Experiment No: 04

Name of the Experiment: Study and observation of Buckling test of

different types of columns ( Different end condition)

Objectives:
1. To understand the application of Euler’s columns theory.
2. To understand the buckling test procedure of columns.
3. To observe the effects of ends on critical load of columns.
4. To compare the theoretical and practical of critical load of different types of
columns.
5. To determine the modulus of elasticity (E).

Theory:
A column is a compression member that is so slender compared to its length that
under gradually increasing loads if fails by buckling at loads considerably less than
those required to case failure by crashing. It has been observed that when a
column is subjected to some compressive force, then compressive stress induced;

σ = P/A

Where,

P = Compressive force

A = Cross-sectional areas of the columns.

Critical Load:

If the load is gradually increased, the column will reach a stage when it will start
buckling.

The load at which the column just starts to buck is called buckling load, critical
load on crippling load

and the column is said to have developed an elastic instability.

Critical load for two end hinged column:

P cr = { (pi)2EI / L2 }

Critical load for one end hinged and other end fixed column:

P cr = 2 { (pi)2EI / L2 }

Critical load for two end fixed column:

P cr = 4 { (pi)2EI / L2 }

Calculations:
Column Length, L = 650 mm

Moment of Inertia, I = 106.66 mm4

Modulus of elasticity, E = 210000 N/mm2

Data table for two end hinged column:

Deflection 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
(mm)
Force (N) 185 250 295 340 375 420 430 445 465 490 500

Data table for one end hinged and other end fixed column:

Deflection 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
(mm)
Force (N) 295 450 555 600 660 720 770 795 815 840 850

Data table for two end fixed column:

Deflection 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
(mm)
Force (N) 350 660 900 1140 1350 1495 1575 1640 1675 1700 1745
Critical Load for two end hinged column:

Pcr = { (pi)2EI / L2 }

= (3.1416)2 * 210000 * 106.66 / (650)2

= 523.23 N

Critical load for one end hinged and other end fixed column:

P cr = 2 { (pi)2EI / L2 }

= (2 * 523.23) N

= 1046.46 N

Critical load for two end fixed column:

P cr = 4 { (pi)2EI / L2 }

= (4 * 523.23) N

= 2092.93 N

Graph:

Discussion:
Conclusion: