www.singidunum.ac.

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9 788679 12572 9

UVOD U ALGORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA

Dejan Živković

UVOD U
ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
PODATAKA Dejan Živković

METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA UVOD U

Algoritmi i strukture podataka se nalaze u centru svih ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
tehnologija koje se koriste u radu sa savremenim
računarima. Mada na prvi pogled možda ne izgleda tako,
neka napredna metodologija se sigurno temelji na
sofisticiranim algoritmima i strukturama podataka. Skromni
cilj ove knjige je upoznavanje čitalaca sa osnovama ove

PODATAKA
fascinantne oblasti računarstva. Zbog toga se u knjizi
prevashodno razmatraju neke od najosnovnijih metoda i
paradigmi za dizajniranje i analiziranje struktura podataka i
algoritama. Pri tome je učinjen poseban napor da se u knjizi
stavi naglasak na idejama i lakšem razumevanju koncepata,
a ne na implementacionim detaljima. U knjizi se nalazi preko
150 slika i tabela koje služe za ilustraciju teksta. Algoritmi u
tekstu su navedeni na jednostavnom pseudo jeziku tako da
čitaoci ne moraju da uči novi programski jezik da bi razumeli
kako rade algoritmi. Dodatno, na kraju svakog poglavlja se
nalazi više zadataka čija težina ide progresivno u rasponu od
METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA
prostih vežbi za utvrđivanje gradiva pa do kreativnih
problema. Ovi zadaci se smatraju integralnim delom knjige i
čitaoci treba da bar pokušaju da ih reše.

Beograd, 2018.
 UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM

Dejan Živković

U VOD U A LG O R I TM E I
S T RU K T U R E P ODATA K A

Peto izdanje

Beograd, 2018.
UVOD U ALGIORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA

Autor:
dr Dejan Živković

Recenzent:
dr Dragan Cvetković

Izdavač:
UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM
Beograd, Danijelova 32
www.singidunum.ac.rs

Za izdavača:
dr Milovan Stanišić

Tehnička obrada:
Dejan Živković

Dizajn korica:
Aleksandar Mihajlović

Godina izdanja:
2018.

Tiraž:
750 primeraka

Štampa:
Kaligraf, Beograd

ISBN: 978-86-7912-572-9

Copyright:
© 2018. Univerzitet Singidunum
Izdavač zadržava sva prava.
Reprodukcija pojedinih delova ili celine ove publikacije nije dozvoljeno.
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V TUFLV TF NPHV EPCJUJ J TLJOVUJ TBNP TB WSIB TUFLB "LP LPNBEF NFTB
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LBP VMB[ J QSPJ[WPEJ OFLF QPEBULF LBP J[MB[ 0WP QSWFOTUWFOP [OBÍJ EB TF
BMHPSJUBN TBTUPKJ PE KBTOF J OFEWPTNJTMFOF TQFDJਫLBDJKF OJ[B LPSBLB LPKJ
TF NPHV NFIBOJÍLJ J[WSġJUJ OB SBÍVOBSV TMJLB 

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IJOKTLJN SFDFQUPN [B OFLP KFMP CBġ LBP ġUP TF LVIJOKTLJ SFDFQU TBTUPKJ
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CMFNB QPE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB TF OB VMB[V BMHPSJUNB OBMB[J KFEOB JOTUBODB
QSPCMFNB OB J[MB[V BMHPSJUNB EPCJKB SFġFOKF UF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB /B QSJ
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6 QPTUVQLV BOBMJ[F BMHPSJUNB TF LWBOUJUBUJWOP PESFÑVKF VQPUSFCB SB
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EB NJOJNJ[VKFNP TV WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB J NFNPSJKTLJ [BIUFWJ OFLPH BMHP
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J EFਫOJTBUJ QSJNJUJWOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF TF LPSJTUF QSJMJLPN J[WSġBWBOKB .F
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NPEFMB TB LPKJN SBEJNP 5P KF EPWPMKOP [B OBġV TWSIV KFS ÇF OBT JOUFSF
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TBNJ TFCF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF V PWPN NPEFMV OF QPTUPKJ NFNPSJKTLB IJKF
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5BÍBO SFQFSUPBS JOTUSVLDJKB PWPH NPEFMB SBÍVOBSB OJKF QPTFCOP CJUBO
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MKFH SB[VNFWBOKB SFMBUJWOF CS[JOF SBTUB PWJI UJQJÍOJI GVOLDJKB QSJLB[BOJ
TV OKJIPWJ QSJCMJľOJ HSBਫDJ

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‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫૿܆ ଀܆‬ ‫ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫܆‬

 LPOTUBOUOB GVOLDJKB
NQI ‫܆‬ MPHBSJUBNTLB GVOLDJKB
‫܆‬ MJOFBSOB GVOLDJKB NQI ‫܆‬
‫ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ MJOFBSOPMPHBSJUBNTLB GVOLDJKB

‫૿܆‬ LWBESBUOB GVOLDJKB
‫଀܆‬ LVCOB GVOLDJKB
‫܆‬ FLTQPOFODJKBMOB GVOLDJKB
‫܆‬

4MJLB  5JQJÍOF GVOLDJKF [B WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB

'VOLDJKF OB TMJDJ  OJTV JOUFSFTBOUOF V SBÍVOBSTUWV [CPH TWPKF BQ

TUSBLUOF NBUFNBUJÍLF QSJSPEF WFÇ POF QSFETUBWMKBKV BTJNQUPUTLB WSFNF
OB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB 6PÍJNP [BUP EB TF V UBCFMJ OB MFWPK TUSBOJ UF
TMJLF TWBLP OFGPSNBMOP JNF GVOLDJKF PEOPTJ V TUWBSJ OB LMBTV GVOLDJKB JT
UF CS[JOF SBTUB 5BLP LWBESBUOPN GVOLDJKPN TF OB[JWBKV TWF GVOLDJKF LPKF
TV SFEB WFMJÍJOF ‫[ ૿܆‬B WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬4MJÍOP [B LPOTUBOUOV GVOLDJKV KF VPCJÍB
KFOP EB TF V[JNB OBKQSPTUJKJ CSPK  [B WSFEOPTU LPOTUBOUF NBEB WSFEOPTU
LPOTUBOUOF GVOLDJKF NPľF CJUJ CJMP LPKJ CSPK OF[BWJTBO PE ‫܆‬
(SBਫDJ UJQJÍOJI GVOLDJKB OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ TMJLF  QPLB[VKV EB [B NBMF
WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB ‫ ܆‬QPTUPKF UBÍLF V LPKJNB KF KFEOB LSJWB QPÍFUOP JTQPE
ESVHF BMJ TF PE OFLF UBÍLF EPCJKB PCSOVU TMVÍBK /B QSJNFS QPÍFUOP KF
LWBESBUOB LSJWB JTQPE MJOFBSOF LSJWF BMJ LBEB ‫ ܆‬QPTUBOF EPWPMKOP WFMJLP
UB PTPCJOB TF NFOKB V LPSJTU MJOFBSOF LSJWF ;B NBMP ‫ ܆‬KF UFġLP VQPSFÑJWBUJ
GVOLDJKF QPġUP TV UBEB LPOTUBOUF WSMP CJUOF /B QSJNFS GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆‬
KF WFÇB PE ‫ ૿܆‬LBEB KF ‫ ܆‬NBOKF PE  "MJ [B NBMJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
TF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB TWBLPH BMHPSJUNB PCJÍOP NFSJ EFMJÇFN TFLVOEF QB
  7SFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB

QBľMKJWB BOBMJ[B BMHPSJUNB [B NBMJ VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB OJKF OJ JOUFSFTBOUOB J

PCJÍOP TF [BOFNBSVKF
/FLJ BMHPSJUBN KF EBLMF CPMKJ VLPMJLP TF OKFHPWB GVOLDJKB WSFNFOB J[
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KFEBO BMHPSJUBN KF CSľJ PE ESVHPH VLPMJLP KF OKFHPWB GVOLDJKB WSFNFOB J[
WSġBWBOKB JTQPE JMJ OFGPSNBMOP ‫۔‬NBOKB PE‫ ۓ‬GVOLDJKF WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB
ESVHPH BMHPSJUNB /B TMJDJ  TF WJEJ EB KF HSBਫL MPHBSJUBNTLF GVOLDJKF
VWFL JTQPE HSBਫLB PTUBMJI GVOLDJKB PTJN LPOTUBOUF GVOLDJKF 5P [OBÍJ EB
TV MPHBSJUBNTLJ BMHPSJUNJ V QSBLTJ VWFL CSľJ PE BMHPSJUBNB PTUBMJI WSFNFO
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OB UP EB TUWBSOB WSFNFOTLB SB[MJLB [BWJTJ PE LPOTUBOUJ LPKF VÍFTUWVKV
V J[SB[JNB [B WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB QB KF NPHVÇF EB SFDJNP MJOFBSOP
MPHBSJUBNTLJ BMHPSJUBN CVEF CSľJ PE MJOFBSOPH BMHPSJUNB [B SFMBUJWOP NBMJ
CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
4B ESVHF TUSBOF FLTQPOFODJKBMOJ BMHPSJUNJ TV CFTLPSJTOJ [B WFMJLJ CSPK
VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB /BJNF POP ġUP KF VQBEBMP V PÍJ V UBCFMBNB OB TMJDJ 
OB TUSBOJ  JNB TWPKF PCKBġOKFOKF V WSMP PġUSPN SBTUV FLTQPOFODJKBMOF
GVOLDJKF ġUP QPLB[VKF OKFO HSBਫL OB TMJDJ 
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TF NPľF QBľMKJWP PQUJNJ[PWBUJ J SFBMJ[PWBUJ OB WSMP FਫLBTOPN NBġJOTLPN
KF[JLV BMJ PQFU ÇF UBLBW BMHPSJUBN SBEJUJ OFQSJIWBUMKJWP EVHP [B WFMJLJ CSPK
VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB 1SFNB UPNF OBKQBNFUOJKB QSPHSBNFSTLB QPCPMKġBOKB
JMJ TKBKOJ SBÍVOBSJ OF NPHV VÍJOJUJ CS[JN OFLJ OFFਫLBTBO BMHPSJUBN ;CPH
UPHB QSF OFHP ġUP V[BMVE VUSPġJNP WSFNF OB QPQSBWLV MPġFH BMHPSJUNB JMJ
QPUSPġJNP OPWBD OB CSľF SBÍVOBSF NPSBNP TF OBKQSF QPUSVEJUJ EB OBQJġF
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QSFNB OKJIPWJN GVOLDJKBNB BTJNQUPUTLPH WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB ġUP KF UB
LWB GVOLDJKB ‫۔‬NBOKB‫ ۓ‬UP KF BMHPSJUBN CPMKJ CSľJ
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TF OB QSFDJ[BO OBÍJO VWFEF SFMBUJWOJ QPSFEBL [B GVOLDJKF
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TF V QSBLTJ OBKÍFÇF LPSJTUJ ‫[ۮ‬BQJT V PWPN PEFMKLV ÇFNP OBKWFÇV QBľOKV

QPTWFUJUJ UPN [BQJTV "MJ JBLP V PTUBMPN EFMV LOKJHF TLPSP JTLMKVÍJWP LP
SJTUJNP ‫[ۮ‬BQJT V OBTUBWLV ÇFNP TF LSBULP PTWSOVUJ J OB PTUBMF WBSJKBOUF
BTJNQUPUTLF OPUBDJKF SBEJ LPNQMFUOPTUJ
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NBUFNBUJLB‫ ۊ ۓ‬OBľBMPTU JMJ OB TSFÇV UP KF OBKCPMKJ OBÍJO EB TF QSFDJ[OP
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LPKJNB TF PWEF HPWPSJ QPESB[VNFWB EB TV UP QP[JUJWOF JMJ UBÍOJKF OFOFHB
UJWOF
GVOLDJKF B OFOFHBUJWOPTU TF QPESB[VNFWB J [B OKJIPWF BSHVNFOUF
1SFDJ[OJKF SFÍFOP QPTNBUSBNP GVOLDJKF LPKF QSFTMJLBWBKV TLVQ QSJSPEOJI
CSPKFWB Ǹ V TLVQ OFOFHBUJWOJI SFBMOJI CSPKFWB Ȁ  0WB SFTUSJLUJWOPTU
OF VUJÍF OB PQġUPTU SB[NBUSBOKB BMJ TF WPEJNP UJNF EB QPTNBUSBOF GVOL
DJKF QSFETUBWMKBKV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUBNB LPKB TV QSJSPEOP OFLF
QP[JUJWOF WSFEOPTUJ [B OFLJ QP[JUJWOJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB
"LP [B EWF GVOLDJKF ‫ ۿ‬J ‫ ܀‬LBľFNP EB KF ‫ ۿ‬NBOKB PE ‫ ܀‬POEB JOUVJUJWOP
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NPľFNP SFÇJ EB KF ‫[ ܆
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܀‬QSFETUBWMKB BTJNQUPUTLV HPSOKV HSBOJDV [B
GVOLDJKV ‫ ܆
ۿ‬KFS TF EP OFLF LPOBÍOF UBÍLF ‫ ૽܆‬EP[WPMKBWB EB GVOLDJKB ‫܆
܀‬
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ۿ‬JMJ ÍBL EB UF GVOLDJKF CVEV OFVQPSFEJWF 0WB
ÍJOKFOJDB KF JMVTUSPWBOB OB TMJDJ 
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‫܆
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‫܆
ۿ‬

‫૽܆‬ ‫܆‬

4MJLB  ‫܆
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%B CJTNP PWV TMJLV JOUFSQSFUJSBMJ V LPOUFLTUV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB

BMHPSJUBNB QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB GVOLDJKB ‫ ܆
ۿ‬QSFETUBWMKB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
۳
‫ ܆‬OFLPH BMHPSJUNB J EB KF SFDJNP ‫  ૿܆  ܆
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MJLP VTQFNP EB QPLBľFNP EB KF ۳
‫  ૿܆
ۮ  ܆‬POEB TNP [BQSBWP QPLB[BMJ
[BOFNBSVKVÇJ LPOTUBOUF EB KF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB TJHVSOP PHSB
OJÍFOP LWBESBUOPN GVOLDJKPN 1SJNFUJNP EB ‫[ۮ‬BQJTPN EPCJKBNP TBNP
HPSOKV HSBOJDV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB 5P JQBL OJKF WFMJLJ QSPCMFN QPġUP
JPOBLP WSFNF SBEB BMHPSJUBNB PESFÑVKFNP [B OBKHPSJ TMVÍBK J[WSġBWBOKB
PEOPTOP QSBWP WSFNF SBEB BMHPSJUNB PHSBOJÍBWBNP OBKHPSJN WSFNFOPN
OKFHPWPH J[WSġBWBOKB
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‫ ܆
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V LSBKOKFN TMVÍBKV LPSJTUJUJ GPSNBMOV EFਫOJDJKV ‫[ۮ‬BQJTB ;B UP KF QPUSFC
OP EB OBÑFNP LPOLSFUOF WSFEOPTUJ [B ‫ ૽܆‬J ‫  ۼ‬UBLWF EB KF ۳
‫܆
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NB EXEEOHVRUW OB TUSBOJ  KFEOBLP ‫  ૿܆
ۮ‬1PġUP TNP V PWPN TMVÍBKV
J[SBÍVOBMJ EB KF ۳
‫[  ܆ ˜ ૿܆  ܆‬B ‫  ̯ ܆‬JNBNP

‫ ૿܆  ૿܆ ૿܆ ̮  ૿܆ ̮  ܆ ˜ ૿܆‬

%BLMF BLP J[BCFSFNP ‫   ૽܆‬J ‫   ۼ‬QP EFਫOJDJKJ NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF

۳
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1SBLUJÍOJ QPTUVQBL EPCJKBOKB EPNJOJSBKVÇF GVOLDJKF NPľF TF [OBUOP
VCS[BUJ VLPMJLP TF JTLPSJTUF PQġUF PTPCJOF ‫[ۮ‬BQJTB /FLF PE PWJI PTPCJ
OB LPKF [BJOUFSFTPWBOJ ÍJUBPDJ NPHV MBLP EPLB[BUJ OB PTOPWV EFਫOJDJKF
OBWFEFOF TV V OBTUBWLV
 "TJNQUPUTLB OPUBDJKB 

 ,POTUBOUOJ GBLUPSJ OJTV WBľOJ ۳

‫ۼ
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‫[ ܆‬B TWBLV QP[JUJW
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1P[OBWBKVÇJ PWF PTPCJOF ‫[ۮ‬BQJTB NPľFNP PCJÍOP SFMBUJWOP MBLP PESF
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;B NBMP TMPľFOJKF BMHPSJUNF KF QPUSFCOP QP[OBWBUJ J SFMBUJWOF PEOPTF OF
LJI PTOPWOJI GVOLDJKB OB QSJNFS
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KF OKFHPW SF[VMUBU [BJTUB KFEOP TUBCJMOP WF[JWBOKF /BJNF V TWBLPK JUF
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QSFEPWBOKB ZKLOH QFUMKF 7JEFMJ TNP EB UP OJKF CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB

1PLB[BÇFNP EB KF UP CSPK QSPTJECJ LPKF NMBEJÇJ J[WFEV V UPLV SBEB BMHPSJU

NB
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NMBEJÇ J[WFEF OBKWJġF ‫ ܆‬QSPTJECJ UPLPN SBEB BMHPSJUNB VPS PEOPTOP TWJI
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1SF OFHP ġUP QPLBľFNP EB V BMHPSJUNV VPS TWBLJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ JNB
EFWPKLV OB TWPKPK MJTUJ LPKV KPġ OJKF [BQSPTJP QSJNFUJNP KFEOP JOUFSFTBOU
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QSPTJ EFWPKLV LPKB KF OKFHPW ESVHJ J[CPS QB USFÇJ J[CPS J UBLP EBMKF %FWPK
LF TB ESVHF TUSBOF TWBLJ QVU LBEB QSPNFOF WFSFOJLF SBEF UP OB TWPKV WFÇV
TSFÇV 4MPCPEOB EFWPKLB PE USFOVULB LBEB QSJIWBUJ QPOVEV OFLPH NMBEJ
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ÇB LPKJ KV KF [BQSPTJP OJLBE WJġF OF QPTUBKF TMPCPEOB ‫ ۊ‬POB NPľF TBNP

QSPNFOJUJ TWPH WFSFOJLB BLP EPCJKF CPMKV QPOVEV J[ OKFOPH VHMB HMFEBOKB
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EFWPKLV LPKV KPġ OJKF [BQSPTJP
%PLB[ 1SJNFUJNP OBKQSF EB KF OB QPÍFULV J[WSġBWBOKB TWBLF JUFSBDJKF ZKL
OH QFUMKF V BMHPSJUNV VPS CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB KFEOBL CSPKV TMPCPEOJI
EFWPKBLB 5P KF V TUWBSJ JOWBSJKBOUB UF QFUMKF PEOPTOP VTMPW LPKJ PTUBKF
OFQSPNFOKFO OBLPO J[WSġBWBOKB TWBLF JUFSBDJKF QFUMKF ÌJUBPDJ TF P JOWB
SJKBOUBNB QFUMKJ NPHV QPETFUJUJ OB TUSBOJ 

6 UP TF NPľFNP VWFSJUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO +BTOP KF EB KF UBK VTMPW [B

EPWPMKFO OB QPÍFULV QSWF JUFSBDJKF QPġUP TV POEB TWJ NMBEJÇJ J EFWPKLF
TMPCPEOJ 1PE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB KF UBK VTMPW UBÍBO OB QPÍFULV OFLF JUFSB
DJKF J[WSġBWBOKFN UF JUFSBDJKF TF CSPK TMPCPEOJI NMBEJÇB J CSPK TMPCPEOJI
EFWPKBLB JMJ OF NFOKBKV JMJ PCB TNBOKVKV [B KFEBO LBEB TMPCPEOB EFWPKLB
QSJIWBUJ QPOVEV TMPCPEOPH NMBEJÇB
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NPSB QPTUPKBUJ J CBS KFEOB TMPCPEOB EFWPKLB SFDJNP ‫ ۽‬5P [OBÍJ EB PWV
EFWPKLV ‫ ۽‬EP UBEB KPġ OJLP OJKF [BQSPTJP 6 TVQSPUOPN EB KV KF OFLJ NMB
EJÇ SBOJKF [BQSPTJP POB CJ NPSBMB EB QSJIWBUJ OKFHPWV QPOVEV J OJLBE WJġF
OF CJ CJMB TMPCPEOB 1SFNB UPNF TQFDJਫÍOP OJ NMBEJÇ ‫ ܅‬OJKF KPġ [BQSPTJP
TMPCPEOV
EFWPKLV ‫ ۽‬5P [OBÍJ EB KF CBS UB EFWPKLB KFEOB PE POJI LPKF
TMPCPEOJ NMBEJÇ OJKF [BQSPTJP ġUP KF USFCBMP QPLB[BUJ 
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%PLB[ /FLB TV CSPK NMBEJÇB J CSPK EFWPKBLB KFEOBLJ ‫ ܆‬1SWP ÇFNP QPLB
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OJI QBSPWB V LPKJNB TF TWBLJ NMBEJÇ J EFWPKLB QPKBWMKVKV UBÍOP KFEOPN
,BEB TF ZKLOH QFUMKB [BWSġJ OF QPTUPKJ TMPCPEBO NMBEJÇ 5P [OBÍJ EB TV
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LPOTUBOUB -BLP KF EPCJUJ OB QSJNFS QPTUVQLPN WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF EB KF
SFġFOKF PWF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF ‫  ૿܆
ۮ‬1SFNB UPNF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
[B TPSUJSBOKF SB[EWBKBOKFN V OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV OJKF OJġUB CPMKF PE WSFNFOB
J[WSġBWBOKB KFEOPTUBWOJKJI QPTUVQBLB TPSUJSBOKB
6 OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV SB[EWBKBOKB QPEOJ[PWB LBEB TF OB TWBLPN SFLVS
[JWOPN OJWPV BMHPSJUNB VMB[OJ QPEOJ[ EFMJ OB PUQSJMJLF EWF KFEOBLF QPMP
WJOF SFLVSFOUOB KFEOBÍJOB [B WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB JNB PCMJL

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۼ ܆‬

0WB KFEOBÍJOB KF JEFOUJÍOB SFLVSFOUOPK KFEOBÍJOJ [B WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB

LPE TPSUJSBOKB PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN QB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B TPSUJSBOKF SB[
EWBKBOKFN V OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV J[OPTJ ‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫܆‬
1SPTFÍBO TMVÍBK WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB TPSUJSBOKB SB[EWBKBOKFN KF NOP
HP CMJľJ OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV OFHP OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV 1PġUP GPSNBMOJ EPLB[
PWF ÍJOKFOJDF [BIUFWB TMPľFOJKJ NBUFNBUJÍLJ BQBSBU PWEF ÇFNP TBNP JOUV
JUJWOP PCKBTOJUJ [BġUP KF TPSUJSBOKF SB[EWBKBOKFN FਫLBTBO NFUPE V QSBLTJ
1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB BMHPSJUBN SDUWLWLRQ VWFL EFMJ VMB[OJ QPEOJ[ V PEOPTV
SFDJNP  QSPDFOBUB 5P J[HMFEB LBP WSMP OFVSBWOPUFľFOP EFMKFOKF J [B
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB TXLFNVRUW EPCJKBNP SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۼ ܆‬

"MJ SFġFOKF PWF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF KF J EBMKF ۳

‫ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬ġUP TF NP
ľF QSPWFSJUJ JOEVLDJKPN NBEB TB WFÇPN LPOTUBOUPN TLSJWFOPN V BTJNQ
UPUTLPK OPUBDJKJ %BLMF ÍBL J LBEB TF V QPTUVQLV TPSUJSBOKB SB[EWBKBOKFN
EPCJKBKV OBJ[HMFE WSMP OFKFEOBLF WFMJÍJOF QPEOJ[PWB BTJNQUPUTLP WSFNF
J[WSġBWBOKB KF J EBMKF ‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ۊ ܆‬JTUP POP LPKF TF EPCJKB LBEB TV QPEFMF
UBÍOP QP TSFEJOJ 6 TUWBSJ TWF QPEFMF J[WSġFOF V LPOTUBOUOPK QSPQPSDJKJ OB
TWBLPN OJWPV SFLVS[JKF ÍBL J [B  QSPDFOBUB EBKV WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
‫ ܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫܆‬
*BLP OJKF NOPHP WFSPWBUOP EB ÇFNP [B TMVÍBKOJ VMB[OJ OJ[ VWFL EPCJUJ
QSPQPSDJPOBMOF QPEFMF PÍFLVKFNP EB ÇF OFLF QPEFMF CJUJ EPCSP VSBWOP
UFľFOF J EB ÇF OFLF CJUJ QSJMJÍOP OFVSBWOPUFľFOF %SVHJN SFÍJNB EPCSF
J MPġF QPEFMF ÇF TF TNFOKJWBUJ OB TWJN OJWPJNB SFLVS[JKF .FÑVUJN PÍF
LVKFNP EB EPCJKFNP NOPHP WJġF EPCSJI QPEFMB OFHP MPġJI QPġUP OBġB
OFGPSNBMOB BOBMJ[B OBHPWFġUBWB EB TV OBJ[HMFE MPġF QPEFMF [BQSBWP EP
CSF %BLMF ÍBL J LBEB TF OFLB WSMP MPġB QPEFMB EPCJKF QSF EPCSJI QPEFMB
PEHPWBSBKVÇJ QPEOJ[ ÇF TF CS[P TPSUJSBUJ /BJNF EPEBUOJ QPTBP [CPH MPġF
QPEFMF TF OF PESBľBWB OB EPEBUOF SFLVS[JWOF QP[JWF OFHP KF EPNJOJSBO
EPEBUOJN SB[EWBKBOKFN LPKF TF BQTPSCVKF V VLVQOPN WSFNFOV J[WSġBWB
OKB

 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF

6 QSJNFSJNB V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV VWFSJMJ TNP TF EB TF V BOBMJ[J SF
LVS[JWOJI BMHPSJUBNB PCJÍOP TSFÇFNP TB SFLVSFOUOJN KFEOBÍJOBNB LPKF
OB OFLJ OBÍJO USFCB SFġJUJ %SVHJN SFÍJNB VLPMJLP GVOLDJKB ۳
‫ ܆‬LPE UJI
BMHPSJUBNB P[OBÍBWB NBLTJNBMOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB [B VMB[ WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬
POEB TF ۳
‫ ܆‬J[SBľBWB KFEOBÍJOPN V LPKPK VÍFTUWVKV WSFEOPTUJ UF JTUF GVOL
DJKF [B WFMJÍJOF VMB[B NBOKF PE ‫; ܆‬BEBUBL KF OBÇJ GPSNVMV JMJ CBS HPSOKV
HSBOJDV
[B ۳
‫ ܆‬J[SBľFOV TBNP QPNPÇV WFMJÍJOF VMB[B ‫܆‬
,SP[ QSJNFSF V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV TNP VQP[OBMJ J NFUPE WJġFTUSVLF
[BNFOF [B SFġBWBOKF OFLJI SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB 1PLB[BMJ TNP EB TF
NFUPE WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF TBTUPKJ PE [BNFOKJWBOKB WSFEOPTUJ ۳
‫[ ܅‬B ‫ ܅‬
‫ ܆‬PQġUJN PCMJLPN SFLVSFOUOPH EFMB KFEOBÍJOF [B ۳
‫ ܆‬1SJ UPNF OBLPO
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

OFLPMJLP [BNFOB PÍFLVKFNP EB NPľFNP PESFEJUJ PQġUJ PCSB[BD [B ۳

‫ ܆‬J
EB NPľFNP PESFEJUJ LBEB UBK PQġUJ PCMJL QSFMB[J V CB[OJ TMVÍBK
4B NBUFNBUJÍLF UBÍLF HMFEJġUB QPTUPKJ USFOVUBL LBEB LPE NFUPEB WJ
ġFTUSVLF [BNFOF EPMB[J EP NBMP PQBTOPH MPHJÍLPH TLPLB 5P TF EPHBÑB V
USFOVULV LBEB P PQġUFN PCMJLV SFġFOKB [BLMKVÍVKFNP OB PTOPWV PCSBTDB
LPKJ EPCJKBNP OBLPO OJ[B [BNFOB ÌFTUP KF UBK MPHJÍLJ TLPL TBTWJN PQSBW
EBO BMJ QPOFLBE UP OJKF CBġ PÍJHMFEOP J NPľF CJUJ QPEMPľOP HSFġLBNB %B
CJTNP CJMJ QPUQVOP TJHVSOJ V UBLWJN TMVÍBKFWJNB PQġUJ PCMJL SFġFOKB USFCB
EBMKF WFSJਫLPWBUJ PCJÍOP JOEVLDJKPN ,PNCJOPWBO TB PWPN WFSJਫLBDJKPN
NFUPE WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF KF TBTWJN LPSFLUBO OBÍJO [B EPCJKBOKF SFġFOKB
SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB
1PġUP TF V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV BOBMJ[F SFLVS[JWOJI BMHPSJUBNB NPHV EPCJ
UJ SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF LPKF TV UFľF [B SFġBWBOKF V PWPN PEFMKLV ÇFNP
VQP[OBUJ KPġ OFLF NBUFNBUJÍLF NFUPEF [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJ
OB SFLVS[JWOJI BMHPSJUBNB

.FUPE TUBCMB SFLVS[JKF

.FUPE WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF TF TBTUPKJ PE [BNFOKJWBOKB SFLVSFOUOPH EFMB
KFEOBÍJOF [B ۳
‫ ܆‬B [BUJN PE ÍFTUP TMPľFOPH TSFÑJWBOKB EPCJKFOPH J[SB[B V
PCMJL J[ LPHB NPľFNP QSFQP[OBUJ PQġUJ PCSB[BD .FÑVUJN LPE UFľJI QSJ
NFSB TF MBLP NPľFNP J[HVCJUJ V TWPN UPN TJNCPMJÍLPN NBOJQVMJTBOKV QB
TF [BUP VQPUSFCPN TUBCMB SFLVS[JKF PCF[CFÑVKF TMJLPWJUJKJ OBÍJO [B QSBÇF
OKF ġUB TF EPHBÑB OB TWBLPN OJWPV SFLVS[JKF ,PE QSJNFOF NFUPEB TUBCMB
SFLVS[JKF SFLVSFOUOB KFEOBÍJOB TF QSFETUBWMKB TUBCMPN V LPKFN OBT TWB
LB [BNFOB SFLVSFOUOPH EFMB QPMB[OF KFEOBÍJOF EPWPEJ EP KFEOPH OJWPB
EVCMKF V TUBCMV
(MBWOV JEFKV NFUPEB TUBCMB SFLVS[JKF [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOB
ÍJOB PCKBTOJÇFNP OB QSJNFSV SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
[B WSFNF J[WSġB
WBOKB BMHPSJUNB PHUJHVRUW OB TUSBOJ  LPKV TNP EBMKF QPKFEOPTUBWJMJ
V[JNBKVÇJ EB KF LPOTUBOUB ‫
  ۼ‬

ϫ
Ϯ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ 

Ϯ۳
‫܆ ܆‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
ϭ

1PETFUJNP TF BMHPSJUBNTLF JOUFSQSFUBDJKF PWF KFEOBÍJOF EB CJTNP OJ[ EV

ľJOF ‫ ܆‬TPSUJSBMJ PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN NPSBNP TPSUJSBUJ PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN EWB
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

QPEOJ[B EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬J VSBEJUJ ‫ ܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH QPTMB [B OKJIPWP OFSF

LVS[JWOP PCKFEJOKBWBOKF ;B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV TPSUJSBOKB PCKFEJOKBWB
OKFN DSUBNP TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF TB LPSFOPN LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB QPMB[OJ QSPCMFN
J LPSFO P[OBÍBWBNP WSFNFOPN [B SFġBWBOKF UPH QSPCMFNB V OFSFLVS[JW
OPN EFMV LPKF J[OPTJ ‫ ܆‬ÌJOKFOJDV EB QPMB[OJ QSPCMFN EFMJNP V EWB QPU
QSPCMFNB QSFETUBWMKBNP DSUBOKFN EWPKF EFDF LPSFOPH ÍWPSB 5V EFDV UB
LPÑF P[OBÍBWBNP WSFNFOPN [B OKJIPWP SFġFWBOKF V OFSFLVS[JWOPN EFMV
LPKF TBEB J[OPTJ ‫ ܆‬/B TMFEFÇFN OJWPV JNBNP ÍFUJSJ ÍWPSB QPġUP TF TWBLJ
PE EWB QPUQSPCMFNB OB QSFUIPEOPN OJWPV EBMKF EFMJ V EWB QPUQSPCMFNB
4WBLJ PE PWB ÍFUJSJ ÍWPSB JNB P[OBLV ‫ ܆‬KFS KF UP WSFNF QPUSFCOP [B SFġB
WBOKF TWBLPH PE PWJI QPUQSPCMFNB V OFSFLVS[JWOPN EFMV 0WBK QPTUVQBL
TF OBTUBWMKB TWF EP QPTMFEOKFH OJWPB OB EOV TUBCMB LPKF TBESľJ ÍWPSPWF
[B QSPCMFNF WFMJÍJOF  J LPKJ TV P[OBÍFOJ WSFNFOPN [B OKJIPWP SFġBWBOKF
J[ CB[OPH TMVÍBKB /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP SF[VMUVKVÇF TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF [B
SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 
LPKB PQJTVKF GVOLDJKV WSFNFOB J[WSġBWBOKB [B
TPSUJSBOKF PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN

7FMJÍJOB 4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF +FEJOJDF

QSPCMFNB SBEB
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ Ώ‫܆܆‬

‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬  Ώ

‫܆  ܆‬

‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫܆‬  Ώ

‫܆  ܆‬ NQI ‫ ܆‬
OJWP

‫܁܆‬ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ ‫܁‬ Ώ
‫ ܁܆‬ ‫܆‬

        ‫܆‬Ώ‫܆‬

4MJLB  4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF [B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 



1SJNFUJNP EB TNP V LSBKOKF EFTOPK LPMPOJ OB TMJDJ  OBWFMJ VLVQOP

WSFNF [B TWBLJ OJWP SFLVS[JKF "LP OJWP OB TBNPN WSIV P[OBÍJNP EB
CVEF OJWP  POEB OB OJWPV ‫ ܁‬JNBNP ‫ ܁‬QPUQSPCMFNB WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܁܆‬J EPEBU
OP WSFNF [B SFġBWBOKF TWBLPH PE OKJI V OFSFLVS[JWOPN EFMV KF ‫  ܁܆‬5P
[OBÍJ EB KF [B ‫܁‬UJ OJWP QPUSFCOP VLVQOP WSFNF KFEOBLP ‫ ܁‬Ώ
‫܆   ܁܆‬
1PġUP TUBCMP JNB NQI ‫  ܆‬OJWP UP TV OJWPJ    Ə  NQI ‫
܆‬B TWBLJ OJWP
EPQSJOPTJ JTUV WSFEOPTU PE ‫ ܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB VLVQOP WSFNF
KF ۳
‫
܆  ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆   ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ ܆‬0WP SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF TPS
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

UJSBOKB PCKFEJOKBWBOKFN KF UBÍOP POP LPKF TNP EPCJMJ NFUPEPN WJġFTUSVLF

[BNFOF
7BľOP [BQBľBOKF KF EB UBÍOP [OBNP LPMJLP JNB OJWPB V TUBCMV SFLVS[JKF
LBP J UP LPMJLP WSFNFOB OBN KF QPUSFCOP [B TWBLJ OJWP 1PġUP PWP [OBNP
VLVQOP WSFNF NPľFNP EPCJUJ VLPMJLP TBCFSFNP TWB WSFNFOB QP TWJN
OJWPJNB 5P VLVQOP WSFNF KF SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
QPġUP
TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF TBNP TMJLPWJUP NPEFMJSB QPTUVQBL PEWJKBOKB SFLVS[JWOPH
J[WSġBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB 1SFNB UPNF SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
KF
۳
‫ ܆  ܆‬NQI ‫܆ ܆‬
1SJNFUJNP EB KF SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF NFUPEPN TUBCMB SF
LVS[JKF FLWJWBMFOUOP QSJNFOJ NFUPEB WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF JBLP WJ[VFMOP
QSVľB CPMKV TMJLV P UPNF LBLP TF EPMB[J EP SFġFOKB %B CJTNP PWP CPMKF
VUWSEJMJ QPTNBUSBKNP KPġ KFEOV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV HEF KF ‫  ۼ‬OFLB
LPOTUBOUB

ϫ
Ϯ‫ۼ‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ 

Ϯ۳
‫ ૿܆ ܆‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
ϭ
6LPMJLP [BOFNBSJNP CB[OJ TMVÍBK SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 
NPľFNP JO
UFSQSFUJSBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO EB CJTNP SFġJMJ QSPCMFN WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬SFġBWBNP
 QPUQSPCMFNB WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬J SBEJNP ‫ ૿܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH QPTMB ,BEB DSUB
NP TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF TWBLJ ÍWPS PQFU P[OBÍBWBNP J[OPTPN EPEBUOPH OFSF
LVS[JWOPH
WSFNFOB [B PEHPWBSBKVÇV WFMJÍJOV QPUQSPCMFNB /B OBKWJġFN
OJWPV  [B EPEBUOJ QPTBP USFCB ‫ ૿܆‬KFEJOJDB WSFNFOB /B OJWPV  JNBNP
USJ ÍWPSB QP
‫ ૿܆‬KFEJOJDB EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB ġUP [B UBK OJWP EBKF VLVQOP
WSFNF 
‫  ૿܆
 ૿܆‬/B OJWPV  JNBNP EFWFU ÍWPSPWB QP
‫ ૿܆‬KFEJOJ
DB EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB ġUP [B UBK OJWP EBKF VLVQOP WSFNF 
‫ ૿܆ ૿
 ૿܆‬
૿
0WP KF MBLP OBTUBWJUJ [B OJWP ‫ ܁‬HEF JNBNP ‫ ܁‬ÍWPSPWB QP ഒ‫ ܁܆‬ക KFEJOJDB
૿
EPEBUOPH WSFNFOB ġUP [B UBK OJWP EBKF VLVQOP WSFNF ‫ ܁‬ഒ‫ ܁܆‬ക 
‫ ૿܆ ܁‬
/JWP OB EOV KF ESVHBÍJKJ PE PTUBMJI OJWPB 6 PTUBMJN OJWPJNB WSFNF QP
ÍWPSV EPCJKBNP OB PTOPWV SFLVS[JWOPH EFMB ۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ૿܆ ܆‬SFLVSFOUOF
KFEOBÍJOF 6 OBKOJľFN OJWPV WSFNF QP ÍWPSV EPCJKBNP OB PTOPWV CB[OPH
TMVÍBKB ۳
  ‫ ۼ‬SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP TUBCMP
SFLVS[JKF LPKF TF EPCJKB [B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 

/BSBWOP EB CJTNP EPCJMJ VLVQOP WSFNF [B DFMP TUBCMP SFLVS[JKF UK
SFġFOKF KFEOBÍJOF 
TBCJSBNP WSFNFOB QP TWJN OJWPJNB TUBCMB 1PġUP
KF VLVQBO CSPK OJWPB KFEOBL NQI ‫  ܆‬UP TV OJWPJ    Ə  NQI ‫
܆‬J CSPK
ÍWPSPWB OB OBKOJľFN OJWPV KF KFEOBL ଩ବତ ‫[ ܆‬CJS WSFNFOB QP TWJN OJWPJNB
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

7FMJÍJOB 4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF +FEJOJDF

QSPCMFNB SBEB
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬  Ώ ‫૿܆  ૿܆‬

‫܆‬
‫૿܆‬
‫૿܆‬
‫૿܆‬ 
‫૿܆
 ૿܆‬

‫܆‬
‫૿܆
૿܆
૿܆‬
‫૿܆
૿܆
૿܆‬
‫૿܆
૿܆
૿܆‬ 
‫૿܆ ૿
 ૿܆‬

‫܁܆‬ θ θ θθ θ θθ θ θ θ θ θθ θ θθ θ θ θ θ θθ θ θθ θ θ ‫૿܆ ܁

 ૿ ܁܆
܁‬

 ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ଩ବତ ‫ ܆‬Ώ ‫ۼ‬

4MJLB  4UBCMP SFLVS[JKF [B SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV 



TUBCMB KF
۳
‫ ૿܆ ૿
૿܆
૿܆  ܆‬ι
଩ବତ ‫ۼ ૿܆ ૾˜܆‬଩ବତ ‫܆‬
଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
 ‫ۼ ܁
಺ ૿܆‬଩ବତ ‫܆‬
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫ ˜ ܆‬
 ‫ ૿܆‬Ώ ‫ۼ‬଩ବତ ‫܆‬
 ˜ 
 ˜ ‫܆‬଩ବତ ଀ ‫૿܆‬
 ‫ ૿܆‬Ώ ‫܆ۼ‬଩ବତ ଀

 ‫܆ ˜ ૿܆‬଩ବତ ଀ ‫܆ۼ‬଩ବତ ଀
 ‫܆ ˜ ۼ
૿܆‬଩ବତ ଀ 

6 PWPN J[WPÑFOKV TNP LPSJTUJMJ KFEOBLPTU ‫ۺ‬଩ବତ‫܆  ܆ ۻ‬଩ବତ‫ ۺ ۻ‬LBP J GPSNVMV [B

[CJS HFPNFUSJKTLPH SFEB
‫܅‬
‫ ˜ ૾ ܅ܐ‬
಺ ‫ ܁ܐ‬ 
‫  ̪ ܐ‬
‫૽܁‬
‫˜ܐ‬

1SFNB UPNF UBÍOP SFġFOKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

KF ۳
‫˜ ۼ
૿܆  ܆‬
‫܆‬଩ବତ ଀  "LP OBT JOUFSFTVKF TBNP BTJNQUPUTLB WSFEOPTU UPH SFġFOKB LBLP
KF NQI૿  ̒  UP KF ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ૿܆‬ക

.FUPE OBHBÑBOKB
.BEB [WVÍJ OFTJTUFNBUJÍOP NFUPE OBHBÑBOKB KF TBTWJN MFHBMBO OBÍJO
[B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB 0TOPWOB JEFKB UPH QSJTUVQB TBTUPKJ
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

TF V UPNF EB TF OBKQSF QSPNJġMKFOP QSFUQPTUBWJ SFġFOKF EBUF SFLVSFOUOF

KFEOBÍJOF B [BUJN EB TF UB QSFUQPTUBWLB QPUWSEJ PCJÍOP JOEVLDJKPN /B
SBWOP QSJNFOPN PWPH NFUPEB NPľEB NPSBNP EB QSPCBNP OFLPMJLP SFġF
OKB EPL OF EPCJKFNP EPCSV HPSOKV HSBOJDV [B EBUV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV
%SVHJN SFÍJNB BLP OF VTQFWBNP EB WFSJਫLVKFNP BLUVFMOP QSFUQPTUBWMKF
OP SFġFOKF WFSPWBUOP USFCB QSPCBUJ OFLV GVOLDJKV LPKB CSľF SBTUF "MJ J BLP
VTQFNP V UPNF V[ SFMBUJWOP NBMP USVEB WFSPWBUOP USFCB QSPCBUJ J OFLV
GVOLDJKV LPKB TQPSJKF SBTUF
/B QSJNFS QPTNBUSBKNP TMFEFÇV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV HEF TV ‫ ۺ‬J ‫ۻ‬
OFLF QP[JUJWOF LPOTUBOUF

ϫ
Ϯ‫ۺ‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ 

Ϯ۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ BLP KF ‫  ܆‬
ϭ
0WP J[HMFEB WSMP TMJÍOP SFLVSFOUOPK KFEOBÍJOJ [B TPSUJSBOKF PCKFEJOKBWB
OKFN QB OBġB QSWB QSFUQPTUBWLB NPľF CJUJ EB KF SFġFOKF ۳
‫ ܆
ۮ  ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
;BUJN V TMFEFÇFN LPSBLV ľFMJNP EB WFSJਫLVKFNP JOEVLDJKPN EB KF SFġF
OKF SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 
[BJTUB ۳
‫ ܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬NQI ‫[ ܆‬B OFLV QP[JUJWOV
LPOTUBOUV ‫ ۼ‬J EPWPMKOP WFMJLP ‫܆‬
4JHVSOP NPľFNP J[BCSBUJ EPWPMKOP WFMJLF LPOTUBOUF ‫ ۼ‬J ‫ ૽܆‬UBLP EB OB
ġF QSFUQPTUBWMKFOP SFġFOKF [BEPWPMKBWB CB[OJ TMVÍBK ‫  ૽܆  ܆‬/BJNF BLP
V[NFNP ‫ ۻ ۺ  ۼ‬J ‫   ૽܆‬UBEB KF

۳
  ۳
 ‫ ۻ‬Ώ  Ώ NQI   ‫ ۼ  ۼ  ۻ ۺ
  ۻ ۺ‬Ώ  Ώ NQI  

;B JOEVLDJKTLJ LPSBL LBEB KF ‫܆‬ ‫ ૽܆‬BLP QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ

V[NFNP EB KF OBġF QSWP SFġFOKF UBÍOP [B WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB NBOKJI PE
‫ ܆‬UBEB [B BSHVNFOU KFEOBL ‫ ܆‬NPľFNP QJTBUJ

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬
̮ ഓ‫ ۼ‬NQI ഖ ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬
 
 ‫
܆ۼ‬NQI ‫ ˜ ܆‬NQI  ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬
 ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI ‫ ܆ۻ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

1SFNB UPNF EB CJTNP EPLB[BMJ JOEVLDJKTLJ LPSBL NPSBNP QPLB[BUJ EB

WBľJ OFKFEOBLPTU

‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI ‫ ܆ۻ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆‬

 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

PEOPTOP ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫ ܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬JMJ FLWJWBMFOUOP NQI ‫" ۻۼ ̮ ܆‬MJ QPTMFEOKB OFKFE
OBLPTU OJLBLP OF NPľF CJUJ UBÍOB [B TWBLP ‫  ̯ ܆‬5P [OBÍJ EB OBġF QSWP
OBTMVÇFOP SFġFOKF OJKF EPCSP
;BUP LBP ESVHP SFġFOKF [B ۳
‫ ܆‬NPSBNP QSPCBUJ OFLV GVOLDJKV LPKB
CSľF SBTUF OB QSJNFS ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ૿܆‬ക 6 UPN TMVÍBKV EB CJTNP QPLB[BMJ
۳
‫[ ૿܆ۼ ̮ ܆‬B OFLV QP[JUJWOV LPOTUBOUV ‫ ۼ‬J EPWPMKOP WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬NPľFNP
V[FUJ ‫ ۻ ۺ
  ۼ‬J ‫   ૽܆‬J MBLP WJEFUJ EB CB[OJ TMVÍBK WBľJ ;B JOEVLDJKTLJ
LPSBL LBEB KF ‫܆‬ ‫ ૽܆‬BLP QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ V[NFNP EB KF
OBġF ESVHP SFġFOKF UBÍOP [B WSFEOPTUJ BSHVNFOUB NBOKJI PE ‫ ܆‬UBEB [B
BSHVNFOU KFEOBL ‫ ܆‬JNBNP

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫૿܆‬
̮Ώ‫ۼ‬ ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬

‫ۼ ૿܆‬
̮ ‫ ۼ‬Ώ ‫૿܆‬
 
 ‫ ૿܆ۼ‬

%BLMF V PWPN TMVÍBKV JOEVLDJKB QSPMB[J .FÑVUJN QPġUP J[HMFEB EB KF

PWP SFġFOKF MBLP EPCJUJ QSPCBÇFNP KPġ KFEOV UK ‫۔‬QSBWV‫
ۓ‬GVOLDJKV LPKB OF
SBTUF UBLP CS[P ۳
‫ۮ  ܆‬ഒ‫ ܆‬NQI૿ ‫܆‬ക 4BEB EB CJTNP QPLB[BMJ EB KF ۳
‫̮ ܆‬
‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫[ ܆‬B OFLV QP[JUJWOV LPOTUBOUV ‫ ۼ‬J EPWPMKOP WFMJLP ‫ ܆‬NPľFNP V[FUJ
‫ ۻ ۺ  ۼ‬J ‫   ૽܆‬J PQFU MBLP WJEFUJ EB CB[OJ TMVÍBK WBľJ ;B JOEVLDJKTLJ
LPSBL LBEB KF ‫ ૽܆ ܆‬JNBNP

۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ۻ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
‫܆‬ ‫܆‬
̮ ഓ‫ ۼ‬NQI૿ ഖ ‫ ܆ۻ‬NQI ‫܆‬
 
 ‫
܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫  ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ۻ  ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
̮ ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ܆ۼ ܆ۼ ܆‬NQI ‫܆‬
 ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫ ܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫܆ۼ ܆‬
 ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫
܆ۼ ˜ ܆‬NQI ‫ ˜ ܆‬
̮ ‫ ܆ۼ‬NQI૿ ‫ ܆‬
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

0QġUJ NFUPE
1SFUIPEOJ OBÍJOJ [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB [BIUFWBKV PESF
ÑFOP NBUFNBUJÍLP QSFE[OBOKF SFDJNP QSJNFOV JOEVLDJKF
EB CJ TF NPHMJ
VTQFġOP QSJNFOJUJ ;B OFLF ÍJUBPDF KF NPľEB MBLġJ TMFEFÇJ NFUPE P LPNF
HPWPSJNP KFS UBK NFUPE [BIUFWB TBNP QSFQP[OBWBOKF USJ LBSBLUFSJTUJÍOB
TMVÍBKB J OFQPTSFEOP EBKF SFġFOKF V TWBLPN PE OKJI 0WBK PQġUJ NFUPE TBES
ľJ ‫۔‬GPSNVMV‫ ۓ‬OB PTOPWV LPKF TF NPľF PESFEJUJ BTJNQUPUTLP SFġFOKF WFMJLF
LMBTF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB V PCMJLV

۳
‫ۺ  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆
ۿ ۻ܆‬

HEF TV ‫  ̯ ۺ‬J ‫  ۻ‬LPOTUBOUF B ‫ ܆

ۿ‬KF BTJNQUPUTLJ QP[JUJWOB GVOLDJKB
0WBK PCMJL SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF PQJTVKF WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB SFLVS[JW
OPH BMHPSJUNB V LPNF TF QSPCMFN WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬EFMJ V ‫ ۺ‬OF[BWJTOJI QPUQSP
CMFNB WFMJÍJOF OBKWJġF ‫ ۻ܆‬TWBLJ [BUJN SFġBWB TWBLJ PE PWJI QPUQSPCMFNB
SFLVS[JWOP J OB LSBKV LPNCJOVKV SFġFOKB PWJI QPUQSPCMFNB V SFġFOKF DF
MPH QSPCMFNB 6LVQOP WSFNF [B EFMKFOKF QPMB[OPH QSPCMFNB V QPUQSPCMF
NF J [B LPNCJOPWBOKF OKJIPWJI SFġFOKB KF J[SBľFOP GVOLDJKPN ‫ ܆
ۿ‬1SFNB
UPNF PWP KF [BJTUB PQġUJ PCMJL [B SFLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF SFLVS[JWOJI BMHP
SJUBNB
0QġUJ NFUPE [BIUFWB QSFQP[OBWBOKF USJ TMVÍBKB V KFEOPK UFPSFNJ BMJ TF
[BUP SFġFOKF NOPHJI SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJOB EPCJKB QSJMJÍOP MBLP J ÍFTUP TF
TWPEJ TBNP OB JTQJTJWBOKF PEHPWPSB 0EHPWBSBKVÇJ TMVÍBK OB PTOPWV LPHB
TF EPCJKB SFġFOKF QSFQP[OBKF TF QPSFÑFOKFN GVOLDJKF ‫ ܆
ۿ‬TB TQFDJKBMOPN
GVOLDJKPN ‫܆‬଩ବତ‫  ۺ ۻ‬1PNFOVUV UFPSFNV NFÑVUJN OFÇFNP OBWPEJUJ V OKFOPK
QVOPK PQġUPTUJ KFS KF QSJMJÍOP UFIOJÍLF QSJSPEF J JNB WJġF UFPSJKTLJ [OBÍBK
6 QSBLTJ TF ÍFġÇF LPSJTUJ OKFOB QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOB WFS[JKB V LPKPK KF ‫ ܆
ۿ‬V
TVġUJOJ QPMJOPNTLB GVOLDJKB QP ‫܆‬
5FPSFNB /FLB KF OFOFHBUJWOB GVOLDJKB ۳
‫ ܆‬EBUB SFLVSFOUOPN KFEOBÍJOPN
ϫ
Ϯ‫۽‬ ‫૽܆ ̮ ܆‬
۳
‫  ܆‬Ϭ
Ϯ‫ۺ‬۳
‫ ܃܆ۼ ۻ܆‬ ‫܆‬ ‫૽܆‬
ϭ
HEF KF ‫  ̯ ૽܆‬DFMPCSPKOB LPOTUBOUB B ‫ۻ  ̯ ۺ‬  ‫ۼ‬  ‫۽‬  J ‫  ̯ ܃‬TV
SFBMOF LPOTUBOUF
4MVÍBK  "LP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬UBEB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫ ܃܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ക
4MVÍBK  "LP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬UBEB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫ ܃܆‬ക
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
4MVÍBK  "LP KF ‫ۺ‬ ‫ ܃ۻ‬UBEB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ക

%PLB[ 3BEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ QSFUQPTUBWMKBNP EB KF ‫ ܆‬TUFQFO CSPKB ‫ ۻ‬J

‫   ૽܆‬LBLP OF CJTNP [BNBHMJMJ PTOPWOV TMJLV OFQPUSFCOJN EFUBMKJNB
*QBL OBHMBġBWBNP EB UJNF OF HVCJNP OB PQġUPTUJ J JEFKB EPLB[B TF QSF
OPTJ [B CJMP LPKF ‫" ܆‬LP SBEJ MBLġFH QJTBOKB VWFEFNP P[OBLV ‫ ܃܆ۼ  ܆
ۿ‬
QSJNFOPN WJġFTUSVLF [BNFOF OB EBUV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV EPCJKBNP

۳
‫ۺ  ܆‬۳
‫܆
ۿ ۻ܆‬
 ‫ ۺ‬ഒ‫ۺ‬۳ഒ‫ ૿ۻ܆‬ക ‫ۻ܆
ۿ‬ക ‫܆
ۿ‬
 ‫ ૿ۺ‬۳ഒ‫ ૿ۻ܆‬ക ‫܆
ۿ ۻ܆
ۿۺ‬
 ‫ ଀ۺ‬۳ഒ‫ ଀ۻ܆‬ക ‫ۿ ૿ۺ‬ഒ‫ ૿ۻ܆‬ക ‫܆
ۿ ۻ܆
ۿۺ‬
θ
଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
‫ۻ‬
଩ବତ ‫܆‬
‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ۳
 ಺ ‫ۿ ܁ۺ‬ഒ‫ ܁ۻ܆‬ക
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
‫ۻ‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
‫܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ Ώ ‫ۿ ܁ۺ ಺ ۽‬ഒ‫ ܁ۻ܆‬ക 
‫૽܁‬

HEF TNP V QPTMFEOKPK KFEOBLPTUJ JTLPSJTUJMJ GPSNVMV ‫ۺ‬଩ବତ‫܆  ܆ ۻ‬଩ବତ‫"  ۺ ۻ‬LP

TBEB WSBUJNP ‫ ܃܆ۼ  ܆
ۿ‬EPCJKBNP

଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
‫ۻ‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬ ‫܃‬
۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ಺ ‫ ܁ۺ‬Ώ ‫ ۼ‬ഒ‫ ܁ۻ܆‬ക
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫૾˜܆‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
‫ۻ‬
‫܁ ۺ‬
 ‫܆۽‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫܃܆ۼ‬ Ώ ಺ ഓ ഖ 
‫૽܁‬
‫܃ۻ‬

1PġUP TVNJSBOKF OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ QSFETUBWMKB HFPNFUSJKTLJ [CJS UWSÑFOKF UF

PSFNF ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ QPTNBUSBOKFN TMVÍBKFWB [B WSFEOPTU LPMJÍOJLB ‫ ܃ۻۺ‬
1SWP BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬UK ‫  ܃‬NQI‫ ۺ ۻ‬POEB KF

۳
‫ ܃܆ۼ ܃܆۽  ܆‬NQI ‫  ܆‬éഒ‫ ܃܆‬NQI ‫܆‬ക 
‫ۻ‬
 5PKF SB[MPH [BġUP TF LPSJTUJ TQFDJKBMOB GVOLDJKB ‫ୃ܆‬୆ା‫[ ۺ ۻ‬B QSFQP[OBWBOKF SFġFOKB V
PQġUFN TMVÍBKV
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

%SVHP BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ ̪ ۺ‬POEB KF

଩ବତ ‫܆‬
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
ഒ‫ ܃ۻۺ‬ക ‫ۻ‬
˜
۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫܃܆ۼ‬ Ώ 
‫܃ۻۺ‬ ˜

%BLMF BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ  ۺ‬PEOPTOP ‫܃‬ NQI ‫ ۺ‬J   ‫   ܃ۻۺ‬POEB KF

‫ۻ‬

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ ܃܆ۼ‬Ώ é
  éഒ‫ ܃܆‬ക 

QPġUP KF ESVHJ J[SB[ EPNJOBOUBO J ˛‫܅‬

‫૽܁‬
‫  ܁ܐ‬é
 [B   ‫  ܐ‬
6 USFÇFN TMVÍBKV BLP KF ‫ ܃ۻ ۺ‬PEOPTOP ‫  ܃ۻۺ‬QPġUP [B ‫ܐ‬  JNBNP
‫܅‬
˛ ‫  ܁ܐ‬é
‫  ܅ܐ‬EPCJKBNP
‫૽܁‬

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬ ଩ବତ ‫܆‬

۳
‫܆۽  ܆‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ ܃܆ۼ‬Ώ é ഓഒ‫ ܃ۻۺ‬ക ‫ۻ‬
ഖ

଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬ ϟ ‫܆‬଩ବତ‫ ۺ ۻ‬Ϣ

 ‫܆۽‬ ‫ ܃܆ۼ‬Ώ é Ϡ ‫ ܃‬ϣ
‫ۻ‬

ϡ ‫ ܆‬Ϥ
଩ବତ ‫ۺ‬
 éഒ‫ ۻ ܆‬ക 

ÍJNF KF EPLB[ [BWSġFO 

%B CJTNP SFġJMJ OFLV SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV PQġUJN NFUPEPN KFEOP
TUBWOP PESFÑVKFNP BLP NPľFNP
TMVÍBK QSFUIPEOF UFPSFNF LPKJ KF V QJ
UBOKV J PENBI EPCJKBNP PEHPWPS /B QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP SFLVSFOUOV KFE
OBÍJOV
۳
‫  ܆‬۳
‫ ܆ ܆‬

1PġUP KF PWEF ‫   ۻ   ۺ‬J ‫   ܃‬UP [OBÍJ ‫ ܃ۻ ۺ‬QB OB PTOPWV QSWPH TMVÍB

KB QSFUIPEOF UFPSFNF PENBI NPľFNP [BLMKVÍJUJ EB KF ۳
‫  ܆‬éഒ‫܆‬଩ବତଉ ଁ ക 
éഒ‫ ૿܆‬ക
,BP ESVHJ QSJNFS SB[NPUSJNP SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV

۳
‫  ܆‬۳ഒˤ‫܆‬ക NQI ‫  ܆‬۳ഒ‫ ૿૾܆‬ക NQI ‫ ܆‬

/BľBMPTU PWB KFEOBÍJOB OJKF V POPN PCMJLV V LPKFN NPľFNP QSJNFOJUJ PQ
ġUJ NFUPE .FÑVUJN UV KFEOBÍJOV NPľFNP USBOTGPSNJTBUJ V ľFMKFOJ PCMJL
TNFOPN ‫  ܅‬NQI ‫ ܆‬5BEB KF ‫ ܅  ܆‬QB NPľFNP QJTBUJ

۳
‫   ܅‬۳ഒ‫ ૿܅‬ക ‫ ܅‬
 3FLVSFOUOF KFEOBÍJOF 

6LPMJLP P[OBÍJNP ۲
‫  ܅‬۳
‫  ܅‬EPCJKBNP SFLVSFOUOV KFEOBÍJOV [B GVOL
DJKV ۲
‫܅‬
۲
‫  ܅‬۲
‫ ܅ ܅‬

4BEB KF PCMJL PWF KFEOBÍJOF POBK LPKJ PNPHVÇBWB QSJNFOV PQġUFH NFUPEB
QB MBLP EPCJKBNP SFġFOKF ۲
‫  ܅‬é
‫ ܅‬NQI ‫ ܅‬1POPWOPN VQPUSFCPN TNF
OF EB CJTNP TF WSBUJMJ OB ۳
‫ ܆‬EPCJKBNP SFġFOKF ۳
‫  ܆‬é
NQI ‫ ܆‬NQI NQI ‫܆‬

1SJNFS NOPľFOKF WFMJLJI DFMJI CSPKFWB

1SBLUJÍOJKV QSJNFOV PQġUFH NFUPEB [B SFġBWBOKF SFLVSFOUOJI KFEOBÍJ
OB QPLB[BÇFNP OB QSPCMFNV NOPľFOKB EWB WFMJLB ‫܆‬CJUOB DFMB CSPKB 1SFU
QPTUBWJNP EB KF CSPK CJUPWB ‫ ܆‬WSMP WFMJLJ SFDJNP ‫
 ܆‬UBLP EB TF DFMJ
CSPKFWJ OF NPHV EJSFLUOP QPNOPľJUJ V BSJUNFUJÍLPK KFEJOJDJ TUBOEBSEOJI
SBÍVOBSB %SVHJN SFÍJNB OF NPľFNP QSFUQPTUBWJUJ EB VPCJÍBKFOF BSJUNF
UJÍLF PQFSBDJKF OBE WFMJLJN DFMJN CSPKFWJNB QSFETUBWMKBKV KFEJOJÍOF PQF
SBDJKF LPKF TF J[WSġBWBKV [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF 0ÍJHMFEOP UP WSFNF [BWJTJ
PE CSPKB CJUPWB V SFQSF[FOUBDJKJ WFMJLJI DFMJI CSPKFWB V CJOBSOPN TJTUFNV
.OPľFOKF WFMJLJI DFMJI CSPKFWB JNB QSJNFOV OB QSJNFS V LSJQUPHSBਫKJ
KFS TF WFMJLJ DFMJ CSPKFWJ LPSJTUF V SB[OJN QPTUVQDJNB ġJGSPWBOKB
"LP TV EBUB EWB WFMJLB DFMB CSPKB ۷ J ۸ QSFETUBWMKFOB V CJOBSOPN TJTUF
NV TB QP ‫ ܆‬CJUPWB OKJIPW [CJS ۷ ۸ J SB[MJLV ۷˜۸ NPľFNP MBLP J[SBÍVOBUJ
LPSJTUFÇJ VPCJÍBKFOF QPTUVQLF [B SVÍOP TBCJSBOKF J PEV[JNBOKF +BTOP KF
EB WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB PWJI QPTUVQBLB J[OPTJ ‫ ܆
ۮ‬VLPMJLP TBCJSBOKB J PEV
[JNBOKB QPKFEJOBÍOJI DJGBSB SBÍVOBNP LBP KFEJOJÍOF PQFSBDJKF .FÑVUJN
BLP TF QPETFUJNP EB TF VPCJÍBKFOJ QPTUVQBL [B NOPľFOKF CSPKFWB ۷ J ۸
TBTUPKJ PE J[SBÍVOBWBOKB ‫ ܆‬EFMJNJÍOJI QSPJ[WPEB EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬OJKF TF UFġLP
VWFSJUJ EB KF OKFHPWP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB ‫  ૿܆
ۮ‬VLPMJLP NOPľFOKB J TBCJSB
OKB QPKFEJOBÍOJI DJGBSB SBÍVOBNP LBP KFEJOJÍOF PQFSBDJKF "MJ LBP ġUP
ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ KFEOJN SFLVS[JWOJN BMHPSJUNPN TF NPľF EPCJUJ CSľJ OBÍJO
[B NOPľFOKF EWB ‫܆‬CJUOB CSPKB
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OJKF TMVÍBK CSPKFWJNB ۷ J ۸ NPľFNP EPEBUJ OFWBľFÇF OVMF TB MFWF TUSBOF
%B CJTNP QSJNFOJMJ SFLVS[JWOJ NFUPE [B NOPľFOKF CSPKFWB ۷ J ۸ ‫܆‬CJUOF
SFQSF[FOUBDJKF PCB UB CSPKB EFMJNP V EWF QPMPWJOF QP ‫ ܆‬CJUPWB +FEOB
QPMPWJOB QSFETUBWMKB DJGSF WFÇF WBľOPTUJ B ESVHB QSFETUBWMKB DJGSF NBOKF
WBľOPTUJ "LP QPMPWJOF WFÇF WBľOPTUJ CSPKFWB ۷ J ۸ P[OBÍJNP TB ۠ J ۢ
  3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ

UJN SFEPN J TMJÍOP QPMPWJOF NBOKF WBľOPTUJ TB ۡ J ۣ NPľFNP QJTBUJ

۷  ۠‫ۡ ૿܆‬ J ۸  ۢ‫ ۣ ૿܆‬

0WBK OBÍJO QPMPWMKFOKB CSPKFWB KF JMVTUSPWBO OB TMJDJ  [B CSPKFWF

۷   J ۸   3BEJ CPMKF ÍJUMKJWPTUJ OB UPK TMJDJ TV
PWJ EFTFUPDJGSFOJ CSPKFWJ QSJLB[BOJ V EFDJNBMOPN CSPKOPN TJTUFNV B OF
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KF QPTFCBO QP UPNF ġUP P[OBÍBWB LPSFO TUBCMB /B DSUFľJNB TF ÍWPSPWJ
TUBCMB PCJÍOP P[OBÍBWBKV LSVľJÇFN B LPSFO TUBCMB TF PCJÍOP QSJLB[VKF OB
WSIV IJKFSBSIJKTLF TUSVLUVSF LPKV ÍJOJ TUBCMP /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJ


  4UBCMB

NFS LPSFOTLPH TUBCMB TB  ÍWPSPWB HEF KF ÍWPS ܎૾ LPSFO TUBCMB 1PġUP V

OBTUBWLV PWPH QPHMBWMKB HPWPSJNP JTLMKVÍJWP P LPSFOTLJN TUBCMJNB SBEJ
KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ ÇFNP JI LSBÇF [WBUJ QSPTUP TUBCMJNB

܎૾

܎૿ ܎଀ ܎ଁ ܎ଂ

܎ଃ ܎଄ ܎ଅ ܎ଆ ܎૾૽

܎૾૾

4MJLB  ,PSFOTLP TUBCMP

4UBCMP TF OFGPSNBMOP OBKMBLġF QSFETUBWMKB TMJLPN OKFHPWJI ÍWPSPWB J

HSBOB LPKF JI QPWF[VKV BMJ KF GPSNBMOP QPUSFCOP SB[KBTOJUJ KPġ OFLF EFUBMKF
V WF[J TB TUBCMJNB 1SF TWFHB KFEOB HSBOB TUBCMB KF VSFÑFO QBS EWB SB[MJÍJUB
ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ 6 UFLTUV TF UB HSBOB P[OBÍBWB TB
‫ ܑ ܐ‬B OB DSUFľJNB MJOJKPN
LPKB TQBKB ÍWPSPWF ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ 1SJNFUJNP EB CJ QSBWJMOJKF CJMP EB OB DSUFľJNB
LPSJTUJNP TUSFMJDV PE ‫ ܐ‬EP ܑ KFS KF WBľOP LPKJ ÍWPS KF QSWJ B LPKJ ESVHJ V
VSFÑFOPN QBSV LPKJ QSFETUBWMKB HSBOV *QBL TF SBEJ MBLġFH DSUBOKB LPSJTUJ
MJOJKB [B HSBOV B OF TUSFMJDB KFS TF SFEPTMFE ÍWPSPWB HSBOF VLB[VKF UJNF
ġUP TF QSWJ ÍWPS OB DSUFľJNB VWFL QSJLB[VKF J[OBE ESVHPH ÍWPSB 5BLP TF
OB TMJDJ  QPESB[VNFWB EB KF SFDJNP
܎૿  ܎଄  HSBOB TUBCMB B OF PCSOVUP
5FSNJOPMPHJKB V WF[J TB TUBCMJNB KF VHMBWOPN QP[BKNMKFOB J[ OKJIPWF
QSJNFOF V QSFETUBWMKBOKV SPEPTMPWB OFLF QPSPEJDF HEF TF HSBOBNB VTQP
TUBWMKB NFÑVTPCOJ PEOPT SPEJUFMKEFUF J[NFÑV QPKFEJOJI ÍMBOPWB QPSPEJDF
5BLP TF V SBÍVOBSTUWV [B HSBOV
‫ ܑ ܐ‬V TUBCMV LBľF EB KF QSWJ ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬SPEJUFMK
ÍWPSB ܑ PEOPTOP EB KF ESVHJ ÍWPS ܑ EFUF ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬/B QSJNFS V TUBCMV OB
TMJDJ  KF ÍWPS ܎૿ SPEJUFMK ÍWPSB ܎଄ J ܎଄ KF EFUF ÍWPSB ܎૿ 
ÌWPS V TUBCMV NPľF JNBUJ OVMB JMJ WJġF EFDF BMJ TWBLJ ÍWPS SB[MJÍJU PE
LPSFOB JNB UBÍOP KFEOPH SPEJUFMKB J LPSFO TUBCMB KF KFEJOJ ÍWPS CF[ SPEJ
UFMKB 0WB PTPCJOB KF VQSBWP POB LPKB LBSBLUFSJġF TUBCMP J LPSJTUJ TF [B
GPSNBMOV EFਫOJDJKV LPSFOTLPH
TUBCMB TUBCMP ۳ KF TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J TLVQ
HSBOB J[NFÑV OKJI UK VSFÑFOJI QBSPWB ÍWPSPWB
TB TMFEFÇJN TWPKTUWJNB
 "LP KF ۳ OFQSB[OP TUBCMP POP JNB KFEJOTUWFO QPTFCBO ÍWPS LPSFO

LPKJ OFNB SPEJUFMKTLJ ÍWPS

 ,PSFOTLB TUBCMB 

 4WBLJ ÍWPS V TUBCMV ۳ PTJN LPSFOB JNB KFEJOTUWFO SPEJUFMKTLJ ÍWPS

1SJNFUJNP EB OB PTOPWV PWF GPSNBMOF EFਫOJDJKF TUBCMP NPľF CJUJ QSB
[OP ġUP [OBÍJ EB UBLWP TUBCMP OFNB OJKFEBO ÍWPS J OJKFEOV HSBOV
 5P
PNPHVÇBWB EB TF TUBCMP EFਫOJġF J SFLVS[JWOP OB OBÍJO LPKJN TF WFÇB TUB
CMB LPOTUSVJġV PE NBOKJI TUBCMP ۳ KF QSB[OP JMJ TF TBTUPKJ PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܊‬LPKJ TF
OB[JWB LPSFO TUBCMB ۳ J NPHVÇF QSB[OPH
TLVQB TUBCBMB ۳૾  ۳૿  Ə  ۳‫ ܃‬ÍJKJ
TV LPSFOJ EFDB ÍWPSB ‫ ܊‬/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB PWB SFLVS[JWOB EFਫOJDJKB
TUBCMB
۳
‫܊‬

‫૾܊‬ ‫૿܊‬ ‫܃܊‬

۳૿
۳‫܃‬
۳૾

4MJLB  3FLVS[JWOB EFਫOJDJKB TUBCMB ۳ 

0TUBMJ QPKNPWJ V WF[J TB TUBCMJNB TV QSJMJÍOP QSJSPEOJ NBEB NOPHP

CSPKOJ %FDB JTUPH ÍWPSB UK ÍWPSPWJ TB [BKFEOJÍLJN SPEJUFMKFN
OB[JWBKV
TF CSBÇB TFTUSF
 ÌWPSPWJ LPKJ JNBKV CBS KFEOP EFUF TV VOVUSBġOKJ B ÍWPSP
WJ CF[ EFDF TV TQPMKBġOKJ 4QPMKBġOKJ ÍWPSPWJ TF ÍFTUP OB[JWBKV J MJTUPWJ /B
QSJNFS V TUBCMV OB TMJDJ  ÍWPSPWJ ܎૿ ܎଀ ܎ଁ J ܎ଂ TV CSBÇB B TWJ MJTUPWJ UPH
TUBCMB TV ܎଀ ܎ଃ ܎଄ ܎ଅ ܎ଆ J ܎૾૾ 
1PKBN QVUB V TUBCMV KF OB OFLJ OBÍJO VPQġUFOKF QPKNB HSBOF 1VU J[
NFÑV EWB SB[MJÍJUB ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬J ܑ KF OJ[ ÍWPSPWB ‫  ૿܎  ૾܎  ܐ‬Ə  ܎‫ ܑ  ܅‬VLPMJLP
QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFÑV TWJI TVTFEOJI ÍWPSPWB
܎‫[  ૾ ܁܎  ܁‬B  ̮ ‫ ܅  ܁‬%VľJOB
UPH QVUB KF CSPK HSBOB OB QVUV PEOPTOP ‫;  ˜ ܅‬B TWBLJ ÍWPS TF QPESB[V
NFWB EB QPTUPKJ QVU EVľJOF  PE UPH ÍWPSB EP TBNPH TFCF /B QSJNFS QVU
V TUBCMV OB TMJDJ  PE ÍWPSB ܎ଂ EP ܎૾૾ TBTUPKJ TF PE ÍWPSPWB ܎ଂ ܎૾૽ J ܎૾૾ B
EVľJOB UPH QVUB KF EWB
#JUOB PTPCJOB TUBCMB KF EB [B TWBLJ ÍWPS V TUBCMV QPTUPKJ KFEJOTUWFO QVU
PE LPSFOB EP UPH ÍWPSB %B CJTNP PWP QPLB[BMJ MBLP KF OBKQSF WJEFUJ EB
VWFL QPTUPKJ QVU PE LPSFOB EP OFLPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬/BJNF VLPMJLP V[JNBNP
ÍWPSPWF PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬QSBUFÇJ V TWBLPN LPSBLV KFEJOTUWFOPH SPEJUFMKB QPKFEJ
OJI ÍWPSPWB EPCJKBNP OJ[ ÍWPSPWB LPKJ V PCSOVUPN SFEPTMFEV GPSNJSB QVU
  4UBCMB

PE LPSFOB EP ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬+FEJOTUWFOPTU UPH QVUB TF QPLB[VKF LPOUSBEJLDJKPN

BLP CJ QPTUPKBP KPġ KFEBO SB[MJÍJU QVU POEB CJ UB EWB QVUB PE LPSFOB NPSBMJ
EB TF LPE OFLPH ÍWPSB OBKQSF SB[EWPKF J [BUJN QPOPWP TQPKF V CBS KFEOPN
[BKFEOJÍLPN ÍWPSV ܑ JOBÍF CJ EJWFSHJSBMJ J KFEBO PE QVUFWB OJLBE OF CJ
TUJHBP EP ‫" 
ܐ‬MJ UP CJ [OBÍJMP EB ÍWPS ܑ JNB EWB SPEJUFMKB ġUP KF OFNPHVÇF
LPE TUBCMB
4WBLJ ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬OB KFEJOTUWFOPN QVUV PE LPSFOB EP OFLPH ÍWPSB ܎ TF
OB[JWB QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ 0CSOVUP ÍWPS ܎ KF QPUPNBL ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬VLPMJLP KF ‫܍‬
QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ 1PESB[VNFWB TF EB KF TWBLJ ÍWPS V TUBCMV TBN TFCJ QSF
EBL J QPUPNBL 0EOPT QSFEBLQPUPNBL [B ÍWPSPWF TUBCMB TF LSBÇF NPľF
EFਫOJTBUJ SFLVS[JWOP ÍWPS ‫ ܍‬KF QSFEBL ÍWPSB ܎ BLP KF ‫ ܎  ܍‬JMJ KF ‫ ܍‬QSFEBL
SPEJUFMKB ÍWPSB ܎ /B QSJNFS V TUBCMV OB TMJDJ  ÍWPSPWJ ܎૾ ܎ଁ J ܎ଅ TV QSFDJ
ÍWPSB ܎ଅ B QPUPNDJ ÍWPSB ܎ଂ TV ÍWPSPWJ ܎ଂ ܎ଆ ܎૾૽ J ܎૾૾ 
1PETUBCMP TB ÍWPSPN ܎ LBP LPSFOPN KF TUBCMP LPKF TF TBTUPKJ PE UPH
ÍWPSB ܎ J TWJI OKFHPWJI QPUPNBLB [BKFEOP TB OBTMFÑFOJN HSBOBNB /B
QSJNFS TWB TUBCMB ۳૾  ۳૿  Ə  ۳‫ ܃‬OB TMJDJ  TV QPETUBCMB TUBCMB ۳ TB LPSFOJ
NB SFEPN ‫  ૿܊  ૾܊‬Ə  ‫ ܃܊‬
%VCJOB ÍWPSB KF EVľJOB KFEJOTUWFOPH QVUB PE LPSFOB EP UPH ÍWPSB ;B
UP KF SFLVS[JWOP EVCJOB LPSFOB KFEOBLB  B EVCJOB TWBLPH ESVHPH ÍWPSB
KF [B KFEBO WFÇB PE EVCJOF OKFHPWPH SPEJUFMKB 7JTJOB ÍWPSB TF UBLPÑF NP
ľF EFਫOJTBUJ SFLVS[JWOP WJTJOB MJTUB KF  B WJTJOB ÍWPSB LPKJ OJKF MJTU KF
[B KFEBO WFÇB PE NBLTJNBMOF WJTJOF OKFHPWF EFDF 7JTJOB TUBCMB KF WJTJOB
OKFHPWPH LPSFOB /B QSJNFS WJTJOB TUBCMB OB TMJDJ  KF USJ B WJTJOB ÍWPSB
܎ଂ KF EWB J OKFHPWB EVCJOB KF KFEBO

4UBCMP LBP TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB

4MJÍOP LBP V TMVÍBKV PTOPWOJI TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB OJ[PWB MJTUJ TUFLP
WB SFEPWB
EB CJTNP TUBCMB LPSJTUJMJ V QSPHSBNJNB [B PSHBOJ[BDJKV LPMFL
DJKF QPEBUBLB NPSBNP JNBUJ OBÍJO [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCBMB V SBÍVOBSV J
JNQMFNFOUJSBUJ TLVQ LPSJTOJI PQFSBDJKB OBE TUBCMJNB
6 SBEV TB TUBCMJNB TF NPľF QPKBWJUJ QPUSFCB [B WSMP SB[OPMJLJN PQFSB
DJKBNB /B QSJNFS QPSFE PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB [B EPEBWBOKF VLMBOKBOKF JMJ
PESFÑJWBOKF EFUFUB EBUPH ÍWPSB NPľFNP JNBUJ J PQFSBDJKF LPKF LBP SF[VMUBU
EBKV SPEJUFMKB TBTWJN MFWPH EFUFUB JMJ EFTOPH CSBUB EBUPH ÍWPSB 3BEJ MBL
ġFH QSPHSBNJSBOKB LPSJTOP CJ CJMP SFBMJ[PWBUJ J VQJUOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF PESF
ÑVKV EB MJ KF EBUP TUBCMP QSB[OP JMJ EB MJ KF EBUJ ÍWPS LPSFO JOUFSOJ FLTUFSOJ
 ,PSFOTLB TUBCMB 

J TMJÍOP /BK[BE USFCB JNBUJ OB VNV J QPNPÇOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF PCVIWBUBKV

QPTUVQLF LPOTUSVJTBOKB OPWPH TUBCMB PESFÑJWBOKB CSPKB ÍWPSPWB WFMJÍJOF

TUBCMB PESFÑJWBOKF WJTJOF TUBCMB J UBLP EBMKF .FÑVUJN VLPMJLP TF LPSJTUJ

PEHPWBSBKVÇB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB TUBCMB TWF PWF PQFSBDJKF TF NPHV SFMBUJWOP
MBLP JNQMFNFOUJSBUJ J [BUP OFÇFNP JÇJ V LPOLSFUOF EFUBMKF OKJIPWF QSBLUJÍ
OF SFBMJ[BDJKF ;BUP ÇFNP V PWPN PEFMKLV NBMP EFUBMKOJKF SB[NPUSJUJ TBNP
OBÍJOF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB
1SF TWFHB TUBCMP QSFETUBWMKB LPMFLDJKV QPEBUBLB UBLP ġUP TF QPKFEJ
OBÍOJ QPEBDJ V LPMFLDJKJ OBMB[F V ÍWPSPWJNB TUBCMB /B QSJNFS TUBCMP OB
TMJDJ  QSFETUBWMKB BSJUNFUJÍLJ J[SB[
‫ ۻ ۺ‬ˡ
‫ ۼ ˜ ۺ‬OB QSJSPEBO OBÍJO LP
SFO UPH TUBCMB TBESľJ PQFSBUPS ˡ [B NOPľFOKF B OKFHPWB EFDB TV LPSFOJ EWB
QPETUBCMB LPKB QSFETUBWMKBKV QPEJ[SB[F ‫ ۻ ۺ‬J ‫ۼ ˜ ۺ‬

‫ۺ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۺ‬ ‫ۼ‬

4MJLB  4UBCMP J[SB[B

‫ ۻ ۺ‬ˡ
‫ۼ ˜ ۺ‬

4MJÍOP LBP LPE PTOPWOJI TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB QPKFEJOBÍOJ QPEBDJ V

ÍWPSPWJNB TUBCMB TF OB PQġUFN OJWPV QPJTUPWFÇVKV TB KFEOP[OBÍOPN WSFE
OPġÇV LPKB TF OB[JWB OKJIPW LMKVÍ J UBLP SBEJ KFEOPTUBWOPTUJ [BOFNBSVKV
EPEBUOJ QPEBDJ LPKF ÍWPSPWJ V TUWBSOPTUJ NPľEB TBESľF /BKQSJSPEOJKB SF
QSF[FOUBDJKB TUBCMB LPKB OBKPÍJHMFEOJKF PESBľBWB OKFHPWV MPHJÍLV TUSVLUV
SV CJMB CJ EB TF TWBLJ ÍWPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKB PCKFLUPN LPKJ PCVIWBUB QPMKF
LMKVÍB WJġF QPMKB V LPKJNB TF OBMB[F QPLB[JWBÍJ OB TWBLP EFUF UPH ÍWPSB J
FWFOUVBMOP QPMKF [B QPLB[JWBÍ OB SPEJUFMKB ÍWPSB .FÑVUJN QPġUP KF PWEF
SFÍ P PQġUJN TUBCMJNB PEOPTOP CSPK EFDF QP ÍWPSV NPľF CJUJ WSMP SB[MJÍJU
J OJKF VOBQSFE PHSBOJÍFO PWBK QSJTUVQ OJKF OBKCPMKJ KFS QSPJ[WPEJ MPġF JT
LPSJġÇFOKF NFNPSJKTLPH QSPTUPSB ;BUP TF PCJÍOP LPSJTUJ ESVHJ OBÍJO [B
QSFETUBWMKBOKF PQġUJI TUBCBMB P LPNF TF LSBULP HPWPSJ V OBTUBWLV

1SFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCMB MJTUBNB EFDF ÍWPSPWB +FEBO OBÍJO [B QSFWB[J

MBľFOKF QSPCMFNB QSPJ[WPMKOPH CSPKB EFDF ÍWPSPWB V PQġUFN TUBCMV KF GPS
NJSBOKF QPWF[BOF MJTUF EFDF TWBLPH ÍWPSB 0WBK QSJTUVQ KF WBľBO KFS TF
  4UBCMB

NPľF MBLP HFOFSBMJ[PWBUJ [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF TMPľFOJKJI TUSVLUVSB LBP ġUP TV

HSBGPWJ 6 EFTOPN EFMV TMJLF  QSJLB[BOP KF LBLP TF TUBCMP ۳ V MFWPN
EFMV UF TMJLF NPľF QSFETUBWJUJ OB PWBK OBÍJO

‫܌‬

   
۳
 
  
 
  
  
 
  


  



4MJLB  1SFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCMB MJTUBNB EFDF ÍWPSPWB

,BP ġUP TF WJEJ TB TMJLF  V PWPK SFQSF[FOUBDJKJ TUBCMB TF OBMB[J KFEBO
OJ[ QPLB[JWBÍB ‫ ܌‬ÍJKJ FMFNFOUJ QSFETUBWMKBKV ÍWPSPWF J [BUP KF OKFHPWB WFMJ
ÍJOB KFEOBLB VLVQOPN CSPKV ÍWPSPWB V TUBCMV 1PSFE UPHB TWBLJ FMFNFOU
OJ[B ‫ ܌‬QPLB[VKF OB QPÍFUBL QPWF[BOF MJTUF ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB 1SJ UPNF FMF
NFOUJ MJTUF OB LPKV QPLB[VKF FMFNFOU OJ[B ‫ ܁܌‬TV ÍWPSPWJ LPKJ TV EFDB ÍWPSB
‫ ܁‬UBLP EB QPSFEBL FMFNFOBUB V MJTUJ PEHPWBSB QPSFULV EFDF TMFWB OB EFTOP
V TUBCMV /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  FMFNFOU ‫܌‬ଂ QPLB[VKF OB MJTUV  ɜ  QPġUP
TV ÍWPSPWJ  J  UJNF SFEPN EFDB ÍWPSB 
+FEBO OFEPTUBUBL PWPH OBÍJOB QSFETUBWMKBOKB TUBCMB KF UP ġUP TF OF NP
HV MBLP LPOTUSVJTBUJ WFÇB TUBCMB PE NBOKJI 5P KF QPTMFEJDB ÍJOKFOJDF ġUP
TWBLP TUBCMP JNB TWPK OJ[ QPLB[JWBÍB [B TWPKF ÍWPSPWF 1SFNB UPNF EB
CJTNP OBQSBWJMJ OPWP TUBCMP SFDJNP PE EBUPH ÍWPSB LBP LPSFOB J EWB EBUB
QPETUBCMB ۳૾ J ۳૿ NPSBMJ CJTNP EB LPQJSBNP ۳૾ J ۳૿ V USFÇF TUBCMP J EB
EPEBNP MJTUV [B OPWJ LPSFO ÍJKB TV EFDB LPSFOJ [B ۳૾ J ۳૿ 

 #JOBSOB TUBCMB

#JOBSOP TUBCMP KF TUBCMP V LPKFN OJKFEBO ÍWPS OFNB WJġF PE EWPKF EFDF
%FDB OFLPH ÍWPSB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB TF [PWV OKFHPWP MFWP EFUF J EFTOP EFUF
 #JOBSOB TUBCMB 

KFS TF OB DSUFľJNB QSJLB[VKV MFWP J EFTOP PE ÍWPSB LPKJ KF OKJIPW SPEJUFMK

'PSNBMOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP KF TUBCMP V LPKFN TWBLJ ÍWPS JMJ OFNB EFDV JMJ
JNB TBNP MFWP EFUF JMJ JNB TBNP EFTOP EFUF JMJ JNB J MFWP J EFTOP EFUF
0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB QPKBN CJOBSOPH TUBCMB OJKF JTUJ LBP [B PCJÍOP
TUBCMP LPKF TNP EFਫOJTBMJ V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV KFS TWBLP EFUF V CJOBS
OPN TUBCMV NPSB CJUJ MFWP EFUF JMJ EFTOP EFUF 0WB ÍJOKFOJDB KF JMVTUSPWBOB
OB TMJDJ  OB LPKPK TV QSJLB[BOB EWB SB[MJÍJUB CJOBSOB TUBCMB J KFEOP PCJÍ
OP TUBCMP LPKF J[HMFEB WSMP TMJÍOP PWJN CJOBSOJN TUBCMJNB

  

  

     

  

B
C
D

4MJLB  3B[MJLF J[NFÑV CJOBSOJI J PCJÍOJI TUBCBMB

1SJNFUJNP EB TUBCMB QPE B

J C
OB TMJDJ  OJTV JTUB CJOBSOB TUBCMB
OJUJ KF OFLP PE OKJI VQPSFEJWP TB PCJÍOJN TUBCMPN QPE D
 /B QSJNFS V
CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QPE B
ÍWPS  KF MFWP EFUF ÍWPSB  B ÍWPS  OFNB EFTOP
EFUF EPL V CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QPE C
ÍWPS  OFNB MFWP EFUF BMJ JNB ÍWPS 
LBP EFTOP EFUF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF V PCJÍOPN TUBCMV QPE D
OJKF EFਫOJTBOP
MFWP JMJ EFTOP EFUF ‫ ۊ‬ÍWPS  KF TBNP EFUF ÍWPSB  OJUJ MFWP OJUJ EFTOP
6QSLPT PWJN NBMJN LPODFQUVBMOJN SB[MJLBNB PTOPWOB UFSNJOPMPHJKB
PQġUJI TUBCBMB QSFOPTJ TF J OB CJOBSOB TUBCMB 4WJ PTOPWOJ QPKNPWJ LPKF
TNP EFਫOJTBMJ [B PCJÍOB TUBCMB JNBKV TNJTMB J [B CJOBSOB TUBCMB
1SFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KF VNOPHPNF QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOP [BIWB
MKVKVÇJ ÍJOKFOJDJ EB TWBLJ ÍWPS CJOBSOPH TUBCMB JNB OBKWJġF EWPKF EFDF 6
QSBLTJ TF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOJI TUBCBMB TLPSP JTLMKVÍJWP LPSJTUF QPLB
[JWBÍJ KFS KF UBLWB OKJIPWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB QSJSPEOB J KFEOPTUBWOB 1SFDJ[OJ
KF CJOBSOP TUBCMP KF PSHBOJ[PWBOP V PCMJLV QPWF[BOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB
V LPKPK KF TWBLJ ÍWPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKFO KFEOJN PCKFLUPN 5BK PCKFLBU
JNB QPMKF NOMXÏ LPKF TBESľJ LMKVÍ ÍWPSB LBP J EWB QPLB[JWBÍLB QPMKB OHYR
J GHVQR LPKB QPLB[VKV OB PCKFLUF LPKJ QSFETUBWMKBKV MFWP J EFTOP EFUF ÍWP
  4UBCMB

SB "LP OFLP EFUF OJKF QSJTVUOP PEHPWBSBKVÇF QPLB[JWBÍLP QPMKF TBESľJ
WSFEOPTU QXOO 4UBCMV ۳ TF LBP DFMJOJ QSJTUVQB QSFLP QPTFCOPH TQPMKBġOKFH
QPLB[JWBÍB W LPKJ OJKF EFP TUBCMB J LPKJ QPLB[VKF OB LPSFO TUBCMB 0WBK OB
ÍJO QSFETUBWMKBOKB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KF JMVTUSPWBO V EFTOPN EFMV OB TMJDJ 
[B TUBCMP LPKF KF QSJLB[BOP V MFWPN EFMV

‫܌‬ NOMXÏ
۳ OHYR GHVQR

 

 

   

 

4MJLB  1SFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QPNPÇV QPLB[JWBÍB

0CJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB

7BľOB PQFSBDJKB OBE OFMJOFBSOPN TUSVLUVSPN TUBCMB KF OFLB BLUJWOPTU
LPKB TF J[WSġBWB OBE QPEBDJNB LMKVÍFWJNB
TWJI ÍWPSPWB TUBCMB 5B PQFSB
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VMB[OJ TUFQFO KF CSPK VTNFSFOJI HSBOB LPKF ‫۔‬VMB[F‫ ۓ‬V ÍWPS ܎ 4UFQFO ÍWPSB
V VTNFSFOPN HSBGV KF [CJS OKFHPWPH J[MB[OPH J VMB[OPH TUFQFOB QSJ ÍFNV
TF QFUMKB CSPKJ EWBQVU
/JKF UFġLP QSJNFUJUJ EB TF TWBLJ OFVTNFSFO HSBG NPľF TNBUSBUJ FLWJWB
MFOUOJN KFEOPN VTNFSFOPN HSBGV LPKJ JNB JTUJ TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J ÍJKJ TF TLVQ
HSBOB EPCJKB UBLP ġUP TF TWBLB HSBOB ]‫ _܎ ܍‬V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV [BNF
OJ EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB
‫ ܎ ܍‬J
܎ ‫ ܍‬5FPSJKTLJ EBLMF OFVTNFSFOJ
HSBGPWJ TV TQFDJKBMBO TMVÍBK VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB QB KF EPWPMKOP QPTNBUSBUJ
TBNP PQġUJKF VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF 6QSLPT UPNF V PWPK LOKJ[J SBEJ KFEOPTUBW
OPTUJ VHMBWOPN HPWPSJNP P OFVTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB J [BUP ÇFNP QPE LSB
ÇJN J[SB[PN ‫۔‬HSB঻‫ ۓ‬QPESB[VNFWBUJ OFVTNFSFO HSBG VLPMJLP OJKF ESVHBÍJKF
OBHMBġFOP

1VUFWJ J QPWF[BOPTU +FEOB PE PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB V HSBGV KF QSPMB[BL

LSP[ OJ[ ÍWPSPWB QPWF[BOJI HSBOBNB 6[NJNP OB QSJNFS HSBG LPKJN TF
NPľF QSFETUBWJUJ OFLJ WFC TBKU 6 UPN HSBGV ÍWPSPWJ PEHPWBSBKV QPKFEJOBÍ
OJN WFC TUSBOBNB J QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFÑV ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ BLP ‫ ܍‬JNB IJQFSMJOL
OB ܎ 6 UBLWPN HSBGV KFEOB PQFSBDJKB QSPMBTLB LSP[ ÍWPSPWF PEHPWBSB
OBÍJOV OB LPKJ OFLJ LPSJTOJL QSFHMFEB WFC TBKU QSBUFÇJ IJQFSMJOLPWF
1SFUIPEOB PQFSBDJKB TF GPSNBMJ[VKF QPKNPN QVUB V HSBGV 1VU V OFV
TNFSFOPN HSBGV ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ KF OJ[ ‫ ۯ‬ÍWPSPWB ܎૾  ܎૿ Ə ܎‫ ܃܎ ૾˜܃‬UBLWJI EB KF
TWBLJ TVTFEBO QBS ÍWPSPWB ܎‫ ૾ ܁܎  ܁‬V UPN OJ[V TQPKFO HSBOPN V ‫ ۦ‬%VľJOB
QVUB ‫ ۯ‬KF CSPK HSBOB OB UPN QVUV PEOPTOP ‫;  ˜ ܃‬B QVU ‫ ۯ‬TF ÍFTUP LBľF EB
KF UP QVU LPKJ JEF PE ÍWPSB ܎૾ EP ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܃‬JMJ EB KF UP ܎૾ ‫ ܃܎ۉ‬QVU /B TMJDJ 
OJ[ ÍWPSPWB #( Ì" 7" #( /4 PCSB[VKF QVU EVľJOF  PE ÍWPSB #( EP
ÍWPSB /4
1VU V HSBGV KF QSPTU BLP TV TWJ ÍWPSPWJ OB UPN QVUV NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUJ
$JLMVT KF QVU ܎૾  ܎૿ Ə ܎‫ ܃܎ ૾˜܃‬UBLBW EB KF ‫  ܃‬QSWJI ‫  ˜ ܃‬ÍWPSPWB TV
 0TOPWOJ QPKNPWJ J EFਫOJDJKF 

NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUJ J ܎૾  ܎‫  ܃‬%SVHJN SFÍJNB DJLMVT V HSBGV KF [BUWPSFO

QSPTU QVU OF SBÍVOBKVÇJ QSWJ J QPTMFEOKJ ÍWPS (SBG LPKJ OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT
TF OB[JWB BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG
4WF PWF EFਫOJDJKF TF QSJSPEOP QSFOPTF OB VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF V[ KFEOV
J[NFOV V QVUV JMJ DJLMVTV TWJ QBSPWJ TVTFEOJI ÍWPSPWB NPSBKV CJUJ QP
WF[BOJ VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB ÍJKJ TF TNFS NPSB QPġUPWBUJ J[NFÑV TVTFEOJI
ÍWPSPWB V QVUV JMJ DJLMVTV /B QSJNFS OJ[ ÍWPSPWB ‫ ۻ ۻ ۼ ۺ ۽ ۺ‬OB TMJDJ 
PCSB[VKF QVU EVľJOF  PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۺ‬EP ÍWPSB ‫ۻ‬
;B HSBG ۧ 
۵ Ƒ  ۤƑ  LBľFNP EB KF QPEHSBG HSBGB ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ VLPMJLP KF
۵ ͐ ۵ J ۤƑ ͐ ۤ %SVHJN SFÍJNB HSBG ۧ KF QPEHSBG HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬BLP TV ÍWPSPWJ
Ƒ

HSBGB ۧ QPETLVQ ÍWPSPWB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬B HSBOF HSBGB ۧ TV QPETLVQ HSBOB HSBGB
‫ ۦ‬LPKF TV JODJEFOUOF ÍWPSPWJNB V ۧ  /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS HSBGB
J KFEBO PE OKFHPWJI QPEHSBGPWB

‫ۦ‬ ۧ
   

  

4MJLB  (SBG ‫ ۦ‬J KFEBO PE OKFHPWJI QPEHSBGPWB ۧ 

/FVTNFSFO HSBG ‫ ۦ‬KF QPWF[BO VLPMJLP ‫ ۦ‬JNB TBNP KFEBO ÍWPS J OJKFE
OV HSBOV
JMJ [B TWBLJ QBS ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ V ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ OFLJ QVU PE ‫ ܍‬EP ܎
1SJNFUJNP EB PWP OF [OBÍJ EB V QPWF[BOPN HSBGV QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFÑV
TWBLB EWB ÍWPSB WFÇ TBNP EB QPTUPKJ QVU NPHVÇF EVHBÍBL
J[NFÑV OKJI
1SJNFUJNP J EB BLP QPTUPKJ ‫ ܎܍‬QVU V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV POEB QPTUPKJ
J ܎‫ ܍‬QVU V UPN HSBGV LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE PCSOVUPH OJ[B ÍWPSPWB ‫ ܎܍‬QVUB
(SBG OB TMJDJ  KF QSJNFS KFEOPH QPWF[BOPH HSBGB 4B ESVHF TUSBOF HSBG
OB TMJDJ  OJKF QPWF[BO HSBG KFS OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO QVU SFDJNP J[NFÑV
ÍWPSPWB  J 
/FQPWF[BO HSBG OB TMJDJ  TF PÍJHMFEOP TBTUPKJ PE EWB QPWF[BOB EFMB
5J EFMPWJ TF OB[JWBKV QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF HSBGB JMJ LSBÇF TBNP LPNQP
OFOUF
LPKF QSFETUBWMKBKV NBLTJNBMOF QPWF[BOF QPEHSBGPWF 1SJNFUJNP

 ,PNQPOFOUB HSBGB KF NBLTJNBMOB V TNJTMV EB OJKF QSBWJ QPEHSBG OJKFEOPH ESVHPH

QPWF[BOPH QPEHSBGB EBUPH HSBGB
  (SBGPWJ

‫ۦ‬

  

  

4MJLB  /FQPWF[BO HSBG

EB TF V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV TWBLJ ÍWPS OBMB[J V UBÍOP KFEOPK PE OKFHPWJI

QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ
%FਫOJDJKB QPWF[BOPTUJ VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB OJKF UBLP QSPTUB LBP [B OF
VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF KFS KF NPHVÇF EB QPTUPKJ QVU PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬EP ÍWPSB ܎ BMJ
OF J PCSOVU QVU PE ÍWPSB ܎ EP ÍWPSB ‫; ܍‬CPH UPHB LBľFNP EB KF VTNFSFO
HSBG KBLP QPWF[BO VLPMJLP [B TWBLB EWB ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬J ܎ QPTUPKJ QVU PE ‫ ܍‬EP ܎ J
QVU PE ܎ EP ‫ ܍‬/B QSJNFS VTNFSFO HSBG OB TMJDJ  OJKF KBLP QPWF[BO KFS
OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO QVU SFDJNP PE ÍWPSB ۡ EP ÍWPSB ۠

4MPCPEOB TUBCMB 1PWF[BO HSBG LPKJ OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT OB[JWB TF TMP
CPEOP TUBCMP 4MPCPEOB TUBCMB TF SB[MJLVKV PE LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB P LPKJNB
TNP HPWPSJMJ V QPHMBWMKV  KFEJOP QP UPNF ġUP TV LPE TMPCPEOJI TUBCBMB
TWJ ÍWPSPWJ SBWOPQSBWOJ PEOPTOP TMPCPEOB TUBCMB OFNBKV KFEBO QPTFCBO
ÍWPS LPKJ TF [PWF LPSFO
/FLP TMPCPEOP TUBCMP TF MBLP NPľF USBOTGPSNJTBUJ V LPSFOTLP TUBCMP
VLPMJLP TF OBKQSF J[BCFSF QSPJ[WPMKOJ ÍWPS [B LPSFO J [BUJN TF QPWFľV TWJ
ÍWPSPWJ OB ESVHPN LSBKV TWJI HSBOB LPKF JEV PE UPH LPSFOB [BUJN QPWFľV
TWJ ÍWPSPWJ TWJI HSBOB LPKF JEV PE QSFUIPEOJI ÍWPSPWB EFDF LPSFOB
J UBLP
EBMKF 4MJLPWJUJKJ OBÍJO [B SB[VNFWBOKF PWPH QPTUVQLB KF EB [BNJTMJNP EB
HSBOF V TMPCPEOPN TUBCMV QSFETUBWMKBKV LPODF LPKJNB TV QPWF[BOJ ÍWPSPWJ
J EB TF UP TUBCMP QPEJHOF EB WJTJ V WB[EVIV ESľFÇJ HB [B J[BCSBOJ LPSFO
5BLP OB QSJNFS EWB HSBGB OB TMJDJ  QSFETUBWMKBKV [BQSBWP JTUP TUBCMP UK
JNBKV JTUJ TLVQ ÍWPSPWB J JTUJ QBSPWJ ÍWPSPWB TV TQPKFOJ HSBOBNB .FÑVUJN
HSBG OB MFWPK TUSBOJ TMJLF  KF TMPCPEOP TUBCMP EPL KF HSBG OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ
UP TUBCMP USBOTGPSNJTBOP V LPSFOTLP TUBCMP TB ÍWPSPN  LBP LPSFOPN
 1SFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB 

 

 
  


   


4MJLB  4MPCPEOP TUBCMP J LPSFOTLP TUBCMP

6 QSBWPN TNJTMV SFÍJ TUBCMB TV OBKQSPTUJKB WSTUB QPWF[BOJI HSBGPWB

KFS VLMBOKBOKFN CJMP LPKF HSBOF J[ TUBCMB POP QPTUBKF OFQPWF[BOP (SBG
LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE WJġF TUBCBMB UBÍOJKF HSBG ÍJKF TWF QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF
QSFETUBWMKBKV TMPCPEOB TUBCMB TBNB [B TFCF OB[JWB TF ġVNB /B TMJDJ  KF
QSJLB[BO QSJNFS HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKJ KF ġVNB

‫ۦ‬

   

  

  

4MJLB  ĠVNB

 1SFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB

%B CJ TF HSBGPWJ NPHMJ FਫLBTOP LPSJTUJUJ V SBÍVOBSV NPSBKV TF QSFE
TUBWJUJ V QSPHSBNJNB OB OBÍJO LPKJ PCF[CFÑVKF MBLP NBOJQVMJTBOKF ÍWPSP
WJNB J HSBOBNB HSBGPWB /BKQSPTUJKB TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB LPKB TF LPSJTUJ [B
QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB KF NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB .BUSJDB TVTFETUWB KF PCJÍBO
EWPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[ ÍJKJ TV CSPKFWJ SFEPWB J LPMPOB KFEOBLJ CSPKV ÍWPSP
WB HSBGB 0CSBUJUF QBľOKV OB UP EB [B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB HSBGB OJTV CJUOF
  (SBGPWJ

P[OBLF ÍWPSPWB V HSBGV LPKJN TV POJ PCFMFľFOJ WFÇ KF CJUBO TBNP OKJIPW
VLVQBO CSPK
.BUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B VTNFSFO HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TV
OVNFSJTBOJ V QSPJ[WPMKOPN SFEPTMFEV UBLP EB KF ۵  ]܎૾  Ə  ܎‫ _ ܆‬KFTUF EBLMF
‫ ܆ “ ܆‬NBUSJDB ‫ ۺ‬UBLWB EB KF ‫   ܂܁ۺ‬BLP QPTUPKJ VTNFSFOB HSBOB PE ÍWPSB
܎‫ ܁‬EP ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܂‬B V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV KF ‫   ܂܁ۺ‬/B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO
QSJNFS VTNFSFOPH HSBGB J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

      
     
     
 
     
     
      

4MJLB  6TNFSFO HSBG J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

.BUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B OFVTNFSFO HSBG TF PCSB[VKF OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO UB

LP ġUP TF KFEOB OFVTNFSFOB HSBOB J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB QSFETUBWMKB [BQSBWP
EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB ‫ ۊ‬KFEOPN VTNFSFOPN HSBOPN PE QSWPH EP
ESVHPH ÍWPSB J ESVHPN VTNFSFOPN HSBOPN PE ESVHPH EP QSWPH ÍWPSB
5P [OBÍJ EB KF NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB TJNFUSJÍOB PEOPTOP
‫[ ܁܂ۺ  ܂܁ۺ‬B TWBLP ‫ ܁‬J ‫ ܂‬1PSFE UPHB [B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB
WBľJ EB KF ‫[   ܁܁ۺ‬B TWBLP ‫ ܁‬KFS OFVTNFSFO HSBG OF TBESľJ HSBOFQFUMKF PE
OFLPH ÍWPSB EP JTUPH ÍWPSB /B TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS OFVTNFSFOPH
HSBGB J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

   
 
    
    
    
 
    
4MJLB  /FVTNFSFO HSBG J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

"LP TF LPSJTUJ SFQSF[FOUBDJKB HSBGB VTNFSFOPH JMJ OFVTNFSFOPH

QP
NPÇV NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB WSFNF QSJTUVQB CJMP LPN FMFNFOUV NBUSJDF KF
LPOTUBOUOP PEOPTOP UP WSFNF OF [BWJTJ PE CSPKB ÍWPSPWB J HSBOB HSBGB
 1SFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB 

;CPH UPHB KF PWBLWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB QPHPEOB V TMVÍBKFWJNB LBEB TF V BM

HPSJUNV ÍFTUP QSPWFSBWB EB MJ OFLB HSBOB QPTUPKJ JMJ OF V HSBGV
(MBWOJ OFEPTUBUBL NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB KF V UP
NF ġUP NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B HSBG PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB [BIUFWB WFMJÍJOV NFNPSJK
TLPH QSPTUPSB é
‫  ૿܆‬ÍBL J [B HSBGPWF TB NBMJN CSPKFN HSBOB ;CPH UPHB
WSFNF QPUSFCOP TBNP [B GPSNJSBOKF DFMF NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB HSBGB J[OPTJ
é
‫  ૿܆‬ÍJNF TF BVUPNBUTLJ OF NPHV EPCJUJ BMHPSJUNJ CSľJ PE é
‫[  ૿܆‬B SBE
TB SFULJN HSBGPWJNB TB SFDJNP ‫ ܆‬HSBOB (SBG KF SFEBL VLPMJLP KF OKFHPW
CSPK HSBOB NBMJ EFP PE OBKWFÇFH NPHVÇFH CSPKB HSBOB /JKF UFġLP QSPWF
SJUJ EB OBKWFÇJ CSPK HSBOB [B VTNFSFO HSBG TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J[OPTJ ‫ ૿܆‬EPL KF
UBK CSPK [B OFVTNFSFO HSBG KFEOBL ‫ ˜ ܆
܆‬
%B CJ TF SFġJP PWBK QSPCMFN [B SFULF HSBGPWF LPSJTUJ TF BMUFSOBUJWOB
SFQSF[FOUBDJKB HSBGPWB QPNPÇV MJTUJ TVTFETUWB 0WB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB JNB OF
LPMJLP WBSJKBDJKB B V OBKQSPTUJKFN PCMJLV TF HSBG QSFETUBWMKB KFEOJN OJ[PN
QPWF[BOJI MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [B TWBLJ ÍWPS HSBGB -JTUB TVTFETUWB [B ÍWPS ܎ KF
MJTUB TWJI ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TV TVTFEOJ ÍWPSV ܎ V HSBGV V OFLPN SFEPTMFEV
6TNFSFO HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ TB TLVQPN ÍWPSPWB ۵  ]܎૾  Ə  ܎‫ _ ܆‬NPľF
TF UBLP QSFETUBWJUJ QPNPÇV KFEOPH OJ[B ‫ ۺ‬WFMJÍJOF ‫ ܆‬QSJ ÍFNV FMFNFOU ‫܁ۺ‬
TBESľJ QPLB[JWBÍ OB MJTUV TVTFETUWB ÍWPSB ܎‫  ܁‬/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB
SFQSF[FOUBDJKB VTNFSFOPH HSBGB OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB

‫ۺ‬
 
  
 
     
 
 


4MJLB  6TNFSFO HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB

/FVTNFSFO HSBG TF MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB QSFETUBWMKB OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO UBLP

ġUP TF KFEOB OFVTNFSFOB HSBOB QSFETUBWMKB EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB
/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB OJ[PN MJTUJ
TVTFETUWB
/JKF UFġLP QSPWFSJUJ EB KF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGB PE ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSB
OB OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB QPUSFCBO NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS WFMJÍJOF é
‫܅ ܆‬
/BJNF OJ[ LPKJN TF QSFETUBWMKBKV ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB PÍJHMFEOP [BV[JNB NF
  (SBGPWJ

‫ۺ‬
 
  
   
   
    

4MJLB  /FVTNFSFO HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB

NPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS WFMJÍJOF é

‫ ܆‬%VľJOF MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [BWJTF PE ÍWPSB EP
ÍWPSB J KFEOBLF TV CSPKV TVTFEB TUFQFOV
QPKFEJOJI ÍWPSPWB "MJ QSJNF
UJNP EB BLP KF ‫ ܍܆‬CSPK TVTFEB ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬POEB KF ˛‫˒܍‬۵ ‫ ܅  ܍܆‬/BJNF
TWBLB HSBOB ‫ _܎ ܍]  ۾‬TF SBÍVOB UBÍOP EWBQVU V PWPN [CJSV KFEOPN [B ‫܍܆‬
J KFEOPN [B ‫  ܎܆‬1PġUP KF PWBK [CJS KFEOBL VLVQOPN CSPKV QVUB LPMJLP TF
SBÍVOB TWBLB HSBOB UBK [CJS KF ‫ ܅‬%SVHJN SFÍJNB VLVQOB EVľJOB TWJI
MJTUJ TVTFETUWB KF ‫ ܅‬PEOPTOP NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS [B TWF MJTUF TVTFETUWB KF
WFMJÍJOF é
‫  ܅‬é
‫܅‬
7FMJÍJOB NFNPSJKTLPH QSPTUPSB é
‫[ ܅ ܆‬B OJ[ MJTUJ TVTFETUWB KF NOPHP
NBOKB PE é
‫[  ૿܆‬B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB V TMVÍBKV SFULJI HSBGPWB 4B ESVHF
TUSBOF USFCB JNBUJ V WJEV EB QPUFODJKBMOJ OFEPTUBUBL SFQSF[FOUBDJKF OJ[PN
MJTUJ TVTFETUWB NPľF CJUJ WSFNF PE é
‫ ܆‬LPKF KF QPUSFCOP [B QSPWFSBWBOKF
EB MJ QPTUPKJ PESFÑFOB HSBOB J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB KFS NPľF CJUJ é
‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB
V MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [B CJMP LPKJ ÍWPS

 0CJMB[BL HSBGB

6 QPHMBWMKV  TNP VQP[OBMJ USJ OBÍJOB [B PCJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QP
NPÇV LPKJI TF TWJ ÍWPSPWJ OFLPH TUBCMB NPHV TJTUFNBUJÍOP QPTFUJUJ LSFUB
OKFN EVľ HSBOB TUBCMB PE ÍWPSB EP ÍWPSB ,PE HSBGPWB TF TMJÍBO QSPCMFN
USBEJDJPOBMOP OB[JWB QSFUSBHB HSBGPWB J SFġBWB TF QSJNFOPN EWB NFUPEB
LPKJ TF OB[JWBKV QSFUSBHB V ġJSJOV J QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV ;OBÍBK PWJI QPTUV
QBLB QSFUSBHF HSBGPWB KF V UPNF ġUP TF OB OKJNB [BTOJWBKV NOPHJ BMHPSJUNJ
[B SFġBWBOKF QSBLUJÍOJI QSPCMFNB LPKJ TF QSJSPEOP QSFETUBWMKBKV HSBGPWJ
NB
+FEBO PE UBLWJI PTOPWOJI BMHPSJUBNTLJI QSPCMFNB [B HSBG KF QJUBOKF
QPWF[BOPTUJ EWB ÍWPSB ;B HSBG ‫ ۦ‬J EWB OKFHPWB LPOLSFUOB ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܌‬
QSPCMFN ‫ ܌܋‬QPWF[BOPTUJ TBTUPKJ TF V OBMBľFOKV FਫLBTOPH BMHPSJUNB LPKJ
 0CJMB[BL HSBGB 

EBKF PEHPWPS OB TMFEFÇF QJUBOKF EB MJ QPTUPKJ QVU V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP
ÍWPSB ‫ ܌‬0WP QSPTUP QJUBOKF P UPNF EB MJ QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB
NPľF TF QSPġJSJUJ QJUBOKFN EB MJ QPTUPKJ LSBUBL QVU J[NFÑV OKJI /BJNF
V NOPHJN QSJNFOBNB HSBGPWB QPUSFCOP KF QSPOBÇJ QVU J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB
LPKJ JNB OBKNBOKF ‫۔‬TLPLPWB‫ ۓ‬,PE USBOTQPSUOJI JMJ LPNVOJLBDJPOJI NSFľB
OB QSJNFS WSMP KF WBľOP [OBUJ OBKLSBÇJ QVU J[NFÑV EWF UBÍLF
;CPH UPHB TF VWPEJ QPKBN SBTUPKBOKB J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB V HSBGV LPKF
TF EFਫOJġF EB CVEF EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB J[NFÑV OKJI "LP OF QPTUPKJ
OJKFEBO QVU J[NFÑV EWB ÍWPSB [B OKJIPWP SBTUPKBOKF TF PCJÍOP V[JNB EB KF
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GB NPľF TF JTLPSJTUJUJ [B OKJIPWP FਫLBTOP OBMBľFOKF 1SJSPEOJ BMHPSJUBN KF
EB TF OBKQSF J[BCFSF QSPJ[WPMKOJ ÍWPS ‫ ܋‬J EB TF [BUJN QSFUSBHPN V ġJSJOV JMJ
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QPÍFUOJ ÍWPS *TUJ QPTUVQBL TF [BUJN QPOBWMKB PE QSPJ[WPMKOPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܌‬LPKJ
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QPTFÇFO QSFUIPEOJN QSFUSBHBNB JTUJ QPTUVQBL TF QPOBWMKB J PE ÍWPSB ܎ J
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‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬

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OFVTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB KFS TF KFEJOP NFOKB JOUFSQSFUBDJKB QPKNB ‫۔‬TVTFEOJ
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TBUJ TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV [B VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF BLP TF UPLPN J[WSġBWB
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SFÍJNB TUBCMP QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV ۳ LPKF TF JOEVLVKF QSFUSBHPN V EVCJOV
HSBGB ‫[ ۦ‬BQSBWP KF TUBCMP SFLVS[JWOJI QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB GIV LPKF TF EPCJKB
PE QPÍFUOPH QP[JWB UPH BMHPSJUNB [B OFLJ ÍWPS HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/B TMJDJ  KF
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۳


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ESVHPH TQSBUB BMJ FMFLUSJÍOJ LBCMPWJ TF NPHV QPTUBWJUJ V JTUP WSFNF EPL TF
JOTUBMJSBKV QSP[PSJ OB KFEOPN TQSBUV %SVHJ QSJNFS KF QSPHSBN TUVEJSBOKB
OB OFLPN GBLVMUFUV HEF TV OFLJ QSFENFUJ QSFEVTMPWJ [B QPMBHBOKF ESVHJI
QSFENFUB +Pġ KFEBO QSJNFS KF LPMFLDJKB QBSBMFMOJI QSPDFTB PE LPKJI TF
TBTUPKJ OFLJ SBÍVOBSTLJ QSPHSBN UBLP EB J[MB[ OFLPH QSPDFTB QSFETUBWMKB
VMB[ [B OFLJ ESVHJ QSPDFT J [BUP TF QSWJ QSPDFT NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF QPÍFULB
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1SJSPEOJ NPEFM PWBLWJI TUSVLUVSB [BWJTOPTUJ TV VTNFSFOJ BDJLMJÍLJ HSB
GPWJ VTNFSFOB HSBOB PE OFLPH [BEBULB ‫ ۺ‬EP ESVHPH [BEBULB ‫ ۻ‬QSFETUBWMKB
VTMPW EB TF ‫ ۺ‬NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF OFHP ġUP TF NPľF QPÍFUJ ‫ ۻ‬/B TMJDJ 
KF JMVTUSPWBOB TUSVLUVSB [BWJTOPTUJ QFU [BEBUBLB 6 UPN QSJNFSV SFDJNP
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4MJLB  6TNFSFO BDJLMJÍLJ HSBG [BWJTOPTUJ QFU [BEBUBLB

6 PQġUFN TMVÍBKV QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB JNBNP TLVQ [BEBUBLB ]  Ə  ‫_܆‬

LPKF USFCB PCBWJUJ J EB QPTUPKF [BWJTOPTUJ NFÑV OKJNB UBLWF EB [B J[WFTOF
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LBW TLVQ NFÑVTPCOP [BWJTOJI [BEBUBLB NPľF TF QSFETUBWJUJ VTNFSFOJN
HSBGPN ‫ ۦ‬TB ÍWPSPWJNB LPKJ QSFETUBWMKBKV QPKFEJOF [BEBUBLF J HSBOBNB

‫ ܂ ܁‬LPKF QSFETUBWMKBKV VTMPW EB TF ‫ ܁‬NPSB [BWSġJUJ QSF QPÍFULB ‫܂‬

0ÍJHMFEOP EB CJ PWB SFMBDJKB NFÑVTPCOF [BWJTOPTUJ [BEBUBLB VPQġUF
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TBESľJ OFLJ DJLMVT ۢ POEB OF QPTUPKJ OBÍJO EB TF VSBEJ OJKFEBO [BEBUBL V

ۢ /BJNF LBLP TWBLJ [BEBUBL V DJLMVTV ۢ JNB OFLJ ESVHJ [BEBUBL LPKJ TF
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VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB KF OFLJ MJOFSBOJ QPSFEBL OKF
HPWJI ÍWPSPWB V OJ[V ܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫ ܆‬UBLP EB [B TWBLV HSBOV
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5PQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE VTNFSFOPH HSBGB [BWJTOPTUJ [BEBUBLB PCF[CFÑVKF

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TMFEB /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ  TV OB WSFNFOTLPK PTJ QSJLB[BOJ JOUFSWBMJ
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HSBGB OB TMJDJ  PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۻ‬J PE ÍWPSB ‫ ۺ‬1SBWPVHBPOJ PCMJL ÍWPSPWB OB
UPK TMJDJ VLB[VKF OB JOUFSWBM J[NFÑV QPÍFULB J [BWSġFULB QP[JWB BMHPSJUNB
GIV [B PEHPWBSBKVÇJ ÍWPS

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TLPK PTJ UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB OB TMJDJ 

1PETFUJNP TF EB TF UPLPN WJġFTUSVLF

QSFUSBHF V EVCJOV HSBGB BMHP
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%B CJ TF PESFEJP UPQPMPġLJ SFEPTMFE ÍWPSPWB VTNFSFOPH BDJLMJÍLPH HSB
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NPEJਫLPWBOPN BMHPSJUNV GIV V MJTUJOHV  TBTUPKJ TF V UPNF EB TF OF
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TF QPESB[VNFWB EB POP TBESľJ TLVQ TWJI ÍWPSPWB ۵ EBUPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/JKF
UFġLP QSPWFSJUJ EB QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ BLP J TBNP BLP KF ‫ۦ‬
QPWF[BO HSBG
6 TMVÍBKV QPWF[BOPH UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫[ ۦ‬CJS UFľJOB HSBOB V OFLPN QP
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QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬LPKF JNB OBKNBOKV DFOV QSFNB QSFUIPEOPK
MFNJ [BQSBWP KF ESVHJN SFÍJNB GPSNVMJTBO PQġUJ QSPCMFN LPKJ TNP JMVTUSP
WBMJ QSJNFSPN LPNQBOJKF TB WJġF ਫMJKBMB [B EBUJ UFľJOTLJ HSBG ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ
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UFľJOB HSBOB V ۳ CVEF NJOJNBMOB ;CPH UPHB TF SFġFOKF ۳ PWPH QSPCMFNB
OB[JWB NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP FOHM NJOJNVN TQBOOJOH USFF
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KF QPWF[VKVÇF KFS QPWF[VKF TWF ÍWPSPWF EBUPH HSBGB J POP KF NJOJNBMOP KFS
JNB OBKNBOKV DFOV NFÑV TWJN QPWF[VKVÇJN TUBCMJNB
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ÇJI TUBCBMB ÍJKB KF TUSVLUVSB QPUQVOP SB[MJÍJUB ;CPH UPHB OB QSWJ QPHMFE
OJKF VPQġUF MBLP OBÇJ QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP TB OBKNBOKPN DFOPN NFÑV TWJN
NPHVÇJN LBOEJEBUJNB *QBL PULSJWFOJ TV NOPHJ FਫLBTOJ BMHPSJUNJ [B OB
MBľFOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB EBUPH UFľJOTLPH HSBGB *OUFSFTBOU
OP KF EB TF TWJ POJ [BTOJWBKV OB SFMBUJWOP KFEOPTUBWOPK ÍJOKFOJDJ LPKB TF
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۵ UBLWB EB KF ۵  ۵૾ ˴ ۵૿  "LP KF ‫ ۾‬KFEJOTUWFOB HSBOB OBKNBOKF UFľJOF V
ۤ UBLWB EB KPK KF KFEBO LSBK V ۵૾ J ESVHJ LSBK V ۵૿ POEB TWBLP NJOJNBMOP
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%PLB[ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF ‫ _ ૿܎  ૾܎]  ۾‬KFEJOTUWFOB HSBOB OBKNBOKF UFľJOF

PE POJI LPE LPKJI KF KFEBO LSBK V ۵૾ J ESVHJ LSBK V ۵૿  /FLB KF ۳ CJMP LPKF
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V TUBCMV ۳  1PETFUJNP TF EB KF PWP KFEOB PE PTPCJOB TMPCPEOPH TUBCMB

6 PWPN DJLMVTV ۢ LPKJ TBESľJ HSBOV ‫ ۾‬LBP ‫۔‬NPTU‫ ۓ‬J[NFÑV TLVQB ÍWPSPWB
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EPCJKB TF OPWP TUBCMP ۳ Ƒ  ۳˜‫۾‬Ƒ LPKF QPWF[VKF TWF ÍWPSPWF HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬/BJNF
TWBLJ QVU V ۳ LPKJ KF LPSJTUJP HSBOV ‫۾‬Ƒ NPľF TF [BNFOJUJ ESVHJN QVUFN V
۳ Ƒ LPKJ JEF ‫[۔‬BPCJMB[OP‫ ۓ‬J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB ܎Ƒ૾ J ܎Ƒ૿ EVľ DJLMVTB ۢ
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V ۵૿ UP KF QP QSFUQPTUBWDJ UFľJOB HSBOF ‫ ۾‬TUSJLUOP NBOKB PE UFľJOF HSBOF
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‫۾‬Ƒ  4UPHB KF J DFOB TUBCMB ۳ Ƒ TUSJLUOP NBOKB PE DFOF TUBCMB ۳  "MJ UP KF

OFNPHVÇF KFS KF ۳ NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP HSBGB ‫ۦ‬ 
1SBLUJÍOP TWJ BMHPSJUNJ [B LPOTUSVJTBOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUB
CMB UFľJOTLPH HSBGB LPSJTUF OB OFLJ OBÍJO PWP TWPKTUWP QPEFMF HSBGB SBEJ
QPTUVQOPH J[CPSB OKFHPWJI HSBOB LPKF QSJQBEBKV NJOJNBMOPN QPWF[VKV
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QPÍFUOB ġVNB TF TBTUPKJ PE TUBCBMB LPKB ÍJOF QPKFEJOBÍOJ ÍWPSPWJ TBNJ [B
TFCF
6 BMHPSJUNV TF [BUJN SFEPN JTQJUVKV HSBOF HSBGB V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV
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LPKF TV EP UBEB J[BCSBOF [B NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 5BÍOJKF BLP
HSBOB ‫ ۾‬QPWF[VKF EWB ÍWPSB J[ EWB SB[MJÍJUB TUBCMB EP UBEB LPOTUSVJTBOF
ġVNF POEB TF ‫ ۾‬EPEBKF TLVQV J[BCSBOJI HSBOB J UB EWB TUBCMB TF PCKFEJOKVKV
V KFEOP TUBCMP 6 TVQSPUOPN BLP ‫ ۾‬QPWF[VKF EWB ÍWPSB J[ JTUPH TUBCMB EP
UBEB LPOTUSVJTBOF ġVNF POEB TF ‫ ۾‬PECBDVKF KFS CJ QSPJ[WFMB DJLMVT /B
TMJDJ  KF QSJLB[BOP QPTUVQOP J[WSġBWBOKF ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB [B HSBG
OB TMJDJ  B

*TQSBWOPTU ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB KF OFQPTSFEOB QPTMFEJDB TWPKTUWB
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[BOPH UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬

%PLB[ 1SFUQPTUBWJNP QSJWSFNFOP EB TV TWF UFľJOF HSBOB V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬

۵ ۤ NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF B OB LSBKV ÇFNP QPLB[BUJ LBLP NPľFNP FMJNJ

OJTBUJ PWV QSFUQPTUBWLV
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NV EPEBUB ġVNJ TUBCMV
۳ V ‫܃‬UPN LPSBLV /FLB KF ۠ TLVQ TWJI ÍWPSPWB
QPWF[BOJI QVUFN TB ÍWPSPN ‫ ܍‬V ۳ J ۡ TLVQ TWJI ÍWPSPWB QPWF[BOJI QVUFN
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‫۾‬ ‫۾‬ ‫۾‬

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‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬ ‫ۻ‬ ‫ۼ‬

    
  
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4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB [B HSBG OB TMJDJ  B



OP TV ۠ J ۡ EJTKVOLUOJ TLVQPWJ KFS CJ TF V TVQSPUOPN TMVÍBKV EPEBWBOKFN

HSBOF ‫ ۾‬PCSB[PWBP DJLMVT V ۳ 
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J ۵૿ TV OFQSB[OJ EJTKVOLUOJ QPETLVQPWJ ÍWPSPWB UBLWJ EB KF ۵  ۵૾ ˴ ۵૿ 
1PSFE UPHB OJKFEOB ESVHB HSBOB QSF ‫܃‬UPH LPSBLB OJKF JNBMB KFEBO LSBK V
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OB SB[MJÍJUF 1SFNB TWPKTUWV QPEFMF HSBGB EBLMF HSBOB ‫ ۾‬QSJQBEB TWBLPN
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BVUPNBUTLJ [OBÍJUJ EB KF ۳ VKFEOP J NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP 0ÍJ
HMFEOP KF EB ۳ OF TBESľJ OJKFEBO DJLMVT KFS TF V ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJUNV
FLTQMJDJUOP PECBDVKV HSBOF LPKF PCSB[VKV OFLJ DJLMVT *TUP UBLP [BWSġOB
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JMJ WJġF OKJI
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V SBTUVÇFN SFEPTMFEV UFľJOB

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TMJNP EB TNP PE HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬PCSB[PWBMJ OPWJ UFľJOLTJ HSBG ‫ۦ‬ˡ UBLP ġUP TNP
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OP NBMF WSFEOPTUJ LBLP CJ OKJIPWF OPWF UFľJOF CJMF NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF
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POEB [B EPWPMKOP NBMF QSPNFOF UFľJOB HSBOB OF CJ DFOB UPH ESVHPH TUBCMB
NPHMB EB TF VWFÇB UPMJLP EB TUBCMP ۳ CVEF CPMKF TB OPWJN UFľJOBNB V ‫ۦ‬ˡ 
5P QPLB[VKF EB KF ۳ NJOJNBMOP QPWF[VKVÇF TUBCMP J [B HSBG ‫ ۦ‬,BLP TV
UFľJOF HSBOB OPWPH HSBGB ‫ۦ‬ˡ NFÑVTPCOP SB[MJÍJUF ,SVTLBMPW BMHPSJUBN ÇF
QSFNB QSFUIPEOPN EFMV EPLB[B LPOTUSVJTBUJ OKFHPWP NJOJNBMOP QPWF[V
KVÇF TUBCMP ۳ LPKF KF PQUJNBMOP J [B PSJHJOBMOJ HSBG ‫ۦ‬ 

*NQMFNFOUBDJKB ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB 6 ,SVTLBMPWPN BMHPSJUNV

TF QPMB[J PE ġVNF TUBCBMB LPKB TF TBTUPKF TBNP PE QPKFEJOBÍOJI ÍWPSPWB
HSBGB CF[ JKFEOF HSBOF 0WB QPÍFUOB USJWJKBMOB TUBCMB V ġVNJ TF [BUJN QSP
ġJSVKV EPEBWBOKFN HSBOB LPKF OJLBE OF QSPJ[WPEF DJLMVT
6 SFBMJ[BDJKJ ,SVTLBMPWPH BMHPSJUNB QPUSFCOP KF [BUP WPEJUJ QSJDJ[OV
FWJEFOJDJKV P UPNF LPKJ EJTKVOLUOJ QPETLVQPWJ ÍWPSPWB HSBGB QSJQBEBKV
LPKJN TUBCMJNB V ġVNJ LPKB TF QPTUVQOP USBOTGPSNJġF V NJOJNBMOP QPWF
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TLVQ LPKJ PEHPWBSB OPWPN TUBCMV V ġVNJ "LP LSBKFWJ ‫ ܍‬J ܎ HSBOF ‫ ۾‬QSJQB
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QSPWFSBWB EB MJ KF GVILQGX KFEOBLP GVILQGY *TUP UBLP TUSVLUVSB
QPEBUBLB EJTKVOLUOJI TLVQPWB TBESľJ PQFSBDJKV GVXQLRQXY LPKPN TF
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UFľJOTLPH HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB

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TF EPEBUOF PQFSBDJKF V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ UF QFUMKF J[WSġBWBKV [B LPOTUBOUOP
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BMHPSJUBN [B OBMBľFOKF NJOJNBMOPH QPWF[VKVÇFH TUBCMB HSBGB JNBKV BTJNQ
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EP ESVHPH EBUPH ÍWPSB JNB JTUV TMPľFOPTU V PQġUFN TMVÍBKV LBP QSPCMFN
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4MJLB  1SJNFS J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB

1SJNFUJNP EB TF V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB USBľJ OBKLSBÇJ

TQFDJKBMOJ QVU PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J EB TF TLVQV ۲ EPEBKF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬LPKJ TF OBMB[J OB
LSBKV UPH QVUB 5BLPÑF UBK OBKLSBÇJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU ‫ ܐۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬QSPHMBġBWB
TF [B HMPCBMOP OBKLSBÇJ QVU PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬PEOPTOP WSFEOPTU ‫ ܐ
۽‬TF J[KFEOBÍBWB
TB ঑
‫; ܐ‬BġUP KF PWBK QSJTUVQ JTQSBWBO ,MKVÍOJ SB[MPH KF UP ġUP TV EVľJOF
TWJI HSBOB V HSBGV OFOFHBUJWOF ‫ ۊ‬V TUWBSJ VLPMJLP KF EVľJOB OFLF HSBOF
OFHBUJWOB SF[VMUBU %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NPľF CJUJ QPHSFġBO
%B CJTNP QPLB[BMJ EB OF QPTUPKJ LSBÇJ QVU PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬QPTNB
USBKNP CJMP LPKJ ESVHJ QVU ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬0WBK QVU NPSB OFHEF J[BÇJ J[ TLVQB
۲ KFS KF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J[WBO ۲ /FLB KF ܑ QSWJ ÍWPS OB QVUV ‫ ۯ‬LPKJ OJKF V ۲ J OFLB
KF ‫ ܑۯ‬EFPOJDB QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܑ ,BP ġUP KF QSJLB[BOP OB TMJDJ  QVU ‫ۯ‬
J[B ÍWPSB ܑ NPľF LSJWVEBUJ VOVUBS J J[WBO TLVQB ۲ OFLPMJLP QVUB EPL TF
OBK[BE OF [BWSġJ V ÍWPSV ‫ܐ‬
,BLP KF ‫ ܑۯ‬KFEBO PE TQFDJKBMOJI QVUFWB PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬J ‫ ܐۯ‬KF OBKLSBÇJ UBLBW
TQFDJKBMOJ QVU UP KF Ƿ
‫ ̯  ܑۯ‬Ƿ
‫  ܐۯ‬4B ESVHF TUSBOF Ƿ
‫ ̯ ۯ‬Ƿ
‫  ܑۯ‬KFS TV EV
ľJOF HSBOB OFOFHBUJWOF 0WF EWF OFKFEOBLPTUJ [BKFEOP EBKV Ƿ
‫ ̯ ۯ‬Ƿ
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ġUP QPLB[VKF EB EVľJOB TWBLPH QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬OJKF LSBÇB PE EVľJOF QVUB
‫  ܐۯ‬1SFDJ[OJKF UWSÑFOKF P JTQSBWOPTUJ %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NPľF TF GPS
NVMJTBUJ OB TMFEFÇJ OBÍJO
-FNB 4LVQ ۲ V UPLV J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB TBESľJ ÍWPSPWF ‫ܐ‬
UBLWF EB KF ‫ ܐ
۽‬EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB ‫ ܐۯ‬PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP ÍWPSB ‫ܐ‬
%PLB[ %PLB[ UWSÑFOKB J[WPEJNP JOEVLDJKPN QP CSPKV ÍWPSPWB V ۲ 6
CB[OPN TMVÍBKV [B ۲  ]‫ _܋‬UWSÑFOKF KF PÍJHMFEOP KFS KF ‫   ܋
۽‬J EVľJOF
TWJI HSBOB V HSBGV TV OFOFHBUJWOF 1SFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF UWSÑFOKF UBÍOP
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4MJLB  /BKLSBÇJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU ‫ ܐۯ‬J QSPJ[WPMKOJ QVU ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬ÍJKB KF
QSWB EFPOJDB EP ÍWPSB ܑ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU

LBEB ۲ JNB ‫  ̯ ܃‬ÍWPSPWB J QPLBľJNP EB POP WBľJ J [B TLVQ ۲ VWFÇBO [B

KFEBO ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬V %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV
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‫ ܍‬OFLJ ÍWPS V ۲ QP JOEVLDJKTLPK QSFUQPTUBWDJ KF ‫ ܍
۽‬EVľJOB OBKLSBÇFH QVUB
‫ ܍ۯ‬PE ÍWPSB ‫ ܋‬EP ÍWPSB ‫ ܍‬/FLB KF ‫ ۯ‬CJMP LPKJ ESVHJ QVU V HSBGV PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ܐ‬
OBġ DJMK KF EB QPLBľFNP EB OKFHPWB EVľJOB OJKF NBOKB PE EVľJOF QVUB ‫ ܐۯ‬
1VU ‫ ۯ‬NPSB OFHEF J[BÇJ J[ TLVQB ۲ KFS KF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J[WBO ۲ /FLB KF ܑ QSWJ
ÍWPS OB QVUV ‫ ۯ‬LPKJ OJKF V ۲ J OFLB KF ÍWPS ܎ V ۲ PENBI JTQSFE ÍWPSB ܑ OB
QVUV ‫ ۯ‬TMJLB 

/FLB KF ‫ۯ‬Ƒ EFPOJDB QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ ,BLP KF ÍWPS ܎ V ۲ QP JOEVLDJKTLPK
QSFUQPTUBWDJ EVľJOB QVUB ‫ۯ‬Ƒ OJKF NBOKB PE EVľJOF OBKLSBÇFH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP
܎ PEOPTOP Ƿ
‫ۯ‬Ƒ  ̯ ‫ ܎
۽‬4UPHB EFPOJDB QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܑ JNB EVľJOV Ƿ
‫ۯ‬Ƒ 
Ƿ
܎ ܑ ̯ ‫ ܎
۽‬Ƿ
܎ ܑ ̯ ঑
ܑ 1PġUP KF V %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV ÍWPS ‫ܐ‬
J[BCSBO EB CVEF EPEBU TLVQV ۲ UP KF ঑
ܑ ̯ ঑
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۽  ܐ‬Ƿ
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TWF PWP V PC[JS LBP J ÍJOKFOJDV EB EVľJOB EFPOJDF QVUB ‫ ۯ‬PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܑ OJKF
NBOKB PE EVľJOF DFMPH QVUB ‫ ۯ‬KFS TV HSBOF OFOFHBUJWOF OBK[BE EPCJKBNP
USBľFOV OFKFEOBLPTU Ƿ
‫ ̯ ۯ‬Ƿ
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܎ ܑ ̯ ঑
ܑ ̯ ঑
‫  ܐ
۽  ܐ‬Ƿ
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*NQMFNFOUBDJKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB ;B UFľJOTLJ HSBG ‫ ۦ‬TB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSP

WB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB V %JKLTUSJOPN BMHPSJUNV TF J[WSġBWB ‫  ˜ ܆‬JUFSBDJKB EPEBWBOKB
OPWPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬TLVQV ۲ /B QSWJ QPHMFE V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ TF [BIUFWB JTQJ
UJWBOKF TWBLPH ÍWPSB ܎ V ۵ ˜ ۲ J TWJI HSBOB J[NFÑV ÍWPSPWB V ۲ J ÍWPSB ܎
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SBEJ J[SBÍVOBWBOKB OBKQSF NJOJNVNB ঑

܎ J [BUJN J[CPSB ÍWPSB ‫[ ܐ‬B LPKJ TF
QPTUJľF OBKNBOKJ PE PWJI NJOVNVNB 6 OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV EBLMF WSFNF J[
WSġBWBOKB TWBLF JUFSBDJKF NPľF CJUJ ‫ ܅
ۮ‬QB CJ VLVQOP WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB
%JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB CJMP ‫܆܅
ۮ‬
%B CJ TF FਫLBTOPTU %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB [OBUOP VOBQSFEJMB NPSBKV
TF LPSJTUJUJ QSBWF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB 1SF TWFHB EB TF OF CJ OFQPUSFCOP V
TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ QPOPWP J[SBÍVOBWBMF EVľJOF OBKLSBÇJI TQFDJKBMOJI QVUFWB
EP ÍWPSPWB V ۵ ˜ ۲ POF TF ÍVWBKV V OJ[V ‫ ۽‬EVľJOF ‫ ܆‬LPKJ KF JOEFLTJSBO
ÍWPSPWJNB HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬5BÍOJKF [B TWBLJ SFġFO ÍWPS ܎ V ۲ FMFNFOU ‫ ܎
۽‬KFEOBL
KF EVľJOJ HMPCBMOP OBKLSBÇFH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ EPL [B TWBLJ OFSFġFO ÍWPS ܎
V ۵ ˜ ۲ FMFNFOU ‫ ܎
۽‬KFEOBL KF EVľJOJ OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJKBMOPH QVUB PE ‫ ܋‬EP
܎ 1PÍFUOP KF EBLMF ‫   ܋
۽‬J ‫  ܎
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܋‬VLPMJLP V HSBGV ‫ ۦ‬QPTUPKJ HSBOB
PE ‫ ܋‬EP ܎ JMJ QP LPOWFODJKJ ‫ ˨  ܎
۽‬VLPMJLP UBLWB HSBOB OF QPTUPKJ
%PEBUOP QPCPMKġBOKF NPľF TF PCF[CFEJUJ V TWBLPK JUFSBDJKJ LBEB TF CJSB
OFSFġFO ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬LPKJ JNB OBKNBOKV WSFEOPTU ‫ ܐ
۽‬PE TWJI OFSFġFOJI ÍWPSPWB
3BEJ FਫLBTOF SFBMJ[BDJKF UPH QPTUVQLB NPľF TF QPTUVQJUJ OB TMJÍBO OBÍJO
LBP LPE 1SJNPWPH BMHPSJUNB J LPSJTUJUJ TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB SFEB TB QSJPSJ
UFUJNB [B TWF OFSFġFOF ÍWPSPWF V ۵ ˜ ۲ "LP KFEBO FMFNFOU UBLWPH SFEB
QSFETUBWMKB ÍWPS ܎ V ۵ ˜ ۲ TB QSJPSJUFUPN KFEOBLJN FMFNFOUV ‫ ܎
۽‬V OJ[V
‫ ۽‬POEB TF NPľF FਫLBTOP PESFEJUJ FMFNFOU UPH SFEB TB OBKNBOKJN QSJPSJ
UFUPN PEOPTOP OFSFġFO ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬LPKJ JNB OBKLSBÇV EVľJOV ‫ ܐ
۽‬TQFDJKBMOPH
QVUB PE ÍWPSB ‫܋‬
/BLPO EPEBWBOKB J[BCSBOPH ÍWPSB ‫ ܐ‬TLVQV ۲ NPSB TF V[FUJ V PC[JS
EB KF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬SFġFO J EB NPľEB QPTUPKF LSBÇJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVUFWJ LPKJ WPEF
EP OKFHPWJI TVTFEB ;CPH UPHB TF NPSB QSPWFSJUJ WSFEOPTU ‫[ ܎
۽‬B TWBLJ
OFSFġFO ÍWPS ܎ LPKJ KF TVTFEBO ÍWPSV ‫ ܐ‬/BJNF [B TWBLJ UBLBW ÍWPS ܎ OPWJ
TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ܎ QSBUJ QVU PE ‫ ܋‬EP ‫ ܐ‬V OPWPN ۲ J [BWSġBWB TF HSBOPN
]‫ _܎ ܐ‬5BK OPWJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ÍWPSB ܎ JNB EVľJOV ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܐ‬QB BLP KF
UBK QVU LSBÇJ PE QPTUPKFÇFH OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJKBMOPH QVUB EP ܎ EVľJOF ‫ ܎
۽‬UB
TUBSB WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎
۽‬NPSB TF BľVSJSBUJ WSFEOPġÇV ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܐ‬+FEBO QSJNFS
PWPH TMVÍBKB QSJLB[BO KF OB TMJDJ 
6 TMVÍBKV LBEB WSFEOPTU ‫ ܐ
۽‬Ƿ
‫ ܎ ܐ‬OJKF NBOKB PE TUBSF WSFEOPTUJ
‫ ܎
۽‬OFSFġFOPH ÍWPSB ܎ OPWJ TQFDJKBMOJ QVU EP ܎ OJKF LSBÇJ PE QPTUPKFÇFH
QB TUBSB WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎
۽‬USFCB EB PTUBOF OFQSPNFOKFOB 0CB TMVÍBKB QPEF
ġBWBOKB WSFEOPTUJ ‫ ܎
۽‬OFSFġFOPH ÍWPSB ܎ LPKJ KF TVTFEBO OPWPEPEBUPN
ÍWPSV ‫ ܐ‬NPHV TF LSBÇF [BQJTBUJ V PCMJLV ‫  ܎
۽‬OKPഘ‫ ܐ
۽ ܎
۽‬Ƿ
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0WB PQFSBDJKB QPEFġBWBOKB EVľJOF OBKLSBÇFH TQFDJKBMOPH QVUB EP OFSFġF
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ PE KFEOPH ÍWPSB 

‫  ܐ
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܎ ܎
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‫  ܋
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4MJLB  1PEFġBWBOKF OFSFġFOPH ÍWPSB ܎

OPH ÍWPSB OB[JWB TF QPQVġUBOKF .FUBGPSB [B PWBK UFSNJO KF TUBOKF PQSVHF

LPKB TF OBKQSF OBQJOKF J [BUJN PQVġUB EP TWPH OPSNBMOPH PCMJLB V TUBOKV
NJSPWBOKB 1SFDJ[OJKJ [BQJT %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB OB QTFVEPKF[JLV LPKJN
TV PCVIWBÇFOF QSFUIPEOF OBQPNFOF QSJLB[BO KF V MJTUJOHV 

-JTUJOH  %JKLTUSJO BMHPSJUBN

 8OD] WHŀLQVNL JUDI ‫ ۦ‬ÏYRU ‫ ܋‬X ‫ۦ‬

 ,]OD] QL] ‫ ۽‬GXŀLQD QDMNUDÉLK SXWHYD RG ‫ ܋‬GR VYLK ÏYRURYD ‫ۦ‬
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ZKLOH 6 MH SUDYL SRGVNXS RG 9 GR

2GUHGLWL ÏYRU [ X 96 ]D NRML MH G>[@ QDMPDQMH
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/B TMJDJ  KF JMVTUSPWBOP J[WSġBWBOKF BMHPSJUNB GLMNVWUD V MJTUJO

HV  [B KFEBO QSJNFS HSBGB J EBUPH ÍWPSB V UPN HSBGV




 


  
 





JUFSBDJKB ‫ܐ‬ ۲ ‫
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4MJLB  *[WSġBWBOKF %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB [B EBUJ HSBG ‫ ۦ‬PE QPÍFUOPH

ÍWPSB ‫  ܋‬

3BEJ BOBMJ[F %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB QSFUQPTUBWJNP EB KF VMB[OJ HSBG ‫ۦ‬

QSFETUBWMKFO OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB J EB TF [B SFBMJ[BDJKV SFEB TB QSJPSJUFUJ
NB LPSJTUJ CJOBSOJ NJOIJQ 0OEB TF JOJDJKBMJ[BDJKB IJQB J[WSġBWB [B WSFNF
‫[* ܆
ۮ‬CPS ÍWPSB ‫ ˓ ܐ‬۲ LPKJ NJOJNJ[VKF SBTUPKBOKB ‫ ۽‬TBTUPKJ TF PE VLMBOKB
OKB LPSFOB J[ IJQB ġUP TF J[WSġBWB [B WSFNF ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬%PEBWBOKF ÍWPSB ‫ܐ‬
TLVQV ۲ J[WSġBWB TF [B LPOTUBOUOP WSFNF VLPMJLP KF TLVQ ۲ QSFETUBWMKFO
SFDJNP QPWF[BOPN MJTUPN 1PTUVQBL QPQVġUBOKB TF TBTUPKJ PE JTQJUJWBOKB
TWBLF HSBOF LPKB QPWF[VKF ÍWPS ‫ ܐ‬J OFLPH OKFHPWPH TVTFEB ܎ LPKJ TF OBMB[J
J[WBO OPWPH ۲ SBEJ QSPWFSF EB MJ KF ‫ ܐ
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NPSB TF QSPNFOJUJ WSFEOPTU ‫ ܎
۽‬J ÍWPS ܎ T UJN QSPNFOKFOJN QSJPSJUFUPN
‫۔‬QPHVSBUJ‫ ۓ‬V[ IJQ ġUP TF PQFU J[WSġBWB [B WSFNF ‫
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬1SJNFUJNP EB TF
PWP SBEJ OBKWJġF KFEBOQVU QP TWBLPK HSBOJ HSBGB
1SFNB UPNF V BMHPSJUNV GLMNVWUD TF PCBWMKB ‫  ˜ ܆‬PQFSBDJKB VLMB
OKBOKB LPSFOB J[ IJQB J OBKWJġF ‫ ܅‬PQFSBDJKB QPNFSBOKB ÍWPSB OB OKFHPWP
 /BKLSBÇJ QVUFWJ J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB 

QSBWP NFTUP V IJQV 6LVQOP WSFNF [B J[WSġBWBOKB UJI PQFSBDJKB KF EBLMF

‫ ܅ ܆

ۮ‬NQI ‫" ܆‬LP KF EBUJ HSBG QPWF[BO POEB KF ‫  ˜ ܆ ̯ ܅‬QB TF V

UPN TMVÍBKV WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NPľF LSBÇF J[SB[JUJ
V PCMJLV ‫ ܅
ۮ‬NQI ‫܆‬

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1SPCMFN OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB TBTUPKJ TF V OBMBľFOKV
OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWBLB EWB ÍWPSB V UFľJOTLPN HSBGV ‫" ۦ‬LP V
HSBGV OFNB OFHBUJWOJI HSBOB POEB TF PWBK QSPCMFN NPľF SFġJUJ WJġFTUSV
LJN J[WSġBWBOKFN %JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB PE TWBLPH ÍWPSB HSBGB 6LPMJLP
‫ ۦ‬JNB ‫ ܆‬ÍWPSPWB J ‫ ܅‬HSBOB WSFNF QPUSFCOP [B PWP SFġFOKF KF ‫ ܅܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬
QPE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB KF HSBG ‫ ۦ‬QPWF[BO J QSFETUBWMKFO OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFE
TUWB 6 OBKHPSFN TMVÍBKV LBEB KF VMB[OJ HSBG HVTU PEOPTOP ‫  ܅‬é
‫  ૿܆‬PWP
WSFNF J[OPTJ ‫ ଀܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫ ܆‬6 OBKCPMKFN TMVÍBKV LBEB KF HSBG SFEBL PEOPTOP
‫  ܅‬é
‫ ܆‬PWP WSFNF J[OPTJ ‫ ૿܆
ۮ‬NQI ‫܆‬
6 PWPN PEFMKLV TF QPLB[VKF ESVHJ OBÍJO [B SFġBWBOKF QSPCMFNB OBMB
ľFOKB OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB LPKJ TF NPľF QSJNFOJUJ ÍBL J V
TMVÍBKV LBEB HSBG TBESľJ HSBOF OFHBUJWOF EVľJOF BMJ OF J DJLMVTF OFHBUJWOF
EVľJOF
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LBUFHPSJKJ BMHPSJUBNB EJOBNJÍLPH QSPHSBNJSBOKB 6 PWPN BMHPSJUNV TF
QSFUQPTUBWMKB EB KF VMB[OJ HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO NBUSJDPN TVTFETUWB J OKFHPWP
WSFNF J[WSġBWBOKB KF ‫ ଀܆
ۮ‬

'MPKEPW BMHPSJUBN 'MPKEPW BMHPSJUBN [B SFġFOKF QSPCMFNB OBMBľFOKB

OBKLSBÇJI QVUFWB J[NFÑV TWJI ÍWPSPWB KF LPODFQUVBMOP KFEOPTUBWOJKJ PE
%JKLTUSJOPH BMHPSJUNB NBEB SFġBWB PÍJHMFEOP UFľJ QSPCMFN
/FLB KF ‫
 ۦ‬۵ ۤ UFľJOTLJ HSBG J OFLB TV TWJ ÍWPSPWJ HSBGB ‫ ۦ‬QSPJ[WPMK
OP OVNFSJTBOJ UBLP EB KF ۵  ]܎૾  ܎૿  Ə  ܎‫' _ ܆‬MPKEPW BMHPSJUBN TF [BTOJWB
OB JEFKJ EB TF OBMBľFOKF OBKLSBÇFH QVUB J[NFÑV CJMP LPKB EWB ÍWPSB ܎‫ ܁‬J ܎‫܂‬
QPEFMJ OB OBMBľFOKF EWB OBKLSBÇB QVUB KFEOPH QVUB PE ܎‫ ܁‬EP OFLPH QPTSFE
OPH ÍWPSB J ESVHPH QVUB PE UPH QPTSFEOPH ÍWPSB EP ܎‫  ܂‬5BÍOJKF OBKLSBÇJ
QVU PE ܎‫ ܁‬EP ܎‫ ܂‬PESFÑVKF TF LPSJTUFÇJ OB UPN QVUV TBNP QPTSFEOF ÍWPSPWF
J[ TLVQB QSWJI ‫ ܃‬ÍWPSPWB ۵‫  ૿܎  ૾܎]  ܃‬Ə  ܎‫" _ ܃‬MJ UBK QPTUVQBL TF QPOBWMKB
SFEPN [B TWBLP ‫    ܃‬Ə  ‫ ܆‬PEOPTOP [B OJ[ TLVQPWB ۵૾  ۵૿  Ə  ۵‫ ܆‬UBLP
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 CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији - Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
004.421(075.8)
510.5(075.8)
004.6(075.8)
ЖИВКОВИЋ, Дејан, 1956-
Uvod u algoritme i strukture podataka / Dejan Živković. - 5. izd. -
Beograd : Univerzitet Singidunum, 2018 (Beograd : Kaligraf). - VI, 275 str.
: ilustr. ; 24 cm
Tiraž 750. - Bibliografija: str. 269. - Registar.
ISBN 978-86-7912-572-9
a) Алгоритми b) Подаци (рачунарство)
COBISS.SR-ID 265928972

© 2018.
Sva prava zadržana. Nijedan deo ove publikacije ne može biti reprodukovan u bilo kom vidu i putem
bilo kog medija, u delovima ili celini bez prethodne pismene saglasnosti izdavača.
www.singidunum.ac.rs
Un i v er z i t e t Singidunum

9 788679 12572 9

UVOD U ALGORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA

Dejan Živković

UVOD U
ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
PODATAKA Dejan Živković

METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA UVOD U

Algoritmi i strukture podataka se nalaze u centru svih ALGORITME I
STRUKTURE
tehnologija koje se koriste u radu sa savremenim
računarima. Mada na prvi pogled možda ne izgleda tako,
neka napredna metodologija se sigurno temelji na
sofisticiranim algoritmima i strukturama podataka. Skromni
cilj ove knjige je upoznavanje čitalaca sa osnovama ove

PODATAKA
fascinantne oblasti računarstva. Zbog toga se u knjizi
prevashodno razmatraju neke od najosnovnijih metoda i
paradigmi za dizajniranje i analiziranje struktura podataka i
algoritama. Pri tome je učinjen poseban napor da se u knjizi
stavi naglasak na idejama i lakšem razumevanju koncepata,
a ne na implementacionim detaljima. U knjizi se nalazi preko
150 slika i tabela koje služe za ilustraciju teksta. Algoritmi u
tekstu su navedeni na jednostavnom pseudo jeziku tako da
čitaoci ne moraju da uči novi programski jezik da bi razumeli
kako rade algoritmi. Dodatno, na kraju svakog poglavlja se
nalazi više zadataka čija težina ide progresivno u rasponu od
METODI PISANJA I ANALIZE ALGORITAMA
prostih vežbi za utvrđivanje gradiva pa do kreativnih
problema. Ovi zadaci se smatraju integralnim delom knjige i
čitaoci treba da bar pokušaju da ih reše.

Beograd, 2018.