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Experiment No: 05

Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Buckling Test of Different Types

of Columns (Different End Condition).

Objectives:

 To understand the application of Euler's columns theory.

 To understand the buckling test procedure of columns.
 To observe the effects of ends on critical load of columns.
 To compare the theoretical and practical of critical load of different types
of columns.
 To determine the modulus of elasticity (E).

Theory:

Column is defined as a member or a structure which is subjected to axial

compressive load. If the member of the structure is vertical then the member
is called column. For example a vertical pillar between the roof and floor.

Columns are usually subdivided into three groups:

1. Long column
2. Intermediate column
3. Short column

It has been observed that when a column is subjected to compressive force,

the developed stress is the normal stress, which is defined below:

P
 σ= A
Where,
P = Compressive force
A = Cross-sectional areas of the columns

Effective length of column: The effective length of column is defined as the

distance between two successive point of inflection of column due to the
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application of load; in other words from the point where the slope begins to
change.

Fig.5.1: Effective length of column

Critical Load: If the load is gradually increased, the column will reach a stage
when it will start buckling. The load at which the column just starts to buck is
called buckling load, critical load or crippling load and the column is said to
have developed an elastic instability.

Critical load for two end hinged column:

π ² EI
Pcr = L ²
Critical load for one end hinged and other end fixed column:
2 π ² EI
Pcr = L²
Critical load for two end fixed column:
4 π ² EI
Pcr = L²

Slenderness Ratio: The ratio of the effective length of the column to the
minimum radius of gyration of column.
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 More the slenderness ratio, more is the tendency of column to fail by

buckling effect in that direction.

Required Apparatus:

 Bar
 Dial Gauge
 Force Gauge
 Buckling Tester

Working Procedure:

 At first a two hinged column, a one end hinged & other end fixed column
and a two end fixed column were taken.
 Then the force and dial gauge was set properly.
 Next the two hinged column on buckling tester was placed and implied
force on it.
 After that the force for every 0.25 mm deflection of the dial gauge was
noted. It was continued until 5 mm deflection show in the dial gauge.
 Same thing was done for other two columns and noted the data
properly.
 Finally a graph was plotted by using the necessary data and named it
force vs deflection diagram.
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Data Table:

Data table for two end hinged column:

Deflection 0.2 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
(mm) 5 0
Force (N) 185 250 295 340 375 420 430 445 465 490 500

Data table for one end hinged and other end fixed column:
Deflection 0.2 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
(mm) 5 0
Force (N) 295 450 555 600 660 720 770 795 815 840 850

Data table for two end fixed column:

Deflection 0.2 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
(mm) 5 0
Force (N) 350 660 900 1140 1350 1495 1575 1640 1675 1700 1745

Calculations:

Column Length, L = 650 mm

Moment of inertia, I = 106.66 mm4
Modulus of elasticity, E = 210000 N/mm2
For two end hinged column:
Theoretical critical load:

π ² EI
Pc r = L ² =¿ ¿
=523.23 N

Average critical load from experimental data:

4195
(Pc r) average = 11 = 381.4 N

For one end hinged and other end fixed column:

Theoretical critical load:
2
2 π ² EI 2×(3.1416) × 210000× 106.66
Pcr = L ² =
(650)2
= 1046.5 N
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Average critical load from experimental data:

7350
(Pc r) average = 11 = 668.2 N

For two end fixed column:

2
4 π ² EI 4 ×(3.1416) × 210000× 106.66
Pcr¿ L²
=
(650)2
=2093 N
Average critical load from experimental data:
14230
(Pc r) average = 11 =1294
Graph:

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1600 Force vs Deflection Diagram
1400

1200

1000
Force

800

600

400

200

0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Deflection

Results:
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For two end hinged column:

Theoretical critical load:
Pc r = 523.23 N

Average critical load from experimental data:

(Pc r) average = 381.4 N

For one end hinged and other end fixed column:

Theoretical critical load:
Pcr = 1046.5 N

Average critical load from experimental data:

(Pc r) average = 668.2 N

For two end fixed column:

Pcr= = 2093 N
Average critical load from experimental data:
(Pc r) average =1294 N