWPJ    Ə  NQI ‫
܆‬B TWBLJ OJWP
EPQSJOPTJ JTUV WSFEOPTU PE ‫ ܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB VLVQOP WSFNF
KF ۳

܆  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆   ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ ܆‬0WP SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF TPS
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

UJSBOKB PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN KF UBÍOP POP LPKF TNP EPCJMJ NFUPEPN WJġFTUSVLF


[BNFOF
7BľOP [BQBľBOKF KF EB UBÍOP [OBNP LPMJLP JNB OJWPB V TUBCMV SFLVS[JKF
LBP J UP LPMJLP WSFNFOB OBN KF QPUSFCOP [B TWBLJ OJWP 1PġUP PWP [OBNP
VLVQOP WSFNF NPľFNP EPCJUJ VLPMJLP TBCFSFNP TWB WSFNFOB QP TWJN
OJWPJNB 5P VLVQOP WSFNF KF SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
QPġUP
TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF TBNP TMJLPWJUP NPEFMJSB QPTUVQBL PEWJKBOKB SFLVS[JWOPH
J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB 1SFNB UPNF SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
KF
۳
‫ ܆  ܆‬NQI ‫܆ ܆‬
1SJNFUJNP EB KF SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF NFUPEPN TUBCMB SF
LVS[JKF FLWJWBMFOUOP QSJNFOJ NFUPEB WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF JBLP WJ[VFMOP
QSVľB CPMKV TMJLV P UPNF LBLP TF EPMB[J EP SFġFOKB %B CJTNP PWP CPMKF
VUWSEJMJ QPTNBUSBKNP KPġ KFEOV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV HEF KF ‫  ۼ‬OFLB
LPOTUBOUB

ϫ
Ϯ‫ۼ‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ 

Ϯ۳
‫ ૿܆ ܆‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
ϭ
6LPMJLP [BOFNBSJNP CB[OJ TMVÍBK SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 
NPľFNP JO
UFSQSFUJSBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO EB CJTNP SFġJMJ QSPCMFN WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬SFġBWBNP
 QPUQSPCMFNB WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬J SBEJNP ‫ ૿܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH QPTMB ,BEB DSUB
NP TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF TWBLJ ÍWPS PQFU P[OBÍBWBNP J[OPTPN EPEBUOPH OFSF
LVS[JWOPH
WSFNFOB [B PEHPWBSBKVÇV WFMJÍJOV QPUQSPCMFNB /B OBKWJġFN
OJWPV  [B EPEBUOJ QPTBP USFCB ‫ ૿܆‬KFEJOJDB WSFNFOB /B OJWPV  JNBNP
USJ ÍWPSB QP
‫ ૿ ܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB ġUP [B UBK OJWP EBKF VLVQOP
WSFNF 
‫  ૿܆ 
 ૿ ܆‬/B OJWPV  JNBNP EFWFU ÍWPSPWB QP
‫ ૿ ܆‬KFEJOJ
DB EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB ġUP [B UBK OJWP EBKF VLVQOP WSFNF 
‫ ૿܆ ૿ 
 ૿ ܆‬
૿
0WP KF MBLP OBTUBWJUJ [B OJWP ‫ ܁‬HEF JNBNP ‫ ܁‬ÍWPSPWB QP ഒ‫ ܁܆‬ക KFEJOJDB
૿
EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB ġUP [B UBK OJWP EBKF VLVQOP WSFNF ‫ ܁‬ഒ‫ ܁܆‬ക 
 ‫ ૿܆ ܁‬
/JWP OB EOV KF ESVHBÍJKJ PE PTUBMJI OJWPB 6 PTUBMJN OJWPJNB WSFNF QP
ÍWPSV EPCJKBNP OB PTOPWV SFLVS[JWOPH EFMB ۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ૿܆ ܆‬SFLVSFOUOF
KFEOBÍJOF 6 OBKOJľFN OJWPV WSFNF QP ÍWPSV EPCJKBNP OB PTOPWV CB[OPH
TMVÍBKB ۳
  ‫ ۼ‬SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP TUBCMP
SFLVS[JKF LPKF TF EPCJKB [B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 

/BSBWOP EB CJTNP EPCJMJ VLVQOP WSFNF [B DFMP TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF UK
SFġFOKF KFEOBÍJOF 
TBCJSBNP WSFNFOB QP TWJN OJWPJNB TUBCMB 1PġUP
KF VLVQBO CSPK OJWPB KFEOBL NQI ‫  ܆‬UP TV OJWPJ    Ə  NQI ‫
܆‬J CSPK
ÍWPSPWB OB OBKOJľFN OJWPV KF KFEOBL ଩ବତ ‫[ ܆‬CJS WSFNFOB QP TWJN OJWPJNB
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

7FMJÍJOB 4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF +FEJOJDF


QSPCMFNB SBEB
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬  Ώ ‫૿܆  ૿܆‬

‫܆‬
‫૿ ܆‬
‫૿ ܆‬
‫૿ ܆‬ 
‫૿܆ 
 ૿ ܆‬

‫܆‬
‫૿ ܆
૿ ܆
૿ ܆‬
‫૿ ܆
૿ ܆
૿ ܆‬
‫૿ ܆
૿ ܆
૿ ܆‬ 
‫૿܆ ૿ 
 ૿ ܆‬

‫܁܆‬ θ θ θθ θ θθ θ θ θ θ θθ θ θθ θ θ θ θ θθ θ θθ θ θ ‫૿܆ ܁ 


 ૿ ܁܆
܁‬

 ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ଩ବତ ‫ ܆‬Ώ ‫ۼ‬

4MJLB  4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF [B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 




TUBCMB KF
۳
‫ ૿܆ ૿ 
૿܆ 
૿܆  ܆‬ι
 ଩ବତ ‫ۼ ૿܆ ૾˜܆‬଩ବତ ‫܆‬
଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
 ‫ۼ ܁ 
಺ ૿܆‬଩ବତ ‫܆‬
‫૽܁‬


 ଩ବତ ‫ ˜ ܆‬
 ‫ ૿܆‬Ώ ‫ۼ‬଩ବତ ‫܆‬
 ˜ 
 ˜ ‫܆‬଩ବତ ଀ ‫૿܆‬
 ‫ ૿܆‬Ώ ‫܆ۼ‬଩ବତ ଀

 ‫܆ ˜ ૿܆‬଩ବତ ଀ ‫܆ۼ‬଩ବତ ଀
 ‫܆  ˜ ۼ
૿܆‬଩ବତ ଀ 

6 PWPN J[WPÑFOKV TNP LPSJTUJMJ KFEOBLPTU ‫ۺ‬଩ବତ‫܆  ܆ ۻ‬଩ବତ‫ ۺ ۻ‬LBP J GPSNVMV [B


[CJS HFPNFUSJKTLPH SFEB
‫܅‬
‫ ˜ ૾ ܅ܐ‬
಺ ‫ ܁ܐ‬ 
‫  ̪ ܐ‬
‫૽܁‬
‫˜ܐ‬

1SFNB UPNF UBÍOP SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 


KF ۳
‫˜ ۼ
૿܆  ܆‬
 ‫܆‬଩ବତ ଀  "LP OBT JOUFSFTVKF TBNP BTJNQUPUTLB WSFEOPTU UPH SFġFOKB LBLP
KF NQI૿  ̒  UP KF ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ૿܆‬ക

.FUPE OBHBÑBOKB
.BEB [WVÍJ OFTJTUFNBUJÍOP NFUPE OBHBÑBOKB KF TBTWJN MFHBMBO OBÍJO
[B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB 0TOPWOB JEFKB UPH QSJTUVQB TBTUPKJ
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

TF V UPNF EB TF OBKQSF QSPNJġMKFOP QSFUQPTUBWJ SFġFOKF EBUF SFLVSFOUOF


KFEOBÍJOF B [BUJN EB TF UB QSFUQPTUBWLB QPUWSEJ PCJÍOP JOEVLDJKPN /B
SBWOP QSJNFOPN PWPH NFUPEB NPľEB NPSBNP EB QSPCBNP OFLPMJLP SFġF
OKB EPL OF EPCJKFNP EPCSV HPSOKV HSBOJDV [B EBUV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV
%SVHJN SFÍJNB BLP OF VTQFWBNP EB WFSJਫLVKFNP BLUVFMOP QSFUQPTUBWMKF
OP SFġFOKF WFSPWBUOP USFCB QSPCBUJ OFLV GVOLDJKV LPKB CSľF SBTUF "MJ J BLP
VTQFNP V UPNF V[ SFMBUJWOP NBMP USVEB WFSPWBUOP USFCB QSPCBUJ J OFLV
GVOLDJKV LPKB TQPSJKF SBTUF
/B QSJNFS QPTNBUSBKNP TMFEFÇV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV HEF TV ‫ ۺ‬J ‫ۻ‬
OFLF QP[JUJWOF LPOTUBOUF

ϫ
Ϯ‫ۺ‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ 

Ϯ۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
ϭ
0WP J[HMFEB WSMP TMJÍOP SFLVSFOUOPK KFEOBÍJOJ [B TPSUJSBOKF PCKFEJOKBWB
OKFN QB OBġB QSWB QSFUQPTUBWLB NPľF CJUJ EB KF SFġFOKF ۳
‫ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
;BUJN V TMFEFÇFN LPSBLV ľFMJNP EB WFSJਫLVKFNP JOEVLDJKPN EB KF SFġF
OKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
[BJTUB ۳
‫ ܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬NQI ‫[ ܆‬B OFLV QP[JUJWOV
LPOTUBOUV ‫ ۼ‬J EPWPMKOP WFMJLP ‫܆‬
4JHVSOP NPľFNP J[BCSBUJ EPWPMKOP WFMJLF LPOTUBOUF ‫ ۼ‬J ‫ ૽܆‬UBLP EB OB
ġF QSFUQPTUBWMKFOP SFġFOKF [BEPWPMKBWB CB[OJ TMVÍBK ‫  ૽܆  ܆‬/BJNF BLP
V[NFNP ‫ ۻ ۺ  ۼ‬J ‫   ૽܆‬UBEB KF

۳
  ۳
 ‫ ۻ‬Ώ  Ώ NQI   ‫ ۼ  ۼ  ۻ ۺ
  ۻ ۺ‬Ώ  Ώ NQI  

;B JOEVLDJKTLJ LPSBL LBEB KF ‫܆‬ ‫ ૽܆‬BLP QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ


V[NFNP EB KF OBġF QSWP SFġFOKF UBÍOP [B WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB NBOKJI PE
‫ ܆‬UBEB [B BSHVNFOU KFEOBL ‫ ܆‬NPľFNP QJTBUJ

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬
̮ ഓ‫ ۼ‬NQI ഖ ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬
 
 ‫
܆ۼ‬NQI ‫ ˜ ܆‬NQI  ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬
 ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI ‫ ܆ۻ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

1SFNB UPNF EB CJTNP EPLB[BMJ JOEVLDJKTLJ LPSBL NPSBNP QPLB[BUJ EB


WBľJ OFKFEOBLPTU

‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI ‫ ܆ۻ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬


 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

PEOPTOP ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫ ܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬JMJ FLWJWBMFOUOP NQI ‫" ۻۼ ̮ ܆‬MJ QPTMFEOKB OFKFE
OBLPTU OJLBLP OF NPľF CJUJ UBÍOB [B TWBLP ‫  ̯ ܆‬5P [OBÍJ EB OBġF QSWP
OBTMVÇFOP SFġFOKF OJKF EPCSP
;BUP LBP ESVHP SFġFOKF [B ۳
‫ ܆‬NPSBNP QSPCBUJ OFLV GVOLDJKV LPKB
CSľF SBTUF OB QSJNFS ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ૿܆‬ക 6 UPN TMVÍBKV EB CJTNP QPLB[BMJ
۳
‫[ ૿܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬B OFLV QP[JUJWOV LPOTUBOUV ‫ ۼ‬J EPWPMKOP WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬NPľFNP
V[FUJ ‫ ۻ ۺ
  ۼ‬J ‫   ૽܆‬J MBLP WJEFUJ EB CB[OJ TMVÍBK WBľJ ;B JOEVLDJKTLJ
LPSBL LBEB KF ‫܆‬ ‫ ૽܆‬BLP QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ V[NFNP EB KF
OBġF ESVHP SFġFOKF UBÍOP [B WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB NBOKJI PE ‫ ܆‬UBEB [B
BSHVNFOU KFEOBL ‫ ܆‬JNBNP

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫૿܆‬
̮Ώ‫ۼ‬ ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬

‫ۼ ૿܆‬
̮ ‫ ۼ‬Ώ ‫૿܆‬
 
 ‫ ૿܆ۼ‬

%BLMF V PWPN TMVÍBKV JOEVLDJKB QSPMB[J .FÑVUJN QPġUP J[HMFEB EB KF


PWP SFġFOKF MBLP EPCJUJ QSPCBÇFNP KPġ KFEOV UK ‫۔‬QSBWV‫
ۓ‬GVOLDJKV LPKB OF
SBTUF UBLP CS[P ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ܆‬NQI૿ ‫܆‬ക 4BEB EB CJTNP QPLB[BMJ EB KF ۳
‫̮ ܆‬
‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫[ ܆‬B OFLV QP[JUJWOV LPOTUBOUV ‫ ۼ‬J EPWPMKOP WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬NPľFNP V[FUJ
‫ ۻ ۺ  ۼ‬J ‫   ૽܆‬J PQFU MBLP WJEFUJ EB CB[OJ TMVÍBK WBľJ ;B JOEVLDJKTLJ
LPSBL LBEB KF ‫ ૽܆ ܆‬JNBNP

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬
̮ ഓ‫ ۼ‬NQI૿ ഖ ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬
 
 ‫
܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫  ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ۻ  ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
̮ ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ۼ ܆ۼ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
 ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫܆ۼ ܆‬
 ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫
܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫  ˜ ܆‬
̮ ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫ ܆‬
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

0QġUJ NFUPE
1SFUIPEOJ OBÍJOJ [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB [BIUFWBKV PESF
ÑFOP NBUFNBUJÍLP QSFE[OBOKF SFDJNP QSJNFOV JOEVLDJKF
EB CJ TF NPHMJ
VTQFġOP QSJNFOJUJ ;B OFLF ÍJUBPDF KF NPľEB MBLġJ TMFEFÇJ NFUPE P LPNF
HPWPSJNP KFS UBK NFUPE [BIUFWB TBNP QSFQP[OBWBOKF USJ LBSBLUFSJTUJÍOB
TMVÍBKB J OFQPTSFEOP EBKF SFġFOKF V TWBLPN PE OKJI 0WBK PQġUJ NFUPE TBES
ľJ ‫۔‬GPSNVMV‫ ۓ‬OB PTOPWV LPKF TF NPľF PESFEJUJ BTJNQUPUTLP SFġFOKF WFMJLF
LMBTF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB V PCMJLV

۳
‫ۺ  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆
ۿ ۻ܆‬

HEF TV ‫  ̯ ۺ‬J ‫  ۻ‬LPOTUBOUF B ‫ ܆


ۿ‬KF BTJNQUPUTLJ QP[JUJWOB GVOLDJKB
0WBK PCMJL SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF PQJTVKF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB SFLVS[JW
OPH BMHPSJUNB V LPNF TF QSPCMFN WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬EFMJ V ‫ ۺ‬OF[BWJTOJI QPUQSP
CMFNB WFMJÍJOF OBKWJġF ‫ ۻ܆‬TWBLJ [BUJN SFġBWB TWBLJ PE PWJI QPUQSPCMFNB
SFLVS[JWOP J OB LSBKV LPNCJOVKV SFġFOKB PWJI QPUQSPCMFNB V SFġFOKF DF
MPH QSPCMFNB 6LVQOP WSFNF [B EFMKFOKF QPMB[OPH QSPCMFNB V QPUQSPCMF
NF J [B LPNCJOPWBOKF OKJIPWJI SFġFOKB KF J[SBľFOP GVOLDJKPN ‫  ܆
ۿ‬1SFNB
UPNF PWP KF [BJTUB PQġUJ PCMJL [B SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF SFLVS[JWOJI BMHP
SJUBNB
0QġUJ NFUPE [BIUFWB QSFQP[OBWBOKF USJ TMVÍBKB V KFEOPK UFPSFNJ BMJ TF
[BUP SFġFOKF NOPHJI SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB EPCJKB QSJMJÍOP MBLP J ÍFTUP TF
TWPEJ TBNP OB JTQJTJWBOKF PEHPWPSB 0EHPWBSBKVÇJ TMVÍBK OB PTOPWV LPHB
TF EPCJKB SFġFOKF QSFQP[OBKF TF QPSFÑFOKFN GVOLDJKF ‫ ܆
ۿ‬TB TQFDJKBMOPN
GVOLDJKPN ‫܆‬଩ବତ‫  ۺ ۻ‬1PNFOVUV UFPSFNV NFÑVUJN OFÇFNP OBWPEJUJ V OKFOPK
QVOPK PQġUPTUJ KFS KF QSJMJÍOP UFIOJÍLF QSJSPEF J JNB WJġF UFPSJKTLJ [OBÍBK
6 QSBLTJ TF ÍFġÇF LPSJTUJ OKFOB QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOB WFS[JKB V LPKPK KF ‫ ܆
ۿ‬V
TVġUJOJ QPMJOPNTLB GVOLDJKB QP ‫܆‬
5FPSFNB /FLB KF OFOFHBUJWOB GVOLDJKB ۳
‫ ܆‬EBUB SFLVSFOUOPN KFEOBÍJOPN
ϫ
Ϯ‫۽‬ ‫૽܆ ̮ ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ
Ϯ‫ۺ‬۳
‫ ܃܆ۼ ۻ܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫૽܆‬
ϭ
HEF KF ‫  ̯ ૽܆‬DFMPCSPKOB LPOTUBOUB B ‫ۻ  ̯ ۺ‬  ‫ۼ‬  ‫۽‬  J ‫  ̯ ܃‬TV
SFBMOF LPOTUBOUF
4MVÍBK  "LP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬UBEB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫ ܃܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ക
4MVÍBK  "LP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬UBEB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫ ܃܆‬ക
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
4MVÍBK  "LP KF ‫ۺ‬ ‫ ܃ۻ‬UBEB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ക

%PLB[ 3BEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ QSFUQPTUBWMKBNP EB KF ‫ ܆‬TUFQFO CSPKB ‫ ۻ‬J


‫   ૽܆‬LBLP OF CJTNP [BNBHMJMJ PTOPWOV TMJLV OFQPUSFCOJN EFUBMKJNB
*QBL OBHMBġBWBNP EB UJNF OF HVCJNP OB PQġUPTUJ J JEFKB EPLB[B TF QSF
OPTJ [B CJMP LPKF ‫" ܆‬LP SBEJ MBLġFH QJTBOKB VWFEFNP P[OBLV ‫ ܃܆ۼ  ܆
ۿ‬
QSJNFOPN WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF OB EBUV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV EPCJKBNP

۳
‫ۺ  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆
ۿ ۻ܆‬
 ‫ ۺ‬ഒ‫ۺ‬۳ഒ‫ ૿ۻ܆‬ക ‫ ۻ܆
ۿ‬ക ‫ ܆
ۿ‬
 ‫ ૿ۺ‬۳ഒ‫ ૿ۻ܆‬ക ‫ ܆
ۿ ۻ܆
ۿۺ‬
 ‫ ଀ۺ‬۳ഒ‫ ଀ۻ܆‬ക ‫ۿ ૿ۺ‬ഒ‫ ૿ۻ܆‬ക ‫ ܆
ۿ ۻ܆
ۿۺ‬
θ
଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
‫ۻ‬
଩ବତ ‫܆‬
‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ۳
 ಺ ‫ۿ ܁ۺ‬ഒ‫ ܁ۻ܆‬ക
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
‫ۻ‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
‫܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ Ώ ‫ۿ ܁ۺ ಺ ۽‬ഒ‫ ܁ۻ܆‬ക 
‫૽܁‬

HEF TNP V QPTMFEOKPK KFEOBLPTUJ JTLPSJTUJMJ GPSNVMV ‫ۺ‬଩ବତ‫܆  ܆ ۻ‬଩ବତ‫"  ۺ ۻ‬LP


TBEB WSBUJNP ‫ ܃܆ۼ  ܆
ۿ‬EPCJKBNP

଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
‫ۻ‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬ ‫܃‬
۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ಺ ‫ ܁ۺ‬Ώ ‫ ۼ‬ഒ‫ ܁ۻ܆‬ക
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
‫ۻ‬
‫܁ ۺ‬
 ‫܆۽‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫܃܆ۼ‬ Ώ ಺ ഓ ഖ 
‫૽܁‬
‫܃ۻ‬

1PġUP TVNJSBOKF OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ QSFETUBWMKB HFPNFUSJKTLJ [CJS UWSÑFOKF UF


PSFNF ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ QPTNBUSBOKFN TMVÍBKFWB [B WSFEOPTU LPMJÍOJLB ‫ ܃ۻۺ‬
1SWP BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬UK ‫  ܃‬NQI‫ ۺ ۻ‬POEB KF

۳
‫ ܃܆ۼ ܃܆۽  ܆‬NQI ‫  ܆‬éഒ‫ ܃܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ക 
‫ۻ‬
 5PKF SB[MPH [BġUP TF LPSJTUJ TQFDJKBMOB GVOLDJKB ‫ୃ܆‬୆ା‫[ ۺ ۻ‬B QSFQP[OBWBOKF SFġFOKB V
PQġUFN TMVÍBKV
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

%SVHP BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ ̪ ۺ‬POEB KF


଩ବତ ‫܆‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
ഒ‫ ܃ۻۺ‬ക ‫ۻ‬
˜
۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫܃܆ۼ‬ Ώ 
‫܃ۻۺ‬ ˜

%BLMF BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬PEOPTOP ‫܃‬ NQI ‫ ۺ‬J   ‫   ܃ۻۺ‬POEB KF


‫ۻ‬

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ ܃܆ۼ‬Ώ é
  éഒ‫ ܃܆‬ക 

QPġUP KF ESVHJ J[SB[ EPNJOBOUBO J ˛‫܅‬


‫૽܁‬
‫  ܁ܐ‬é
 [B   ‫  ܐ‬
6 USFÇFN TMVÍBKV BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ ۺ‬PEOPTOP ‫  ܃ۻۺ‬QPġUP [B ‫ܐ‬  JNBNP
‫܅‬
˛ ‫  ܁ܐ‬é
‫ ܅ܐ‬EPCJKBNP
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬ ଩ବତ ‫܆‬


۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ ܃܆ۼ‬Ώ é ഓഒ‫ ܃ۻۺ‬ക ‫ۻ‬

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬ ϟ ‫܆‬଩ବତ‫ ۺ ۻ‬Ϣ


 ‫܆۽‬ ‫ ܃܆ۼ‬Ώ é Ϡ ‫ ܃‬ϣ
‫ۻ‬

ϡ ‫ ܆‬Ϥ
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
 éഒ‫ ۻ ܆‬ക 

ÍJNF KF EPLB[ [BWSġFO 


%B CJTNP SFġJMJ OFLV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV PQġUJN NFUPEPN KFEOP
TUBWOP PESFÑVKFNP BLP NPľFNP
TMVÍBK QSFUIPEOF UFPSFNF LPKJ KF V QJ
UBOKV J PENBI EPCJKBNP PEHPWPS /B QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP SFLVSFOUOV KFE
OBÍJOV
۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ ܆‬

1PġUP KF PWEF ‫   ۻ   ۺ‬J ‫   ܃‬UP [OBÍJ ‫ ܃ۻ ۺ‬QB OB PTOPWV QSWPH TMVÍB


KB QSFUIPEOF UFPSFNF PENBI NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫܆‬଩ବତଉ ଁ ക 
éഒ‫ ૿܆‬ക
,BP ESVHJ QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV

۳
‫  ܆‬۳ഒˤ‫܆‬ക NQI ‫  ܆‬۳ഒ‫ ૿૾܆‬ക NQI ‫ ܆‬

/BľBMPTU PWB KFEOBÍJOB OJKF V POPN PCMJLV V LPKFN NPľFNP QSJNFOJUJ PQ
ġUJ NFUPE .FÑVUJN UV KFEOBÍJOV NPľFNP USBOTGPSNJTBUJ V ľFMKFOJ PCMJL
TNFOPN ‫  ܅‬NQI ‫ ܆‬5BEB KF ‫ ܅  ܆‬QB NPľFNP QJTBUJ

۳
‫  ܅‬۳ഒ‫ ૿܅‬ക ‫ ܅‬
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

6LPMJLP P[OBÍJNP ۲
‫  ܅‬۳
‫ ܅‬EPCJKBNP SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV [B GVOL
DJKV ۲
‫ ܅‬
۲
‫  ܅‬۲
‫ ܅ ܅‬

4BEB KF PCMJL PWF KFEOBÍJOF POBK LPKJ PNPHVÇBWB QSJNFOV PQġUFH NFUPEB
QB MBLP EPCJKBNP SFġFOKF ۲
‫  ܅‬é
‫ ܅‬NQI ‫  ܅‬1POPWOPN VQPUSFCPN TNF
OF EB CJTNP TF WSBUJMJ OB ۳
‫ ܆‬EPCJKBNP SFġFOKF ۳
‫  ܆‬é
NQI ‫ ܆‬NQI NQI ‫ ܆‬

1SJNFS NOPľFOKF WFMJLJI DFMJI CSPKFWB


1SBLUJÍOJKV QSJNFOV PQġUFH NFUPEB [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJ
OB QPLB[BÇFNP OB QSPCMFNV NOPľFOKB EWB WFMJLB ‫܆‬CJUOB DFMB CSPKB 1SFU
QPTUBWJNP EB KF CSPK CJUPWB ‫ ܆‬WSMP WFMJLJ SFDJNP ‫
 ܆‬UBLP EB TF DFMJ
CSPKFWJ OF NPHV EJSFLUOP QPNOPľJUJ V BSJUNFUJÍLPK KFEJOJDJ TUBOEBSEOJI
SBÍVOBSB %SVHJN SFÍJNB OF NPľFNP QSFUQPTUBWJUJ EB VPCJÍBKFOF BSJUNF
UJÍLF PQFSBDJKF OBE WFMJLJN DFMJN CSPKFWJNB QSFETUBWMKBKV KFEJOJÍOF PQF
SBDJKF LPKF TF J[WSġBWBKV [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 0ÍJHMFEOP UP WSFNF [BWJTJ
PE CSPKB CJUPWB V SFQSF[FOUBDJKJ WFMJLJI DFMJI CSPKFWB V CJOBSOPN TJTUFNV
.OPľFOKF WFMJLJI DFMJI CSPKFWB JNB QSJNFOV OB QSJNFS V LSJQUPHSBਫKJ
KFS TF WFMJLJ DFMJ CSPKFWJ LPSJTUF V SB[OJN QPTUVQDJNB ġJGSPWBOKB
"LP TV EBUB EWB WFMJLB DFMB CSPKB ۷ J ۸ QSFETUBWMKFOB V CJOBSOPN TJTUF
NV TB QP ‫ ܆‬CJUPWB OKJIPW [CJS ۷ ۸ J SB[MJLV ۷˜۸ NPľFNP MBLP J[SBÍVOBUJ
LPSJTUFÇJ VPCJÍBKFOF QPTUVQLF [B SVÍOP TBCJSBOKF J PEV[JNBOKF +BTOP KF
EB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWJI QPTUVQBLB J[OPTJ ‫ ܆
ۮ‬VLPMJLP TBCJSBOKB J PEV
[JNBOKB QPKFEJOBÍOJI DJGBSB SBÍVOBNP LBP KFEJOJÍOF PQFSBDJKF .FÑVUJN
BLP TF QPETFUJNP EB TF VPCJÍBKFOJ QPTUVQBL [B NOPľFOKF CSPKFWB ۷ J ۸
TBTUPKJ PE J[SBÍVOBWBOKB ‫ ܆‬EFMJNJÍOJI QSPJ[WPEB EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬OJKF TF UFġLP
VWFSJUJ EB KF OKFHPWP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ‫ ૿܆
ۮ‬VLPMJLP NOPľFOKB J TBCJSB
OKB QPKFEJOBÍOJI DJGBSB SBÍVOBNP LBP KFEJOJÍOF PQFSBDJKF "MJ LBP ġUP
ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ KFEOJN SFLVS[JWOJN BMHPSJUNPN TF NPľF EPCJUJ CSľJ OBÍJO
[B NOPľFOKF EWB ‫܆‬CJUOB CSPKB
3BEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF ‫ ܆‬TUFQFO CSPKB  "LP UP
OJKF TMVÍBK CSPKFWJNB ۷ J ۸ NPľFNP EPEBUJ OFWBľFÇF OVMF TB MFWF TUSBOF
%B CJTNP QSJNFOJMJ SFLVS[JWOJ NFUPE [B NOPľFOKF CSPKFWB ۷ J ۸ ‫܆‬CJUOF
SFQSF[FOUBDJKF PCB UB CSPKB EFMJNP V EWF QPMPWJOF QP ‫ ܆‬CJUPWB +FEOB
QPMPWJOB QSFETUBWMKB DJGSF WFÇF WBľOPTUJ B ESVHB QSFETUBWMKB DJGSF NBOKF
WBľOPTUJ "LP QPMPWJOF WFÇF WBľOPTUJ CSPKFWB ۷ J ۸ P[OBÍJNP TB ۠ J ۢ
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

UJN SFEPN J TMJÍOP QPMPWJOF NBOKF WBľOPTUJ TB ۡ J ۣ NPľFNP QJTBUJ

۷  ۠‫ۡ ૿܆‬ J ۸  ۢ‫ ۣ ૿܆‬

0WBK OBÍJO QPMPWMKFOKB CSPKFWB KF JMVTUSPWBO OB TMJDJ  [B CSPKFWF


۷   J ۸   3BEJ CPMKF ÍJUMKJWPTUJ OB UPK TMJDJ TV
PWJ EFTFUPDJGSFOJ CSPKFWJ QSJLB[BOJ V EFDJNBMOPN CSPKOPN TJTUFNV B OF
V CJOBSOPN
۷      ۸     
۠ ۡ ۢ ۣ
۷   ۸  

۷     Ώ ଂ  ۸     Ώ ଂ 

۷  ۠ Ώ ଂ ۡ ۸  ۢ Ώ ଂ ۣ

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KF QPTFCBO QP UPNF ġUP P[OBÍBWB LPSFO TUBCMB /B DSUFľJNB TF ÍWPSPWJ
TUBCMB PCJÍOP P[OBÍBWBKV LSVľJÇFN B LPSFO TUBCMB TF PCJÍOP QSJLB[VKF OB
WSIV IJKFSBSIJKTLF TUSVLUVSF LPKV ÍJOJ TUBCMP /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJ


  4UBCMB

NFS LPSFOTLPH TUBCMB TB  ÍWPSPWB HEF KF ÍWPS ܎૾ LPSFO TUBCMB 1PġUP V


OBTUBWLV PWPH QPHMBWMKB HPWPSJNP JTLMKVÍJWP P LPSFOTLJN TUBCMJNB SBEJ
KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ ÇFNP JI LSBÇF [WBUJ QSPTUP TUBCMJNB

܎૾

܎૿ ܎଀ ܎ଁ ܎ଂ

܎ଃ ܎଄ ܎ଅ ܎ଆ ܎૾૽

܎૾૾

4MJLB  ,PSFOTLP TUBCMP

4UBCMP TF OFGPSNBMOP OBKMBLġF QSFETUBWMKB TMJLPN OKFHPWJI ÍWPSPWB J


HSBOB LPKF JI QPWF[VKV BMJ KF GPSNBMOP QPUSFCOP SB[KBTOJUJ KPġ OFLF EFUBMKF
V WF[J TB TUBCMJNB 1SF TWFHB KFEOB HSBOB TUBCMB KF VSFÑFO QBS EWB SB[MJÍJUB
ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ 6 UFLTUV TF UB HSBOB P[OBÍBWB TB
‫ ܑ ܐ‬B OB DSUFľJNB MJOJKPN
LPKB TQBKB ÍWPSPWF ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ 1SJNFUJNP EB CJ QSBWJMOJKF CJMP EB OB DSUFľJNB
LPSJTUJNP TUSFMJDV PE ‫ ܐ‬EP ܑ KFS KF WBľOP LPKJ ÍWPS KF QSWJ B LPKJ ESVHJ V
VSFÑFOPN QBSV LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB HSBOV *QBL TF SBEJ MBLġFH DSUBOKB LPSJTUJ
MJOJKB [B HSBOV B OF TUSFMJDB KFS TF SFEPTMFE ÍWPSPWB HSBOF VLB[VKF UJNF
ġUP TF QSWJ ÍWPS OB DSUFľJNB VWFL QSJLB[VKF J[OBE ESVHPH ÍWPSB 5BLP TF
OB TMJDJ  QPESB[VNFWB EB KF SFDJNP
܎૿  ܎଄ HSBOB TUBCMB B OF PCSOVUP
5FSNJOPMPHJKB V WF[J TB TUBCMJNB KF VHMBWOPN QP[BKNMKFOB J[ OKJIPWF
QSJNFOF V QSFETUBWMKBOKV SPEPTMPWB OFLF QPSPEJDF HEF TF HSBOBNB VTQP
TUBWMKB NFÑVTPCOJ PEOPT SPEJUFMKEFUF J[NFÑV QPKFEJOJI ÍMBOPWB QPSPEJDF
5BLP TF V SBÍVOBSTUWV [B HSBOV
‫ ܑ ܐ‬V TUBCMV LBľF EB KF QSWJ ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬SPEJUFMK
ÍWPSB ܑ PEOPTOP EB KF ESVHJ ÍWPS ܑ EFUF ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬/B QSJNFS V TUBCMV OB
TMJDJ  KF ÍWPS ܎૿ SPEJUFMK ÍWPSB ܎଄ J ܎଄ KF EFUF ÍWPSB ܎૿ 
ÌWPS V TUBCMV NPľF JNBUJ OVMB JMJ WJġF EFDF BMJ TWBLJ ÍWPS SB[MJÍJU PE
LPSFOB JNB UBÍOP KFEOPH SPEJUFMKB J LPSFO TUBCMB KF KFEJOJ ÍWPS CF[ SPEJ
UFMKB 0WB PTPCJOB KF VQSBWP POB LPKB LBSBLUFSJġF TUBCMP J LPSJTUJ TF [B
GPSNBMOV EFਫOJDJKV LPSFOTLPH
TUBCMB TUBCMP ۳ KF TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J TLVQ
HSBOB J[NFÑV OKJI UK VSFÑFOJI QBSPWB ÍWPSPWB
TB TMFEFÇJN TWPKTUWJNB
 "LP KF ۳ OFQSB[OP TUBCMP POP JNB KFEJOTUWFO QPTFCBO ÍWPS LPSFO

LPKJ OFNB SPEJUFMKTLJ ÍWPS


 ,PSFOTLB TUBCMB 

 4WBLJ ÍWPS V TUBCMV ۳ PTJN LPSFOB JNB KFEJOTUWFO SPEJUFMKTLJ ÍWPS


1SJNFUJNP EB OB PTOPWV PWF GPSNBMOF EFਫOJDJKF TUBCMP NPľF CJUJ QSB
[OP ġUP [OBÍJ EB UBLWP TUBCMP OFNB OJKFEBO ÍWPS J OJKFEOV HSBOV
 5P
PNPHVÇBWB EB TF TUBCMP EFਫOJġF J SFLVS[JWOP OB OBÍJO LPKJN TF WFÇB TUB
CMB LPOTUSVJġV PE NBOKJI TUBCMP ۳ KF QSB[OP JMJ TF TBTUPKJ PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܊‬LPKJ TF
OB[JWB LPSFO TUBCMB ۳ J NPHVÇF QSB[OPH
TLVQB TUBCBMB ۳૾  ۳૿  Ə  ۳‫ ܃‬ÍJKJ
TV LPSFOJ EFDB ÍWPSB ‫ ܊‬/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB PWB SFLVS[JWOB EFਫOJDJKB
TUBCMB
۳
‫܊‬

‫૾܊‬ ‫૿܊‬ ‫܃܊‬

۳૿
۳‫܃‬
۳૾

4MJLB  3FLVS[JWOB EFਫOJDJKB TUBCMB ۳ 

0TUBMJ QPKNPWJ V WF[J TB TUBCMJNB TV QSJMJÍOP QSJSPEOJ NBEB NOPHP


CSPKOJ %FDB JTUPH ÍWPSB UK ÍWPSPWJ TB [BKFEOJÍLJN SPEJUFMKFN
OB[JWBKV
TF CSBÇB TFTUSF
 ÌWPSPWJ LPKJ JNBKV CBS KFEOP EFUF TV VOVUSBġOKJ B ÍWPSP
WJ CF[ EFDF TV TQPMKBġOKJ 4QPMKBġOKJ ÍWPSPWJ TF ÍFTUP OB[JWBKV J MJTUPWJ /B
QSJNFS V TUBCMV OB TMJDJ  ÍWPSPWJ ܎૿ ܎଀ ܎ଁ J ܎ଂ TV CSBÇB B TWJ MJTUPWJ UPH
TUBCMB TV ܎଀ ܎ଃ ܎଄ ܎ଅ ܎ଆ J ܎૾૾ 
1PKBN QVUB V TUBCMV KF OB OFLJ OBÍJO VPQġUFOKF QPKNB HSBOF 1VU J[
NFÑV EWB SB[MJÍJUB ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ KF OJ[ ÍWPSPWB ‫  ૿܎  ૾܎  ܐ‬Ə  ܎‫ ܑ  ܅‬VLPMJLP
QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFÑV TWJI TVTFEOJI ÍWPSPWB
܎‫[ ૾ ܁܎  ܁‬B  ̮ ‫ ܅  ܁‬%VľJOB
UPH QVUB KF CSPK HSBOB OB QVUV PEOPTOP ‫;  ˜ ܅‬B TWBLJ ÍWPS TF QPESB[V
NFWB EB QPTUPKJ QVU EVľJOF  PE UPH ÍWPSB EP TBNPH TFCF /B QSJNFS QVU
V TUBCMV OB TMJDJ  PE ÍWPSB ܎ଂ EP ܎૾૾ TBTUPKJ TF PE ÍWPSPWB ܎ଂ ܎૾૽ J ܎૾૾ B
EVľJOB UPH QVUB KF EWB
#JUOB PTPCJOB TUBCMB KF EB [B TWBLJ ÍWPS V TUBCMV QPTUPKJ KFEJOTUWFO QVU
PE LPSFOB EP UPH ÍWPSB %B CJTNP PWP QPLB[BMJ MBLP KF OBKQSF WJEFUJ EB
VWFL QPTUPKJ QVU PE LPSFOB EP OFLPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬/BJNF VLPMJLP V[JNBNP
ÍWPSPWF PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬QSBUFÇJ V TWBLPN LPSBLV KFEJOTUWFOPH SPEJUFMKB QPKFEJ
OJI ÍWPSPWB EPCJKBNP OJ[ ÍWPSPWB LPKJ V PCSOVUPN SFEPTMFEV GPSNJSB QVU
  4UBCMB

PE LPSFOB EP ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬+FEJOTUWFOPTU UPH QVUB TF QPLB[VKF LPOUSBEJLDJKPN


BLP CJ QPTUPKBP KPġ KFEBO SB[MJÍJU QVU POEB CJ UB EWB QVUB PE LPSFOB NPSBMJ
EB TF LPE OFLPH ÍWPSB OBKQSF SB[EWPKF J [BUJN QPOPWP TQPKF V CBS KFEOPN
[BKFEOJÍLPN ÍWPSV ܑ JOBÍF CJ EJWFSHJSBMJ J KFEBO PE QVUFWB OJLBE OF CJ
TUJHBP EP ‫" 
ܐ‬MJ UP CJ [OBÍJMP EB ÍWPS ܑ JNB EWB SPEJUFMKB ġUP KF OFNPHVÇF
LPE TUBCMB
4WBLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬OB KFEJOTUWFOPN QVUV PE LPSFOB EP OFLPH ÍWPSB ܎ TF
OB[JWB QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ 0CSOVUP ÍWPS ܎ KF QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬VLPMJLP KF ‫܍‬
QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ 1PESB[VNFWB TF EB KF TWBLJ ÍWPS V TUBCMV TBN TFCJ QSF
EBL J QPUPNBL 0EOPT QSFEBLQPUPNBL [B ÍWPSPWF TUBCMB TF LSBÇF NPľF
EFਫOJTBUJ SFLVS[JWOP ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬KF QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ BLP KF ‫ ܎  ܍‬JMJ KF ‫ ܍‬QSFEBL
SPEJUFMKB ÍWPSB ܎ /B QSJNFS V TUBCMV OB TMJDJ  ÍWPSPWJ ܎૾ ܎ଁ J ܎ଅ TV QSFDJ
ÍWPSB ܎ଅ B QPUPNDJ ÍWPSB ܎ଂ TV ÍWPSPWJ ܎ଂ ܎ଆ ܎૾૽ J ܎૾૾ 
1PETUBCMP TB ÍWPSPN ܎ LBP LPSFOPN KF TUBCMP LPKF TF TBTUPKJ PE UPH
ÍWPSB ܎ J TWJI OKFHPWJI QPUPNBLB [BKFEOP TB OBTMFÑFOJN HSBOBNB /B
QSJNFS TWB TUBCMB ۳૾  ۳૿  Ə  ۳‫ ܃‬OB TMJDJ  TV QPETUBCMB TUBCMB ۳ TB LPSFOJ
NB SFEPN ‫  ૿܊  ૾܊‬Ə  ‫ ܃܊‬
%VCJOB ÍWPSB KF EVľJOB KFEJOTUWFOPH QVUB PE LPSFOB EP UPH ÍWPSB ;B
UP KF SFLVS[JWOP EVCJOB LPSFOB KFEOBLB  B EVCJOB TWBLPH ESVHPH ÍWPSB
KF [B KFEBO WFÇB PE EVCJOF OKFHPWPH SPEJUFMKB 7JTJOB ÍWPSB TF UBLPÑF NP
ľF EFਫOJTBUJ SFLVS[JWOP WJTJOB MJTUB KF  B WJTJOB ÍWPSB LPKJ OJKF MJTU KF
[B KFEBO WFÇB PE NBLTJNBMOF WJTJOF OKFHPWF EFDF 7JTJOB TUBCMB KF WJTJOB
OKFHPWPH LPSFOB /B QSJNFS WJTJOB TUBCMB OB TMJDJ  KF USJ B WJTJOB ÍWPSB
܎ଂ KF EWB J OKFHPWB EVCJOB KF KFEBO

4UBCMP LBP TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB


4MJÍOP LBP V TMVÍBKV PTOPWOJI TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB OJ[PWB MJTUJ TUFLP
WB SFEPWB
EB CJTNP TUBCMB LPSJTUJMJ V QSPHSBNJNB [B PSHBOJ[BDJKV LPMFL
DJKF QPEBUBLB NPSBNP JNBUJ OBÍJO [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCBMB V SBÍVOBSV J
JNQMFNFOUJSBUJ TLVQ LPSJTOJI PQFSBDJKB OBE TUBCMJNB
6 SBEV TB TUBCMJNB TF NPľF QPKBWJUJ QPUSFCB [B WSMP SB[OPMJLJN PQFSB
DJKBNB /B QSJNFS QPSFE PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB [B EPEBWBOKF VLMBOKBOKF JMJ
PESFÑJWBOKF EFUFUB EBUPH ÍWPSB NPľFNP JNBUJ J PQFSBDJKF LPKF LBP SF[VMUBU
EBKV SPEJUFMKB TBTWJN MFWPH EFUFUB JMJ EFTOPH CSBUB EBUPH ÍWPSB 3BEJ MBL
ġFH QSPHSBNJSBOKB LPSJTOP CJ CJMP SFBMJ[PWBUJ J VQJUOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF PESF
ÑVKV EB MJ KF EBUP TUBCMP QSB[OP JMJ EB MJ KF EBUJ ÍWPS LPSFO JOUFSOJ FLTUFSOJ
 ,PSFOTLB TUBCMB 

J TMJÍOP /BK[BE USFCB JNBUJ OB VNV J QPNPÇOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF PCVIWBUBKV


QPTUVQLF LPOTUSVJTBOKB OPWPH TUBCMB PESFÑJWBOKB CSPKB ÍWPSPWB WFMJÍJOF

TUBCMB PESFÑJWBOKF WJTJOF TUBCMB J UBLP EBMKF .FÑVUJN VLPMJLP TF LPSJTUJ


PEHPWBSBKVÇB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB TUBCMB TWF PWF PQFSBDJKF TF NPHV SFMBUJWOP
MBLP JNQMFNFOUJSBUJ J [BUP OFÇFNP JÇJ V LPOLSFUOF EFUBMKF OKJIPWF QSBLUJÍ
OF SFBMJ[BDJKF ;BUP ÇFNP V PWPN PEFMKLV NBMP EFUBMKOJKF SB[NPUSJUJ TBNP
OBÍJOF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB
1SF TWFHB TUBCMP QSFETUBWMKB LPMFLDJKV QPEBUBLB UBLP ġUP TF QPKFEJ
OBÍOJ QPEBDJ V LPMFLDJKJ OBMB[F V ÍWPSPWJNB TUBCMB /B QSJNFS TUBCMP OB
TMJDJ  QSFETUBWMKB BSJUNFUJÍLJ J[SB[
‫ ۻ ۺ‬ˡ
‫ ۼ ˜ ۺ‬OB QSJSPEBO OBÍJO LP
SFO UPH TUBCMB TBESľJ PQFSBUPS ˡ [B NOPľFOKF B OKFHPWB EFDB TV LPSFOJ EWB
QPETUBCMB LPKB QSFETUBWMKBKV QPEJ[SB[F ‫ ۻ ۺ‬J ‫ۼ ˜ ۺ‬

‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۺ‬ ‫ۼ‬

4MJLB  4UBCMP J[SB[B


‫ ۻ ۺ‬ˡ
‫ ۼ ˜ ۺ‬

4MJÍOP LBP LPE PTOPWOJI TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB QPKFEJOBÍOJ QPEBDJ V


ÍWPSPWJNB TUBCMB TF OB PQġUFN OJWPV QPJTUPWFÇVKV TB KFEOP[OBÍOPN WSFE
OPġÇV LPKB TF OB[JWB OKJIPW LMKVÍ J UBLP SBEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ [BOFNBSVKV
EPEBUOJ QPEBDJ LPKF ÍWPSPWJ V TUWBSOPTUJ NPľEB TBESľF /BKQSJSPEOJKB SF
QSF[FOUBDJKB TUBCMB LPKB OBKPÍJHMFEOJKF PESBľBWB OKFHPWV MPHJÍLV TUSVLUV
SV CJMB CJ EB TF TWBLJ ÍWPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKB PCKFLUPN LPKJ PCVIWBUB QPMKF
LMKVÍB WJġF QPMKB V LPKJNB TF OBMB[F QPLB[JWBÍJ OB TWBLP EFUF UPH ÍWPSB J
FWFOUVBMOP QPMKF [B QPLB[JWBÍ OB SPEJUFMKB ÍWPSB .FÑVUJN QPġUP KF PWEF
SFÍ P PQġUJN TUBCMJNB PEOPTOP CSPK EFDF QP ÍWPSV NPľF CJUJ WSMP SB[MJÍJU
J OJKF VOBQSFE PHSBOJÍFO PWBK QSJTUVQ OJKF OBKCPMKJ KFS QSPJ[WPEJ MPġF JT
LPSJġÇFOKF NFNPSJKTLPH QSPTUPSB ;BUP TF PCJÍOP LPSJTUJ ESVHJ OBÍJO [B
QSFETUBWMKBOKF PQġUJI TUBCBMB P LPNF TF LSBULP HPWPSJ V OBTUBWLV

1SFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCMB MJTUBNB EFDF ÍWPSPWB +FEBO OBÍJO [B QSFWB[J


MBľFOKF QSPCMFNB QSPJ[WPMKOPH CSPKB EFDF ÍWPSPWB V PQġUFN TUBCMV KF GPS
NJSBOKF QPWF[BOF MJTUF EFDF TWBLPH ÍWPSB 0WBK QSJTUVQ KF WBľBO KFS TF
  4UBCMB

NPľF MBLP HFOFSBMJ[PWBUJ [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF TMPľFOJKJI TUSVLUVSB LBP ġUP TV


HSBGPWJ 6 EFTOPN EFMV TMJLF  QSJLB[BOP KF LBLP TF TUBCMP ۳ V MFWPN
EFMV UF TMJLF NPľF QSFETUBWJUJ OB PWBK OBÍJO

‫܌‬

   
۳
 
  
 
  
  
 
  


  



4MJLB  1SFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCMB MJTUBNB EFDF ÍWPSPWB

,BP ġUP TF WJEJ TB TMJLF  V PWPK SFQSF[FOUBDJKJ TUBCMB TF OBMB[J KFEBO
OJ[ QPLB[JWBÍB ‫ ܌‬ÍJKJ FMFNFOUJ QSFETUBWMKBKV ÍWPSPWF J [BUP KF OKFHPWB WFMJ
ÍJOB KFEOBLB VLVQOPN CSPKV ÍWPSPWB V TUBCMV 1PSFE UPHB TWBLJ FMFNFOU
OJ[B ‫ ܌‬QPLB[VKF OB QPÍFUBL QPWF[BOF MJTUF ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB 1SJ UPNF FMF
NFOUJ MJTUF OB LPKV QPLB[VKF FMFNFOU OJ[B ‫ ܁܌‬TV ÍWPSPWJ LPKJ TV EFDB ÍWPSB
‫ ܁‬UBLP EB QPSFEBL FMFNFOBUB V MJTUJ PEHPWBSB QPSFULV EFDF TMFWB OB EFTOP
V TUBCMV /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  FMFNFOU ‫܌‬ଂ QPLB[VKF OB MJTUV  ɜ  QPġUP
TV ÍWPSPWJ  J  UJNF SFEPN EFDB ÍWPSB 
+FEBO OFEPTUBUBL PWPH OBÍJOB QSFETUBWMKBOKB TUBCMB KF UP ġUP TF OF NP
HV MBLP LPOTUSVJTBUJ WFÇB TUBCMB PE NBOKJI 5P KF QPTMFEJDB ÍJOKFOJDF ġUP
TWBLP TUBCMP JNB TWPK OJ[ QPLB[JWBÍB [B TWPKF ÍWPSPWF 1SFNB UPNF EB
CJTNP OBQSBWJMJ OPWP TUBCMP SFDJNP PE EBUPH ÍWPSB LBP LPSFOB J EWB EBUB
QPETUBCMB ۳૾ J ۳૿ NPSBMJ CJTNP EB LPQJSBNP ۳૾ J ۳૿ V USFÇF TUBCMP J EB
EPEBNP MJTUV [B OPWJ LPSFO ÍJKB TV EFDB LPSFOJ [B ۳૾ J ۳૿ 

 #JOBSOB TUBCMB


#JOBSOP TUBCMP KF TUBCMP V LPKFN OJKFEBO ÍWPS OFNB WJġF PE EWPKF EFDF
%FDB OFLPH ÍWPSB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB TF [PWV OKFHPWP MFWP EFUF J EFTOP EFUF
 #JOBSOB TUBCMB 

KFS TF OB DSUFľJNB QSJLB[VKV MFWP J EFTOP PE ÍWPSB LPKJ KF OKJIPW SPEJUFMK


'PSNBMOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP KF TUBCMP V LPKFN TWBLJ ÍWPS JMJ OFNB EFDV JMJ
JNB TBNP MFWP EFUF JMJ JNB TBNP EFTOP EFUF JMJ JNB J MFWP J EFTOP EFUF
0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB QPKBN CJOBSOPH TUBCMB OJKF JTUJ LBP [B PCJÍOP
TUBCMP LPKF TNP EFਫOJTBMJ V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV KFS TWBLP EFUF V CJOBS
OPN TUBCMV NPSB CJUJ MFWP EFUF JMJ EFTOP EFUF 0WB ÍJOKFOJDB KF JMVTUSPWBOB
OB TMJDJ  OB LPKPK TV QSJLB[BOB EWB SB[MJÍJUB CJOBSOB TUBCMB J KFEOP PCJÍ
OP TUBCMP LPKF J[HMFEB WSMP TMJÍOP PWJN CJOBSOJN TUBCMJNB

  

  

     

  

B
C
D

4MJLB  3B[MJLF J[NFÑV CJOBSOJI J PCJÍOJI TUBCBMB

1SJNFUJNP EB TUBCMB QPE B


J C
OB TMJDJ  OJTV JTUB CJOBSOB TUBCMB
OJUJ KF OFLP PE OKJI VQPSFEJWP TB PCJÍOJN TUBCMPN QPE D
 /B QSJNFS V
CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QPE B
ÍWPS  KF MFWP EFUF ÍWPSB  B ÍWPS  OFNB EFTOP
EFUF EPL V CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QPE C
ÍWPS  OFNB MFWP EFUF BMJ JNB ÍWPS 
LBP EFTOP EFUF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF V PCJÍOPN TUBCMV QPE D
OJKF EFਫOJTBOP
MFWP JMJ EFTOP EFUF ‫ ۊ‬ÍWPS  KF TBNP EFUF ÍWPSB  OJUJ MFWP OJUJ EFTOP
6QSLPT PWJN NBMJN LPODFQUVBMOJN SB[MJLBNB PTOPWOB UFSNJOPMPHJKB
PQġUJI TUBCBMB QSFOPTJ TF J OB CJOBSOB TUBCMB 4WJ PTOPWOJ QPKNPWJ LPKF
TNP EFਫOJTBMJ [B PCJÍOB TUBCMB JNBKV TNJTMB J [B CJOBSOB TUBCMB
1SFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KF VNOPHPNF QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOP [BIWB
MKVKVÇJ ÍJOKFOJDJ EB TWBLJ ÍWPS CJOBSOPH TUBCMB JNB OBKWJġF EWPKF EFDF 6
QSBLTJ TF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOJI TUBCBMB TLPSP JTLMKVÍJWP LPSJTUF QPLB
[JWBÍJ KFS KF UBLWB OKJIPWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB QSJSPEOB J KFEOPTUBWOB 1SFDJ[OJ
KF CJOBSOP TUBCMP KF PSHBOJ[PWBOP V PCMJLV QPWF[BOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB
V LPKPK KF TWBLJ ÍWPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKFO KFEOJN PCKFLUPN 5BK PCKFLBU
JNB QPMKF NOMXÏ LPKF TBESľJ LMKVÍ ÍWPSB LBP J EWB QPLB[JWBÍLB QPMKB OHYR
J GHVQR LPKB QPLB[VKV OB PCKFLUF LPKJ QSFETUBWMKBKV MFWP J EFTOP EFUF ÍWP
  4UBCMB

SB "LP OFLP EFUF OJKF QSJTVUOP PEHPWBSBKVÇF QPLB[JWBÍLP QPMKF TBESľJ
WSFEOPTU QXOO 4UBCMV ۳ TF LBP DFMJOJ QSJTUVQB QSFLP QPTFCOPH TQPMKBġOKFH
QPLB[JWBÍB W LPKJ OJKF EFP TUBCMB J LPKJ QPLB[VKF OB LPSFO TUBCMB 0WBK OB
ÍJO QSFETUBWMKBOKB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KF JMVTUSPWBO V EFTOPN EFMV OB TMJDJ 
[B TUBCMP LPKF KF QSJLB[BOP V MFWPN EFMV

‫܌‬ NOMXÏ
۳ OHYR GHVQR

 

 

   

 

4MJLB  1SFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QPNPÇV QPLB[JWBÍB

0CJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB


7BľOB PQFSBDJKB OBE OFMJOFBSOPN TUSVLUVSPN TUBCMB KF OFLB BLUJWOPTU
LPKB TF J[WSġBWB OBE QPEBDJNB LMKVÍFWJNB
TWJI ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB 5B PQFSB
DJKB TF OFVUSBMOP OB[JWB PCJMB[BL TUBCMB J TBTUPKJ TF PE LSFUBOKB EVľ HSBOB
TUBCMB PE ÍWPSB EP ÍWPSB SBEJ ‫۔‬QPTFÇJWBOKB‫ ۓ‬TWJI ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB BMJ OB TJ
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TF EFUBMKOP HPWPSJ V OBTUBWLV PWPH PEFMKLB
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4MJLB  %WB CJOBSOB TUBCMB QSFUSBHF TB JTUJN LMKVÍFWJNB

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%B CJ TF CS[P MPDJSBP ÍWPS TB LMKVÍFN ‫ ܐ‬V TUBCMV ۳ JMJ TF VUWSEJMP EB TF ÍWPS
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4MJLB  5SBľFOKF ÍWPSB  V EBUPN CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QSFUSBHF

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4MJLB  1VOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP

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1SFDJ[OJKF CJOBSOP TUBCMP TF OB[JWB LPNQMFUOP BLP JNB ÍWPSPWF OB
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Dz ૾ ˨
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4UPHB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB KHDSPDNH KF
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ġUP KF USFCBMP QPLB[BUJ

 1SJNFOF TUBCBMB


0E NOPHPCSPKOJI QSJNFOB TUBCBMB V SBÍVOBSTUWP V PWPN PEFMKLV OB
WPEJNP TBNP EWB QSJNFSB LPKB TF LPSJTUF V EBMKFN UFLTUV V QPHMBWMKV 

3FEPWJ TB QSJPSJUFUJNB
3FE [B ÍFLBOKF TB QSJPSJUFUJNB FMFNFOBUB QSFETUBWMKB TUSVLUVSV QPEB
UBLB V LPKPK KF TWBLPN FMFNFOUV PWF TUSVLUVSF QSJESVľFOB PESFÑFOB OVNF
SJÍLB WSFEOPTU LPKB TF OB[JWB OKFHPW QSJPSJUFU JMJ LMKVÍ
 ,MBTJÍOV QSJNF
OV PWF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB OBMB[JNP V PQFSBUJWOPN TJTUFNV TB EFMKFOKFN
  4UBCMB

WSFNFOB ÍJKJ KF PTOPWOJ [BEBUBL EB SBTQPSFÑVKF SB[MJÍJUF QSPDFTF V TJTUFNV


SBEJ J[WSġBWBOKB PE TUSBOF QSPDFTPSB 6 SFBMJ[BDJKJ UPH [BEBUBLB UBLBW PQF
SBUJWOJ TJTUFN LPSJTUJ SFE ÍJKJ TV FMFNFOUJ QPKFEJOJ QSPDFTJ V SBÍVOBSTLPN
TJTUFNV LPKJ ÍFLBKV [B J[WSġBWBOKF PE TUSBOF QSPDFTPSB
.FÑVUJN TWJ USFOVUOP BLUJWOJ QSPDFTJ V TJTUFNV OF NPSBKV JNBUJ JT
UV WBľOPTU J [BUP TF LMBTJਫLVKV QSFNB TWPN QSJPSJUFUV /BKWJġJ QSJPSJUFU
WFSPWBUOP JNBKV TJTUFNTLJ QSPDFTJ LBP ġUP TV VQSBWMKBÍLJ QSPHSBNJ [B UB
TUBUVSV JMJ NSFľOV LBSUJDV ;BUJN QP WBľOPTUJ EPMB[F LPSJTOJÍLJ QSPDFTJ V
LPKJNB TF J[WSġBWBKV JOUFSBLUJWOF BQMJLBDJKF /B LSBKV EPMB[F QP[BEJOTLJ
QSPDFTJ LBP ġUP TV OFLJ QSPHSBN [B QSBWMKFOKF SF[FSWOJI LPQJKB EBUPUFLB
JMJ QSPHSBN [B OFLP EVHBÍLP J[SBÍVOBWBOKF LPKJ KF OBNFOTLJ QSFEWJÑFO EB
SBEJ TB OJTLJN QSJPSJUFUPN
4WBLJ QSPDFT V TJTUFNV TF [BUP QSFETUBWMKB KFEOJN PCKFLUPN LPKJ QPSFE
PTUBMJI QPMKB LPKB CMJľF PQJTVKV QSPDFT TBESľJ KPġ EWB QPMKB KFEOP DFMPCSPK
OP QPMKF [B JEFOUJਫLBDJPOJ CSPK QSPDFTB J KFEOP DFMPCSPKOP QPMKF [B QSJPSJUFU
QSPDFTB 0QFSBUJWOJ TJTUFN TB EFMKFOKFN WSFNFOB SBTQPSFÑVKF PWF QSPDFTF
SBEJ J[WSġBWBOKB OB PTOPWV OKJIPWPH QSJPSJUFUB ,BEB TF V TJTUFNV QPLSFOF
OPWJ QSPDFT LPKJ USFCB J[WSġJUJ PO OBKQSF EPCJKB TWPK JEFOUJਫLBDJPOJ CSPK J
QSJPSJUFU 0WBK QSPDFT TF OF J[WSġBWB PENBI KFS NPľEB QP TWPN QSJPSJUFUV
UP OF [BTMVľVKF OFHP TF EPEBKF V TUSVLUVSV QPEBUBLB SFEB TWJI QSPDFTB TB
QSJPSJUFUJNB LPKJ ÍFLBKV OB J[WSġBWBOKF ,BEB QSPDFTPS QPTUBOF CFTQPTMFO
JMJ LBEB QSPDFT LPKJ TF USFOVUOP J[WSġBWB JTLPSJTUJ TWPK LWBOUVN WSFNFOB
PQFSBUJWOJ TJTUFN PESFÑVKF QSPDFT OBKWJġFH QSJPSJUFUB V SFEV QSPDFTB LPKJ
ÍFLBKV OB J[WSġBWBOKF J UBK QSPDFT EPEFMKVKF QSPDFTPSV SBEJ J[WSġBWBOKB
/B PTOPWV PWPH QSJNFSB NPľF TF [BLMKVÍJUJ EB TV PTOPWOF PQFSBDJKF
OBE SFEPN TB QSJPSJUFUJNB JTUF POF LPKF TF LPSJTUF [B SBE TB PCJÍOJN SF
EPWJNB [B ÍFLBOKF JMJ TUFLPWJNB 5P TV PQFSBDJKF EPEBWBOKB J VLMBOKBOKB
FMFNFOBUB T UPN SB[MJLPN ġUP TF J[ SFEB TB QSJPSJUFUJNB VLMBOKB FMFNFOU
LPKJ JNB OBKNBOKJ QSJPSJUFU 1PETFUJNP TF EB TF LPE PCJÍOJI SFEPWB VLMB
OKB ‫۔‬OBKTUBSJKJ‫ ۓ‬FMFNFOU EPL TF LPE TUFLPWB VLMBOKB ‫۔‬OBKOPWJKJ‫ ۓ‬FMFNFOU

3FE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB ‫ ܉‬KF EBLMF TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB LPKB TF TBTUPKJ PE LP


MFLDJKF FMFNFOBUB V LPKPK TWBLJ FMFNFOU TBESľJ QPMKF LMKVÍB LPKF P[OBÍBWB
QSJPSJUFU FMFNFOUB SFEB %WF PTOPWOF PQFSBDJKF OBE SFEPN TB QSJPSJUFUJNB
‫ ܉‬TV
 0QFSBDJKB EPEBWBOKB STLQVHUW T[ LPKPN TF TF V SFE TB QSJPSJUF
UJNB ‫ ܉‬EPEBKF OPWJ FMFNFOU ‫ܐ‬
 0QFSBDJKB VLMBOKBOKB STGHOHWHPLQ T LPKPN TF V SFEV TB QSJPSJUF
 1SJNFOF TUBCBMB 

UJNB ‫ ܉‬OBKQSF QSPOBMB[J FMFNFOU OBKOJľFH QSJPSJUFUB B [BUJN TF UBK


FMFNFOU VLMBOKB J[ SFEB ‫ ܉‬J LBP EPEBUOJ SF[VMUBU WSBÇB TF QSJPSJUFU
UPH ‫۔‬OBKNBOKFH‫ ۓ‬FMFNFOUB
+FEBO FਫLBTBO OBÍJO [B JNQMFNFOUBDJKV SFEB TB QSJPSJUFUJNB KF QPNP
ÇV CJOBSOPH IJQB P LPNF TNP HPWPSJMJ V PEFMKLV  0TOPWOF PQFSBDJKF
EPEBWBOKB J VLMBOKBOKB FMFNFOBUB [B SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB PEHPWBSBKV CF[
J[NFOB BMHPSJUNJNB KHDSLQVHUW J KHDSGHOHWHPLQ PEOPTOP PQFSBDJKB
NB EPEBWBOKB J VLMBOKBOKB FMFNFOBUB [B CJOBSOJ IJQ 1SJNFUJNP J EB KF
WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWJI PQFSBDJKB MPHBSJUBNTLP PEOPTOP ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫[ ܆‬B SFE
TB QSJPSJUFUJNB PE ‫ ܆‬FMFNFOBUB
6 QSBLTJ KF TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB SFEB TB QSJPSJUFUJNB PCJÍOP TMPľFOJKB
[CPH UPHB ġUP USFCB PCF[CFEJUJ EPEBUOF PQFSBDJKF [B TMPľFOJKF BMHPSJUNF
LPKJ LPSJTUF OFLJ SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB /FQPUQVO TQJTBL PWJI EPEBUOJI PQF
SBDJKB KF
ۘ STPDNH TD  GPSNJSBUJ SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB ‫ ܉‬PE EBUJI FMFNFOBUB V
OJ[V ‫ۺ‬
ۘ STFKDQJHNH\ T[Y  QSPNFOJUJ QSJPSJUFU EBUPH FMFNFOUB ‫ ܐ‬V SFEV
TB QSJPSJUFUJNB ‫ ܉‬UBLP EB JNB OPWV WSFEOPTU ܎
ۘ STGHOHWH T[  VLMPOJUJ EBUJ QSPJ[WPMKOJ FMFNFOU ‫ ܐ‬J[ SFEB TB QSJP
SJUFUJNB ‫܉‬
"LP TF QPETFUJNP TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB CJOBSOPH IJQB J[ PEFMKLB  NP
ľFNP QSJNFUJUJ EB TF TWF PWF EPEBUOF PQFSBDJKF NPHV FਫLBTOP SFBMJ[PWBUJ
VLPMJLP KF SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB QSFETUBWMKFO CJOBSOJN IJQPN V PCMJLV OJ
[B /BJNF EB CJTNP LPOTUSVJTBMJ SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB PE EBUJI FMFNFOB
UB NPľFNP JTLPSJTUJUJ BMHPSJUBN KHDSPDNH LPKJ TF J[WSġBWB [B MJOFBSOP
WSFNF %B CJTNP QSPNFOJMJ QSJPSJUFU EBUPH FMFNFOUB LPKJ TF OBMB[J OFHEF
VOVUBS CJOBSOPH IJQB NPľFNP JTLPSJTUJUJ BMHPSJUBN KHDSVLIWGRZQ [B OKF
HPWP QPNFSBOKF OBEPMF BLP NV TF QSJPSJUFU QPWFÇBWB JMJ BMHPSJUBN KHDS
EXEEOHXS [B OKFHPWP QPNFSBOKF OBWJġF BLP NV TF QSJPSJUFU TNBOKVKF %B
CJTNP VLMPOJMJ QSPJ[WPMKOJ FMFNFOU J[ CJOBSOPH IJQB NPľFNP QSJNFOJUJ
QPTUVQBL TMJÍBO POPN LPKJ TF LPSJTUJ [B VLMBOKBOKF NJOJNBMOPH FMFNFOUB
0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB V TWJN PWJN PQFSBDJKBNB EPMB[J EP [BNFOKJWBOKB
FMFNFOBUB EVľ OFLPH QVUB V IJQV V OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV PE WSIB IJQB QB
TWF EP OKFHPWPH EOB JMJ PCSOVUP 5P [OBÍJ EB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWJI
PQFSBDJKB MPHBSJUBNTLP
  4UBCMB

%JTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ
6 OFLJN QSJNFOBNB KF QPUSFCOP EB QPEBDJ CVEV PSHBOJ[PWBOJ V WJġF
HSVQB QSJ ÍFNV TV WBľOF EWF PQFSBDJKF KFEOB LPKPN TF PESFÑVKF LPKPK
HSVQJ QSJQBEB OFLJ QPEBUBL J ESVHB LPKPN TF PCKFEJOKVKV EWF EBUF HSVQF V
KFEOV 6 UJN TMVÍBKFWJNB EPMB[J EP J[SBľBKB TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB EJTKVOLU
OJI TLVQPWB
"QTUSBLUOB TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB QSFETUBWMKB ‫ ܆‬FMF
NFOBUB HSVQJTBOJI V LPMFLDJKV PE OBKWJġF ‫ ܆‬EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB 4WBLJ
TLVQ V LPMFLDJKJ TBESľJ EBLMF NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF FMFNFOUF LPKJ TV PCKFLUJ
JTUPH UJQB &ਫLBTOF PQFSBDJKF QPUSFCOF [B SBE TB PWPN TUSVLUVSPN QPEB
UBLB TV
ۘ ,POTUSVJTBOKF TLVQB PE KFEOPH FMFNFOUB 0QFSBDJKPN GVPDNH [ TF
LPOTUSVJġF OPWJ TLVQ ÍJKJ KF KFEJOJ ÍMBO EBUJ FMFNFOU ‫ ܐ‬1PġUP TV TLV
QPWJ V LPMFLDJKJ EJTKVOLUOJ QPESB[VNFWB TF EB TF ‫ ܐ‬OF OBMB[J OJ V
KFEOPN ESVHPN TLVQV
ۘ 0ESFÑJWBOKF NBUJÍOPH TLVQB 0QFSBDJKPN GVILQG [ TF EPCJKB JEFO
UJਫLBDJKB KFEJOTUWFOPH TLVQB V LPMFLDJKJ LPKJ TBESľJ EBUJ FMFNFOU ‫ܐ‬
ۘ 0CKFEJOKBWBOKF EWB TLVQB ;B EBUB EWB FMFNFOUB ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ LPKJ QSJQBEBKV
SB[MJÍJUJN EJTKVOLUOJN TLVQPWJNB ۲‫ ܐ‬J ۲ܑ V LPMFLDJKJ PQFSBDJKPN
GVXQLRQ [\ PCKFEJOKVKV TF TLVQPWJ ۲‫ ܐ‬J ۲ܑ V KFEBO OPWJ TLVQ
LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB OKJIPWV VOJKV 1SFDJ[OJKF GPSNJSB TF USFÇJ TLVQ ۲‫ܒ‬
UBLBW EB KF ۲‫  ܒ‬۲‫ ˴ ܐ‬۲ܑ B LBLP TLVQPWJ V LPMFLDJKJ NPSBKV CJUJ
EJTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ ۲‫ ܐ‬J ۲ܑ TF VLMBOKBKV J[ LPMFLDJKF OBLPO OKJIPWPH
PCKFEJOKBWBOKB
1SJNFOPN PQFSBDJKF PESFÑJWBOKB NBUJÍOPH TLVQB EBUPH FMFNFOUB LBP
SF[VMUBU TF EPCJKB JEFOUJझLBDJKB UPH TLVQB 5BÍOB QSJSPEB JEFOUJਫLBDJKF
TLVQPWB V LPMFLDJKJ EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB PCJÍOP KF WSMP ਬFLTJCJMOB QPE
VTMPWPN EB KF EPTMFEOB 5P [OBÍJ EB SF[VMUBU PQFSBDJKB GVILQG [ J GV
ILQG \ NPSB CJUJ KFEOBL VLPMJLP FMFNFOUJ ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ QSJQBEBKV JTUPN TLVQV B
SB[MJÍJU V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV /BKÍFġÇF TF TWBLJ TLVQ V LPMFLDJKJ JEFOUJਫ
LVKF OFLJN TWPKJN ÍMBOPN LPKJ TF OB[JWB QSFETUBWOJL UPH TLVQB

1SFETUBWMKBOKF EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB QPNPÇV TUBCBMB +FEBO FਫLBTBO


OBÍJO [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB KF QPNPÇV LPMFLDJKF PQġUJI

LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB QSJ ÍFNV TWBLJ ÍWPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKB KFEOPH ÍMBOB OF
LPH TLVQB J TWBLP TUBCMP QSFETUBWMKB KFEBO TLVQ J[ LPMFLDJKF 6 TWBLPN
 1SJNFOF TUBCBMB 

TUBCMV PWF SFQSF[FOUBDJKF KFEBO ÍWPS TBESľJ QPSFE FMFNFOUB TLVQB LPHB
QSFETUBWMKB KPġ TBNP QPLB[JWBÍ OB TWPH SPEJUFMKB 4LVQ LPKJ KF QSFETUB
WMKFO KFEOJN TUBCMPN TF JEFOUJਫLVKF QSFLP QSFETUBWOJLB LPKJ TF OBMB[J V
LPSFOV UPH TUBCMB /B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB PWBLWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB [B
LPMFLDJKV EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB ]‫] _܀ ۿ ۾] _۽ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬Dz ‫ _܂ ܁‬J ]‫_܃‬

‫۽‬ ‫۾‬ Dz ‫܃‬

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‫ۺ‬ ‫܀‬

4MJLB  %JTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ QSFETUBWMKFOJ LPMFLDJKPN TUBCBMB

5SJ LBSBLUFSJTUJÍOF PQFSBDJKF [B SBE TB EJTKVOLUOJN TLVQPWJNB QSFE


TUBWMKFOJN LPMFLDJKPN TUBCBMB NPHV TF BMHPSJUBNTLJ SFBMJ[PWBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ
OBÍJO
ۘ 6 BMHPSJUNV GVPDNH [ TF [B EBUJ PCKFLBU ‫ ܐ‬TB PEHPWBSBKVÇJN FMF
NFOUPN TLVQB QSPTUP LPOTUSVJġF KFEBO ÍWPS TUBCMB
ۘ 6 BMHPSJUNV GVILQG [ TF QSBUF SPEJUFMKTLJ QPLB[JWBÍJ PE ÍWPSB ‫ܐ‬
EPL TF OF EPÑF EP LPSFOB TUBCMB ;B JEFOUJਫLBDJKV QSFETUBWOJLB

NBUJÍOPH TLVQB ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬WSBÇB TF LBP SF[VMUBU FMFNFOU LPKJ TF OBMB[J


V LPSFOV TUBCMB
ۘ 6 BMHPSJUNV GVXQLRQ [\ TF PCKFEJOKVKV EWB EJTKVOLUOB TLVQB
QSFETUBWMKFOB QPNPÇV EWB TUBCMB TB LPSFOJNB ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ UBLP ġUP TF LP
SFO TUBCMB NBOKF WJTJOF WF[VKF [B LPSFO TUBCMB WFÇF WJTJOF %SVHJN
SFÍJNB LPSFO TUBCMB WFÇF WJTJOF QPTUBKF SPEJUFMKTLJ ÍWPS [B LPSFO
TUBCMB NBOKF WJTJOF 6 TMVÍBKV EWB TUBCMB JTUF WJTJOF QSPJ[WPMKOP
TF CJSB LPSFO KFEOPH TUBCMB EB CVEF SPEJUFMKTLJ ÍWPS ESVHPH
0WBK
OBÍJO PCKFEJOKBWBOKB TUBCBMB OB[JWB TF PCKFEJOKBWBOKF QP WJTJOJ
0WBK OFGPSNBMOJ PQJT SFBMJ[BDJKF PQFSBDJKB [B SBE TB EJTKVOLUOJN TLV
QPWJNB QPLB[VKF EB TWBLPN ÍWPSV V TUBCMJNB LPMFLDJKF USFCB QSJESVľJUJ
JOGPSNBDJKV P OKFHPWPK WJTJOJ ;CPH UPHB TWBLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬TBESľJ DFMPCSPKOP
QPMKF K [B WJTJOV UPH ÍWPSB 1PSFE UPHB TWBLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬TBESľJ QPMKF NOMXÏ V
  4UBCMB

LPNF TF OBMB[J PEHPWBSBKVÇJ FMFNFOU TLVQB LBP J QPMKF S V LPNF TF OBMB


[J QPLB[JWBÍ OB SPEJUFMKB ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬/BSBWOP PWP QPLB[JWBÍLP QPMKF LPSFOB
TWBLPH TUBCMB TBESľJ WSFEOPTU QXOO
,BEB TF PQFSBDJKPN GVPDNH LPOTUSVJġF TUBCMP PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB QP
ÍFUOB WJTJOB UPH ÍWPSB KF  0QFSBDJKPN GVILQG TF WJTJOF ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB
VPQġUF OF NFOKBKV ,PE QSJNFOF PQFSBDJKF GVXQLRQ NPHV TF EFTJUJ EWB
TMVÍBKB [BWJTOP PE WJTJOB LPSFOB TUBCBMB LPKB TF PCKFEJOKVKV 6 QSWPN TMV
ÍBKV V LPKFN PWJ LPSFOJ JNBKV OFKFEOBLF WJTJOF LPSFO WFÇF WJTJOF QPTUBKF
SPEJUFMK LPSFOB NBOKF WJTJOF BMJ TBNF WJTJOF PTUBKV OFQSPNFOKFOF 6 ESV
HPN TMVÍBKV V LPKFN PWJ LPSFOJ JNBKV KFEOBLF WJTJOF QSPJ[WPMKOP TF CJSB
KFEBO PE LPSFOB EB CVEF SPEJUFMK ESVHPH BMJ TF OKFHPWB WJTJOB VWFÇBWB [B
KFEBO 6 OBTUBWLV TV V MJTUJO[JNB   J  OB QTFVEPKF[JLV QSFDJ
[OJKF QSJLB[BOJ EFUBMKJ BMHPSJUBNTLF SFBMJ[BDJKF PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB [B SBE
TB EJTKVOLUOJN TLVQPWJNB

-JTUJOH  ,POTUSVJTBOKF EJTKVOLUOPH TLVQB PE KFEOPH FMFNFOUB


 8OD] REMHNDW ‫ ܐ‬VD RGJRYDUDMXÉLP HOHPHQWRP VNXSD
 ,]OD] ÏYRU ‫ ܐ‬VWDEOD X NROHNFLML VWDEDOD
DOJRULWKP GVPDNH [

[K 
[S QXOO

UHWXUQ [

-JTUJOH  /BMBľFOKF QSFETUBWOJLB FMFNFOUB V EJTKVOLUOPN TLVQV


 8OD] ÏYRU ‫ ܐ‬X NROHNFLML VWDEDOD
 ,]OD] SUHGVWDYQLN VNXSD NRML VDGUŀL HOHPHQW ‫ܐ‬
DOJRULWKP GVILQG [

ZKLOH [S  QXOO GR


[ [S

UHWXUQ [
 1SJNFOF TUBCBMB 

-JTUJOH  0CKFEJOKBWBOKF EWB EJTKVOLUOB TLVQB

 8OD] NRUHQL ‫ ܐ‬L ܑ GYD VWDEOD X NROHNFLML VWDEDOD


 ,]OD] VWDEOR NRMH REMHGLQMXMH VWDEOD NRMD VDGUŀH ‫ ܐ‬L ܑ
DOJRULWKP GVXQLRQ [ \

LI [K ! \K WKHQ


\S [
UHWXUQ [  ‫ ܐ‬MH NRUHQ UH]XOWXMXÉHJ VWDEOD
HOVH
[S \
LI [K \K WKHQ
\K \K  
UHWXUQ \  ܑ MH NRUHQ UH]XOWXMXÉHJ VWDEOD

"MHPSJUNJ GVPDNH J GVXQLRQ TF PÍJHMFEOP J[WSġBWBKV [B LPOTUBOUOP


WSFNF 1PġUP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB GVILQG [BWJTJ PE WJTJOB TUB
CBMB V LPMFLDJKJ QPLB[BÇFNP EB WJTJOB OFLPH TUBCMB NPľF SBTUJ OBKWJġF
MPHBSJUBNTLJ V PEOPTV OB CSPK ÍWPSPWB V UPN TUBCMV ;CPH UPHB LBEB
TF QSFMB[J QVU PE OFLPH ÍWPSB V TUBCMV EP OKFHPWPH LPSFOB SBEJ OBMBľF
OKB QSFETUBWOJLB PEHPWBSBKVÇFH TLVQB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB UPH QPTUVQLB
KF QSPQPSDJPOBMOP OBKWJġF MPHBSJUNV CSPKB ÍWPSPWB V EBUPN TUBCMV 0WB
MPHBSJUBNTLB HSBOJDB WJTJOF OFLPH TUBCMB V LPMFLDJKJ TUBCBMB LPKB QSFETUB
WMKBKV EJTKVOLUOF TLVQPWF QSFDJ[OJKF TF J[SBľBWB OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO

-FNB /FLB KF ۳ KFEOP TUBCMP V LPMFLDJKJ TUBCBMB LPKF KF QPÍFUOP LPOTUSVJTBOP


BMHPSJUNPN GVPDNH J [BUJN GPSNJSBOP WJġFTUSVLPN
QSJNFOPN BMHPSJUNB
GVXQLRQ "LP KF WJTJOB TUBCMB ۳ KFEOBLB Dz POEB ۳ JNB CBS Dz ÍWPSPWB

%PLB[ 6 EPLB[V LPSJTUJNP JOEVLDJKV QP Dz #B[OJ TMVÍBK Dz   KF PÍJHMF


EBO KFS TUBCMP NPSB JNBUJ TBNP KFEBO ÍWPS J ૽   1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF
UWSÑFOKF MFNF UBÍOP [B OFLP Dz ̯  J QPTNBUSBKNP TUBCMP ۳ V LPMFLDJKJ LPKF
JNB WJTJOV Dz  6 OFLPN USFOVULV UPLPN GPSNJSBOKB TUBCMB ۳ PQFSBDJKB
NB PCKFEJOKBWBOKB QP WJTJOJ WJTJOB UPH TUBCMB KF QSWJ QVU EPTUJHMB WSFEOPTU
Dz  +FEJOJ OBÍJO OB LPKJ KF NPHMP EB TF UBEB EPCJKF TUBCMP WJTJOF Dz  KF
EB KF KFEOP TUBCMP ۳૾ WJTJOF Dz QPTUBMP EFUF LPSFOB ESVHPH TUBCMB ۳૿ KFEOBLF
WJTJOF Dz 4UBCMP ۳ TF TBTUPKJ EBLMF PE TUBCBMB ۳૾ J ۳૿ J NPľEB OFLJI ESVHJI
TUBCBMB LPKB TV EPEBUB LBTOJKF *[HMFE TUBCMB ۳ KF JMVTUSPWBO OB TMJDJ 
  4UBCMB

Dz  ۳૿

۳૾

4MJLB  4UBCMP ۳ WJTJOF Dz  LPKF KF PCSB[PWBOP PQFSBDJKBNB PCKFEJOKB


WBOKB QP WJTJOJ

4UBCMB ۳૾ J ۳૿ QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ JNBKV CBS QP Dz ÍWPSPWB 4


PC[JSPN OB UP EB ۳ TBESľJ ÍWPSPWF TUBCBMB ۳૾ J ۳૿ J NPľEB EPEBUOF ÍWPSPWF
۳ NPSB JNBUJ CBS Dz Dz  Dz ૾ ÍWPSPWB 0WJN KF EPLB[BO JOEVLDJKTLJ
LPSBL B UJNF J UWSÑFOKF MFNF 
/B PTOPWV PWPH [BQBľBOKB TMFEJ EB BLP OFLP TUBCMP V LPMFLDJKJ TUBCB
MB LPKB QSFETUBWMKBKV EJTKVOLUOF TLVQPWF JNB ‫ ܅‬ÍWPSPWB J WJTJOV Dz POEB
NPSB CJUJ ‫ ̯ ܅‬Dz  -PHBSJUNPWBOKFN PCF TUSBOF PWF OFKFEOBLPTUJ EPCJKB
NP Dz ̮ NQI ‫ ܅‬4UPHB WSFNF QPUSFCOP [B QSFMBľFOKF QVUB PE OFLPH ÍWPSB
V UPN TUBCMV EP OKFHPWPH LPSFOB KF ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫  ܅‬1SFNB UPNF BLP LPMFLDJKB
EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB TBESľJ VLVQOP ‫ ܆‬FMFNFOBUB POEB KF OBSBWOP ‫ ܆ ̮ ܅‬
QB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB GVILQG J[OPTJ ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

;BEBDJ
 0EPHPWPSJUF OB TMFEFÇB QJUBOKB V WF[J TB TUBCMPN OB TMJDJ 
B
,PKJ ÍWPSPWJ TV MJTUPWJ
C
,PKJ ÍWPS KF LPSFO
D
,PKJ ÍWPS KF SPEJUFMK ÍWPSB ۢ
E
,PKJ ÍWPSPWJ TV EFDB ÍWPSB ۢ
F
,PKJ ÍWPSPWJ TV QSFDJ ÍWPSB ۤ

,PKJ ÍWPSPWJ TV QPUPNDJ ÍWPSB ۤ
H
,PKB KF EVCJOB ÍWPSB ۢ
I
,PKB KF WJTJOB ÍWPSB ۢ
;BEBDJ 

ۡ ۢ

ۣ ۤ ‫ۥ‬ ‫ۦ‬ ۧ

ۨ ۩ ۪ ۫

۬ ۭ

4MJLB 

 /BWFEJUF MJTUV ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB OB TMJDJ  V QSFPSEFS JOPSEFS J QPTUP


EFS SFEPTMFEV

 /BDSUBKUF SFQSF[FOUBDJKV J[SB[B ഒ


‫ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬ˡ
‫ۿ ۾ ۽‬ക ˡ
‫ ܀‬Dz V PCMJLV
TUBCMB

 /BQJġJUF J BOBMJ[JSBKUF BMHPSJUBN [B J[SBÍVOBWBOKF EVCJOF ÍWPSB ܎ V


TUBCMV ۳ 

 1PLBľJUF EB KF WJTJOB TUBCMB ۳ KFEOBLB NBLTJNBMOPK EVCJOJ OFLPH MJTUB


V TUBCMV ۳ 

 %PLBľJUF TMFEFÇF ÍJOKFOJDF P TUBCMJNB


B
4WBLP TUBCMP TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB JNB ‫  ˜ ܆‬HSBOV
C
4UFQFO ÍWPSB V TUBCMV KF CSPK OKFHPWF EFDF 6 TWBLPN CJOBSOPN
TUBCMV KF CSPK MJTUPWB [B KFEBO WFÇJ PE CSPKB ÍWPSPWB TUFQFOB EWB
D
#JOBSOP TUBCMP KF QSBWJMOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP BLP TWBLJ ÍWPS JNB OVMB
JMJ EWPKF EFDF "LP UBLWP TUBCMP JNB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB LPKJ OJTV MJTUPWJ
POEB POP JNB ‫  ܆‬MJTU %BLMF TWBLP QSBWJMOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP JNB
OFQBSBO CSPK ÍWPSPWB
E
1PETFUJNP TF EB QVOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP JNB MJTUPWF TBNP OB QPTMFE
OKFN OJWPV B TWBLJ ÍWPS LPKJ OJKF MJTU JNB UBÍOP EWPKF EFDF "LP
KF WJTJOB QVOPH CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KFEOBLB Dz POEB KF CSPK OKFHPWJI
ÍWPSPWB KFEOBL Dz ૾ ˜ 
  4UBCMB

 6LPMJLP KF CJOBSOP TUBCMP QSFETUBWMKFOP OB TUBOEBSEBO OBÍJO QPLB


[JWBÍJNB OB ÍWPSPWF OBQJġJUF J BOBMJ[JSBKUF BMHPSJUNF [B QSFPSEFS J
QPTUPSEFS PCJMBTLF ÍWPSPWB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB

 ;B TWBLV PE TMFEFÇJI TFLWFODJ LMKVÍFWB PESFEJUF CJOBSOP TUBCMP QSFUSB


HF LPKF TF EPCJKB LBEB TF UJ LMKVÍFWJ EPEBKV QPÍFUOP QSB[OPN TUBCMV
SFEPN KFEBO QP KFEBO V EBUPN SFEPTMFEV
B
      
C
      
D
      

 ;B TWBLP PE CJOBSOJI TUBCMB QSFUSBHF EPCJKFOJI V QSFUIPEOPN [BEBULV


PESFEJUF CJOBSOP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF LPKF TF EPCJKB LBEB TF VLMPOJ LPSFO

 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF EBU TPSUJSBO OJ[ ‫ ۺ‬PE ‫ ܆‬CSPKFWB ‫ ̮ ૿ۺ ̮ ૾ۺ‬ι ̮ ‫܆ۺ‬


J SBEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF ‫ ܆‬KFEOBLP TUFQFOV CSPKB 
B
,PKB KF NJOJNBMOB WJTJOB OFLPH CJOBSOPH TUBCMB TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB
C
/BQJġJUF BMHPSJUBN [B LPOTUSVJTBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF TB
LMKVÍFWJNB KFEOBLJN EBUJN CSPKFWJNB TPSUJSBOPH OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬LPKJ TF
SFEPN EPEBKV V TUBCMP UBLP EB WJTJOB EPCJKFOPH TUBCMB CVEF NJ
OJNBMOB
D
,PKF KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB UPH BMHPSJUNB

 6 TUBOEBSEOPK SFQSF[FOUBDJKJ CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF QPNPÇV QPLB


[JWBÍB QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB TWBLJ OKFHPW ÍWPS EPEBUOP TBESľJ QPLB[JWBÍ
OB TWPH SPEJUFMKB /BQJġJUF BMHPSJUBN EVWVXFFHVVRU WY LPKJ LBP
SF[VMUBU WSBÇB ÍWPS TB LMKVÍFN LPKJ KF QSWJ TMFEFÇJ J[B LMKVÍB ÍWPSB ܎
V TPSUJSBOPN SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV TWJI LMKVÍFWB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSF
USBHF ۳  ,PKF KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB UPH BMHPSJUNB 4BWFU 4MFECFOJL
ÍWPSB ܎ KF NJOJNBMOJ ÍWPS V EFTOPN QPETUBCMV ÍWPSB ܎ BLP POP QPTUP
KJ V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV UP KF OBKOJľJ QSWJ
QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ ÍJKF KF MFWP
EFUF UBLPÑF QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎

 1PE JTUJN QSFUQPTUBWLBNB LBP V QSFUIPEOPN [BEBULV OBQJġJUF FਫLB


TBO BMHPSJUBN EVWSUHGHFHVVRU WY LPKJ LBP SF[VMUBU WSBÇB ÍWPS TB
LMKVÍFN LPKJ KF QSWJ QSFUIPEOJ JTQSFE LMKVÍB ÍWPSB ܎ V TPSUJSBOPN SB
TUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV TWJI LMKVÍFWB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF ۳  ,PKF KF
WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB UPH BMHPSJUNB
;BEBDJ 

 /BQJġJUF FਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN LPKJN TF PESFÑVKF ‫܃‬UJ OBKNBOKJ LMKVÍ V


CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QSFUSBHF /B QSJNFS BLP KF EBUP CJOBSOP TUBCMP QSF
USBHF TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB [B ‫   ܃‬USFCB PESFEJUJ OBKNBOKJ LMKVÍ [B ‫܆  ܃‬
USFCB PESFEJUJ OBKWFÇJ LMKVÍ B [B ‫ ܆  ܃‬USFCB PESFEJUJ LMKVÍ V TSFEJOJ
TPSUJSBOF MJTUF LMKVÍFWB V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV

 ;B TWBLV PE TMFEFÇJI TFLWFODJ LMKVÍFWB PESFEJUF CJOBSOJ IJQ LPKJ TF


EPCJKB LBEB TF UJ LMKVÍFWJ EPEBKV QPÍFUOP QSB[OPN IJQV SFEPN KFEBO
QP KFEBO V EBUPN SFEPTMFEV
B
         
C
         
D
         

 ;B TWBLP PE CJOBSOJI IJQPWB EPCJKFOJI V QSFUIPEOPN [BEBULV PESF


EJUF CJOBSOJ IJQ LPKJ TF EPCJKB LBEB TF VLMPOJ OKFHPW NJOJNBMOJ ÍWPS

 1SFUQPTUBWMKBKVÇJ EB KF IJQ QSFETUBWMKFO QPNPÇV OJ[B OBQJġJUF BMHPSJ


UBN LPKJN TF OBMB[J OBKWFÇJ LMKVÍ V NJOIJQV ,PKF KF WSFNF J[WSġBWB
OKB UPH BMHPSJUNB 4BWFU /BKQSF QPLBľJUF EB OBKWFÇJ LMKVÍ V NJOIJQV
NPSB CJUJ KFEBO PE MJTUPWB

 3B[NPUSJNP KFEBO BMHPSJUBN [B TPSUJSBOKF OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬OFVSFÑFOJI CSPKFWB


‫  ૿ۺ  ૾ۺ‬Ə  ‫ ܆ۺ‬V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV V LPNF TF SFEPN J[WSġBWBKV TMFEFÇF
EWF GB[F
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V QPÍFUOP QSB[OP CJOBSOP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF
 'B[B J[MJTUBWBOKB *[MJTUBUJ LMKVÍFWF ÍWPSPWB [BWSġOPH TUBCMB
B
6 LPKFN SFEPTMFEV USFCB J[MJTUBUJ ÍWPSPWF V ESVHPK GB[J PWPH BMHP
SJUNB ‫ ۊ‬QSFPSEFS JOPSEFS JMJ QPTUPSEFS
C
,PMJLP KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B GB[V J[MJTUBWBOKB
D
"LP KF VMB[OJ OJ[ CSPKFWB ‫ ۺ‬WFÇ TPSUJSBO LPMJLP KF VLVQOP WSFNF
J[WSġBWBOKB PWPH BMHPSJUNB
E
"LP TF LPSJTUJ CJOBSOJ IJQ VNFTUP CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF LPMJ
LP KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B GB[V EPEBWBOKB PWPH BMHPSJUNB
F
,BLP USFCB NPEJਫLPWBUJ GB[V J[MJTUBWBOKB V TMVÍBKV CJOBSOPH IJ
QB
  4UBCMB


,PMJLP KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B PWV NPEJਫLPWBOV GB[V J[MJTUBWB
OKB

 /BQJġJUF BMHPSJUBN KHDSVRUW DQ LPKJN TF OJ[ ‫ ۺ‬PE ‫ ܆‬OFVSFÑFOJI


CSPKFWB TPSUJSB V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV LPSJġÇFOKFN TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB
CJOBSOPH IJQB ,PMJLP KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWPH OBÍJOB TPSUJSBOKB
OJ[B

 *NQMFNFOUJSBKUF PQFSBDJKF OBE SFEPN TB QSJPSJUFUJNB P LPKJNB TNP


HPWPSJMJ OB TUSBOJ  ,POLSFUOP VLPMJLP KF SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB ‫܉‬
QSFETUBWMKFO QPNPÇV CJOBSOPH NJOIJQB V PCMJLV OJ[B OB QTFVEPKF[J
LV OBQJġJUF BMHPSJUNF
ۘ STLQVHUW T[
ۘ STGHOHWHPLQ T
ۘ STPDNH TD
ۘ STFKDQJHNH\ T[Y
ۘ STGHOHWH T[

(SBGPWJ

SB[OJN QSJNFOBNB SBÍVOBSB USFCB ÍFTUP QSFETUBWJUJ OFLF PCKFL


UF J V[BKBNOF PEOPTF LPKJ QPTUPKF J[NFÑV UJI PCKFLBUB (SBGP
WJ TV QSJSPEBO NPEFM [B UBLWV SFQSF[FOUBDJKV +FEBO QSJNFS KF
BVUPLBSUB OB LPKPK TF HSBEPWJ QSFETUBWMKBKV UBÍLBNB B NFÑVTPCOJ PEOPT
QPWF[BOPTUJ UJI HSBEPWB QVUFWJNB QSFETUBWMKB TF MJOJKBNB LPKF QPWF[VKV
PEHPWBSBKVÇF UBÍLF %SVHJ QSJNFS KF MPLBMOB NSFľB SBÍVOBSB V LPKPK TF QP
KFEJOJ SBÍVOBSJ QSFETUBWMKBKV ÍWPSPWJNB B EJSFLUOJ ਫ[JÍLJ MJOLPWJ J[NFÑV
SBÍVOBSB QSFETUBWMKBKV TF MJOJKBNB LPKF QPWF[VKV PEHPWBSBKVÇF ÍWPSPWF
6 TUWBSJ TLPSP V TWJN PCMBTUJNB TWBLPEOFWOPH ľJWPUB OBJMB[JNP OB HSBGP
WF EPEVġF ÍFġÇF QPE JNFOPN NSFľF USBOTQPSUOF NSFľF LPNVOJLBDJPOF
NSFľF JOGPSNBDJPOF NSFľF TPDJKBMOF NSFľF J UBLP EBMKF /JKF EBMFLP PE
JTUJOF LPOTUBUBDJKB EB ġUP TF WJġF SBEJ TB HSBGPWJNB UP TF TWF WJġF HSBGPWJ
QSFQP[OBKV V TWFNV

;CPH TWPKF ġJSPLF QSBLUJÍOF QSJNFOF HSBGPWJ TV TWFQSJTVUOJ NPEFM


QPEBUBLB V SBÍVOBSTUWV B BMHPSJUNJ TB HSBGPWJNB TV PTOPWOJ HSBEJWOJ
FMFNFOUJ TMPľFOJKJI BMHPSJUBNB *BLP HSBGPWJ NBUFNBUJÍLJ QSFETUBWMKBKV
PCJÍOF CJOBSOF SFMBDJKF POJ TF TLPSP VWFL WJ[VFMOP QSFETUBWMKBKV QPNPÇV
TLVQB UBÍBLB QPWF[BOJI MJOJKBNB JMJ TUSFMJDBNB 6 UPN TNJTMV KF HSBGPWTLJ
NPEFM QPEBUBLB VPQġUFOKF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB TUBCMB LPKV TNP J[VÍBWBMJ
V QPHMBWMKV 

6 PWPN QPHMBWMKV TF OBKQSF EFਫOJġV PTOPWOJ QPKNPWJ LPKJ TF PEOPTF


OB HSBGPWF ;BUJN TF HPWPSJ P OFLPMJLP FMFNFOUBSOJI HSBGPWTLJI BMHPSJUB
NB LPKJ TV [OBÍBKOJ V QSJNFOBNB HSBGPWB 0 TMPľFOJKJN HSBGPWTLJN BMHP
SJUNJNB ÇF CJUJ WJġF SFÍJ OB LSBKV PWPH QPHMBWMKB LBP J V DFMPN OBSFEOPN
QPHMBWMKV


  (SBGPWJ

 0TOPWOJ QPKNPWJ J EFࢫOJDJKF


1PWF[BOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB P LPKJNB TNP EP TBEB HPWPSJMJ LBP ġUP
TV MJTUF J LPSFOTLB TUBCMB TBTUPKF TF PE ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TF QPWF[VKV OB UBÍ
OP PESFÑFO OBÍJO /B QSJNFS CJOBSOB TUBCMB QSFUSBHF JNBKV PCMJL LPKJ
KF EJLUJSBO OBÍJOPN OB LPKJ TF PCBWMKBKV PQFSBDJKF QSFUSBHF EPEBWBOKB J
VLMBOKBOKB ÍWPSPWB V UJN TUBCMJNB .FÑVUJN QSJSPEB NOPHJI WBľOJI QSP
CMFNB [BIUFWB PQġUJKV TUSVLUVSV HSBGB LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE LPMFLDJKF ÍWPSPWB
QPWF[BOJI OB QSPJ[WPMKBO OBÍJO
(SBG TF EBLMF TBTUPKJ PE TLVQB ÍWPSPWB J TLVQB HSBOB LPKF QPWF[VKV OF
LF PE UJI ÍWPSPWB (SBGPWJ TF OFGPSNBMOP ÍFTUP QSFETUBWMKBKV EJKBHSBNJNB
V LPKJNB TF ÍWPSPWJ QSJLB[VKV NBMJN LSVHPWJNB B HSBOF TF QSJLB[VKV MJ
OJKBNB JMJ TUSFMJDBNB
LPKF TQBKBKV PEHPWBSBKVÇF LSVHPWF /B TMJDJ  KF
QSJLB[BO HSBG LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB WFÇF HSBEPWF V 4SCJKJ J OKJIPWV QPWF[BOPTU
HMBWOJKJN QVUFWJNB

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4MJLB  (SBG HSBEPWB V 4SCJKJ J QVUFWB LPKJ JI QPWF[VKV

'PSNBMOP HSBG ‫ ۦ‬TF TBTUPKJ PE TLVQB ÍWPSPWB ۵ J TLVQB HSBOB ۤ QSJ


ÍFNV TWBLB HSBOB J[ ۤ TQBKB EWB ÍWPSB J[ ۵  (SBG TF P[OBÍBWB [BQJTPN

 ۦ‬۵ ۤ EB CJ TF VLB[BMP EB TV ۵ TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J ۤ TLVQ HSBOB V HSBGV
‫ ۦ‬4WBLB HSBOB ‫ ۾‬V ۤ KF EBLMF EWPFMFNFOUOJ QPETLVQ ÍWPSPWB J[ ۵ LPKF
TQBKB PEOPTOP ‫[ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬B OFLF ÍWPSPWF ‫ ܍‬J ܎ J[ ۵  ;B ÍWPSPWF ‫ ܍‬J ܎ LPKF
TQBKB HSBOB ‫ ۾‬LBľFNP EB TV TVTFEOJ ÍWPSPWJ JMJ EB KF HSBOB ‫ ۾‬JODJEFOUOB
ÍWPSPWJNB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ /B QSJNFS HSBG ‫ ۦ‬HSBEPWB V 4SCJKJ QPWF[BOJI QVUFWJNB
 0TOPWOJ QPKNPWJ J EFਫOJDJKF 

OB TMJDJ  TBTUPKJ TF PE TLVQB ۵ TB  ÍWPSPWB

۵  ]#( /4 /* ,( 4% 10 7" Ì" ,7 ,Ġ Ġ" ;3 46_ 

LBP J TLVQB ۤ TB  HSBOF

ۤ  ഘ]#( /4_ ]#( 7"_ ]#( /*_ ],( Ì"_ Əഛ 

#SPK HSBOB OFLPH ÍWPSB ܎ LPKF HB TQBKBKV TB ESVHJN ÍWPSPWJNB HSBGB


KF TUFQFO ÍWPSB ܎ ÌWPSPWJ OB ESVHPN LSBKV UJI JODJEFOUOJI HSBOB ÍWPSB ܎
OB[JWBKV TF TVTFEJ ÍWPSB ܎ %SVHBÍJKF SFÍFOP TUFQFO OFLPH ÍWPSB KF CSPK
OKFHPWJI TVTFEB /B QSJNFS V HSBGV OB TMJDJ  TUFQFO ÍWPSB #( KF  B
TUFQFO ÍWPSB 46 KF 
6 TUWBSJ QSFUIPEOF EFਫOJDJKF TF PEOPTF OB OFVTNFSFOF HSBGPWF LBP
ġUP KF UP HSBG OB TMJDJ  ,PE UBLWJI HSBGPWB HSBOF P[OBÍBWBKV TJNFUSJ
ÍBO PEOPT J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB OB OKJIPWJN LSBKFWB 4B ESVHF TUSBOF ÍWPSPWJ
ÍFTUP TUPKF V BTJNFUSJÍOPN PEOPTV J [B UBLWF TMVÍBKFWF TF LPSJTUF VTNF
SFOJ HSBGPWJ /B EJKBHSBNJNB VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB TF HSBOF LPKF TQBKBKV
EWB ÍWPSB QSJLB[VKV TUSFMJDBNB PE KFEOPH EP ESVHPH ÍWPSB EB CJ TF VLB
[BMP OB OKJIPW BTJNFUSJÍBO PEOPT /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS KFEOPH
VTNFSFOPH HSBGB

‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬

‫ۼ‬ ‫۽‬

4MJLB  6TNFSFO HSBG

'PSNBMOP VTNFSFO HSBG ‫


 ۦ‬۵ ۤ TF TBTUPKJ PE TLVQB ÍWPSPWB ۵ J
TLVQB VTNFSFOJI HSBOB ۤ 4WBLB VTNFSFOB HSBOB ‫ ۾‬V ۤ KF VSFÑFO QBS EWB
ÍWPSB J[ ۵ LPKF TQBKB PEOPTOP ‫[ ܎ ܍
 ۾‬B OFLF ÍWPSPWF ‫ ܍‬J ܎ J[ ۵  %SVHJN
SFÍJNB VMPHB ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ OJKF [BNFOKJWB V VTNFSFOPK HSBOJ ‫ ۾‬QB TF ÍWPS
‫[ ܍‬PWF QPÍFUBL J ÍWPS ܎ TF [PWF LSBK HSBOF ‫* ۾‬TUP UBLP V TMVÍBKV HSBOF
‫ ܎ ܍
 ۾‬ÍWPS ܎ KFTUF TVTFE ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬BMJ ‫ ܍‬OJKF TVTFE ÍWPSB ܎ /B QSJNFS
HSBG ‫ ۦ‬OB TMJDJ  TBTUPKJ TF PE TLVQB ۵ TB  ÍWPSB

۵  ]‫ _۽ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬
  (SBGPWJ

LBP J TLVQB ۤ TB  VTNFSFOJI HSBOB


ۤ  ഘ
‫ ۺ ۽
۽ ۼ
 ۻ ۼ
 ۻ ۻ
 ۽ ۺ
 ۼ ۺ
 ۻ ۺ‬ഛ 
0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB VTNFSFOB HSBOB V VTNFSFOPN HSBGV NPľF
JNBUJ QPÍFUBL J LSBK V JTUPN ÍWPSV 5BLWB KFEOB HSBOB LPKB TF OB[JWB
QFUMKB V HSBGV OB TMJDJ  KF HSBOB LPE ÍWPSB ‫ ۻ‬4B ESVHF TUSBOF QFUMKF V
OFVTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB OJTV EP[WPMKFOF KFS HSBOB V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV
NPSB CJUJ QPETLVQ PE EWB SB[MJÍJUB ÍWPSB
,PE VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB TF SB[MJLVKF J[MB[OJ TUFQFO J VMB[OJ TUFQFO OFLPH
ÍWPSB ܎ J[MB[OJ TUFQFO KF CSPK VTNFSFOJI HSBOB LPKF ‫۔‬J[MB[F‫ ۓ‬J[ ÍWPSB ܎ J
VMB[OJ TUFQFO KF CSPK VTNFSFOJI HSBOB LPKF ‫۔‬VMB[F‫ ۓ‬V ÍWPS ܎ 4UFQFO ÍWPSB
V VTNFSFOPN HSBGV KF [CJS OKFHPWPH J[MB[OPH J VMB[OPH TUFQFOB QSJ ÍFNV
TF QFUMKB CSPKJ EWBQVU
/JKF UFġLP QSJNFUJUJ EB TF TWBLJ OFVTNFSFO HSBG NPľF TNBUSBUJ FLWJWB
MFOUOJN KFEOPN VTNFSFOPN HSBGV LPKJ JNB JTUJ TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J ÍJKJ TF TLVQ
HSBOB EPCJKB UBLP ġUP TF TWBLB HSBOB ]‫ _܎ ܍‬V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV [BNF
OJ EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB
‫ ܎ ܍‬J
܎ ‫  ܍‬5FPSJKTLJ EBLMF OFVTNFSFOJ
HSBGPWJ TV TQFDJKBMBO TMVÍBK VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB QB KF EPWPMKOP QPTNBUSBUJ
TBNP PQġUJKF VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF 6QSLPT UPNF V PWPK LOKJ[J SBEJ KFEOPTUBW
OPTUJ VHMBWOPN HPWPSJNP P OFVTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB J [BUP ÇFNP QPE LSB
ÇJN J[SB[PN ‫۔‬HSB঻‫ ۓ‬QPESB[VNFWBUJ OFVTNFSFO HSBG VLPMJLP OJKF ESVHBÍJKF
OBHMBġFOP

1VUFWJ J QPWF[BOPTU +FEOB PE PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB V HSBGV KF QSPMB[BL


LSP[ OJ[ ÍWPSPWB QPWF[BOJI HSBOBNB 6[NJNP OB QSJNFS HSBG LPKJN TF
NPľF QSFETUBWJUJ OFLJ WFC TBKU 6 UPN HSBGV ÍWPSPWJ PEHPWBSBKV QPKFEJOBÍ
OJN WFC TUSBOBNB J QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFÑV ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ BLP ‫ ܍‬JNB IJQFSMJOL
OB ܎ 6 UBLWPN HSBGV KFEOB PQFSBDJKB QSPMBTLB LSP[ ÍWPSPWF PEHPWBSB
OBÍJOV OB LPKJ OFLJ LPSJTOJL QSFHMFEB WFC TBKU QSBUFÇJ IJQFSMJOLPWF
1SFUIPEOB PQFSBDJKB TF GPSNBMJ[VKF QPKNPN QVUB V HSBGV 1VU V OFV
TNFSFOPN HSBGV ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ KF OJ[ ‫ ۯ‬ÍWPSPWB ܎૾  ܎૿ Ə ܎‫ ܃܎ ૾˜܃‬UBLWJI EB KF
TWBLJ TVTFEBO QBS ÍWPSPWB ܎‫ ૾ ܁܎  ܁‬V UPN OJ[V TQPKFO HSBOPN V ‫ ۦ‬%VľJOB
QVUB ‫ ۯ‬KF CSPK HSBOB OB UPN QVUV PEOPTOP ‫;  ˜ ܃‬B QVU ‫ ۯ‬TF ÍFTUP LBľF EB
KF UP QVU LPKJ JEF PE ÍWPSB ܎૾ EP ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܃‬JMJ EB KF UP ܎૾ ‫ ܃܎ۉ‬QVU /B TMJDJ 
OJ[ ÍWPSPWB #( Ì" 7" #( /4 PCSB[VKF QVU EVľJOF  PE ÍWPSB #( EP
ÍWPSB /4
1VU V HSBGV KF QSPTU BLP TV TWJ ÍWPSPWJ OB UPN QVUV NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUJ
$JLMVT KF QVU ܎૾  ܎૿ Ə ܎‫ ܃܎ ૾˜܃‬UBLBW EB KF ‫  ܃‬QSWJI ‫  ˜ ܃‬ÍWPSPWB TV
 0TOPWOJ QPKNPWJ J EFਫOJDJKF 

NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUJ J ܎૾  ܎‫  ܃‬%SVHJN SFÍJNB DJLMVT V HSBGV KF [BUWPSFO


QSPTU QVU OF SBÍVOBKVÇJ QSWJ J QPTMFEOKJ ÍWPS (SBG LPKJ OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT
TF OB[JWB BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG
4WF PWF EFਫOJDJKF TF QSJSPEOP QSFOPTF OB VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF V[ KFEOV
J[NFOV V QVUV JMJ DJLMVTV TWJ QBSPWJ TVTFEOJI ÍWPSPWB NPSBKV CJUJ QP
WF[BOJ VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB ÍJKJ TF TNFS NPSB QPġUPWBUJ J[NFÑV TVTFEOJI
ÍWPSPWB V QVUV JMJ DJLMVTV /B QSJNFS OJ[ ÍWPSPWB ‫ ۻ ۻ ۼ ۺ ۽ ۺ‬OB TMJDJ 
PCSB[VKF QVU EVľJOF  PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۺ‬EP ÍWPSB ‫ۻ‬
;B HSBG ۧ 
۵ Ƒ  ۤƑ LBľFNP EB KF QPEHSBG HSBGB ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ VLPMJLP KF
۵ ͐ ۵ J ۤƑ ͐ ۤ %SVHJN SFÍJNB HSBG ۧ KF QPEHSBG HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬BLP TV ÍWPSPWJ
Ƒ

HSBGB ۧ QPETLVQ ÍWPSPWB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬B HSBOF HSBGB ۧ TV QPETLVQ HSBOB HSBGB
‫ ۦ‬LPKF TV JODJEFOUOF ÍWPSPWJNB V ۧ  /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS HSBGB
J KFEBO PE OKFHPWJI QPEHSBGPWB

‫ۦ‬ ۧ
   

  

4MJLB  (SBG ‫ ۦ‬J KFEBO PE OKFHPWJI QPEHSBGPWB ۧ 

/FVTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬KF QPWF[BO VLPMJLP ‫ ۦ‬JNB TBNP KFEBO ÍWPS J OJKFE
OV HSBOV
JMJ [B TWBLJ QBS ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ V ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ OFLJ QVU PE ‫ ܍‬EP ܎
1SJNFUJNP EB PWP OF [OBÍJ EB V QPWF[BOPN HSBGV QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFÑV
TWBLB EWB ÍWPSB WFÇ TBNP EB QPTUPKJ QVU NPHVÇF EVHBÍBL
J[NFÑV OKJI
1SJNFUJNP J EB BLP QPTUPKJ ‫ ܎܍‬QVU V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV POEB QPTUPKJ
J ܎‫ ܍‬QVU V UPN HSBGV LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE PCSOVUPH OJ[B ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܎܍‬QVUB
(SBG OB TMJDJ  KF QSJNFS KFEOPH QPWF[BOPH HSBGB 4B ESVHF TUSBOF HSBG
OB TMJDJ  OJKF QPWF[BO HSBG KFS OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO QVU SFDJNP J[NFÑV
ÍWPSPWB  J 
/FQPWF[BO HSBG OB TMJDJ  TF PÍJHMFEOP TBTUPKJ PE EWB QPWF[BOB EFMB
5J EFMPWJ TF OB[JWBKV QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF HSBGB JMJ LSBÇF TBNP LPNQP
OFOUF
LPKF QSFETUBWMKBKV NBLTJNBMOF QPWF[BOF QPEHSBGPWF 1SJNFUJNP

 ,PNQPOFOUB HSBGB KF NBLTJNBMOB V TNJTMV EB OJKF QSBWJ QPEHSBG OJKFEOPH ESVHPH


QPWF[BOPH QPEHSBGB EBUPH HSBGB
  (SBGPWJ

‫ۦ‬

  

  

4MJLB  /FQPWF[BO HSBG

EB TF V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV TWBLJ ÍWPS OBMB[J V UBÍOP KFEOPK PE OKFHPWJI


QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ
%FਫOJDJKB QPWF[BOPTUJ VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB OJKF UBLP QSPTUB LBP [B OF
VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF KFS KF NPHVÇF EB QPTUPKJ QVU PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬EP ÍWPSB ܎ BMJ
OF J PCSOVU QVU PE ÍWPSB ܎ EP ÍWPSB ‫; ܍‬CPH UPHB LBľFNP EB KF VTNFSFO
HSBG KBLP QPWF[BO VLPMJLP [B TWBLB EWB ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ QPTUPKJ QVU PE ‫ ܍‬EP ܎ J
QVU PE ܎ EP ‫ ܍‬/B QSJNFS VTNFSFO HSBG OB TMJDJ  OJKF KBLP QPWF[BO KFS
OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO QVU SFDJNP PE ÍWPSB ۡ EP ÍWPSB ۠

4MPCPEOB TUBCMB 1PWF[BO HSBG LPKJ OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT OB[JWB TF TMP
CPEOP TUBCMP 4MPCPEOB TUBCMB TF SB[MJLVKV PE LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB P LPKJNB
TNP HPWPSJMJ V QPHMBWMKV  KFEJOP QP UPNF ġUP TV LPE TMPCPEOJI TUBCBMB
TWJ ÍWPSPWJ SBWOPQSBWOJ PEOPTOP TMPCPEOB TUBCMB OFNBKV KFEBO QPTFCBO
ÍWPS LPKJ TF [PWF LPSFO
/FLP TMPCPEOP TUBCMP TF MBLP NPľF USBOTGPSNJTBUJ V LPSFOTLP TUBCMP
VLPMJLP TF OBKQSF J[BCFSF QSPJ[WPMKOJ ÍWPS [B LPSFO J [BUJN TF QPWFľV TWJ
ÍWPSPWJ OB ESVHPN LSBKV TWJI HSBOB LPKF JEV PE UPH LPSFOB [BUJN QPWFľV
TWJ ÍWPSPWJ TWJI HSBOB LPKF JEV PE QSFUIPEOJI ÍWPSPWB EFDF LPSFOB
J UBLP
EBMKF 4MJLPWJUJKJ OBÍJO [B SB[VNFWBOKF PWPH QPTUVQLB KF EB [BNJTMJNP EB
HSBOF V TMPCPEOPN TUBCMV QSFETUBWMKBKV LPODF LPKJNB TV QPWF[BOJ ÍWPSPWJ
J EB TF UP TUBCMP QPEJHOF EB WJTJ V WB[EVIV ESľFÇJ HB [B J[BCSBOJ LPSFO
5BLP OB QSJNFS EWB HSBGB OB TMJDJ  QSFETUBWMKBKV [BQSBWP JTUP TUBCMP UK
JNBKV JTUJ TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J JTUJ QBSPWJ ÍWPSPWB TV TQPKFOJ HSBOBNB .FÑVUJN
HSBG OB MFWPK TUSBOJ TMJLF  KF TMPCPEOP TUBCMP EPL KF HSBG OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ
UP TUBCMP USBOTGPSNJTBOP V LPSFOTLP TUBCMP TB ÍWPSPN  LBP LPSFOPN
 1SFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB 

 

 
  


   


4MJLB  4MPCPEOP TUBCMP J LPSFOTLP TUBCMP

6 QSBWPN TNJTMV SFÍJ TUBCMB TV OBKQSPTUJKB WSTUB QPWF[BOJI HSBGPWB


KFS VLMBOKBOKFN CJMP LPKF HSBOF J[ TUBCMB POP QPTUBKF OFQPWF[BOP (SBG
LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE WJġF TUBCBMB UBÍOJKF HSBG ÍJKF TWF QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF
QSFETUBWMKBKV TMPCPEOB TUBCMB TBNB [B TFCF OB[JWB TF ġVNB /B TMJDJ  KF
QSJLB[BO QSJNFS HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKJ KF ġVNB

‫ۦ‬

   

  

  

4MJLB  ĠVNB

 1SFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB


%B CJ TF HSBGPWJ NPHMJ FਫLBTOP LPSJTUJUJ V SBÍVOBSV NPSBKV TF QSFE
TUBWJUJ V QSPHSBNJNB OB OBÍJO LPKJ PCF[CFÑVKF MBLP NBOJQVMJTBOKF ÍWPSP
WJNB J HSBOBNB HSBGPWB /BKQSPTUJKB TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB LPKB TF LPSJTUJ [B
QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB KF NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB .BUSJDB TVTFETUWB KF PCJÍBO
EWPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[ ÍJKJ TV CSPKFWJ SFEPWB J LPMPOB KFEOBLJ CSPKV ÍWPSP
WB HSBGB 0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB [B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB HSBGB OJTV CJUOF
  (SBGPWJ

P[OBLF ÍWPSPWB V HSBGV LPKJN TV POJ PCFMFľFOJ WFÇ KF CJUBO TBNP OKJIPW
VLVQBO CSPK
.BUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B VTNFSFO HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TV
OVNFSJTBOJ V QSPJ[WPMKOPN SFEPTMFEV UBLP EB KF ۵  ]܎૾  Ə  ܎‫ _ ܆‬KFTUF EBLMF
‫ ܆ “ ܆‬NBUSJDB ‫ ۺ‬UBLWB EB KF ‫   ܂܁ۺ‬BLP QPTUPKJ VTNFSFOB HSBOB PE ÍWPSB
܎‫ ܁‬EP ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܂‬B V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV KF ‫   ܂܁ۺ‬/B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO
QSJNFS VTNFSFOPH HSBGB J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

      
     
     
 
     
     
      

4MJLB  6TNFSFO HSBG J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

.BUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B OFVTNFSFO HSBG TF PCSB[VKF OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO UB


LP ġUP TF KFEOB OFVTNFSFOB HSBOB J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB QSFETUBWMKB [BQSBWP
EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB ‫ ۊ‬KFEOPN VTNFSFOPN HSBOPN PE QSWPH EP
ESVHPH ÍWPSB J ESVHPN VTNFSFOPN HSBOPN PE ESVHPH EP QSWPH ÍWPSB
5P [OBÍJ EB KF NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB TJNFUSJÍOB PEOPTOP
‫[ ܁܂ۺ  ܂܁ۺ‬B TWBLP ‫ ܁‬J ‫ ܂‬1PSFE UPHB [B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB
WBľJ EB KF ‫[   ܁܁ۺ‬B TWBLP ‫ ܁‬KFS OFVTNFSFO HSBG OF TBESľJ HSBOFQFUMKF PE
OFLPH ÍWPSB EP JTUPH ÍWPSB /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS OFVTNFSFOPH
HSBGB J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

   
 
    
    
    
 
    
4MJLB  /FVTNFSFO HSBG J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

"LP TF LPSJTUJ SFQSF[FOUBDJKB HSBGB VTNFSFOPH JMJ OFVTNFSFOPH


QP
NPÇV NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB WSFNF QSJTUVQB CJMP LPN FMFNFOUV NBUSJDF KF
LPOTUBOUOP PEOPTOP UP WSFNF OF [BWJTJ PE CSPKB ÍWPSPWB J HSBOB HSBGB
 1SFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB 

;CPH UPHB KF PWBLWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB QPHPEOB V TMVÍBKFWJNB LBEB TF V BM


HPSJUNV ÍFTUP QSPWFSBWB EB MJ OFLB HSBOB QPTUPKJ JMJ OF V HSBGV
(MBWOJ OFEPTUBUBL NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB KF V UP
NF ġUP NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B HSBG PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB [BIUFWB WFMJÍJOV NFNPSJK
TLPH QSPTUPSB é
‫ ૿܆‬ÍBL J [B HSBGPWF TB NBMJN CSPKFN HSBOB ;CPH UPHB
WSFNF QPUSFCOP TBNP [B GPSNJSBOKF DFMF NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB HSBGB J[OPTJ
é
‫ ૿܆‬ÍJNF TF BVUPNBUTLJ OF NPHV EPCJUJ BMHPSJUNJ CSľJ PE é
‫[ ૿܆‬B SBE
TB SFULJN HSBGPWJNB TB SFDJNP ‫ ܆‬HSBOB (SBG KF SFEBL VLPMJLP KF OKFHPW
CSPK HSBOB NBMJ EFP PE OBKWFÇFH NPHVÇFH CSPKB HSBOB /JKF UFġLP QSPWF
SJUJ EB OBKWFÇJ CSPK HSBOB [B VTNFSFO HSBG TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J[OPTJ ‫ ૿܆‬EPL KF
UBK CSPK [B OFVTNFSFO HSBG KFEOBL ‫  ˜ ܆
܆‬
%B CJ TF SFġJP PWBK QSPCMFN [B SFULF HSBGPWF LPSJTUJ TF BMUFSOBUJWOB
SFQSF[FOUBDJKB HSBGPWB QPNPÇV MJTUJ TVTFETUWB 0WB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB JNB OF
LPMJLP WBSJKBDJKB B V OBKQSPTUJKFN PCMJLV TF HSBG QSFETUBWMKB KFEOJN OJ[PN
QPWF[BOJI MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [B TWBLJ ÍWPS HSBGB -JTUB TVTFETUWB [B ÍWPS ܎ KF
MJTUB TWJI ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TV TVTFEOJ ÍWPSV ܎ V HSBGV V OFLPN SFEPTMFEV
6TNFSFO HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ TB TLVQPN ÍWPSPWB ۵  ]܎૾  Ə  ܎‫ _ ܆‬NPľF
TF UBLP QSFETUBWJUJ QPNPÇV KFEOPH OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬QSJ ÍFNV FMFNFOU ‫܁ۺ‬
TBESľJ QPLB[JWBÍ OB MJTUV TVTFETUWB ÍWPSB ܎‫  ܁‬/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB
SFQSF[FOUBDJKB VTNFSFOPH HSBGB OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB

‫ۺ‬
 
  
 
     
 
 


4MJLB  6TNFSFO HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB

/FVTNFSFO HSBG TF MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB QSFETUBWMKB OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO UBLP


ġUP TF KFEOB OFVTNFSFOB HSBOB QSFETUBWMKB EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB
/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB OJ[PN MJTUJ
TVTFETUWB
/JKF UFġLP QSPWFSJUJ EB KF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGB PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSB
OB OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB QPUSFCBO NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS WFMJÍJOF é
‫ ܅ ܆‬
/BJNF OJ[ LPKJN TF QSFETUBWMKBKV ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB PÍJHMFEOP [BV[JNB NF
  (SBGPWJ

‫ۺ‬
 
  
   
   
    

4MJLB  /FVTNFSFO HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB

NPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS WFMJÍJOF é


‫  ܆‬%VľJOF MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [BWJTF PE ÍWPSB EP
ÍWPSB J KFEOBLF TV CSPKV TVTFEB TUFQFOV
QPKFEJOJI ÍWPSPWB "MJ QSJNF
UJNP EB BLP KF ‫ ܍܆‬CSPK TVTFEB ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬POEB KF ˛‫˒܍‬۵ ‫ ܅  ܍܆‬/BJNF
TWBLB HSBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬TF SBÍVOB UBÍOP EWBQVU V PWPN [CJSV KFEOPN [B ‫܍܆‬
J KFEOPN [B ‫  ܎܆‬1PġUP KF PWBK [CJS KFEOBL VLVQOPN CSPKV QVUB LPMJLP TF
SBÍVOB TWBLB HSBOB UBK [CJS KF ‫ ܅‬%SVHJN SFÍJNB VLVQOB EVľJOB TWJI
MJTUJ TVTFETUWB KF ‫ ܅‬PEOPTOP NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS [B TWF MJTUF TVTFETUWB KF
WFMJÍJOF é
‫  ܅‬é
‫ ܅‬
7FMJÍJOB NFNPSJKTLPH QSPTUPSB é
‫[ ܅ ܆‬B OJ[ MJTUJ TVTFETUWB KF NOPHP
NBOKB PE é
‫[ ૿܆‬B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB V TMVÍBKV SFULJI HSBGPWB 4B ESVHF
TUSBOF USFCB JNBUJ V WJEV EB QPUFODJKBMOJ OFEPTUBUBL SFQSF[FOUBDJKF OJ[PN
MJTUJ TVTFETUWB NPľF CJUJ WSFNF PE é
‫ ܆‬LPKF KF QPUSFCOP [B QSPWFSBWBOKF
EB MJ QPTUPKJ PESFÑFOB HSBOB J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB KFS NPľF CJUJ é
‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB
V MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [B CJMP LPKJ ÍWPS

 0CJMB[BL HSBGB


6 QPHMBWMKV  TNP VQP[OBMJ USJ OBÍJOB [B PCJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QP
NPÇV LPKJI TF TWJ ÍWPSPWJ OFLPH TUBCMB NPHV TJTUFNBUJÍOP QPTFUJUJ LSFUB
OKFN EVľ HSBOB TUBCMB PE ÍWPSB EP ÍWPSB ,PE HSBGPWB TF TMJÍBO QSPCMFN
USBEJDJPOBMOP OB[JWB QSFUSBHB HSBGPWB J SFġBWB TF QSJNFOPN EWB NFUPEB
LPKJ TF OB[JWBKV QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV J QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV ;OBÍBK PWJI QPTUV
QBLB QSFUSBHF HSBGPWB KF V UPNF ġUP TF OB OKJNB [BTOJWBKV NOPHJ BMHPSJUNJ
[B SFġBWBOKF QSBLUJÍOJI QSPCMFNB LPKJ TF QSJSPEOP QSFETUBWMKBKV HSBGPWJ
NB
+FEBO PE UBLWJI PTOPWOJI BMHPSJUBNTLJI QSPCMFNB [B HSBG KF QJUBOKF
QPWF[BOPTUJ EWB ÍWPSB ;B HSBG ‫ ۦ‬J EWB OKFHPWB LPOLSFUOB ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬
QSPCMFN ‫ ܌܋‬QPWF[BOPTUJ TBTUPKJ TF V OBMBľFOKV FਫLBTOPH BMHPSJUNB LPKJ
 0CJMB[BL HSBGB 

EBKF PEHPWPS OB TMFEFÇF QJUBOKF EB MJ QPTUPKJ QVU V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP
ÍWPSB ‫ ܌‬0WP QSPTUP QJUBOKF P UPNF EB MJ QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB
NPľF TF QSPġJSJUJ QJUBOKFN EB MJ QPTUPKJ LSBUBL QVU J[NFÑV OKJI /BJNF
V NOPHJN QSJNFOBNB HSBGPWB QPUSFCOP KF QSPOBÇJ QVU J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB
LPKJ JNB OBKNBOKF ‫۔‬TLPLPWB‫ ۓ‬,PE USBOTQPSUOJI JMJ LPNVOJLBDJPOJI NSFľB
OB QSJNFS WSMP KF WBľOP [OBUJ OBKLSBÇJ QVU J[NFÑV EWF UBÍLF
;CPH UPHB TF VWPEJ QPKBN SBTUPKBOKB J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB V HSBGV LPKF
TF EFਫOJġF EB CVEF EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB J[NFÑV OKJI "LP OF QPTUPKJ
OJKFEBO QVU J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB [B OKJIPWP SBTUPKBOKF TF PCJÍOP V[JNB EB KF
CFTLPOBÍOP
1SJNFUJNP EB QPKBN SBTUPKBOKB V HSBGPWJNB OF NPSB PEHP
WBSBUJ HFPHSBGTLPN [OBÍFOKV UPH QPKNB ‫ ۊ‬EWB ÍWPSB NPHV CJUJ OB LSBULPN
SBTUPKBOKV V HSBGV JBLP QSFETUBWMKBKV UBÍLF LPKF HFPHSBGTLJ NPHV CJUJ WSMP
VEBMKFOF

1SFUSBHB V ġJSJOV
.PľEB OBKQSPTUJKJ BMHPSJUBN [B PESFÑJWBOKF ‫ ܌܋‬QPWF[BOPTUJ V HSBGV KF
QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV HSBGB FOHM CSFBEUIझSTU TFBSDI #'4
 5BK QPTUVQBL KF
EPCJP TWPKF JNF QP UPNF ġUP TF QPMB[FÇJ PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬JEF ġUP ġJSF V HSBGV
QPTFÇJWBOKFN ÍWPSPWB V TWJN NPHVÇJN QSBWDJNB V ġJSJOV
1SFDJ[OJKF [B EBUJ HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ J OKFHPW ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬QPMB[J TF PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J
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TF TBTUPKJ PE TWJI OPWJI ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TV TQPKFOJ HSBOPN TB OFLJN ÍWPSPN
J[ QSWPH UBMBTB 5SFÇJ UBMBT TF TBTUPKJ PE TWJI OPWJI ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TV TQPKFOJ
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OV NPHV TF QSFDJ[OJKF EFਫOJTBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
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*NQMFNFOUBDJKB QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV .FUPE QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV [BTOJWB TF


OB JTQJUJWBOKV TVTFEB ÍWPSPWB SBEJ LPOTUSVJTBOKB UBMBTB PULSJWFOJI ÍWPSP
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NFUJNP EB KF SBEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ OJ[ : OVNFSJTBO PE  B OF PE  LBLP
TNP OBWJLMJ *TUP UBLP PQFSBDJKF [B SBE TB PWJN MJTUBNB V BMHPSJUNV OJTV
QJTBOF POBLP EFUBMKOP LBLP KF UP OBWFEFOP V PEFMKLV  /BEBNP TF EB UP
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UPLPN J[WSġBWBOKB TWJI JUFSBDJKB ZKLOH QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV UFMP TQPMKBġOKF
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‫ ܍܆‬P[OBÍBWB CSPK TVTFEB TUFQFO
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IRU QFUMKF KFEOBL ‫  ܍܆‬,BLP TF EBMKF KFEOB JUFSBDJKB UF VOVUSBġOKF IRU QFUMKF
PÍFWJEOP J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF UP KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB VOVUSB
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ۮ‬6LPMJLP PWP WSFNF TBCFSF
NP QP TWJN ÍWPSPWJNB HSBGB EPCJKBNP EBLMF VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
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4UBCMP QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV +FEOP WBľOP TWPKTUWP QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV HSBGB


KF EB TF OB WSMP QSJSPEBO OBÍJO NPľF LPOTUSVJTBUJ TUBCMP ۳ TB LPSFOPN LPKJ
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4UBCMP ۳ TF [PWF TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV J QPTUVQOP TF LPOTUSVJġF LBLP TF
PULSJWBKV ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB UPLPN QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
ۘ 1PÍFUOJ ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬KF LPSFO TUBCMB ۳ 
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1SJNFUJNP EB KF PWBK QPTUVQBL LPOTUSVJTBOKB TUBCMB QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV
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SFEOPH UBMBTB B V[ UP TF EPEBKV J TBNP QPKFEJOF HSBOF LPKF JI TQBKBKV TB
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MJTUPWJ VWFÇBOPH TUBCMB J EB OPWPEPEBUF HSBOF TBNP LPNQMFUJSBKV QVU EP
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QSJMBHPEJUJ LBLP CJ TF VTQVU LPOTUSVJTBMP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV ۳  6
MJTUJOHV  KF QSJLB[BO QSPġJSFO BMHPSJUBN EIV LPKJ TBESľJ OFPQIPEOF J[
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TF QSFUSBHPN V ġJSJOV EBUPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬PULSJWBKV ÍWPSPWJ V UBMBTJNB JTUJN
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4MJLB  4UBCMP ۳ EPCJKFOP QSFUSBHPN V ġJSJOV EBUPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬PE ÍWPSB 

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TUBCMV QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV UK JTQSFLJEBOF MJOJKF
QPWF[VKV ÍWPSPWF LPKJ TF
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OBMB[F JMJ V JTUPN UBMBTV JMJ V TVTFEOJN UBMBTJNB 0WP OJKF TMVÍBKOP J QSFE
TUBWMKB PQġUF TWPKTUWP TUBCMB QSFUSBHF V ġJSJOV OFLPH HSBGB

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EB TF ‫ ܁‬J ‫ ܂‬SB[MJLVKV [B WJġF PE KFEBO 3BEJ PESFÑFOPTUJ OFLB KF ۶‫ ܁‬UBMBT
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۶‫ ૾ ܁‬VLPMJLP UBK ÍWPS OJKF SBOJKF PULSJWFO JMJ ܑ QSJQBEB OFLPN QSFUIPEOPN
UBMBTV VLPMJLP KF UBK ÍWPS WFÇ PULSJWFO 5P [OBÍJ EB NPSB CJUJ ‫  ܁  ܂‬JMJ
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1SFUSBHB V EVCJOV
%SVHJ TJTUFNBUJÍBO OBÍJO [B PCJMB[BL TWJI ÍWPSPWB HSBGB KF QSFUSBHB
V EVCJOV HSBGB FOHM EFQUIझSTU TFBSDI %'4
LPKB KF VPQġUFOKF QPTUVQLB
PCJMBTLB ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB V QSFPSEFS SFEPTMFEV *NF PWPH NFUPEB QPUJÍF
PE UPHB ġUP TF JEF TWF EVCMKF V HSBGV PE QPÍFUOPH ÍWPSB EVľ OFLPH QVUB
TWF EPL TF UBK QVU WJġF OF NPľF OBTUBWJUJ CJMP [BUP ġUP QPTMFEOKJ ÍWPS OF
NB HSBOB LPKF WPEF PE OKFHB JMJ [BUP ġUP TWF HSBOF PE OKFHB WPEF EP WFÇ
QPTFÇFOJI ÍWPSPWB
1SFUSBHB V EVCJOV HSBGB QPETFÇB OB QPTUVQBL LPKJ TF QSJSPEOP QSJNF
OKVKF LBEB TF USBľJ J[MB[ J[ OFLPH MBWJSJOUB 6LPMJLP ÍWPSPWF J HSBOF HSBGB
[BNJTMJNP LBP MBWJSJOU NFÑVTPCOP QPWF[BOJI QSPMB[B LSP[ LPKF USFCB QSP
OBÇJ J[MB[ PE QPÍFUOPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬POEB KF QSJSPEOP QSPCBUJ QSWV HSBOV LPKB
WPEJ PE ‫" ܋‬LP OBT UP WPEJ EP OFLPH ÍWPSB ܎ POEB CJTNP EBMKF TMFEJMJ QSWV
HSBOV LPKB WPEJ PE ܎ 0WBK QPTUVQBL CJTNP [BUJN TMJÍOP OBTUBWJMJ PE ÍWPSB
V LPKJ TNP EPġMJ PE ÍWPSB ܎ TWF EPL NPľFNP J OF EPÑFNP V ‫۔‬ÍPSTPLBL‫ ۓ‬
PEOPTOP EP ÍWPSB ÍJKF TNP TWF TVTFEF WFÇ QSPCBMJ 0OEB CJTNP TF WSBUJMJ
QVUFN LPKJN TNP EPġMJ EP QSWPH ÍWPSB ÍJKF TWF TVTFEF KPġ OJTNP QSPCBMJ J
[BUJN CJTNP PEBUMF QPOPWJMJ JTUJ QPTUVQBL
1SJNFUJNP EB TF PE TWBLPH ÍWPSB QPOBWMKB JTUB BLUJWOPTU TMFEJUJ QSWV
HSBOV LPKB WPEJ EP OFLPH TVTFEOPH ÍWPSB LPKJ OJKF WFÇ QPTFÇFO ;BUP TF
QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV NPľF OBKMBLġF PQJTBUJ V SFLVS[JWOPN PCMJLV V LPKFN
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PWB BLUJWOPTU PEHPWBSB SFLVS[JWOPN QP[JWV BMJ TF FWJEFOJDKB P UPNF LPKJ


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NFS QSPCMFN ‫ ܌܋‬QPWF[BOPTUJ NPľF TF KFEOPTUBWOP SFġJUJ QP[JWPN GIV V 
1PSFE UPHB BMHPSJUBN GIV OF QSPJ[WPEJ OFLJ ‫۔‬PQJQMKJW‫ ۓ‬SF[VMUBU OFHP TB
NP QSPQJTVKF PESFÑFO OBÍJO PCJMBTLB TWJI ÍWPSPWB HSBGB 0WP [BQBľBOKF
TF PEOPTJ J OB BMHPSJUBN EIV J[ QSFUIPEOPH PEFMKLB ‫ ۊ‬LPOTUSVJTBOJ UBMBTJ
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LP [B OFLJ OFQPTFÇFO VMB[OJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬V BMHPSJUNV TF OBKQSF SFHJTUSVKF EB
KF ‫ ܍‬QPTFÇFO B [BUJN TF JTQJUVKV TWJ TVTFEJ ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬QSPWFSBWBOKFN TWBLF
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JTUPH BMHPSJUNB [B ÍWPS ܎ 1PġUP TF QPUQVOP QSPWFSF TWF HSBOF LPKF JEV PE
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0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB SF[VMUBU QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV OJKF KFEOP[OBÍBO J
EB [BWJTJ PE SFEPTMFEB LPKJN TF QPTFÇVKV TVTFEJ OFLPH ÍWPSB V IRU QFUMKJ
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GIV 
 GIV 
GIV 
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GIV 
   GIV 
GIV 
   GIV 
GIV 
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4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF BMHPSJUNB GIV PE ÍWPSB  EBUPH HSBGB

1SFUSBHB V EVCJOV J QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV HSBGB JNBKV OFLF TMJÍOPTUJ J OFLF


SB[MJLF +FEOB TMJÍOPTU PHMFEB TF V ÍJOKFOJDJ EB TF OB PCB OBÍJOB OB LSBKV
PCJÑF UBÍOP POB QPWF[BOB LPNQPOFOUB HSBGB LPKB TBESľJ QPÍFUOJ ÍWPS 1P
SFE UPHB LBP ġUP ÇFNP V OBTUBWLV QPLB[BUJ QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV JNB TMJÍOF
QFSGPSNBOTF LBP QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV B J QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV TF OB QSJSPEBO
OBÍJO NPľF LPOTUSVJTBUJ TUBCMP QPTFÇFOJI ÍWPSPWB TMJÍOP LBP LPE QSFUSBHF
V ġJSJOV
4B ESVHF TUSBOF JBLP TF QSJNFOPN PCB OBÍJOB OBQPTMFULV PCJÑF JTUJ
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V EVCJOV TF EPCJKB QPUQVOP ESVHBÍJKJ SFEPTMFE PCJMBTLB ÍWPSPWB /BJNF
QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV TF PCJÍOP EPCJKBKV WSMP EVHBÍLJ QVUFWJ PE QPÍFUOPH
ÍWPSB PEOPTOP QP[JW BMHPSJUNB GIV X HFOFSJġF MBOBD SFLVS[JWOJI QP[J
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WPEF EP WFÇ QPTFÇFOJI ÍWPSPWB 6 UPN USFOVULV TF SFLVS[JKB ‫۔‬PENPUBWB‫ ۓ‬J


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NPľF TF [BLMKVÍJUJ EB TF UP UFMP J[WSġBWB [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 1SFNB UP
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EB TF TWBLJ QP[JW UPH BMHPSJUNB J[WSġBWB OBKWJġF KFEBOQVU [B TWBLJ ÍWPS
V HSBGV /BJNF ÍJN TF QP[PWF GIV X [B OFLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬PENBI TF UBK ÍWPS
PCFMFľBWB EB KF QPTFÇFO B BMHPSJUBN GIV TF OJLBE QPOPWP OF QP[JWB [B
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WF BMHPSJUNB GIV PE OFLPH QPÍFUOPH ÍWPSB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬KF PHSBOJÍFOP [CJSPN
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WSFNF ‫ ܅ ܆
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ÍWPSPWB J HSBOB HSBGB
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4UBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV 4WBLB QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV HSBGB OB QSJSPEBO


OBÍJO PESFÑVKF KFEOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP LPNQPOFOUF HSBGB LPKB TBESľJ QP
ÍFUOJ ÍWPS QSFUSBHF /BJNF QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV TF TWBLJ ÍWPS UF LPNQP
OFOUF QPTFÇVKF TBNP KFEOPN QB TF OJ OB KFEOPN QVUV PE ÍWPSB EP ÍWPSB
OF GPSNJSB DJLMVT 5P [OBÍJ EB ÍWPSPWJ J HSBOF HSBGB LSP[ LPKF TF QSPMB
[J UPLPN QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV GPSNJSBKV KFEOP TUBCMP LPKF TF OB[JWB TUBCMP
QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV 1SFDJ[OJKF LPSFOTLP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV ۳ TF QP
TUVQOP LPOTUSVJġF LBLP TF QPTFÇVKV ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB UPLPN OKFHPWF QSFUSBHF
V EVCJOV OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
ۘ 1PÍFUOJ ÍWPS QSFUSBHF ‫ ܋‬KF LPSFO TUBCMB ۳ 
ۘ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB TF UPLPN QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV J[WSġBWB QP[JW GIV X
[B OFLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬6LPMJLP TF [B WSFNF UPH J[WSġBWBOKB EJSFLUOP SFLVS
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܎ V TUBCMV ۳ KFS KF ÍWPS ‫۔ ܍‬PEHPWPSBO‫[ ۓ‬B QPTFÇJWBOKF ÍWPSB ܎ 5BLP
TF V TUBCMV ۳ ÍWPSPWJ LPKJ TV EFDB ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬OBMB[F TMFWB OB EFTOP V
SFEPTMFEV QP LPKFN TF BMHPSJUBN GIV EJSFLUOP QP[JWB [B UF ÍWPSPWF
UPLPN J[WSġBWBOKB QP[JWB GIV X 
4MJÍOP QSPġJSFOPN BMHPSJUNV [B QSFUSBHV V ġJSJOV HSBGB PTOPWOJ BMHP
SJUBN GIV [B QSFUSBHV V EVCJOV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬NPľF TF MBLP QSJMBHPEJUJ LBLP CJ TF
VTQVU LPOTUSVJTBMP TUBCMB QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV ۳  1PE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB KF
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HV  QPTUVQOP QSPġJSVKF EPEBWBOKFN ÍWPSPWB J HSBOB LBLP CJ TF EPCJMP
TUBCMB QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB

-JTUJOH  4UBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB


 8OD] ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬X JUDIX ‫ ۦ‬SUHGVWDYOMHQ OLVWDPD VXVHGVWYD
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DOJRULWKP GIV X

S>X@ WUXH  ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬MH SRVHÉHQ


7 7  X  GRGDWL ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬VWDEOX ۳

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IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD ]D ÏYRU X GR
LI S>Y@ IDOVH WKHQ
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GIV Y   UHNXU]LYQD SUHWUDJD X GXELQX RG ÏYRUD ܎


7 7  ^XY`  GRGDWL JUDQX ]‫ _܎ ܍‬VWDEOX ۳

UHWXUQ

/B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV LPKF TF LPOTUSVJġF


QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV LPKB QPÍJOKF PE ÍWPSB  HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬OB TMJDJ  1SF
ÑFOF HSBOF HSBGB TV QSFETUBWMKFOF QVOJN MJOJKBNB EPL TV JTQSFLJEBOJN
MJOJKBNB QSFETUBWMKFOF HSBOF HSBGB LPKF OJTV LPSJġÇFOF UPLPN QSFUSBHF

۳

‫ۦ‬

 
  

  
  
  
 

 

4MJLB  4UBCMP ۳ EPCJKFOP QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV EBUPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬PE ÍWPSB


(SBOF HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TF NPHV LMBTJਫLPWBUJ QSFNB UPNF V LPN PEOPTV TUPKF
TB HSBOBNB TUBCMB QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV ۳ LPKF TF LPOTUSVJġF UPLPN QSFUSBHF
V EVCJOV (SBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬LPKB QSPV[SPLVKF UP EB TF V QP[JWV
GIV X EJSFLUOP SFLVS[JWOP QP[JWB GIV Y OB[JWB TF HSBOB TUBCMB 1VOF
MJOJKF OB TMJDJ  QSFETUBWMKBKV HSBOF TUBCMB
1SJNFUJNP EB JTQSFLJEBOF HSBOF OB TMJDJ  TQBKBKV EWB ÍWPSB LPKB
TUPKF V PEOPTV QSFEBLQPUPNBL V TUBCMV QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV *TQSFLJEBOB
HSBOB KF HSBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬UBLWB EB OJ GIV X OJ GIV Y OF QP[JWBKV
KFEOP ESVHP EJSFLUOP WFÇ JOEJSFLUOP 1PġUP KF JTQSFLJEBOB HSBOB ‫۔‬QSFÍJDB‫ۓ‬
[B QVU OBHPSF PE QPUPNLB EP QSFULB V TUBCMV ۳ POB TF OB[JWB QPWSBUOB
HSBOB +FEOP LPSJTOP [BQBľBOKF V WF[J TB PWJN KFTUF EB KF PWP QPUQVOB
 0CJMB[BL HSBGB 

LMBTJਫLBDJKB HSBOB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB


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KF ‫ ۾‬QPWSBUOB HSBOB
%PLB[ 1SJNFUJNP OBKQSF EB [B EBUJ SFLVS[JWOJ QP[JW GIV X TWJ ÍWPSPWJ
LPKJ TV QPTFÇFOJ J[NFÑV QPÍFULB J [BWSġFULB PWPH QP[JWB QSFETUBWMKBKV
QPUPNLF ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬V TUBCMV ۳ 
1SFUQPTUBWJNP TBEB EB KF ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬HSBOB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKB OJKF HSBOB TUBCMB
۳  3BEJ PESFÑFOPTUJ QSFUQPTUBWJNP KPġ EB TF QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV EPMB[J
EP ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬QSF ÍWPSB ܎ PEOPTOP EB KF ÍWPS ܎ KF V USFOVULV QP[JWB GIV X
CJP OFQPTFÇFO ,BEB TF ÍWPS ܎ JTQJUVKF V QP[JWV GIV X HSBOB ‫_܎ ܍]  ۾‬
TF OFÇF EPEBUJ TUBCMV ۳ KFS ‫ ۾‬QP QSFUQPTUBWDJ OJKF HSBOB TUBCMB "MJ KFEJOJ
SB[MPH [BġUP HSBOB ‫ ۾‬OF CJ CJMB EPEBUB TUBCMV ۳ KF UBK ġUP KF OKFO ESVHJ LSBK
܎ SBOJKF WFÇ QPTFÇFO ,BLP ÍWPS ܎ OJKF CJP QPTFÇFO QSF QPÍFULB QP[JWB
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/B PTOPWV [BQBľBOKB OB QPÍFULV EPLB[B POEB TMFEJ EB KF ÍWPS ܎ QPUPNBL
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4LVQ QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB


%P TBEB TNP HPWPSJMJ P QPWF[BOPK LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB LPKB TBESľJ PESF
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PE OKFHPWJI QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ QPTUBWMKB TF QJUBOKF V LPN PEOPTV
TUPKF PWF LPNQPOFOUF 5BK PEOPT KF J[SBľFO OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
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JMJ EJTKVOLUOF
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POEB PENBI QSFQP[OBKV QPWF[BOJ EFMPWJ PE LPKJI TF HSBG TBTUPKJ 5P OJKF
UFġLP J GPSNBMOP QPLB[BUJ KFS USFCB TBNP JTLPSJTUJUJ ÍJOKFOJDV EB TV LPNQP
OFOUF HSBGB OKFHPWJ QPWF[BOJ EFMPWJ PEOPTOP EB QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFÑV CJMP
LPKB EWB ÍWPSB V KFEOPK LPNQPOFOUJ
1SF TWFHB VLPMJLP QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬V HSBGV POEB TV
QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF LPKF TBESľF ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬JTUJ TLVQ /BJNF TWBLJ ÍWPS ܎ V
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TF PE EWF EFPOJDF EFPOJDF J[NFÑV ‫ ܌‬J ‫ ܋‬J EFPOJDF J[NFÑV ‫ ܋‬J ܎ 1PġUP PWB
BSHVNFOUBDJKB WBľJ J LBEB ÍWPSPWJ ‫ ܋‬J ‫[ ܌‬BNFOF VMPHF OFLJ ÍWPS TF OBMB[J V
  (SBGPWJ

LPNQPOFOUJ LPKB TBESľJ ‫ ܋‬BLP J TBNP BLP TF UBK ÍWPS OBMB[J V LPNQPOFOUJ
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4B ESVHF TUSBOF VLPMJLP OF QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬V HSBGV
POEB OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO ÍWPS ܎ LPKJ TF OBMB[J V QPWF[BOJN LPNQPOFOUBNB
LPKF TBESľF ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬5P KF [BUP ġUP VLPMJLP CJ UBLBW ÍWPS ܎ QPTUPKBP POEB CJ
QVUFWJ PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ J PE ܎ EP ‫ ܌‬PCSB[PWBMJ J QVU J[NFÑV ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬1SFNB UPNF
VLPMJLP OF QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬POEB TV OKJIPWF QPWF[BOF
LPNQPOFOUF EJTKVOLUOF 
0WBK WSMP TUSVLUVSJSBOJ NFÑVTPCOJ PEOPT QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSB
GB NPľF TF JTLPSJTUJUJ [B OKJIPWP FਫLBTOP OBMBľFOKF 1SJSPEOJ BMHPSJUBN KF
EB TF OBKQSF J[BCFSF QSPJ[WPMKOJ ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬J EB TF [BUJN QSFUSBHPN V ġJSJOV JMJ
EVCJOV HSBGB PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬QSPJ[WFEF QPWF[BOB LPNQPOFOUB LPKB TBESľJ UBK
QPÍFUOJ ÍWPS *TUJ QPTUVQBL TF [BUJN QPOBWMKB PE QSPJ[WPMKOPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܌‬LPKJ
OJKF CJP QPTFÇFO QSFUIPEOPN QSFUSBHPN PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬VLPMJLP TF UBLBW ÍWPS
‫ ܌‬VPQġUF NPľF OBÇJ 0QSBWEBOKF [B PWBK QSJTUVQ MFľJ V QSFUIPEOPK MFNJ
QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬TV NFÑVTPCOP EJTKVOLUOF "LP QPTMF
[BWSġFULB ESVHF QSFUSBHF PE ‫ ܌‬KPġ VWFL QPTUPKJ OFLJ ÍWPS ܎ LPKJ OJKF CJP
QPTFÇFO QSFUIPEOJN QSFUSBHBNB JTUJ QPTUVQBL TF QPOBWMKB J PE ÍWPSB ܎ J
UBLP EBMKF TWF EPL TF OF QPTFUF TWJ ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB
/JKF UFġLP QSPWFSJUJ EB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWPH BMHPSJUNB [B OBMBľF
OKF QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB KFEOBLP ‫ ܅ ܆
ۮ‬
6 PWPN PCMJLV TNP SBOJKF J[SB[JMJ WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB [B QSF
USBHF V ġJSJOV J EVCJOV HSBGB BMJ UP WSFNF KF [BQSBWP NBOKF KFS TF V UJN BM
HPSJUNJNB LPSJTUF TBNP ÍWPSPWJ J HSBOF QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF LPKB TBESľJ
QPÍFUOJ ÍWPS QSFUSBHF .BEB TF QSFUSBHB HSBGB V QSFUIPEOPN BMHPSJUNV [B
OBMBľFOKF TWJI QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB NPľF QPOBWMKBUJ WJġF QVUB [B
TWBLV HSBOV JMJ ÍWPS PCBWMKB TF BLUJWOPTU LPOTUBOUOPH WSFNFOB JQBL TBNP
V JUFSBDJKJ V LPKPK TF LPOTUSVJġF QPWF[BOB LPNQPOFUF LPKPK POJ QSJQBEBKV
;CPH UPHB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB QSFUIPEOPH BMHPSJUNB [B OBMBľFOKF TWJI
QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB VLVQOP KFEOBLP ‫ ܅ ܆
ۮ‬

1SJNFS WFMJLB 57 NSFľB


.OPHJ QSBLUJÍOJ QSPCMFNJ LPKJ TF QSFETUBWMKBKV HSBGPWJNB NPHV TF Fਫ
LBTOP SFġJUJ BMHPSJUNPN [B OBMBľFOKF TWJI QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB
+FEBO QSJNFS UBLWPH QSPCMFNB TF EPCJKB VLPMJLP TF [BNJTMJ EB KF HSBGPN
PQJTBOB WFMJLB 57 NSFľB OFLF LPNQBOJKF 6 UPN HSBGV TWBLJ ÍWPS QSFETUB
 0CJMB[BL HSBGB 

WMKB 57 TUBOJDV J TWBLB HSBOB QSFETUBWMKB EWPTNFSOJ LPNVOJLBDJPOJ LBOBM


J[NFÑV EWF TUBOJDF LPKJN TV POF EJSFLUOP [FNBMKTLJ QPWF[BOF J NPHV EB
NFÑVTPCOP QSJNBKV TJHOBM KFEOB PE ESVHF /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS
KFEOF 57 NSFľF V PCMJLV OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB

‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬

‫ۺ‬

4MJLB  57 NSFľB QSFETUBWMKFOB HSBGPN 57 TUBOJDB

6LPMJLP 57 NSFľB VľJWP QSFOPTJ OFLJ WFMJLJ TWFUTLJ EPHBÑBK OB QSJNFS


TWFUTLP GVECBMTLP QSWFOTUWP
EJSFLUOJ QSFOPTJ TF PCBWMKBKV QSFLP TBUBMJUB
KFS KF 57 NSFľB HFPHSBGTLJ WSMP SBTQSPTUSBOKFOB 4BUFMJU NPľF EB QSFOPTJ
TJHOBM EP CJMP LPKF 57 TUBOJDF B LBEB OFLB 57 TUBOJDB QSJNJ TJHOBM PE
TBUFMJUB POB HB NPľF EBMKF [FNBMKTLJ FNJUPWBUJ EP TVTFEOJI 57 TUBOJDB
/B QSJNFS BLP TUBOJDF ‫ ۻ ۺ‬J ‫ ۼ‬OB TMJDJ  JTUPWSFNFOP EPCJKBKV TJHOBM PE
TBUFMJUB J EJGV[OP HB SFFNJUVKV TWF PTUBMF TUBOJDF V NSFľJ ÇF EPCJUJ TJHOBM
EJSFLUOPH QSFOPTB
;FNBMKTLP FNJUPWBOKF TJHOBMB KF NOPHP KFऺJOJKF PE TBUFMJUTLPH QSFOP
TB ;BUP KF QPUSFCOP PESFEJUJ NJOJNBMBO CSPK 57 TUBOJDB LPKF NPSBKV EB
EPCJKV TJHOBM PE TBUFMJUB LBLP CJ J TWF PTUBMF 57 TUBOJDF V NSFľJ NPHMF
QSJNJUJ JTUJ TJHOBM +BTOP KF EB TF PEHPWPS OB QJUBOKF LPMJLJ KF PWBK NJOJ
NBMOJ CSPK TWPEJ OB OBMBľFOKF CSPKB QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKJ
QSFETUBWMKB 57 NSFľV 1SFDJ[OJKF SFÍFOP HSBGPWTLJ QSPCMFN ÍJKF TF FਫLB
TOP SFġFOKF USBľJ KF EB TF TWBLPN ÍWPSV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬QSJESVľJ CSPK UBLBW EB TWJ
ÍWPSPWJ V KFEOPK QPWF[BOPK LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬EPCJKV JTUJ SFEOJ CSPK UF
LPNQPOFOUF
3FġFOKF PWPH QSPCMFNB KF EBUP BMHPSJUNPN FRQQHFWHGFRPSRQHQWV V
MJTUJOHV  J QP TUSVLUVSJ KF WSMP TMJÍOP PTOPWOPN BMHPSJUNV [B OBMBľFOKF
TWJI QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB 6 BMHPSJUNV
FRQQHFWHGFRPSRQHQWV TF [B CSPKFWF QSJESVľFOF ÍWPSPWJNB LPSJTUJ HMP
  (SBGPWJ

CBMOJ OJ[ ‫ ۼ‬WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬0WJ CSPKFWJ LPNQPOFOUJ TF ÍWPSPWJNB EPEFMKVKV OB


PTOPWV HMPCBMOPH CSPKBÍB ‫ ܃‬LPKJN TF QSFCSPKBWBKV QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFO
UF HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬3F[VMUBU BMHPSJUNB TV EBLMF FMFNFOUJ OJ[B ‫ ۼ‬UBLWJ EB [B TWBLJ
ÍWPS ܎ V HSBGV WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎ۼ‬QSFETUBWMKB SFEOJ CSPK LPNQPOFOUF ÍWPSB ܎ ;B
PULSJWBOKF KFEOF LPNQPOFOUF HSBGB TF SBEJ PESFÑFOPTUJ LPSJTUJ QSFUSBHB
V EVCJOV HSBGB 0OB KF V MJTUJOHV  SFBMJ[PWBOB BMHPSJUNPN GIVFF LPKJ
KF QSJMBHPÑFO UBLP EB TF TWBLPN QPTFÇFOPN ÍWPSV QSJESVľVKF SFEOJ CSPK
OKFHPWF LPNQPOFOUF

-JTUJOH  4WF QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF HSBGB

 8OD] JUDI ‫ ۦ‬SUHGVWDYOMHQ OLVWDPD VXVHGVWYD


 ,]OD] QL] ‫ ۼ‬WDNDY GD MH ‫ ܎ۼ‬EURM NRPSRQHQWH ÏYRUD ܎
DOJRULWKP FRQQHFWHGFRPSRQHQWV *

 6YL ÏYRURYL VX SRÏHWQR QHSRVHÉHQL


IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X QL]X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD * GR
S>Y@ IDOVH

N   EURMDÏ SRYH]DQLK NRPSRQHQWL JUDID ‫ۦ‬

 ,VSLWDWL VYH ÏYRURYH JUDID ‫ۦ‬


IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X QL]X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD * GR
LI S>Y@ IDOVH WKHQ
N N    ÏYRU ܎ MH X QRYRM NRPSRQHQWL JUDID ‫ۦ‬
GIVFF Y   QRYD SUHWUDJD X GXELQX RG ÏYRUD ܎

UHWXUQ F

-JTUJOH  +FEOB QPWF[BOB LPNQPOFOUB HSBGB

 8OD] ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬X JUDIX ‫ ۦ‬SUHGVWDYOMHQ OLVWDPD VXVHGVWYD


 ,]OD] EURM ‫ ܍ۼ‬GRGHOMHQ VYLP ÏYRURYLPD NRPSRQHQWH ÏYRUD ‫܍‬
DOJRULWKP GIVFF X

S>X@ WUXH  ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬MH SRVHÉHQ


F>X@ N  ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬SULSDGD DNWXHOQRM NRPSRQHQWL
 0CJMB[BL VTNFSFOPH HSBGB 

 ,VSLWDWL VYH VXVHGH ÏYRUD ‫܍‬


IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD ]D ÏYRU X GR
LI S>Y@ IDOVH WKHQ
GIVFF Y   UHNXU]LYQD SUHWUDJD RG ÏYRUD ܎

UHWXUQ

7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB FRQQHFWHGFRPSRQHQWV BTJNQUPUTLJ KF


PÍJHMFEOP KFEOBLP WSFNFOV J[WSġBWBOKB PTOPWOPH BMHPSJUNB [B OBMBľFOKF
CSPKB QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ HSBGB PEOPTOP UP WSFNF KF ‫ ܅ ܆
ۮ‬

 0CJMB[BL VTNFSFOPH HSBGB


1PETFUJNP TF EB TV HSBOF V VTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB VTNFSFOF PE KFE
OPH EP ESVHPH ÍWPSB HSBOB
‫ ܎ ܍‬JNB TNFS PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬EP ÍWPSB ܎ 0WBK
BTJNFUSJÍOJ PEOPT J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB QSPJ[WPEJ LWBMJUBUJWOP SB[MJÍJU FGFLBU
OB TUSVLUVSV VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB 1PTNBUSBKNP OB QSJNFS *OUFSOFU J[ HSB
GPWTLF QFSTQFLUJWF LBP KFEBO WFMJLJ LPNQMJLPWBO HSBG ÍJKJ ÍWPSPWJ QSFETUB
WMKBKV QPKFEJOF WFC TUSBOF B HSBOF QSFETUBWMKBKV NFÑVTPCOF IJQFSMJOLPWF
1SFHMFEBOKF *OUFSOFUB TF POEB TWPEJ OB QSBÇFOKF OJ[B HSBOB V PWPN VTNF
SFOPN HSBGV QSJ ÍFNV KF TNFS HSBOB PE TVġUJOTLF WBľOPTUJ KFS PCJÍOP OJKF
NPHVÇF ‫۔‬VOB[BE‫ ۓ‬QSBUJUJ IJQFSMJOLPWF LPKJ WPEF UP EBUF TUSBOF
7BľOPTU TNFSB HSBOB PESBľBWB TF EBLMF OB CJUOP ESVHBÍJKJ QPKBN QPWF
[BOPTUJ V VTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB OFHP V OFVTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB 6 VTNF
SFOPN HSBGV KF NPHVÇF EB PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬QPTUPKJ QVU EP ÍWPSB ‫ ܌‬BMJ OF J QVU
PE ‫ ܌‬EP ‫ ܋‬5P TF POEB QSFOPTJ OB TMPľFOJKJ QPKBN QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ
VTNFSFOPH HSBGB J [BUP TF QPTNBUSB TWPKTUWP KBLF QPWF[BOPTUJ VTNFSFOJI
HSBGPWB +BLB QPWF[BOPTU VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB PUQSJMJLF PEHPWBSB PCJÍOPK
QPWF[BOPTUJ OFVTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB VTNFSFO HSBG KF KBLP QPWF[BO BLP [B
TWBLB EWB OKFHPWB ÍWPSB QPTUPKJ QVU PE KFEOPH EP ESVHPH ÍWPSB BMJ J PCS
OVU QVU PE ESVHPH EP QSWPH ÍWPSB
4LPSP TWJ ESVHJ PTOPWOJ QPKNPWJ J BMHPSJUNJ [B OFVTNFSFOF HSBGPWF
JQBL TF WSMP QSJSPEOP NPHV QSJMBHPEJUJ [B VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF 0WP TQFDJ
ਫÍOP WBľJ J [B BMHPSJUNF [B QSFUSBHV V EVCJOV J ġJSJOV LPKJ TF V[ OF[OBUOF
J[NFOF NPHV QSJNFOJUJ [B VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF
  (SBGPWJ

1SFUSBHB VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB TF LPODFQUVBMOP OF SB[MJLVKF PE QSFUSBHF


OFVTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB KFS TF KFEJOP NFOKB JOUFSQSFUBDJKB QPKNB ‫۔‬TVTFEOJ
ÍWPS‫ ۓ‬,PE VTNFSFOPH HSBGB ÍWPS ܎ KF TVTFEBO ÍWPSV ‫ ܍‬BLP QPTUPKJ VTNF
SFOB HSBOB
‫"  ܎ ܍‬MJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬OJKF BVUPNBUTLJ TVTFEBO ÍWPSV ܎ PTJN BLP OF
QPTUPKJ J HSBOB
܎ ‫"  ܍‬LP TF V[NF V PC[JS PWB QSPNFOB JOUFSQSFUBDJKF SFMB
DJKF TVTFETUWB PTOPWOJ BMHPSJUNJ EIV J GIV NPHV TF CF[ J[NFOF QSJNFOJUJ
J [B VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF 1PSFE UPHB OB JEFOUJÍBO OBÍJO TF NPľF QPLB[BUJ
EB KF OKJIPWP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B VTNFSFO HSBG TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB
UBLPÑF KFEOBLP ‫ ܅ ܆
ۮ‬
6 OBTUBWLV PWPH QPHMBWMKB TF [BUP VTSFETSFÑVKFNP TBNP OB QSFUSBHV
V EVCJOV VTNFSFOPH HSBGB ‫ ۊ‬QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV TF NPľF TMJÍOP BOBMJ[JSBUJ
/B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  JMVTUSPWBOP KF J[WSġBWBOKF PTOPWOPH BMHPSJUNB GIV
[B KFEBO VTNFSFO HSBG

GIV 

GIV 
GIV 
   GIV 
GIV 
   GIV 
GIV 
GIV 
  
GIV 
GIV 
 GIV 

4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF BMHPSJUNB GIV PE ÍWPSB  EBUPH VTNFSFOPH HSBGB

/B QPUQVOP JTUJ OBÍJO LBP LPE OFVTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB NPľF TF LPOTUSVJ


TBUJ TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV [B VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF BLP TF UPLPN J[WSġBWB
OKB GIV X EJSFLUOP QP[JWB GIV Y TUBCMV TF EPEBKF ÍWPS ܎ J HSBOB TUBCMB
LPKB ܎ QPWF[VKF TB ‫ ܍‬UBLP EB ÍWPS ܎ CVEF EFUF ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬V TUBCMV %SVHJN
SFÍJNB TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV ۳ LPKF TF JOEVLVKF QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV
HSBGB ‫[ ۦ‬BQSBWP KF TUBCMP SFLVS[JWOJI QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB GIV LPKF TF EPCJKB
PE QPÍFUOPH QP[JWB UPH BMHPSJUNB [B OFLJ ÍWPS HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/B TMJDJ  KF
QSJLB[BOP TUBCMP EPCJKFOP QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV LPKB PEHPWBSB QSJNFSV OB
TMJDJ 
.BEB TV BMHPSJUNJ QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV VTNFSFOJI J OFVTNFSFOJI HSBGP
 0CJMB[BL VTNFSFOPH HSBGB 

۳


‫ۦ‬
  


  

  
  


  





4MJLB  4UBCMP ۳ EPCJKFOP QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV EBUPH VTNFSFOPH HSBGB


‫ ۦ‬PE ÍWPSB 

WB LPODFQUVBMOP WSMP TMJÍOJ OKJIPWP J[WSġBWBOKF QSPJ[WPEJ QSJMJÍOP SB[MJÍJU


FGFLBU 1SWP QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV NPľF QSPJ[WFTUJ ġVNV TUBCBMB ÍBL J LBEB KF
VTNFSFO HSBG QPWF[BO /B QSJNFS EB TNP QSFUSBHV V EVCJOV OB TMJDJ 
QPÍFMJ PE ÍWPSB  EPCJMJ CJTNP ġVNV PE EWB TUBCMB JMJ WJġF OKJI %SVHP V
TMVÍBKV OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB QPLB[BMJ TNP EB HSBOF HSBGB LPKF OJTV HSBOF
TUBCMB QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV PCBWF[OP QPWF[VKV OFLJ ÍWPS TB KFEOJN PE OKFHP
WJI QSFEBLB V TUBCMV %SVHJN SFÍJNB HSBOF OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB LPKF OJTV
HSBOF TUBCMB VWFL TV QPWSBUOF HSBOF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF HSBOF VTNFSFOPH
HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬V PEOPTV OB OKFHPWP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV ۳ NPHV CJUJ KFEOPH
PE TMFEFÇB USJ UJQB
 %JSFLUOB HSBOB 5P KF VTNFSFOB HSBOB
‫ ܎ ܍‬V ‫ ۦ‬LPKB OJKF HSBOB
TUBCMB ۳ UBLWB EB KF ÍWPS ܎ QSBWJ QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬BMJ OJKF EFUF ÍWPSB
‫ ܍‬V ۳  /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  HSBOB
  KF EJSFLUOB HSBOB
 1PWSBUOB HSBOB 5P KF VTNFSFOB HSBOB
‫ ܎ ܍‬V ‫ ۦ‬LPKB OJKF HSBOB TUB
CMB ۳ UBLWB EB KF ÍWPS ܎ QSFEBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬V ۳ ‫ ܎  ܍‬KF EP[WPMKFOP

/B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  HSBOB
  KF QPWSBUOB HSBOB 0CSBUJUF QB
ľOKV OB UP EB TF QFUMKF LPKF TV EP[WPMKFOF V VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWJNB
  (SBGPWJ

TNBUSBKV QPWSBUOJN HSBOBNB


 1PQSFÍOB HSBOB 5P KF VTNFSFOB HSBOB
‫ ܎ ܍‬V ‫ ۦ‬LPKB OJKF HSBOB
TUBCMB ۳ UBLWB EB ÍWPS ܎ OJKF OJ QSFEBL OJ QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬V ۳ 
%SVHBÍJKF SFÍFOP QPQSFÍOB HSBOB KF QSFPTUBMJ UJQ VTNFSFOJI HSBOB
V ‫ ۦ‬LPKF OJTV HSBOF TUBCMB ۳  /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  HSBOB
 
KF QPQSFÍOB HSBOB 1SJNFUJNP EB QPQSFÍOF HSBOF NPHV QPWF[JWBUJ
ÍWPSPWF SB[MJÍJUJI TUBCBMB V ġVNJ ;BUP V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV [B PESFÑF
OV QPQSFÍOV HSBOV
‫ ܎ ܍‬OF NPSB CJUJ UBÍOP EB ÍWPSPWJ ‫ ܍‬J ܎ JNBKV
[BKFEOJÍLPH QSFULB
1SJNFUJNP OB TMJDJ  EB QPQSFÍOB HSBOB
  JNB TNFS [EFTOB OB
MFWP 5P OJKF TMVÍBKOPTU J WBľJ V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV TWBLB QPQSFÍOB HSBOB JNB
TNFS [EFTOB OB MFWP ÍBL J V ġVNJ TUBCBMB QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV
%B CJTNP UP QPLB[BMJ OFLB KF
‫ ܎ ܍‬QPQSFÍOB HSBOB J QPTNBUSBKNP QP
[JW GIV X  0ÍFWJEOP KF ÍWPS ܎ QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬V TUBCMV QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV
BLP J TBNP BLP KF ÍWPS ܎ EPEBU V TUBCMP J[NFÑV WSFNFOB QPÍFULB J[WSġBWB
OKB GIV X J WSFNFOB [BWSġFULB J[WSġBWBOKB GIV X  6 UPN WSFNFOTLPN
JOUFSWBMV EP USFOVULB LBEB TF UPLPN J[WSġBWBOKB GIV X QSPWFSBWB HSBOB

‫ ܎ ܍‬ÍWPS ܎ KF NPSBP CJUJ WFÇ QPTFÇFO KFS


‫ ܎ ܍‬OJKF HSBOB TUBCMB 1SFNB
UPNF ÍWPS ܎ KF NPSBP CJUJ QPTFÇFO SBOJKF V UPLV J[WSġBWBOKB GIV X JMJ
QSF QP[JWB GIV X  "MJ QSWJ TMVÍBK KF OFNPHVÇ KFS CJ V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV
ÍWPS ܎ CJP QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬%BLMF ÍWPS ܎ KF CJP EPEBU V TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V
EVCJOV QSF ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬B QPġUP TF ÍWPSPWJ EPEBKV V SFEPTMFEV TMFWB OB EFTOP
܎ NPSB CJUJ MFWP PE ‫܍‬

6TNFSFOJ BDJLMJÍLJ HSBGPWJ


"LP OFVTNFSFO HSBG OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT POEB JNB WSMP QSPTUV TUSVL
UVSV ġVNF TWF OKFHPWF QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF TV TUBCMB "MJ [B VTNFSFO
HSBG KF NPHVÇF EB OFNB OJKFEBO VTNFSFO
DJLMVT J EB JNB TMPľFOV TUSVL
UVSV /B QSJNFS VTNFSFO HSBG CF[ DJLMVTB TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB NPľF JNBUJ WFMJLJ
CSPK HSBOB SFEB é
‫ ૿܆‬EPL TUBCMP OFVTNFSFO HSBG CF[ DJLMVTB
TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSP
WB JNB ‫۔‬TBNP‫  ˜ ܆ ۓ‬HSBOV 6TNFSFO HSBG CF[ DJLMVTB TF TUBOEBSEOP OB[JWB
VTNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG 6"(
J KFEBO QSJNFS UBLWPH HSBGB KF QSJLB[BO OB
TMJDJ 
6TNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG TF V SBÍVOBSTUWV ÍFTUP LPSJTUJ [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF
VTMPWOPH SFEPTMFEB OFLJI [BEBUBLB QP LPKFN TF POJ NPSBKV [BWSġBWBUJ
/B QSJNFS QSJMJLPN [JEBOKB OFLF [HSBEF QSWJ TQSBU TF NPSB J[HSBEJUJ QSF
 0CJMB[BL VTNFSFOPH HSBGB 

 

  

 

4MJLB  6TNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG

ESVHPH TQSBUB BMJ FMFLUSJÍOJ LBCMPWJ TF NPHV QPTUBWJUJ V JTUP WSFNF EPL TF
JOTUBMJSBKV QSP[PSJ OB KFEOPN TQSBUV %SVHJ QSJNFS KF QSPHSBN TUVEJSBOKB
OB OFLPN GBLVMUFUV HEF TV OFLJ QSFENFUJ QSFEVTMPWJ [B QPMBHBOKF ESVHJI
QSFENFUB +Pġ KFEBO QSJNFS KF LPMFLDJKB QBSBMFMOJI QSPDFTB PE LPKJI TF
TBTUPKJ OFLJ SBÍVOBSTLJ QSPHSBN UBLP EB J[MB[ OFLPH QSPDFTB QSFETUBWMKB
VMB[ [B OFLJ ESVHJ QSPDFT J [BUP TF QSWJ QSPDFT NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF QPÍFULB
ESVHPH
1SJSPEOJ NPEFM PWBLWJI TUSVLUVSB [BWJTOPTUJ TV VTNFSFOJ BDJLMJÍLJ HSB
GPWJ VTNFSFOB HSBOB PE OFLPH [BEBULB ‫ ۺ‬EP ESVHPH [BEBULB ‫ ۻ‬QSFETUBWMKB
VTMPW EB TF ‫ ۺ‬NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF OFHP ġUP TF NPľF QPÍFUJ ‫ ۻ‬/B TMJDJ 
KF JMVTUSPWBOB TUSVLUVSB [BWJTOPTUJ QFU [BEBUBLB 6 UPN QSJNFSV SFDJNP
[BEBUBL ‫ ۼ‬TF NPľF PCBWJUJ TBNP LBEB TV [BEBDJ ‫ ۺ‬J ‫[ ۻ‬BWSġFOJ
‫ۺ‬ ‫ۼ‬

‫۾‬

‫ۻ‬ ‫۽‬

4MJLB  6TNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG [BWJTOPTUJ QFU [BEBUBLB

6 PQġUFN TMVÍBKV QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB JNBNP TLVQ [BEBUBLB ]  Ə  ‫_܆‬


LPKF USFCB PCBWJUJ J EB QPTUPKF [BWJTOPTUJ NFÑV OKJNB UBLWF EB [B J[WFTOF
QBSPWF [BEBUBLB ‫ ܁‬J ‫ ܂‬JNBNP VTMPW EB TF ‫ ܁‬NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF QPÍFULB ‫ ܂‬0WB
LBW TLVQ NFÑVTPCOP [BWJTOJI [BEBUBLB NPľF TF QSFETUBWJUJ VTNFSFOJN
HSBGPN ‫ ۦ‬TB ÍWPSPWJNB LPKJ QSFETUBWMKBKV QPKFEJOF [BEBUBLF J HSBOBNB

‫ ܂ ܁‬LPKF QSFETUBWMKBKV VTMPW EB TF ‫ ܁‬NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF QPÍFULB ‫܂‬


0ÍJHMFEOP EB CJ PWB SFMBDJKB NFÑVTPCOF [BWJTOPTUJ [BEBUBLB VPQġUF
JNBMB TNJTMB EPCJKFOJ VTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬NPSB CJUJ BDJLMJÍLJ KFS VLPMJLP ‫ۦ‬
  (SBGPWJ

TBESľJ OFLJ DJLMVT ۢ POEB OF QPTUPKJ OBÍJO EB TF VSBEJ OJKFEBO [BEBUBL V


ۢ /BJNF LBLP TWBLJ [BEBUBL V DJLMVTV ۢ JNB OFLJ ESVHJ [BEBUBL LPKJ TF
QSFUIPEOP NPSB [BWSġJUJ OJKFEBO [BEBUBL V ۢ TF OF NPľF PCBWJUJ KFS TF
OJKFEBO [BEBUBL OF NPľF [BQPÍFUJ
6LPMJLP VTNFSFO HSBG [BWJTOPTUJ [BEBUBLB OFNB DJLMVTF QSJSPEOP KF
POEB USBľJUJ SFEPTMFE UJI [BEBUBLB QP LPKFN TF POJ NPHV PCBWJUJ UBLP EB
TWF NFÑVTPCOF [BWJTOPTUJ [BEBUBLB CVEV QPġUPWBOF 5BLBW JTQSBWBO SFEP
TMFE [BEBUBLB TF OB[JWB UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE 1SFDJ[OJKF UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE
VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB KF OFLJ MJOFSBOJ QPSFEBL OKF
HPWJI ÍWPSPWB V OJ[V ܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܆‬UBLP EB [B TWBLV HSBOV
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬WBľJ ‫܂  ܁‬
4MJLPWJUP SFÍFOP TWF HSBOF HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TV VTNFSFOF TMFWB OB EFTOP VLPMJLP TF
OKFHPWJ ÍWPSPWJ OBDSUBKV EVľ IPSJ[POUBMOP MJOJKF V UPQPMPġLPN SFEPTMFEV
/B QSJNFS UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE HSBGB OB TMJDJ  KF ‫ ۾ ۽ ۼ ۻ ۺ‬ġUP KF PENBI
VPÍMKJWP VLPMJLP TF JTUJ HSBG OBDSUB LBP OB TMJDJ  0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP
EB UBK MJOFBSOJ QPSFEBL ÍWPSPWB OJKF KFEJOTUWFO ‫ ۊ‬ESVHJ OBÍJO [B UPQPMPġLJ
SFEPTMFE JTUPH HSBGB KF ‫۾ ۼ ۺ ۽ ۻ‬

‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫۾‬

4MJLB  5PQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE HSBGB OB TMJDJ 

5PQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE VTNFSFOPH HSBGB [BWJTOPTUJ [BEBUBLB PCF[CFÑVKF


EBLMF SFEPTMFE QP LPKFN TF POJ NPHV CF[CFEOP VSBEJUJ ‫ ۊ‬LBEB USFCB QPÍFUJ
OFLJ [BEBUBL TWJ [BEBDJ LPKJ TV OKFHPWJ QSFEVTMPWJ TJHVSOP TV WFÇ [BWSġFOJ
6 TUWBSJ QPTNBUSBOP J[ BQTUSBLUOJKFH VHMB UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE VTNFSFOPH
HSBGB QSFETUBWMKB EPLB[ EB KF HSBG BDJLMJÍLJ

-FNB "LP VTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬JNB UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE POEB ‫ ۦ‬OFNB OJKFEBO
DJLMVT

%PLB[ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP SBEJ LPOUSBEJLDJKF EB ‫ ۦ‬JNB KFEBO UPQPMPġLJ SFEP


TMFE TWPKJI ÍWPSPWB ܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܆‬J EB V ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ DJLMVT ۢ /FLB KF ܎‫ ܂‬ÍWPS
V ۢ TB OBKNBOKJN JOEFLTPN J OFLB KF ܎‫ ܁‬ÍWPS V ۢ LPKJ OFQPTSFEOP QSFUIP
EJ ÍWPSV ܎‫  ܂‬5P [OBÍJ EB KF
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬KFEOB PE HSBOB V ‫" ۦ‬MJ UP EPWPEJ EP
QSPUJWSFÍOPTUJ KFS POEB NPSB CJUJ UBÍOP EB KF ‫[ ܂  ܁‬BUP ġUP TWBLB HSBOB
[B UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE ÍWPSPWB JEF PE ÍWPSB TB NBOKJN JOEFLTPN QSFNB
 0CJMB[BL VTNFSFOPH HSBGB 

ÍWPSV TB WFÇJN JOEFLTPN LBP J EB KF ‫[ ܁  ܂‬BUP ġUP TV ܎‫ ܂‬J ܎‫ ܁‬ÍWPSPWJ V ۢ J


܎‫ ܂‬KF ÍWPS V ۢ TB OBKNBOKJN JOEFLTPN 
1SFNB UPNF QPTUPKBOKF UPQPMPġLPH SFEPTMFEB VTNFSFOPH HSBGB KF EP
WPMKBO VTMPW EB UBK HSBG OFNB DJLMVTF 5BK LSJUFSJKVN NPľF QPOFLBE CJUJ
WSMP LPSJTUBO KFS TF WJ[VFMOP NPľF MBLP QPLB[BUJ EB KF HSBG BDJLMJÍLJ /B
QSJNFS OJKF PENBI KBTOP UP EB HSBG OB TMJDJ  OFNB DJLMVTF BMJ BLP
TF JTUJ HSBG QSJLBľF V UPQPMPġLPN SFEPTMFEV LBP OB TMJDJ  POEB KF UP
PÍJHMFEOP QPġUP TWF HSBOF JEV TMFWB OB EFTOP

      

4MJLB  5PQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE HSBGB OB TMJDJ 

/BMBľFOKF UPQPMPġLPH SFEPTMFEB 5FľF QJUBOKF [B VTNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ


HSBG KF PCSOVUP PE POPH OB LPKF PEHPWPS EBKF QPTMFEOKB MFNB EB MJ TWBLJ
VTNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG JNB UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE "LP KF UP TMVÍBK EPEBUOP
CJ CJMP WSMP LPSJTOP JNBUJ FਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN [B OBMBľFOKF KFEOPH UPQPMP
ġLPH SFEPTMFEB EBUPH VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB KFS POEB CJ TF [B TWBLV
SFMBDJKV [BWJTOPTUJ OBE TLVQPN [BEBUBLB CF[ DJLMVTB NPHBP FਫLBTOP OBÇJ
SFEPTMFE QP LPKFN TF UJ [BEBDJ NPHV CF[CFEOP PCBWJUJ 0EHPWPS OB QSFU
IPEOP QJUBOKF KF QPUWSEBO J V TUWBSJ UP ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ OB LPOTUSVLUJWBO
OBÍJO %SVHJN SFÍJNB QPLB[BÇFNP KFEBO FਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN LPKJN TF [B
EBUJ VTNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG QSPOBMB[J OKFHPW UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE
"MHPSJUBN [B OBMBľFOKF UPQPMPġLPH SFEPTMFEB VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH
HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TMJÍBO KF BMHPSJUNV [B OBMBľFOKF QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ OFVTNF
SFOPH HSBGB PTJN ġUP OJKF TWFKFEOP LPKB QSFUSBHB HSBGB TF LPSJTUJ OFHP
TF NPSB LPSJTUJUJ QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV 0QġUJ QSJTUVQ KF EBLMF EB TF OBKQSF
J[BCFSF QSPJ[WPMKOJ ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬V ‫ ۦ‬J EB TF [BUJN QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV PE ÍWP
SB ‫ ܋‬QPTFUF TWJ ÍWPSPWJ V ‫ ۦ‬LPKJ TV EPTUVQOJ PE UPH QPÍFUOPH ÍWPSB *TUJ
  (SBGPWJ

QPTUVQBL TF [BUJN QPOBWMKB PE QSPJ[WPMKOPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܌‬LPKJ OJKF CJP QPTFÇFO


QSFUIPEOPN QSFUSBHPN PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬VLPMJLP TF UBLBW ÍWPS ‫ ܌‬VPQġUF NPľF
OBÇJ "LP QPTMF [BWSġFULB ESVHF QSFUSBHF PE ‫ ܌‬KPġ VWFL QPTUPKJ OFLJ ÍWPS
܎ LPKJ OJKF CJP QPTFÇFO QSFUIPEOJN QSFUSBHBNB JTUJ QPTUVQBL TF QPOBWMKB
J PE ÍWPSB ܎ J UBLP EBMKF TWF EPL TF OF QPTFUF TWJ ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB /B PWBK
OBÍJO TF JOEVLVKF ġVNB TUBCBMB QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV TB LPSFOJNB ‫ ܌ ܋‬J UBLP
EBMKF
;B SB[VNFWBOKF PWPH BMHPSJUNB KF OBKWBľOJKB ÍJOKFOJDB UP EB KFEOP
TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV V TVġUJOJ QSFETUBWMKB TUBCMP SFLVS[JWOJI QP[JWB
BMHPSJUNB GIV PE QPÍFUOPH QP[JWB UPH BMHPSJUNB [B OFLJ ÍWPS ,BLP TF [B
TWBLJ ÍWPS ܎ QPÍFUBL J [BWSġFUBL QP[JWB GIV Y PEJHSBWBKV V EJTLSFUOJN
WSFNFOTLJN USFOVDJNB UP TF OB WSFNFOTLPK PTJ NPľF QSBUJUJ J[WSġBWBOKF
DFMPLVQOPH QSFUIPEOP PQJTBOPH QPTUVQLB [B OBMBľFOKF UPQPMPġLPH SFEP
TMFEB /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  TV OB WSFNFOTLPK PTJ QSJLB[BOJ JOUFSWBMJ
USBKBOKB TWJI QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB GIV UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV
HSBGB OB TMJDJ  PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۻ‬J PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۺ‬1SBWPVHBPOJ PCMJL ÍWPSPWB OB
UPK TMJDJ VLB[VKF OB JOUFSWBM J[NFÑV QPÍFULB J [BWSġFULB QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB
GIV [B PEHPWBSBKVÇJ ÍWPS

‫ۻ‬ ‫ۺ‬

‫ۼ‬ ‫۽‬

‫۾‬

૾ ૿ ଀ ଁ ଂ ଃ ଄ ଅ ଆ ૾૽

4MJLB  *OUFSWBMJ USBKBOKB QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB GIV QSJLB[BOJ OB WSFNFO


TLPK PTJ UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB OB TMJDJ 

1PETFUJNP TF EB TF UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF


QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB BMHP
SJUBN GIV QP[JWB UBÍOP KFEBOQVU [B TWBLJ ÍWPS HSBGB ;CPH UPHB KF WSFNF
[BWSġFULB QP[JWB GIV Y [B TWBLJ ÍWPS ܎ OFEWPTNJTMFOP PESFÑFOP 1SFU
QPTUBWJNP EB KF UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF
QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬EPCJKFO OJ[
ÍWPSPWB ܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܆‬V SFEPTMFEV LPKJ KF PESFÑFO QP WSFNFOV [BWSġFULB QP
[JWB BMHPSJUNB GIV [B TWF ÍWPSPWF 5P [OBÍJ EB TF UPLPN QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV
 0CJMB[BL VTNFSFOPH HSBGB 

HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬QSWJ [BWSġJP QP[JW GIV ܎૾ [BUJN TF [BWSġJP QP[JW GIV ܎૿ J UBLP
EBMKF QPTMFEOKJ TF [BWSġJP QP[JW GIV ܎‫  ܆‬3FDJNP V QSJNFSV OB TMJDJ 
EPCJKB TF SFEPTMFE ÍWPSPWB ‫ ۺ ۻ ۽ ۼ ۾‬,MKVÍOP [BQBľBOKF KF EB KF PWBK
SFEPTMFE [BQSBWP PCSOVU UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB
-FNB /FLB KF UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF
QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH
HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬EPCJKFO OJ[ ÍWPSPWB ܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܆‬V SFEPTMFEV LPKJ KF PESFÑFO QP WSF
NFOV [BWSġFULB QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB GIV [B TWF ÍWPSPWF "LP KF
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬HSBOB
HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬POEB KF ‫܂ ܁‬
%PLB[ /FLB KF
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬HSBOB VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬#VEVÇJ EB
WJġFTUSVLB
QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬JOEVLVKF ġVNV TUBCBMB QSFUSBHF
V EVCJOV HSBOB
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬V ‫ ۦ‬TF NPľF LMBTJਫLPWBUJ QSFNB TWPN UJQV LBP
HSBOB OFLPH TUBCMB EJSFLUOB HSBOB QPWSBUOB HSBOB JMJ QPQSFÍOB HSBOB 6
TUWBSJ QPġUP KF ‫ ۦ‬BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬OF NPľF CJUJ QPWSBUOB HSBOB KFS CJ
TF OKPNF PÍFWJEOP [BUWPSJP KFEBO QVU V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬LPKJ CJ GPSNJSBP VTNFSFO
DJLMVT
6 TMVÍBKV LBEB KF
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬HSBOB TUBCMB JMJ EJSFLUOB HSBOB OJKF TF UFġLP
VWFSJUJ EB KF ‫ ܂ ܁‬/BJNF V UPN TMVÍBKV KF ÍWPS ܎‫ ܂‬QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܁‬QB TF
QP[JW GIV ܎‫ ܁‬TWBLBLP [BWSġBWB QPTMF QP[JWB GIV ܎‫ ܂‬
/BK[BE BLP KF
܎‫ ܂܎  ܁‬QPQSFÍOB HSBOB POEB TF NPHV SB[MJLPWBUJ EWB
TMVÍBKB [BWJTOP PE UPHB EB MJ ÍWPSPWJ ܎‫ ܁‬J ܎‫ ܂‬QSJQBEBKV JTUPN TUBCMV JMJ SB[MJ
ÍJUJN TUBCMJNB V ġVNJ QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV *QBL V PCB TMVÍBKB TNFS HSBOF

܎‫[ ܂܎  ܁‬EFTOB OB MFWP VLB[VKF EB KF QP[JW GIV ܎‫[ ܁‬BQPÍFU QPTMF [BWSġFULB
QP[JWB GIV ܎‫ ܂‬QB TF TWBLBLP QP[JW GIV ܎‫ ܁‬J [BWSġBWB QPTMF [BWSġFULB
QP[JWB GIV ܎‫ "  ܂‬UP VQSBWP [OBÍJ EB KF ‫ ܂ ܁‬ġUP KF USFCBMP QPLB[BUJ 
%B CJ TF PESFEJP UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE ÍWPSPWB VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSB
GB ‫ ۦ‬EPWPMKOP KF EBLMF NPEJਫLPWBUJ PTOPWOJ BMHPSJUBN GIV UBLP EB TF
OFQPTSFEOP QSF [BWSġFULB UPH BMHPSJUNB ÍWPS LPKJ KF OKFHPW QBSBNFUBS
EPEBKF OB LSBK KFEOF QPWF[BOF MJTUF /B UBK OBÍJO TF PCSB[VKF MJTUB ÍWPSPWB
܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܆‬V PCSOVUPN UPQPMPġLPN SFEPTMFEV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/BSBWOP OB LSB
KV PWPH QPTUVQLB OBMBľFOKB UPQPMPġLPH SFEPTMFEB USFCB KPġ TBNP PCSOVUJ
EPCJKFOV MJTUV %SVHJ FLWJWBMFOUOJ QSJTUVQ LPKJ KF [BQSBWP QSJNFOKFO V
NPEJਫLPWBOPN BMHPSJUNV GIV V MJTUJOHV  TBTUPKJ TF V UPNF EB TF OF
QPTSFEOP QSF [BWSġFULB NPEJਫLPWBOPH BMHPSJUNB GIV PEHPWBSBKVÇJ ÍWPS
EPEBKF OB QPÍFUBL QPWF[BOF MJTUF ,PSJTUFÇJ PWBK QPNPÇOJ BMHPSJUBN V
MJTUJOHV  KF QSJLB[BO LPNQMFUBO BMHPSJUBN [B PESFÑJWBOKF UPQPMPġLPH
SFEPTMFEB ÍWPSPWB VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB
  (SBGPWJ

-JTUJOH  5PQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB

 8OD] 8$* ‫ ۦ‬SUHGVWDYOMHQ OLVWDPD VXVHGVWYD


 ,]OD] OLVWD ÏYRURYD Ƿ X WRSRORģNRP UHGRVOHGX JUDID ‫ۦ‬
DOJRULWKP WRSRORJLFDORUGHULQJ *

 6YL ÏYRURYL VX SRÏHWQR QHSRVHÉHQL


IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X QL]X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD * GR
S>Y@ IDOVH

OLVWPDNH O   Ƿ MH SRÏHWQR SUD]QD OLVWD

 ,VSLWDWL VYH ÏYRURYH JUDID ‫ۦ‬


IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X QL]X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD * GR
LI S>Y@ IDOVH WKHQ
GIVO Y   QRYD SUHWUDJD X GXELQX RG ÏYRUD ܎

UHWXUQ O

-JTUJOH  %PEBWBOKF ÍWPSB OB QPÍFUBL MJTUF QPTMF QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV

 8OD] ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬X 8$*X ‫ ۦ‬SUHGVWDYOMHQ OLVWDPD VXVHGVWYD


 ,]OD] ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬QD SRÏHWNX OLVWH Ƿ SRVOH SUHWUDJH X GXELQX
DOJRULWKP GIVO X

S>X@ WUXH  ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬MH SRVHÉHQ

 ,VSLWDWL VYH VXVHGH ÏYRUD ‫܍‬


IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X OLVWL VXVHGVWYD ]D ÏYRU X GR
LI S>Y@ IDOVH WKHQ
GIVO Y   UHNXU]LYQD SUHWUDJD RG ÏYRUD ܎

OLVWLQVHUW XQXOOO   GRGDWL ÏYRU ‫ ܍‬QD SRÏHWDN OLVWH Ƿ

UHWXUQ

7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB WRSRORJLFDORUGHULQJ V MJTUJOHV  [B


;BEBDJ 

UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB


BTJNQUPUTLJ KF PÍJHMFEOP KFEOBLP ‫ ܅ ܆
ۮ‬

;BEBDJ
 ;B VTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬OB TMJDJ  PEHPWPSJUF OB TMFEFÇB QJUBOKB
B
,PMJLP ÍWPSPWB J HSBOB JNB HSBG ‫ۦ‬
C
/BWFEJUF TWF QSPTUF QVUFWF PE ‫ ۺ‬EP ‫ ۻ‬V ‫ۦ‬
D
/BWFEJUF TWF TVTFEF ÍWPSB ‫ ۻ‬V ‫ۦ‬
E
/BWFEJUF TWF DJLMVTF PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۻ‬V ‫ۦ‬

‫ۦ‬
‫ۻ‬
‫ۺ‬

‫ۼ‬
‫ۿ‬

‫۾‬
‫۽‬

4MJLB 

 0EHPWPSJUF OB JTUB QJUBOKB J[ QSFUIPEOPH [BEBULB [B OFVTNFSFOV WFS


[JKV HSBGB OB TMJDJ  /FVTNFSFOB WFS[JKB TF EPCJKB [BNFOPN TWJI
VTNFSFOJI HSBOB PEHPWBSBKVÇJN OFVTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB UBLP ġUP TF
TUSFMJDF TBNP [BNFOF MJOJKBNB

 %PLBľJUF EB BLP TF HSBOPN TQPKF CJMP LPKB EWB ÍWPSB V TMPCPEOPN


TUBCMV ۳ J[NFÑV LPKJI OF QPTUPKJ HSBOB POEB TF GPSNJSB UBÍOP KFEBO
DJLMVT

 %PLBľJUF EB QPWF[BO OFVTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB QSFETUBWMKB TMP


CPEOP TUBCMP BLP J TBNP BLP ‫ ۦ‬JNB ‫  ˜ ܆‬HSBOV
 1SFETUBWJUF HSBG ‫ ۦ‬OB TMJDJ  QPNPÇV NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB J OJ[B MJTUJ
TVTFETUWB
  (SBGPWJ

 1SFETUBWJUF OFVTNFSFOV WFS[JKV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬OB TMJDJ  QPNPÇV NBUSJDF


TVTFETUWB J OJ[B MJTUJ TVTFETUWB
 ;B VTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬QSFETUBWMKFO OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB TWPKJI ÍWPSPWB
QPUSFCOP KF QPOFLBE [B TWBLJ ÍWPS JNBUJ J QPWF[BOV MJTUV OKFHPWJI
QSFUIPEOJLB B OF TBNP OKFHPWJI TMFECFOJLB 1SFDJ[OJKF [B TWBLJ ÍWPS
܎ V ‫ ۦ‬USFCB PCSB[PWBUJ QPWF[BOV MJTUV TWJI ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܍‬UBLWJI EB KF
‫ ܎ ܍‬
VTNFSFOB HSBOB V ‫ ۦ‬/BQJġJUF J BOBMJ[JSBKUF FਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN LPKJN
TF PCBWMKB PWBK [BEBUBL LPOWFSUPWBOKB SFQSF[FOUBDJKF HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
 ÌWPS ‫ ܋‬VTNFSFOPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB OB[JWB TF QPOPS VLPMJLP KF
VMB[OJ TUFQFO ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬KFEOBL ‫  ˜ ܆‬J OKFHPW J[MB[OJ TUFQFO KFEOBL 
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WMKV TF QSPġJSVKF QPKBN HSBGB J QPTNBUSBKV TF VTNFSFOJ JMJ OFVTNFSFOJ

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OB OFVTNFSFOF UBLP J OB VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF ;CPH UPHB V PWPN QPHMBWMKV
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ÍJUBPDJNB PTUBWMKBNP EB J[MPľFOF QSPCMFNF J SFġFOKB QSJMBHPEF VTNFSFOJN
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HSBGV OB TMJDJ  LPSJTUJ TQFDJKBMOJ TJNCPM ˨

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‫ۺ‬ ˨   
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MBHPEJUJ [B QSFETUBWMKBKOKF UFľJOTLPH HSBGB VLPMJLP TF UFľJOB OFLF HSBOF ‫۾‬
QSJLMKVÍJ FMFNFOUV QPWF[BOF MJTUF LPKJ PESFÑVKF ESVHJ LSBK HSBOF ‫ ۾‬/B TMJ
DJ  KF QSJLB[BOB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB UFľJOTLPH HSBGB OB TMJDJ  QPNPÇV OJ[B
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%B CJTNP VWFMJ QPKBN NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB OFLPH UFľJO
TLPH HSBGB SB[NPUSJNP OBKQSF KFEBO QSBLUJÍBO QSJNFS 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB
OFLB LPNQBOJKF JNB WJġF ਫMJKBMB V SB[MJÍJUJN HSBEPWJNB LPKF USFCB EB TF QP
WFľV V KFEJOTUWFOV NSFľV %B CJ QPWF[BMB TWF ਫMJKBMF V JOUFHSJTBOV NSFľV
[B LPNQBOJKV KF WBľOP EB PESFEJ OBKNBOKV DFOV J[OBKNMKJWBOKB UFMFLPNV
OJLBDJPOJI MJOJKB J[NFÑV TWPKJI ਫMJKBMB
0WBK QSPCMFN TF NPľF QSFETUBWJUJ UFľJOTLJN HSBGPN TB ÍWPSPWJNB LPKJ
P[OBÍBWBKV ਫMJKBMF LPNQBOJKF J HSBOBNB TB OVNFSJÍLJN WSFEOPTUJNB LPKF
PEHPWBSBKV DFOBNB [BLVQMKFOJI QSFOPTOJI WF[B J[NFÑV QPKFEJOJI ਫMJKB
MB /B TMJDJ  B
KF QSJLB[BO IJQPUFUJÍLJ HSBG LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB TWF NPHVÇF
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V UP EB HSBG
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HSBOB V HSBGV
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QPLB[VKF EB HSBG
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KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ TBN QPETLVQ HSBOB ۳ ͐ ۤ OB[JWB QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP KFS
TF QPESB[VNFWB EB POP TBESľJ TLVQ TWJI ÍWPSPWB ۵ EBUPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/JKF
UFġLP QSPWFSJUJ EB QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ BLP J TBNP BLP KF ‫ۦ‬
QPWF[BO HSBG
6 TMVÍBKV QPWF[BOPH UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫[ ۦ‬CJS UFľJOB HSBOB V OFLPN QP
WF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV ۳ UPH HSBGB OB[JWB TF DFOB TUBCMB ۳  1SPCMFN OBMBľFOKB
QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKF JNB OBKNBOKV DFOV QSFNB QSFUIPEOPK
MFNJ [BQSBWP KF ESVHJN SFÍJNB GPSNVMJTBO PQġUJ QSPCMFN LPKJ TNP JMVTUSP
WBMJ QSJNFSPN LPNQBOJKF TB WJġF ਫMJKBMB [B EBUJ UFľJOTLJ HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ
OBÇJ QPETLVQ HSBOB ۳ ͐ ۤ UBLP EB QPEHSBG
۵ ۳ CVEF QPWF[BO J EB VLVQOB
UFľJOB HSBOB V ۳ CVEF NJOJNBMOB ;CPH UPHB TF SFġFOKF ۳ PWPH QSPCMFNB
OB[JWB NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP FOHM NJOJNVN TQBOOJOH USFF
HSBGB
‫ ۦ‬%BLMF NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP KF TUBCMP KFS KF BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG POP
KF QPWF[VKVÇF KFS QPWF[VKF TWF ÍWPSPWF EBUPH HSBGB J POP KF NJOJNBMOP KFS
JNB OBKNBOKV DFOV NFÑV TWJN QPWF[VKVÇJN TUBCMJNB
4FN VLPMJLP ‫ ۦ‬OJKF WSMP QSPTU HSBG ‫ ۦ‬NPľF JNBUJ WFMJLJ CSPK QPWF[VKV
ÇJI TUBCBMB ÍJKB KF TUSVLUVSB QPUQVOP SB[MJÍJUB ;CPH UPHB OB QSWJ QPHMFE
OJKF VPQġUF MBLP OBÇJ QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP TB OBKNBOKPN DFOPN NFÑV TWJN
NPHVÇJN LBOEJEBUJNB *QBL PULSJWFOJ TV NOPHJ FਫLBTOJ BMHPSJUNJ [B OB
MBľFOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB EBUPH UFľJOTLPH HSBGB *OUFSFTBOU
OP KF EB TF TWJ POJ [BTOJWBKV OB SFMBUJWOP KFEOPTUBWOPK ÍJOKFOJDJ LPKB TF
[PWF TWPKTUWP QPEFMF HSBGB
-FNB TWPKTUWP QPEFMF HSBGB
/FLB KF ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ QPWF[BO UFľJOTLJ HSBG J
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

OFLB TV ۵૾ J ۵૿ EWB OFQSB[OB EJTKVOLUOB QPETLVQB OKFHPWPH TLVQB ÍWPSPWB


۵ UBLWB EB KF ۵  ۵૾ ˴ ۵૿  "LP KF ‫ ۾‬KFEJOTUWFOB HSBOB OBKNBOKF UFľJOF V
ۤ UBLWB EB KPK KF KFEBO LSBK V ۵૾ J ESVHJ LSBK V ۵૿ POEB TWBLP NJOJNBMOP
QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TBESľJ HSBOV ‫۾‬

%PLB[ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF ‫ _ ૿܎  ૾܎]  ۾‬KFEJOTUWFOB HSBOB OBKNBOKF UFľJOF


PE POJI LPE LPKJI KF KFEBO LSBK V ۵૾ J ESVHJ LSBK V ۵૿  /FLB KF ۳ CJMP LPKF
NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬1SJNFUJNP EB QPġUP KF ‫ ۦ‬QPWF[BO
HSBG ‫ ۦ‬JNB QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP QB [BUP JNB J CBS KFEOP NJOJNBMOP QPWF
[VKVÇF TUBCMP
 3BEJ LPOUSBEJLDJKF QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB ۳ OF TBESľJ HSBOV
‫" ۾‬LP HSBOV ‫ ۾‬JQBL EPEBNP TUBCMV ۳ GPSNJSBÇF TF UBÍOP KFEBO DJLMVT ۢ
V TUBCMV ۳  1PETFUJNP TF EB KF PWP KFEOB PE PTPCJOB TMPCPEOPH TUBCMB

6 PWPN DJLMVTV ۢ LPKJ TBESľJ HSBOV ‫ ۾‬LBP ‫۔‬NPTU‫ ۓ‬J[NFÑV TLVQB ÍWPSPWB
۵૾ J ۵૿ NPSB QPTUPKBUJ KPġ KFEOB HSBOB ‫۾‬Ƒ  ]܎Ƒ૾  ܎Ƒ૿ _ V ۳ UBLWB EB ܎Ƒ૾ ˒ ۵૾
J ܎Ƒ૿ ˒ ۵૿  6 TVQSPUOPN DJLMVT ۢ TF OF NPľF [BUWPSJUJ V ۳ PEOPTOP OF
QPTUPKJ OBÍJO EB JEVÇJ EVľ DJLMVTB ۢ EPÑFNP SFDJNP PE ÍWPSB ܎૾ OB[BE V
ÍWPS ܎૾ CF[ QPOPWOPH QSFMBľFOKB QSFLP HSBOF ‫ ۾‬0WBK BSHVNFOU KF JMVTUSP
WBO OB TMJDJ 

۵૾ ۵૿

‫۾‬
܎૾ ܎૿

܎Ƒ૾ ‫۾‬Ƒ ܎Ƒ૿

4MJLB  'PSNJSBOKF DJLMVTB V NJOJNBMOPN QPWF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV EPEBWB


OKFN HSBOF ‫۾‬

"LP TF TBEB VLMPOJ HSBOB ‫۾‬Ƒ J[ TUBCMB ۳ QSFLJEB TF KFEJOJ DJLMVT V ۳ J


EPCJKB TF OPWP TUBCMP ۳ Ƒ  ۳˜‫۾‬Ƒ LPKF QPWF[VKF TWF ÍWPSPWF HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/BJNF
TWBLJ QVU V ۳ LPKJ KF LPSJTUJP HSBOV ‫۾‬Ƒ NPľF TF [BNFOJUJ ESVHJN QVUFN V
۳ Ƒ LPKJ JEF ‫[۔‬BPCJMB[OP‫ ۓ‬J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB ܎Ƒ૾ J ܎Ƒ૿ EVľ DJLMVTB ۢ
,BLP KF HSBOB ‫۾‬Ƒ KFEOB PE POJI LPKF JNBKV KFEBO LSBK V ۵૾ J ESVHJ LSBK
V ۵૿ UP KF QP QSFUQPTUBWDJ UFľJOB HSBOF ‫ ۾‬TUSJLUOP NBOKB PE UFľJOF HSBOF
 .JOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 

‫۾‬Ƒ  4UPHB KF J DFOB TUBCMB ۳ Ƒ TUSJLUOP NBOKB PE DFOF TUBCMB ۳  "MJ UP KF


OFNPHVÇF KFS KF ۳ NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ۦ‬ 
1SBLUJÍOP TWJ BMHPSJUNJ [B LPOTUSVJTBOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUB
CMB UFľJOTLPH HSBGB LPSJTUF OB OFLJ OBÍJO PWP TWPKTUWP QPEFMF HSBGB SBEJ
QPTUVQOPH J[CPSB OKFHPWJI HSBOB LPKF QSJQBEBKV NJOJNBMOPN QPWF[VKV
ÇFN TUBCMV ,SVTLBMPW J 1SJNPW BMHPSJUBN TV LMBTJÍOJ QSFETUBWOJDJ PWPH
QSJTUVQB

,SVTLBMPW BMHPSJUBN
3BEJ LPOTUSVJTBOKB NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB UFľJOTLPH HSBGB

 ۦ‬۵ ۤ V ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJUNV TF QPMB[J PE ġVNF
۵ ˏ LPKB TF
TBTUPKJ PE TWJI ÍWPSPWB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬J OFNB OJKFEOV HSBOV %SVHJN SFÍJNB
QPÍFUOB ġVNB TF TBTUPKJ PE TUBCBMB LPKB ÍJOF QPKFEJOBÍOJ ÍWPSPWJ TBNJ [B
TFCF
6 BMHPSJUNV TF [BUJN SFEPN JTQJUVKV HSBOF HSBGB V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV
OKJIPWJI UFľJOB 6 TWBLPN LPSBLV LBLP TF EPMB[J EP OFLF HSBOF ‫ ۾‬V PWPN
SFEPTMFEV QSPWFSBWB TF EB MJ ‫ ۾‬QSPJ[WPEJ DJLMVT VLPMJLP TF EPEB HSBOBNB
LPKF TV EP UBEB J[BCSBOF [B NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 5BÍOJKF BLP
HSBOB ‫ ۾‬QPWF[VKF EWB ÍWPSB J[ EWB SB[MJÍJUB TUBCMB EP UBEB LPOTUSVJTBOF
ġVNF POEB TF ‫ ۾‬EPEBKF TLVQV J[BCSBOJI HSBOB J UB EWB TUBCMB TF PCKFEJOKVKV
V KFEOP TUBCMP 6 TVQSPUOPN BLP ‫ ۾‬QPWF[VKF EWB ÍWPSB J[ JTUPH TUBCMB EP
UBEB LPOTUSVJTBOF ġVNF POEB TF ‫ ۾‬PECBDVKF KFS CJ QSPJ[WFMB DJLMVT /B
TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP QPTUVQOP J[WSġBWBOKF ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB [B HSBG
OB TMJDJ  B

*TQSBWOPTU ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB KF OFQPTSFEOB QPTMFEJDB TWPKTUWB
QPEFMF HSBGB

-FNB ,SVTLBMPW BMHPSJUBN LPOTUSVJġF NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP QPWF


[BOPH UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬

%PLB[ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP QSJWSFNFOP EB TV TWF UFľJOF HSBOB V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬

۵ ۤ NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF B OB LSBKV ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ LBLP NPľFNP FMJNJ


OJTBUJ PWV QSFUQPTUBWLV
3B[NPUSJNP CJMP LPKV HSBOV ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬LPKB KF V ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJU
NV EPEBUB ġVNJ TUBCMV
۳ V ‫܃‬UPN LPSBLV /FLB KF ۠ TLVQ TWJI ÍWPSPWB
QPWF[BOJI QVUFN TB ÍWPSPN ‫ ܍‬V ۳ J ۡ TLVQ TWJI ÍWPSPWB QPWF[BOJI QVUFN
TB ÍWPSPN ܎ V ۳ V USFOVULV OFQPTSFEOP QSF EPEBWBOKB HSBOF ‫ ۾‬0ÍJHMFE
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ





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‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬




‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬


 

‫۾‬ ‫۾‬ ‫۾‬

‫۽‬ ‫۽‬ ‫۽‬





‫ۺ‬ ‫ۺ‬ ‫ۺ‬


‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬
  

‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬


    
  
‫۾‬ ‫۾‬ ‫۾‬

‫۽‬ ‫۽‬ ‫۽‬

4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB [B HSBG OB TMJDJ  B




OP TV ۠ J ۡ EJTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ KFS CJ TF V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV EPEBWBOKFN


HSBOF ‫ ۾‬PCSB[PWBP DJLMVT V ۳ 
/FLB KF ۵૾  ۠ J ۵૿  ۵ ˜ ۠ TUPHB ‫ ˒ ܍‬۵૾ J ܎ ˒ ۵૿  %SVHJN SFÍJNB ۵૾
J ۵૿ TV OFQSB[OJ EJTKVOLUOJ QPETLVQPWJ ÍWPSPWB UBLWJ EB KF ۵  ۵૾ ˴ ۵૿ 
1PSFE UPHB OJKFEOB ESVHB HSBOB QSF ‫܃‬UPH LPSBLB OJKF JNBMB KFEBO LSBK V
۵૾ J ESVHJ LSBK V ۵૿ KFS CJ V TVQSPUOPN UBLWB HSBOB CJMB WFÇ EPEBUB QPġUP
OF PCSB[VKF DJLMVT V ۳  ;BUP KF ‫ ۾‬HSBOB OBKNBOKF UFľJOF J[NFÑV ۵૾ J ۵૿
V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬B V[ UP KF J KFEJOTUWFOB T UPN PTPCJOPN KFS TV TWF UFľJOF HSB
OB SB[MJÍJUF 1SFNB TWPKTUWV QPEFMF HSBGB EBLMF HSBOB ‫ ۾‬QSJQBEB TWBLPN
QPWF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
;CPH UPHB VLPMJLP KPġ QPLBľFNP EB KF [BWSġOB ġVNB ۳ LPKB KF SF[VM
UBU ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB [BQSBWP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬POEB ÇF UP
BVUPNBUTLJ [OBÍJUJ EB KF ۳ VKFEOP J NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 0ÍJ
HMFEOP KF EB ۳ OF TBESľJ OJKFEBO DJLMVT KFS TF V ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJUNV
FLTQMJDJUOP PECBDVKV HSBOF LPKF PCSB[VKV OFLJ DJLMVT *TUP UBLP [BWSġOB
ġVNB ۳ OF NPľF TF TBTUPKBUJ PE EWB OFQPWF[BOB EJTKVOLUOB TUBCMB ۳ Ƒ J ۳ ƒ
JMJ WJġF OKJI
KFS KF HSBG ‫ ۦ‬QPWF[BO J QPTUPKJ CBS KFEOB HSBOB J[NFÑV ۳ Ƒ J
۳ ƒ QB ÇF TF V BMHPSJUNV PE UJI HSBOB EPEBUJ V ۳ POB QSWB OB LPKV TF OBJÑF
 .JOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 

V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV UFľJOB


0TUBMP KF KPġ EB QPLBľFNP PQUJNBMOPTU ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB V TMV
ÍBKV LBEB OFLF HSBOF HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬JNBKV KFEOBLF UFľJOF 6 UPN TMVÍBKV [BNJ
TMJNP EB TNP PE HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬PCSB[PWBMJ OPWJ UFľJOLTJ HSBG ‫ۦ‬ˡ UBLP ġUP TNP
UFľJOBNB TWJI HSBOB TB KFEOBLJN UFľJOBNB V ‫ ۦ‬EPEBMJ SB[MJÍJUF FLTUSFN
OP NBMF WSFEOPTUJ LBLP CJ OKJIPWF OPWF UFľJOF CJMF NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF
5BLWF WSFEOPTUJ VWFL NPľFNP J[BCSBUJ UBLP EB TF OF QSPNFOJ SFMBUJWOJ
SFEPTMFE DFOB PSJHJOBMOJI QPWF[VKVÇJI TUBCBMB HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
/JKF TF UFġLP VWFSJUJ EB KF TWBLP NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP ۳ OP
WPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬ˡ VKFEOP J NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP PSJHJOBMOPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
0CSOVUP OBSBWOP OF NPSB CJUJ UBÍOP
/BJNF QPġUP ‫ ۦ‬J ‫ۦ‬ˡ JNBKV JTUV
TUSVLUVSV UJ HSBGPWJ JNBKV JTUB QPWF[VKVÇB TUBCMB "MJ BLP CJ TUBSB DFOB
TUBCMB ۳ CJMB WFÇB PE TUBSF DFOF OFLPH ESVHPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬
POEB [B EPWPMKOP NBMF QSPNFOF UFľJOB HSBOB OF CJ DFOB UPH ESVHPH TUBCMB
NPHMB EB TF VWFÇB UPMJLP EB TUBCMP ۳ CVEF CPMKF TB OPWJN UFľJOBNB V ‫ۦ‬ˡ 
5P QPLB[VKF EB KF ۳ NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP J [B HSBG ‫ ۦ‬,BLP TV
UFľJOF HSBOB OPWPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬ˡ NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF ,SVTLBMPW BMHPSJUBN ÇF
QSFNB QSFUIPEOPN EFMV EPLB[B LPOTUSVJTBUJ OKFHPWP NJOJNBMOP QPWF[V
KVÇF TUBCMP ۳ LPKF KF PQUJNBMOP J [B PSJHJOBMOJ HSBG ‫ۦ‬ 

*NQMFNFOUBDJKB ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB 6 ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJUNV


TF QPMB[J PE ġVNF TUBCBMB LPKB TF TBTUPKF TBNP PE QPKFEJOBÍOJI ÍWPSPWB
HSBGB CF[ JKFEOF HSBOF 0WB QPÍFUOB USJWJKBMOB TUBCMB V ġVNJ TF [BUJN QSP
ġJSVKV EPEBWBOKFN HSBOB LPKF OJLBE OF QSPJ[WPEF DJLMVT
6 SFBMJ[BDJKJ ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB QPUSFCOP KF [BUP WPEJUJ QSJDJ[OV
FWJEFOJDJKV P UPNF LPKJ EJTKVOLUOJ QPETLVQPWJ ÍWPSPWB HSBGB QSJQBEBKV
LPKJN TUBCMJNB V ġVNJ LPKB TF QPTUVQOP USBOTGPSNJġF V NJOJNBMOP QPWF
[VKVÇF TUBCMP 1PSFE UPHB LBLP TF OFLB HSBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬JTQJUVKF V TWBLPN
LPSBLV QPUSFCOP KF FਫLBTOP PESFEJUJ LPKJN TUBCMJNB V ġVNJ QSJQBEBKV OKF
OJ LSBKFWJ ‫ ܍‬J ܎ "LP TV PWB TUBCMB SB[MJÍJUB POEB TF HSBOB ‫ ۾‬EPEBKF KFS OF
QSPJ[WPEJ DJLMVT J EWB PEHPWBSBKVÇB TLVQB ÍWPSPWB TF PCKFEJOKVKV V KFEBO
TLVQ LPKJ PEHPWBSB OPWPN TUBCMV V ġVNJ "LP LSBKFWJ ‫ ܍‬J ܎ HSBOF ‫ ۾‬QSJQB
EBKV JTUPN TUBCMV POEB TF HSBOB ‫ ۾‬QSFTLBÍF KFS CJ QSPJ[WFMB DJLMVT V UPN
TUBCMV
;B FਫLBTOV SFBMJ[BDJKV ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB QPUSFCOP KF EBLMF UBÍ
OP POP ġUP PCF[CFÑVKF TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB P LPKPK
TNP HPWPSJMJ V PEFMKLV  OB TUSBOJ  ÌJUBPDJ TF NPHV QPETFUJUJ EB TF
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

UPN TUSVLUVSPN QPEBUBLB QSFETUBWMKBKV EJTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ OFLJI FMFNF


OBUB 6 TMVÍBKV ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB FMFNFOUJ EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB TV
ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB ;B EBUJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬PQFSBDJKB GVILQG X LBP SF[VMUBU EBKF JNF
TLVQB ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TBESľJ ‫ ܍‬0WB PQFSBDJKB TF POEB NPľF JTLPSJTUJUJ [B
VUWSÑJWBOKF EB MJ ÍWPSPWJ ‫ ܍‬J ܎ QSJQBEBKV JTUPN TLVQV UBLP ġUP TF QSPTUP
QSPWFSBWB EB MJ KF GVILQG X KFEOBLP GVILQG Y  *TUP UBLP TUSVLUVSB
QPEBUBLB EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB TBESľJ PQFSBDJKV GVXQLRQ XY LPKPN TF
EJTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ LPKJ TBESľF ‫ ܍‬J ܎ PCKFEJOKVKV V KFEBO TLVQ
,PSJTUFÇJ PWB [BQBľBOKB V MJTUJOHV  KF QSJLB[BO ,SVTLBMPW BMHPSJUBN
OB QTFVEPKF[JLV [B OBMBľFOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB QPWF[BOPH
UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB

-JTUJOH  ,SVTLBMPW BMHPSJUBN

 8OD] SRYH]DQ WHŀLQVNL JUDI ‫ۦ‬


 ,]OD] PLQLPDOQR SRYH]XMXÉH VWDEOD ۳ JUDID ‫ۦ‬
DOJRULWKP PVWNUXVNDO *

2EUD]RYDWL RELÏDQ QL] RG JUDQD * VD SULGUXŀHQLP WHŀLQDPD

6RUWLUDWL WDM QL] X UDVWXÉHP UHGRVOHGX SR WHŀLQDPD JUDQD L


QHND MH H>@H>@H>P@ GRELMHQL QL] VRUWLUDQLK JUDQD

7   ģXPD ۳ MH SRÏHWQR EH] JUDQD


 6YL ÏYRURYL VX VWDEOD ģXPH ۳
IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X JUDIX * GR
GVPDNH Y 

IRU L  WR P GR
1HND MH H>L@ ^XY`
D GVILQG X   LPH VNXSD NRPH SULSDGD ÏYRU ‫܍‬
E GVILQG Y   LPH VNXSD NRPH SULSDGD ÏYRU ܎
LI D  E WKHQ  VNXSRYL ÏYRURYD ‫ ܍‬L ܎ QLVX LVWL
7 7  H>L@  GRGDWL JUDQX ‫ ܁۾‬ģXPL ۳
GVXQLRQ DE   REMHGLQLWL VNXSRYH ÏYRURYD ‫ ܍‬L ܎

UHWXUQ 7
 .JOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 

7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB PVWNUXVNDO NPľF TF PESFEJUJ VLPMJLP TF


TBCFSV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB OKFHPWJI HMBWOJKJI EFMPWB
ۘ "LP KF HSBG ‫ ۦ‬QSFETUBWMKFO NBUSJDPN TVTFETUWB JMJ OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFE
TUWB OJKF TF UFġLP VWFSJUJ EB TF PCJÍBO OJ[ OKFHPWJI HSBOB TB QSJESV
ľFOJN UFľJOBNB NPľF MBLP PCSB[PWBUJ [B WSFNF ‫ ܅
ۮ‬
ۘ ;B TPSUJSBOKF UPH OJ[B V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV QP UFľJOBNB HSBOB NP
ľF TF JTLPSJTUJUJ OFLJ FਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN [B TPSUJSBOKF UBLP EB WSFNF
QPUSFCOP [B QSFVSFÑJWBOKF OJ[B HSBOB J[OPTJ ‫ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܅‬
ۘ 7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB QSWF IRU QFUMKF V LPKPK TF JOJDJKBMJ[VKF ‫ ܆‬EJTKVOLU
OJI TLVQPWB J[OPTJ ‫ ܆
ۮ‬KFS [B JOJDJKBMJ[BDJKV KFEOPH TLVQB USFCB
LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF
ۘ 5FMP ESVHF IRU QFUMKF TF J[WSġBWB ‫ ܅‬QVUB B TWBLB JUFSBDJKB TF J[WSġBWB
[B WSFNF ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬VLPMJLP TV PQFSBDJKF TB EJTKVOLUOJN TLVQPWJNB
SFBMJ[PWBOF POBLP LBLP KF UP PQJTBOP OB TUSBOJ  1SFNB UPNF
VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ESVHF IRU QFUMKF KF ‫ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
,BLP [B QPWF[BO HSBG WBľJ EB KF ‫  ˜ ܆ ̯ ܅‬UP KF ‫  ܅
ۮ  ܆‬5BLPÑF
QPġUP VWFL WBľJ ‫ ૿܆ ̮ ܅‬UP KF NQI ‫
ۮ  ܅‬NQI ‫  ܆‬6[JNBKVÇJ TWF V PC[JS EBLMF
VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB PVWNUXVNDO KF

‫ ܅
ۮ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܅
ۮ ܆
ۮ ܅‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
‫ ܅
ۮ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܅
ۮ ܅
ۮ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܅
ۮ  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

1SJNPW BMHPSJUBN
6 ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJUNV TF ‫۔‬QPIMFQOP‫ ۓ‬CJSBKV HSBOF OBKNBOKF UFľJOF
CF[ NOPHP PC[JSB OB UP V LBLWPN PEOPTV TUPKF TB QSFUIPEOP J[BCSBOJN
HSBOBNB PTJN ġUP TF QB[J EB TF OF GPSNJSB DJLMVT /B PWBK OBÍJO TF EPCJ
KB ġVNB TUBCBMB LPKB TF ġJSF QSJMJÍOP OBTVNJÍOP EPL TF OF TUPQF V KFEOP
[BWSġOP TUBCMP
/BTVQSPU UPNF V 1SJNPWPN BMHPSJUNV TF EPCJKB NJOJNBMOP QPWF[V
KVÇF TUBCMP UBLP ġUP TF QPÍFUOP OBKQSPTUJKF TUBCMP QPTUVQOP QSPġJSVKF 5P
QPÍFUOP TUBCMP KF OFLJ QSPJ[WPMKOP J[BCSBO ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬B V TWBLPN LPSBLV TF
EFMJNJÍOP LPOTUSVJTBOPN TUBCMV EPEBKF OPWJ ÍWPS OB ESVHPN LSBKV HSBOF
OBKNBOKF UFľJOF LPKB J[MB[J J[ UPH TUBCMB 1SFDJ[OJKF V TWBLPN LPSBLV TF
PCSB[VKF QPETLVQ ÍWPSPWB ۲ ͐ ۵ OBE LPKJN KF EFMJNJÍOP LPOTUSVJTBOP
QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 1PÍFUOP KF ۲  ]‫ _܋‬J [BUJN TF ۲ QPTUVQOP VWFÇBWB [B
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

KFEBO ÍWPS ܎ LPKJN TF NJOJNJ[VKF ‫۔‬DFOB VWFÇBOKB‫ ۓ‬TLVQB ۲

OKP ܏
‫ ۾‬
‫_܎܍]۾‬
‫˒܍‬۲܎˓۲

6 TWBLPN JUFSBDJKJ 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB TF EBLMF HSBOB ‫[ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬B LPKV TF


QPTUJľF PWBK NJOJNVN J ÍWPS ܎ EPEBKV QPWF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKF TF
LPOTUSVJġF /B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB KFEOB JUFSBDJKB 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB
V LPKPK KF HSBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬J[BCSBOB LBP HSBOB NJOJNBMOF UFľJOF PE POJI
LPE LPKJI KF KFEBO LSBK V ۲ J ESVHJ LSBK KF J[WBO ۲

‫ۦ‬

‫܍‬

4MJLB  +FEOB JUFSBDJKB 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB

/B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP QPTUVQOP J[WSġBWBOKF 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB [B


HSBG OB TMJDJ  B
VLPMJLP KF QPÍFUOJ ÍWPS J[BCSBO EB CVEF ÍWPS ‫ۺ‬
*TQSBWOPTU 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB KF UBLPÑF OFQPTSFEOB QPTMFEJDB TWPK
TUWB QPEFMF HSBGB
-FNB 1SJNPW BMHPSJUBN LPOTUSVJġF NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP QPWF[BOPH
UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
%PLB[ *TQSBWOPTU 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB TF EPLB[VKF WSMP TMJÍOP ,SVTLBMP
WPN BMHPSJUNV ;CPH UPHB ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ TBNP EB TF J V 1SJNPWPN BMHP
SJUNV V TWBLPN LPSBLV EPEBKF HSBOB LPKB QSJQBEB TWBLPN NJOJNBMOPN
QPWF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
 .JOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 





‫ۺ‬ ‫ۺ‬ ‫ۺ‬

 
‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬

‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬


‫۾‬ ‫۾‬ ‫۾‬

‫۽‬ ‫۽‬ ‫۽‬





‫ۺ‬ ‫ۺ‬ ‫ۺ‬

  
‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬ ‫ۿ‬


‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬


    
  
‫۾‬ ‫۾‬ ‫۾‬

‫۽‬ ‫۽‬ ‫۽‬

4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB PE QPÍFUOPH ÍWPSB ‫[ ۺ‬B HSBG OB


TMJDJ  B


"MJ UP KF V 1SJNPWPN BMHPSJUNV KPġ PÍJHMFEOJKF KFS V TWBLPN LPSBLV


QPTUPKJ QPETLVQ ÍWPSPWB ۲ OBE LPKJN KF EFMJNJÍOP LPOTUSVJTBOP QPWF[V
KVÇF TUBCMP 1SJ UPNF TF CJSB HSBOB NJOJNBMOF UFľJOF ‫ ۾‬TB KFEOJN LSBKFN
‫ ܍‬V ۲ J ESVHJN LSBKFN ܎ V ۵ ˜ ۲ QB TF HSBOB ‫ ۾‬J ÍWPS ܎ EPEBKV TUBCMV LPKF
TF LPOTUSVJġF 4UPHB OB PTOPWV TWPKTUWB QPEFMF HSBGB OFQPTSFEOP TMFEJ EB
HSBOB ‫ ۾‬QSJQBEB TWBLPN NJOJNBMOPN QPWF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV HSBGB ‫ۦ‬ 

*NQMFNFOUBDJKB 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB %B CJ TF FਫLBTOP SFBMJ[PWBP 1SJ


NPW BMHPSJUBN NPSB TF QBľMKJWP WPEJUJ FWJEFODJKB P TLVQV ÍWPSPWB ۲ J TLV
QV HSBOB ۳ LPKJ QSJQBEBKV EFMJNJÍOP LPOTUSVJTBOPN QPWF[VKVÇFN TUBCMV
HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬1PSFE UPHB HSBOF ÍJKJ KF TBNP KFEBO LSBK V TLVQV ۲ NPSBKV TF
PSHBOJ[PWBUJ OB OBÍJO LPKJ PNPHVÇBWB EB TF PE OKJI NPľF CS[P J[BCSBUJ
KFEOB HSBOB NJOJNBMOF UFľJOF ;CPH UPHB TF V SBMJ[BDJKJ 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJU
NB LPSJTUF PWF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB
ۘ ;B TLVQ HSBOB ۳ EFMJNJÍOPH TUBCMB LPSJTUJ TF SFQSF[FOUBDJKB V PCMJLV
QPWF[BOF MJTUF LBLP CJ EPEBWBOKF HSBOF V ۳ NPHMP EB TF J[WSġJ [B
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF
ۘ ;B TLVQ ÍWPSPWB ۲ EFMJNJÍOPH TUBCMB QPUSFCOB KF SFQSF[FOUBDJKB LP
KB PNPHVÇBWB EB PQFSBDJKF QSPWFSF ÍMBOTUWB J EPEBWBOKB OPWPH FMF
NFOUB TLVQV NPHV EB TF J[WSġF [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 0CJÍOB SF
QSF[FOUBDJKB QPNPÇV LBSBLUFSJTUJÍOPH OJ[B TLVQB ۲ [BEPWPMKBWB PWBK
VTMPW %VľJOB PWPH OJ[B KFEOBLB KF CSPKV ÍWPSPWB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬J FMFNFOUJ
OJ[B TV JOEFLTJSBOJ UJN ÍWPSPWJNB 1PSFE UPHB TWBLJ FMFNFOU OJ[B
JNB WSFEOPTU UBÍOP JMJ OFUBÍOP QSFNB UPNF EB MJ PEHPWBSBKVÇJ ÍWPS
QSJQBEB TLVQV ۲
ۘ %B CJ TF CS[P PESFEJMB TMFEFÇB HSBOB LPKV USFCB EPEBUJ EFMJNJÍOPN
TUBCMV LPSJTUJ TF SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB ÍJKJ TV FMFNFOUJ HSBOF HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
1SFDJ[OJKF TWBLJ FMFNFOU UPH SFEB JNB EWB QPMKB KFEOP QPMKF TBESľJ
HSBOV ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬J ESVHP QPMKF TBESľJ OKFOV UFľJOV ܏
‫;  ۾‬B LMKVÍ
QSJPSJUFU
PEHPWBSBKVÇFH FMFNFOUB V SFEV V[JNB TF UFľJOB HSBOF V
ESVHPN QPMKV
*NBKVÇJ PWF OBQPNFOF V WJEV J QSFUQPTUBWMKBKVÇJ SFQSF[FOUBDJKV HSBGB
‫ ۦ‬QPNPÇV OJ[B MJTUJ TVTFETUWB V MJTUJOHV  KF QSJLB[BO 1SJNPW BMHPSJUBN
OB QTFVEPKF[JLV [B OBMBľFOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB QPWF[BOPH
UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬

-JTUJOH  1SJNPW BMHPSJUBN


 8OD] SRYH]DQ WHŀLQVNL JUDI ‫ۦ‬
 ,]OD] PLQLPDOQR SRYH]XMXÉH VWDEOD ۳ JUDID ‫ۦ‬
DOJRULWKP PVWSULP *

3URL]YROMQR L]DEUDWL ÏYRU V X *


6 ^V` 7   LQLFLMDOL]RYDWL GHOLPLÏQR VWDEOR

T   NRQVWUXLVDWL SUD]DQ UHG VD SULRULWHWLPD


IRU VYDND JUDQD H ^V[` X JUDIX * GR
STLQVHUW T Z H H 

ZKLOH T   GR
H STGHOHWHPLQ T 
1HND MH H ^XY`
7 7  H  JUDQX ‫ ۾‬GRGDWL JUDQDPD GHOLPLÏQRJ VWDEOD
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB 

6 6  Y  GUXJL NUDM ܎ GRGDWL ÏYRURYLPD WRJ VWDEOD

IRU VYDND JUDQD H ^Y[` ]D NRMX [ QLMH X 6 GR


STLQVHUW T Z H H 

UHWXUQ 7

6 WSFNFOV J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB PVWSULP EPNJOJSBKV EWF QFUMKF V


QSWPK IRU QFUMKJ TF JOJDJKBMJ[VKF SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB ۰ EPL TF V ESVHPK ZKL
OH QFUMKJ LPOTUSVJġF NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP ;B HSBG ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB
J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB IRU QFUMKF KF ‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬QPġUP TF V OKPK J[WSġB
WB OBKWJġF ‫ ܆‬PQFSBDJKB EPEBWBOKB FMFNFOUB V SFE TB QSJPSJUFUJNB WFMJÍJOF
OBKWJġF ‫ ܆‬4MJÍOP V ZKLOH QFUMKJ TF J[WSġBWB OBKWJġF ‫ ܅‬PQFSBDJKB EPEBWB
OKB J VLMBOKBOKB [B SFE FMFNFOBUB TB QSJPSJUFUJNB EVľJOF OBKWJġF ‫ ܅‬1PġUP
TF EPEBUOF PQFSBDJKF V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ UF QFUMKF J[WSġBWBKV [B LPOTUBOUOP
WSFNF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ZKLOH QFUMKF J[OPTJ ‫ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫  ܅‬1SFNB UPNF
VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB PVWSULP KF

‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܅
ۮ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܅
ۮ  ܅‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

,BP [BLMKVÍBL TF EBLMF NPľF J[WFTUJ ÍJOKFOJDB EB 1SJNPW J ,SVTLBMPW


BMHPSJUBN [B OBMBľFOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB HSBGB JNBKV BTJNQ
UPUTLJ KFEOBLP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB

 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB


(SBGPWJ TF ÍFTUP LPSJTUF [B NPEFMJSBOKF NSFľB V LPKJNB TF QSFMB[J OFLJ
QVU PE KFEOF UBÍLF EP ESVHF ‫ ۊ‬OB QSJNFS PE KFEOPH HSBEB EP ESVHPH QSF
LP QVUFWB LPKJNB TV HSBEPWJ QPWF[BOJ JMJ PE KFEOPH SBÍVOBSB EP ESVHPH
QSFLP LPNVOJLBDJPOJI MJOLPWB LPKJNB TV SBÍVOBSJ QPWF[BOJ ;CPH UPHB KF
KFEBO PE PTOPWOJI BMHPSJUBNTLJI QSPCMFNB [B HSBGPWF OBMBľFOKF OBKLSBÇJI
QVUFWB J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB V HSBGV
/FLB KF EBU QPWF[BO UFľJOTLJ HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ  6 WF[J TB QSPCMFNPN OB
MBľFOKB OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬QSJSPEOJKF KF QPESB[VNFWBUJ EB OVNF
SJÍLF WSFEOPTUJ QSJESVľFOF HSBOBNB HSBGB QSFETUBWMKBKV OKJIPWV EVľJOV B
OF UFľJOV /BSBWOP EVľJOB JMJ UFľJOB NPHV TUWBSOP QSFETUBWMKBUJ OFġUP TB
TWJN USFÇF SFDJNP WSFNF JMJ DFOV
5PNF ÇFNP TF QSJMBHPEJUJ V UFLTUV EP
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

LSBKB PWPH QPHMBWMKB J V[FUJ EB TWBLB HSBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬V UFľJOTLPN HSBGV ‫ۦ‬
JNB QSJESVľFOV EVľJOV Ƿ
‫  ̯ ۾‬LPKB QSFETUBWMKB NFSV QSFMBTLB V KFEOPN
LPSBLV PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬EP ÍWPSB ܎
;B OFLJ QVU ‫ ۯ‬V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬EVľJOB UPH QVUB Ƿ
‫ ۯ‬KF QSPTUP [CJS EVľJOB TWJI
HSBOB OB QVUV ‫' ۯ‬PSNBMOP BLP TF QVU ‫ ۯ‬TBTUPKJ PE ÍWPSPWB ܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܃‬J
HSBOB ‫ _ ૾ ܁܎  ܁܎]  ܁۾‬J[NFÑV OKJI POEB KF

‫૾˜܃‬
Ƿ
‫ ಺  ۯ‬Ƿ
‫ ܁۾‬
‫૾܁‬

1SPCMFN OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB TBTUPKJ TF V UPNF EB TF [B


EBUJ ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬V UFľJOTLPN HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬PESFEF OBKLSBÇJ QVUBWJ PE UPH ÍWPSB ‫܋‬
EP TWJI PTUBMJI ÍWPSPWB V HSBGV ‫* ۦ‬OUFSFTBOUOP KF QSJNFUJUJ EB OBJ[HMFE
KFEOPTUBWOJKJ QSPCMFN OBMBľFOKB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB PE KFEOPH EBUPH ÍWPSB
EP ESVHPH EBUPH ÍWPSB JNB JTUV TMPľFOPTU V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV LBP QSPCMFN
OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB PE KFEOPH EBUPH ÍWPSB EP TWJI PTUBMJI ÍWPSPWB +FEOP
FਫLBTOP SFġFOKF [B PWBK QSPCMFN QSWJ KF QSFEMPľJP &ETHFS %JKLTUSB J QP
OKFNV TF POP OB[JWB %JKLTUSJO BMHPSJUBN

%JKLTUSJO BMHPSJUBN
1PETFUJNP TF EB TF QSPCMFN OBMBľFOKB OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB PE KFEOPH ÍWP
SB V TQFDJKBMOPN TMVÍBKV PCJÍOPH HSBGB LPE LPHB TV TWF HSBOF KFEOBLF
EVľJOF NPľF SFġJUJ QSFUSBHPN V ġJSJOV 6 %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV TF PWBK
QSJTUVQ HFOFSBMJ[VKF [B UFľJOTLJ HSBG UBLP ġUP TF OB PESFÑFO OBÍJO QSJNF
OKVKF ‫۔‬QPOEFSJTBOB‫ ۓ‬QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV PE EBUPH ÍWPSB 3BEJ KFEOPTUBWOJ
KFH J[MBHBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB OBKQSF ÇFNP QPKFEOPTUBWJUJ QSPCMFN J
QSFUQPTUBWJUJ EB TF USBľF TBNP EVľJOF OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP TWJI
PTUBMJI ÍWPSPWB V HSBGV 6 %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV TF PESFÑJWBOKF TBNJI
OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB B OF TBNP OKJIPWJI EVľJOB NPľF MBLP SFLPOTUSVJTBUJ
4VġUJOTLB PEMJLB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB KF EB TF OBKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE EB
UPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP PTUBMJI ÍWPSPWB PULSJWBKV V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV EVľJOB OBK
LSBÇJI QVUFWB 6 BMHPSJUNV TF QPTUVQOP LPOTUSVJġF TLVQ ÍWPSPWB ۲ UBLBW
EB KF [B TWBLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬V ۲ PESFÑFOB EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB ‫ ܍
۽‬PE ÍWPSB ‫܋‬
5P TF TLVQ SFġFOJI ÍWPSPWB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/B QPÍFULV KF ۲  ]‫ _܋‬J ‫  ܋
۽‬
%B CJ TF V OBSFEOPK JUFSBDJKJ TLVQ SFġFOJI ÍWPSPWB ۲ QSPġJSJP [B KFEBO
ÍWPS [B TWBLJ OFSFġFO ÍWPS ܎ V ۵ ˜ ۲ TF PESFÑVKF EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJ
KBMOPH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ 4QFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ÍWPSB ܎ KF OFLJ QVU LPKJ QPÍJOKF PE
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB 

ÍWPSB ‫[ ܋‬BUJN QSPMB[J TBNP LSP[ SFġFOF ÍWPSPWF J OB TBNPN LSBKV EPMB
[J EP OFLPH ÍWPSB ‫ ˒ ܍‬۲ J [BWSġBWB TF KFEOPN HSBOPN V ÍWPSV ܎ +FEBO
TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ÍWPSB ܎ KF JMVTUSPWBO OB TMJDJ 

‫ۦ‬

۲
SFġFOJ
ÍWPSPWJ
‫܋‬ ‫܍‬ ܎

TQFDJKBMOJ
QVU

4MJLB  4QFDJKBMOJ QVU PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP ÍWPSB ܎ V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬QSFNB %JKLTUSJOPN
BMHPSJUNV

%SVHJN SFÍJNB [B TWBLJ OFSFġFO ÍWPS ܎ J[WBO TLVQB ۲ PESFÑVKF TF


WFMJÍJOB

܎  OKP ‫ ܍
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ۾‬
‫_܎܍]۾‬
‫˒܍‬۲

/BLPO UPHB SBEJ QSPġJSFOKB TLVQB ۲ CJSB TF ÍWPS ‫[ ܐ‬B LPKJ TF PWB WFMJÍJOB
NJOJNJ[VKF PEOPTOP CJSB TF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬UBLBW EB KF ঑
‫  ܐ‬OKP܎˒۵˜۲ ঑
܎  5BK
ÍWPS TF EPEBKF TLVQV ۲ J [B OKFHPWV EVľJOV OBKLSBÇFH QVUB ‫ ܐ
۽‬V[JNB
TF ঑
‫  ܐ‬4LVQ ۲ TF QSPġJSVKF OB PWBK OBÍJO [B KFEBO ÍWPS TWF EPL TF OF
PCVIWBUF TWJ ÍWPSPWJ J[ TLVQB ۵ HSBGB ‫ۦ‬
7FSPWBUOP OJKF PENBI KBTOP [BġUP KF PWBK QPTUVQBL JTQSBWBO ;BUP EB
CJTNP HB CPMKF SB[VNFMJ QPTNBUSBKNP KFEOP NPHVÇF TUBOKF J[WSġBWBOKB
%JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB LPKF KF QSJLB[BOP OB TMJDJ 
6 USFOVULV J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB OB TMJDJ  [BWSġFOF TV
EWF JUFSBDJKF TLVQ ۲ KF V QSWPK JUFSBDJKJ CJP QSPġJSFO [B ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬J V ESVHPK
[B ÍWPS ܎ 6 USFÇPK JUFSBDJKJ CJ TF EPEBP ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬KFS TF [B UBK ÍWPS QPTUJľF
OBKNBOKB WSFEOPTU ঑
‫  ܐ‬/BJNF ঑
‫  ܐ‬OKP]     _   ঑
ܑ 
    J ঑
‫      ܒ‬0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB CJ EPEBWBOKF ÍWPSB ܑ JMJ
‫ ܒ‬TLVQV ۲ V PWPN USFOVULV CJMP QPHSFġOP POJ ÇF TF JQBL JTQSBWOP EPEBUJ
V OBSFEOJN JUFSBDJKBNB [CPH HSBOB LPKF JI QPWF[VKV TB ÍWPSPN ‫ܐ‬
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

ܑ
۲ 

‫܍‬
 



‫܋‬ ‫ܐ‬
 

܎

‫ܒ‬

4MJLB  1SJNFS J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB

1SJNFUJNP EB TF V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB USBľJ OBKLSBÇJ


TQFDJKBMOJ QVU PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J EB TF TLVQV ۲ EPEBKF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬LPKJ TF OBMB[J OB
LSBKV UPH QVUB 5BLPÑF UBK OBKLSBÇJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU ‫ ܐۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬QSPHMBġBWB
TF [B HMPCBMOP OBKLSBÇJ QVU PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬PEOPTOP WSFEOPTU ‫ ܐ
۽‬TF J[KFEOBÍBWB
TB ঑
‫;  ܐ‬BġUP KF PWBK QSJTUVQ JTQSBWBO ,MKVÍOJ SB[MPH KF UP ġUP TV EVľJOF
TWJI HSBOB V HSBGV OFOFHBUJWOF ‫ ۊ‬V TUWBSJ VLPMJLP KF EVľJOB OFLF HSBOF
OFHBUJWOB SF[VMUBU %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NPľF CJUJ QPHSFġBO
%B CJTNP QPLB[BMJ EB OF QPTUPKJ LSBÇJ QVU PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬QPTNB
USBKNP CJMP LPKJ ESVHJ QVU ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬0WBK QVU NPSB OFHEF J[BÇJ J[ TLVQB
۲ KFS KF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J[WBO ۲ /FLB KF ܑ QSWJ ÍWPS OB QVUV ‫ ۯ‬LPKJ OJKF V ۲ J OFLB
KF ‫ ܑۯ‬EFPOJDB QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܑ ,BP ġUP KF QSJLB[BOP OB TMJDJ  QVU ‫ۯ‬
J[B ÍWPSB ܑ NPľF LSJWVEBUJ VOVUBS J J[WBO TLVQB ۲ OFLPMJLP QVUB EPL TF
OBK[BE OF [BWSġJ V ÍWPSV ‫ܐ‬
,BLP KF ‫ ܑۯ‬KFEBO PE TQFDJKBMOJI QVUFWB PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܐۯ‬KF OBKLSBÇJ UBLBW
TQFDJKBMOJ QVU UP KF Ƿ
‫ ̯ ܑۯ‬Ƿ
‫  ܐۯ‬4B ESVHF TUSBOF Ƿ
‫ ̯ ۯ‬Ƿ
‫ ܑۯ‬KFS TV EV
ľJOF HSBOB OFOFHBUJWOF 0WF EWF OFKFEOBLPTUJ [BKFEOP EBKV Ƿ
‫ ̯ ۯ‬Ƿ
‫ ܐۯ‬
ġUP QPLB[VKF EB EVľJOB TWBLPH QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬OJKF LSBÇB PE EVľJOF QVUB
‫  ܐۯ‬1SFDJ[OJKF UWSÑFOKF P JTQSBWOPTUJ %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NPľF TF GPS
NVMJTBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
-FNB 4LVQ ۲ V UPLV J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB TBESľJ ÍWPSPWF ‫ܐ‬
UBLWF EB KF ‫ ܐ
۽‬EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB ‫ ܐۯ‬PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP ÍWPSB ‫ܐ‬
%PLB[ %PLB[ UWSÑFOKB J[WPEJNP JOEVLDJKPN QP CSPKV ÍWPSPWB V ۲ 6
CB[OPN TMVÍBKV [B ۲  ]‫ _܋‬UWSÑFOKF KF PÍJHMFEOP KFS KF ‫   ܋
۽‬J EVľJOF
TWJI HSBOB V HSBGV TV OFOFHBUJWOF 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF UWSÑFOKF UBÍOP
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB 

‫ۦ‬

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4MJLB  /BKLSBÇJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU ‫ ܐۯ‬J QSPJ[WPMKOJ QVU ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬ÍJKB KF
QSWB EFPOJDB EP ÍWPSB ܑ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU

LBEB ۲ JNB ‫  ̯ ܃‬ÍWPSPWB J QPLBľJNP EB POP WBľJ J [B TLVQ ۲ VWFÇBO [B


KFEBO ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬V %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV
/FLB KF HSBOB ]‫ _ܐ ܍‬QPTMFEOKB HSBOB OB TQFDJKBMOPN QVUV ‫  ܐۯ‬,BLP KF
‫ ܍‬OFLJ ÍWPS V ۲ QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ KF ‫ ܍
۽‬EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB
‫ ܍ۯ‬PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬/FLB KF ‫ ۯ‬CJMP LPKJ ESVHJ QVU V HSBGV PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ܐ‬
OBġ DJMK KF EB QPLBľFNP EB OKFHPWB EVľJOB OJKF NBOKB PE EVľJOF QVUB ‫ ܐۯ‬
1VU ‫ ۯ‬NPSB OFHEF J[BÇJ J[ TLVQB ۲ KFS KF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J[WBO ۲ /FLB KF ܑ QSWJ
ÍWPS OB QVUV ‫ ۯ‬LPKJ OJKF V ۲ J OFLB KF ÍWPS ܎ V ۲ PENBI JTQSFE ÍWPSB ܑ OB
QVUV ‫ ۯ‬TMJLB 

/FLB KF ‫ۯ‬Ƒ EFPOJDB QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ ,BLP KF ÍWPS ܎ V ۲ QP JOEVLDJKTLPK
QSFUQPTUBWDJ EVľJOB QVUB ‫ۯ‬Ƒ OJKF NBOKB PE EVľJOF OBKLSBÇFH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP
܎ PEOPTOP Ƿ
‫ۯ‬Ƒ ̯ ‫  ܎
۽‬4UPHB EFPOJDB QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܑ JNB EVľJOV Ƿ
‫ۯ‬Ƒ
Ƿ
܎ ܑ ̯ ‫ ܎
۽‬Ƿ
܎ ܑ ̯ ঑
ܑ  1PġUP KF V %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV ÍWPS ‫ܐ‬
J[BCSBO EB CVEF EPEBU TLVQV ۲ UP KF ঑
ܑ ̯ ঑
‫  ܐ
۽  ܐ‬Ƿ
‫  ܐۯ‬6[JNBKVÇJ
TWF PWP V PC[JS LBP J ÍJOKFOJDV EB EVľJOB EFPOJDF QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܑ OJKF
NBOKB PE EVľJOF DFMPH QVUB ‫ ۯ‬KFS TV HSBOF OFOFHBUJWOF OBK[BE EPCJKBNP
USBľFOV OFKFEOBLPTU Ƿ
‫ ̯ ۯ‬Ƿ
‫ۯ‬Ƒ Ƿ
܎ ܑ ̯ ঑
ܑ ̯ ঑
‫  ܐ
۽  ܐ‬Ƿ
‫  ܐۯ‬

*NQMFNFOUBDJKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB ;B UFľJOTLJ HSBG ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSP


WB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB V %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV TF J[WSġBWB ‫  ˜ ܆‬JUFSBDJKB EPEBWBOKB
OPWPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬TLVQV ۲ /B QSWJ QPHMFE V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ TF [BIUFWB JTQJ
UJWBOKF TWBLPH ÍWPSB ܎ V ۵ ˜ ۲ J TWJI HSBOB J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB V ۲ J ÍWPSB ܎
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

SBEJ J[SBÍVOBWBOKB OBKQSF NJOJNVNB ঑


܎ J [BUJN J[CPSB ÍWPSB ‫[ ܐ‬B LPKJ TF
QPTUJľF OBKNBOKJ PE PWJI NJOVNVNB 6 OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV EBLMF WSFNF J[
WSġBWBOKB TWBLF JUFSBDJKF NPľF CJUJ ‫ ܅
ۮ‬QB CJ VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
%JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB CJMP ‫ ܆܅
ۮ‬
%B CJ TF FਫLBTOPTU %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB [OBUOP VOBQSFEJMB NPSBKV
TF LPSJTUJUJ QSBWF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB 1SF TWFHB EB TF OF CJ OFQPUSFCOP V
TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ QPOPWP J[SBÍVOBWBMF EVľJOF OBKLSBÇJI TQFDJKBMOJI QVUFWB
EP ÍWPSPWB V ۵ ˜ ۲ POF TF ÍVWBKV V OJ[V ‫ ۽‬EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬LPKJ KF JOEFLTJSBO
ÍWPSPWJNB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬5BÍOJKF [B TWBLJ SFġFO ÍWPS ܎ V ۲ FMFNFOU ‫ ܎
۽‬KFEOBL
KF EVľJOJ HMPCBMOP OBKLSBÇFH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ EPL [B TWBLJ OFSFġFO ÍWPS ܎
V ۵ ˜ ۲ FMFNFOU ‫ ܎
۽‬KFEOBL KF EVľJOJ OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJKBMOPH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP
܎ 1PÍFUOP KF EBLMF ‫   ܋
۽‬J ‫  ܎
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܋‬VLPMJLP V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ HSBOB
PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ JMJ QP LPOWFODJKJ ‫ ˨  ܎
۽‬VLPMJLP UBLWB HSBOB OF QPTUPKJ
%PEBUOP QPCPMKġBOKF NPľF TF PCF[CFEJUJ V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ LBEB TF CJSB
OFSFġFO ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬LPKJ JNB OBKNBOKV WSFEOPTU ‫ ܐ
۽‬PE TWJI OFSFġFOJI ÍWPSPWB
3BEJ FਫLBTOF SFBMJ[BDJKF UPH QPTUVQLB NPľF TF QPTUVQJUJ OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO
LBP LPE 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB J LPSJTUJUJ TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB SFEB TB QSJPSJ
UFUJNB [B TWF OFSFġFOF ÍWPSPWF V ۵ ˜ ۲ "LP KFEBO FMFNFOU UBLWPH SFEB
QSFETUBWMKB ÍWPS ܎ V ۵ ˜ ۲ TB QSJPSJUFUPN KFEOBLJN FMFNFOUV ‫ ܎
۽‬V OJ[V
‫ ۽‬POEB TF NPľF FਫLBTOP PESFEJUJ FMFNFOU UPH SFEB TB OBKNBOKJN QSJPSJ
UFUPN PEOPTOP OFSFġFO ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬LPKJ JNB OBKLSBÇV EVľJOV ‫ ܐ
۽‬TQFDJKBMOPH
QVUB PE ÍWPSB ‫܋‬
/BLPO EPEBWBOKB J[BCSBOPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬TLVQV ۲ NPSB TF V[FUJ V PC[JS
EB KF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬SFġFO J EB NPľEB QPTUPKF LSBÇJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVUFWJ LPKJ WPEF
EP OKFHPWJI TVTFEB ;CPH UPHB TF NPSB QSPWFSJUJ WSFEOPTU ‫[ ܎
۽‬B TWBLJ
OFSFġFO ÍWPS ܎ LPKJ KF TVTFEBO ÍWPSV ‫ ܐ‬/BJNF [B TWBLJ UBLBW ÍWPS ܎ OPWJ
TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ܎ QSBUJ QVU PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬V OPWPN ۲ J [BWSġBWB TF HSBOPN
]‫ _܎ ܐ‬5BK OPWJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ÍWPSB ܎ JNB EVľJOV ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܐ‬QB BLP KF
UBK QVU LSBÇJ PE QPTUPKFÇFH OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJKBMOPH QVUB EP ܎ EVľJOF ‫ ܎
۽‬UB
TUBSB WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎
۽‬NPSB TF BľVSJSBUJ WSFEOPġÇV ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
‫  ܎ ܐ‬+FEBO QSJNFS
PWPH TMVÍBKB QSJLB[BO KF OB TMJDJ 
6 TMVÍBKV LBEB WSFEOPTU ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܐ‬OJKF NBOKB PE TUBSF WSFEOPTUJ
‫ ܎
۽‬OFSFġFOPH ÍWPSB ܎ OPWJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ܎ OJKF LSBÇJ PE QPTUPKFÇFH
QB TUBSB WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎
۽‬USFCB EB PTUBOF OFQSPNFOKFOB 0CB TMVÍBKB QPEF
ġBWBOKB WSFEOPTUJ ‫ ܎
۽‬OFSFġFOPH ÍWPSB ܎ LPKJ KF TVTFEBO OPWPEPEBUPN
ÍWPSV ‫ ܐ‬NPHV TF LSBÇF [BQJTBUJ V PCMJLV ‫  ܎
۽‬OKPഘ‫ ܐ
۽  ܎
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܐ‬ഛ
0WB PQFSBDJKB QPEFġBWBOKB EVľJOF OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJKBMOPH QVUB EP OFSFġF
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB 

‫  ܐ
۽‬ ‫  ܐ
۽‬
‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬
 
܎ ܎
‫  ܎
۽‬ ‫  ܎
۽‬
‫܋‬ ‫܋‬
‫  ܋
۽‬ ‫  ܋
۽‬

4MJLB  1PEFġBWBOKF OFSFġFOPH ÍWPSB ܎

OPH ÍWPSB OB[JWB TF QPQVġUBOKF .FUBGPSB [B PWBK UFSNJO KF TUBOKF PQSVHF


LPKB TF OBKQSF OBQJOKF J [BUJN PQVġUB EP TWPH OPSNBMOPH PCMJLB V TUBOKV
NJSPWBOKB 1SFDJ[OJKJ [BQJT %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB OB QTFVEPKF[JLV LPKJN
TV PCVIWBÇFOF QSFUIPEOF OBQPNFOF QSJLB[BO KF V MJTUJOHV 

-JTUJOH  %JKLTUSJO BMHPSJUBN

 8OD] WHŀLQVNL JUDI ‫ ۦ‬ÏYRU ‫ ܋‬X ‫ۦ‬


 ,]OD] QL] ‫ ۽‬GXŀLQD QDMNUDÉLK SXWHYD RG ‫ ܋‬GR VYLK ÏYRURYD ‫ۦ‬
DOJRULWKP GLMNVWUD *V

6 ^V`
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IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y UD]OLÏLW RG V X * GR
LI ^VY` JUDQD X * WKHQ
G>Y@ O VY   GXŀLQD JUDQH L]PHÓX ‫ ܋‬L ܎
HOVH
G>Y@ ࠥ   EHVNRQDÏQD GXŀLQD

ZKLOH 6 MH SUDYL SRGVNXS RG 9 GR


2GUHGLWL ÏYRU [ X 96 ]D NRML MH G>[@ QDMPDQMH
6 6  [
IRU VYDNL ÏYRU Y X 96 NRML MH VSRMHQ JUDQRP VD [ GR
G>Y@ PLQ^G>Y@ G>[@  O [Y `  SRSXģWDQMH

UHWXUQ G
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/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOP J[WSġBWBOKF BMHPSJUNB GLMNVWUD V MJTUJO


HV  [B KFEBO QSJNFS HSBGB J EBUPH ÍWPSB V UPN HSBGV




 


  
 





JUFSBDJKB ‫ܐ‬ ۲ ‫ 
۽‬ ‫ 
۽‬ ‫ 
۽‬ ‫ 
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4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB [B EBUJ HSBG ‫ ۦ‬PE QPÍFUOPH


ÍWPSB ‫  ܋‬

3BEJ BOBMJ[F %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF VMB[OJ HSBG ‫ۦ‬


QSFETUBWMKFO OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB J EB TF [B SFBMJ[BDJKV SFEB TB QSJPSJUFUJ
NB LPSJTUJ CJOBSOJ NJOIJQ 0OEB TF JOJDJKBMJ[BDJKB IJQB J[WSġBWB [B WSFNF
‫[*  ܆
ۮ‬CPS ÍWPSB ‫ ˓ ܐ‬۲ LPKJ NJOJNJ[VKF SBTUPKBOKB ‫ ۽‬TBTUPKJ TF PE VLMBOKB
OKB LPSFOB J[ IJQB ġUP TF J[WSġBWB [B WSFNF ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫  ܆‬%PEBWBOKF ÍWPSB ‫ܐ‬
TLVQV ۲ J[WSġBWB TF [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF VLPMJLP KF TLVQ ۲ QSFETUBWMKFO
SFDJNP QPWF[BOPN MJTUPN 1PTUVQBL QPQVġUBOKB TF TBTUPKJ PE JTQJUJWBOKB
TWBLF HSBOF LPKB QPWF[VKF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J OFLPH OKFHPWPH TVTFEB ܎ LPKJ TF OBMB[J
J[WBO OPWPH ۲ SBEJ QSPWFSF EB MJ KF ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
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۽  ܎ ܐ‬LP KF UP TMVÍBK
NPSB TF QSPNFOJUJ WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎
۽‬J ÍWPS ܎ T UJN QSPNFOKFOJN QSJPSJUFUPN
‫۔‬QPHVSBUJ‫ ۓ‬V[ IJQ ġUP TF PQFU J[WSġBWB [B WSFNF ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫  ܆‬1SJNFUJNP EB TF
PWP SBEJ OBKWJġF KFEBOQVU QP TWBLPK HSBOJ HSBGB
1SFNB UPNF V BMHPSJUNV GLMNVWUD TF PCBWMKB ‫  ˜ ܆‬PQFSBDJKB VLMB
OKBOKB LPSFOB J[ IJQB J OBKWJġF ‫ ܅‬PQFSBDJKB QPNFSBOKB ÍWPSB OB OKFHPWP
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB 

QSBWP NFTUP V IJQV 6LVQOP WSFNF [B J[WSġBWBOKB UJI PQFSBDJKB KF EBLMF


‫ ܅ ܆

ۮ‬NQI ‫"  ܆‬LP KF EBUJ HSBG QPWF[BO POEB KF ‫  ˜ ܆ ̯ ܅‬QB TF V


UPN TMVÍBKV WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NPľF LSBÇF J[SB[JUJ
V PCMJLV ‫ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB


1SPCMFN OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB TBTUPKJ TF V OBMBľFOKV
OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWBLB EWB ÍWPSB V UFľJOTLPN HSBGV ‫" ۦ‬LP V
HSBGV OFNB OFHBUJWOJI HSBOB POEB TF PWBK QSPCMFN NPľF SFġJUJ WJġFTUSV
LJN J[WSġBWBOKFN %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB PE TWBLPH ÍWPSB HSBGB 6LPMJLP
‫ ۦ‬JNB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB WSFNF QPUSFCOP [B PWP SFġFOKF KF ‫ ܅܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
QPE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB KF HSBG ‫ ۦ‬QPWF[BO J QSFETUBWMKFO OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFE
TUWB 6 OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV LBEB KF VMB[OJ HSBG HVTU PEOPTOP ‫  ܅‬é
‫ ૿܆‬PWP
WSFNF J[OPTJ ‫ ଀܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫  ܆‬6 OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV LBEB KF HSBG SFEBL PEOPTOP
‫  ܅‬é
‫ ܆‬PWP WSFNF J[OPTJ ‫ ૿܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
6 PWPN PEFMKLV TF QPLB[VKF ESVHJ OBÍJO [B SFġBWBOKF QSPCMFNB OBMB
ľFOKB OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TF NPľF QSJNFOJUJ ÍBL J V
TMVÍBKV LBEB HSBG TBESľJ HSBOF OFHBUJWOF EVľJOF BMJ OF J DJLMVTF OFHBUJWOF
EVľJOF
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LBUFHPSJKJ BMHPSJUBNB EJOBNJÍLPH QSPHSBNJSBOKB 6 PWPN BMHPSJUNV TF
QSFUQPTUBWMKB EB KF VMB[OJ HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO NBUSJDPN TVTFETUWB J OKFHPWP
WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB KF ‫ ଀܆
ۮ‬

'MPKEPW BMHPSJUBN 'MPKEPW BMHPSJUBN [B SFġFOKF QSPCMFNB OBMBľFOKB


OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB KF LPODFQUVBMOP KFEOPTUBWOJKJ PE
%JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NBEB SFġBWB PÍJHMFEOP UFľJ QSPCMFN
/FLB KF ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ UFľJOTLJ HSBG J OFLB TV TWJ ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬QSPJ[WPMK
OP OVNFSJTBOJ UBLP EB KF ۵  ]܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫' _ ܆‬MPKEPW BMHPSJUBN TF [BTOJWB
OB JEFKJ EB TF OBMBľFOKF OBKLSBÇFH QVUB J[NFÑV CJMP LPKB EWB ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܁‬J ܎‫܂‬
QPEFMJ OB OBMBľFOKF EWB OBKLSBÇB QVUB KFEOPH QVUB PE ܎‫ ܁‬EP OFLPH QPTSFE
OPH ÍWPSB J ESVHPH QVUB PE UPH QPTSFEOPH ÍWPSB EP ܎‫  ܂‬5BÍOJKF OBKLSBÇJ
QVU PE ܎‫ ܁‬EP ܎‫ ܂‬PESFÑVKF TF LPSJTUFÇJ OB UPN QVUV TBNP QPTSFEOF ÍWPSPWF
J[ TLVQB QSWJI ‫ ܃‬ÍWPSPWB ۵‫  ૿܎  ૾܎]  ܃‬Ə  ܎‫" _ ܃‬MJ UBK QPTUVQBL TF QPOBWMKB
SFEPN [B TWBLP ‫    ܃‬Ə  ‫ ܆‬PEOPTOP [B OJ[ TLVQPWB ۵૾  ۵૿  Ə  ۵‫ ܆‬UBLP
EB TF OB LSBKV [B ۵‫  ܆‬۵ EPCJKB HMPCBMOP OBKLSBÇJ QVU J[NFÑV ܎‫ ܁‬J ܎‫ ܂‬
  5FľJOTLJ HSBGPWJ

%B CJTNP QPKFEOPTUBWJMJ PQJT 'MPKEPWPH BMHPSJUNB QSFUQPTUBWJNP PQFU


EB TF USBľF TBNP EVľJOF OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB B OF J TBNJ QVUFWJ %PEBUOP SB
EJ QPHPEOPTUJ P[OBÍJNP ۵૽  ˏ %VľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB ۣ
‫ ܃ ܂ ܁‬PE ÍWPSB
܎‫ ܁‬EP ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܂‬V[JNBKVÇJ V PC[JS QPTSFEOF ÍWPSPWF OB QVUFWJNB PE ܎‫ ܁‬EP
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CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији - Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
004.421(075.8)
510.5(075.8)
004.6(075.8)
ЖИВКОВИЋ, Дејан, 1956-
Uvod u algoritme i strukture podataka / Dejan Živković. - 5. izd. -
Beograd : Univerzitet Singidunum, 2018 (Beograd : Kaligraf). - VI, 275 str.
: ilustr. ; 24 cm
Tiraž 750. - Bibliografija: str. 269. - Registar.
ISBN 978-86-7912-572-9
a) Алгоритми b) Подаци (рачунарство)
COBISS.SR-ID 265928972

© 2018.
Sva prava zadržana. Nijedan deo ove publikacije ne može biti reprodukovan u bilo kom vidu i putem
bilo kog medija, u delovima ili celini bez prethodne pismene saglasnosti izdavača.
www.singidunum.ac.rs
Un i v er z i t e t Singidunum

9 788679 12572 9

UVOD U ALGORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA


Dejan Živković

UVOD U
ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
PODATAKA Dejan Živković

METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA UVOD U


Algoritmi i strukture podataka se nalaze u centru svih ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
tehnologija koje se koriste u radu sa savremenim
računarima. Mada na prvi pogled možda ne izgleda tako,
neka napredna metodologija se sigurno temelji na
sofisticiranim algoritmima i strukturama podataka. Skromni
cilj ove knjige je upoznavanje čitalaca sa osnovama ove

PODATAKA
fascinantne oblasti računarstva. Zbog toga se u knjizi
prevashodno razmatraju neke od najosnovnijih metoda i
paradigmi za dizajniranje i analiziranje struktura podataka i
algoritama. Pri tome je učinjen poseban napor da se u knjizi
stavi naglasak na idejama i lakšem razumevanju koncepata,
a ne na implementacionim detaljima. U knjizi se nalazi preko
150 slika i tabela koje služe za ilustraciju teksta. Algoritmi u
tekstu su navedeni na jednostavnom pseudo jeziku tako da
čitaoci ne moraju da uči novi programski jezik da bi razumeli
kako rade algoritmi. Dodatno, na kraju svakog poglavlja se
nalazi više zadataka čija težina ide progresivno u rasponu od
METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA
prostih vežbi za utvrđivanje gradiva pa do kreativnih
problema. Ovi zadaci se smatraju integralnim delom knjige i
čitaoci treba da bar pokušaju da ih reše.

Beograd, 2018.

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