Design of a Double-pitched Roof Truss

Span = 15 m
Shed Length = 36 m
Building Clear height upto the eaves = 5.5 m

Structural form
A trapezoidal truss is adopted with
Roof slope of 1 to 3
Full height at mid-span of 2.45 m
and End depth of 0 m

Truss Spacing
Truss spacing should be in the region of 1/4 to 1/5 of the span length.
For 3 m spacing,
Span/Spacing = 4.3478261 OK
Then,
Number of bays = 10.434783 no.

Truss Configuration

2.45

2.50
0

1.00

5.5
6.00

14 @ 1.07 m = 15 m
25.00
Load Calculation

Dead Load [IS875:1987 Pt.1]

GI Sheeting = 0.085 kN/m2
Fixings = 0.025 kN/m2
Services = 0.100 kN/m2
Total Load = 0.210 kN/m2

For 3.45 m bays,

Roof dead load = 10.87 kN
2
Weight of Purlin (assuming 120 N/m ) = 6.21 kN

For welded sheeted roof trusses, self weight is given approximately by

w = 0.08 kN/m2
Self-weight of truss = 4.20 kN
Then,
Total dead load for a single bay = 21.28 kN
Now,
Intermediate nodal dead load (W1) = 1.52 kN
Dead load at end nodes (W1/2) = 0.76 kN
(Acts vertically downwards at all nodes)

Imposed Load [IS875:1987 Pt.2]

Live Load = 0.58 kN/m2
Load at intermediate nodes, W2 = 2.15 kN
Load at end nodes, W2 / 2 = 1.07 kN
(Acts vertically downwards)

Wind Load [IS875:1987 Pt.3]

Wind load F on a roof truss by static wind method is given by
F = (Cpe – Cpi) × A × pd
Where Cpe and Cpi are force coefficients for exterior and interior of the building.

Value of Cpi
Assume wall openings between
Then,
Cpi = ± 0.7

Value of Cpe
Roof angle, α = 18.43 ⁰
Height of the building to eaves = 5.50 m
Lesser dimension of the building in plan, w = 15.00 m

Building height to width ratio, h/w = 0.37

Here, ℎ/𝑤
< 0.5
 Wind direction normal Wind direction parallel
Roof to the ridge to the ridge
h/w
Angle, α Windward Leeward Windward Leeward
side side side side
10 -1.2 -0.4 -0.8 -0.6
20 -0.4 -0.4 -0.7 -0.6
0.37
By interpolation,
18.43 -0.5 -0.4 -0.7 -0.6

Value of pd
Basic wind speed (Vb) = 47.00 m/s
Total height of building = 7.95 m
Design wind speed vz is given by
Vz = k1 × k2 × k3 × Vb
Here,
Risk Coefficient, k1 = 1.00
(Assuming the industrial building as general building and its
probable life about 50 years.)

Terrain, height, structure size factor, k2

Roof elevation = 5.5 m to 7.95 m
Terrain Category = Category 3

Greater dimension of the building in plan, L = 36 m

Structure Class = Class B

Height (m) Terrain category and class of building factor

4m 1

For 7.95 m, k2 = 1.00

Topography factor, k3 (assume) = 1.00

Then,
Vz = k1 × k2 × k3 × Vb = 47.00 m/s
And,
Design wind pressure, Pd = 0.6 × Vz2 = 1.33 kN/m2

Tributary area for each node of the truss

Length of each panel along sloping roof = 1.13 m
Spacing of trusses = 3.45 m
Tributary area for each node of the truss = 3.90 m2
Wind Load on Roof Truss
Pressure Coefficent Wind load F
(Cpe – Cpi)
Wind Cpe (kN)
A × pd
Angle Wind Lee Cpi Wind Lee Wind Lee
ward ward ward ward ward ward
-0.5 -0.4 0.7 -1.2 -1.1 5.16 -6.33 -5.68
0
-0.7 0.2 0.3 5.16 0.90 1.55
-0.7 -0.6 0.7 -1.4 -1.3 5.16 -7.31 -6.71
90
-0.7 0.0 0.1 5.16 -0.08 0.52

Critical wind loads (kN) to be considered for analysis

Windward side (W3) Leeward side (W4)
Wind
Angle Intermediate End and Apex Intermediate End and Apex
nodes W3 nodes W3 / 2 nodes W4 nodes W4 / 2
0 -6.33 -3.16 1.55 0.77
90 -7.31 -3.66 0.52 0.26
Design of Foundation

Design Condition
Material Properties
Characteristic Strength of concrete, fck (adopt) = 20 MPa
Characteristic strength of rebars, fy (adopt) = 500 MPa
Allowable bearing pressure on soil = 120 kN/m2
Required depth of footing bottom below ground level = 1.5 m
Unit Weight of soil below backfill = 18 kN/m3

Loads on Foundation (from SAP2000 analysis)

Combo I Combo II
Compression (kN) 85 85
Tension/Uplift (kN) - 85
Shear at Column base (kN) 2 4
Moment (kNm) 7 7

Column Base Plate

Column width as per design = 250 mm
A base plate of 600 x 600 x 36 mm shall be used.
Allowable bearing pressure on the pedestal = 2.01 N/mm2

Development Length of Anchor Bolts

Anchor bolts are placed at an offset of 60 mm from the face of column.
Then,
Total Tension in the anchor bolts = 182.73 kN
If a total of 12 - 25 mm-φ bolts be used, then,
Tension in each bolt = 30.45 kN
Net area of a 25 mm-φ bolt = 368 mm2

Stress in steel in limit state of collapse = 124.08 N/mm2

So,
Development length required = 800 mm

Embed the anchor bolts 800 mm in the concrete.

Design of Pedestal
A pedestal of 0.60 x 0.60 x 1.20 m shall be used.

Check for Uplift

Self-weight of pedestal = 10.8 kN
Self-weight of footing = 16.875 kN
Deducting the uplift force, Net downward load = -57.325 kN
Pedestal in tension

For combo I,
Net downward load = 95.8 kN
Moment at the base of pedestal due to shear = 4.8 kNm
Total Moment at base of pedestal = 11.8 kNm
Then,
Design Compression = 95.8 kN
Design Moment = 11.8 kNm

𝑃_𝑢/(𝑓_𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷)= 𝑀_𝑢/(𝑓_𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷^2 )=

0.013 and 0.003

For Fe500 and d'/D = 0.10 ,

𝑝/𝑓_𝑐𝑘 = 0.01 => p = 0.20

Area of Longitudinal reinforcement required = 720 mm2

(checked against a minimum of 0.8 0.15 %) [IS456:2000 Cl.26.5.3.1]
Diameter of bars = 16 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
No. of bars required = 4

Provide 4 - 16 mm dia bars.

Again,
Use tie diameter = 8 mm
Spacing of ties shall be least of:
i) least lateral dimension = 600 mm
ii) 16 times main bar dia. = 256 mm
iii) 48 times tie dia. = 384 mm
iv) 300 mm
Provide spacing = 255 mm

Provide 8 mm dia lateral ties @ 255 mm c/c.

Design of Footing
Direct Load from pedestal, W1 = 95.80 kN
Moment from pedestal = 7.87 kNm

Try a footing: 1.50 x 1.50 x 0.30 m

Weight of footing, W2 = 16.875 kN

Weight of soil above footing, W3 = 40.824 kN

Then,
Total Vertical Load = 153.50 kN
Overturning Moment = 13.00 kNm

𝑏/6
Eccentricity of resultant vertical force = 0.08 m < = 0.25 m
Therefore,
Base pressure distribution is triangular with no part in tension.
Width of footing in contact with soil = 1.50 m
Now,
Maximum pressure = 91.33 kN/m2 < 1.25 x 120 kN/m2 = 150 kN/m2 OK

Pressure ordinate at the face of pedestal = 77.47 kN/m2

 Downward pressure due to self-weight of soil and concrete = 29.1 kN/m2
Then,
Length of foundation slab off the face of pedestal = 0.45 m
Factored BM about the face of pedestal = 8.28 kNm/m
Diameter of bars = 12 mm
Clear Cover = 75 mm
Effective depth required = 55.80 mm
Effective depth provided = 219 mm OK
Area of steel required = 263 mm2
(checked against minimum reinforcement of 0.12% )
Spacing required = 430 mm
Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c on top and bottom both ways.

Check for Punching Shear

Vertical Load as of Load Combo I = 85.00 kN
Area resisting punching shear = 243000 mm2
Punching shear stress developed = 0.35 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress = 1.12 N/mm2 OK

No shear reinforcement is needed.