Prenatal Development, Birth, and The Newborn Baby: Multiple Choice

CHAPTER 3
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN BABY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The ovum
A) measures around 1/500 inch.
B) is the size of a period at the end of a sentence.
C) is the smallest cell in the human body.
D) bursts from one of two ovaries about once every 7 days.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 61
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
2) The __________ secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
A) corpus luteum
B) fallopian tubes
C) cervix
D) embryo
Answer: A
Page Ref: 61
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
3) Fertilization usually takes place in the
A) uterus.
B) cervix.
C) fallopian tubes.
D) ovaries.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 61
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
4) The period of the zygote
A) lasts about two weeks.
B) lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy.
C) is the longest prenatal period.
D) is the prenatal period during which the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 62
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 49
Test Bank for Berk / Exploring Lifespan Development, 3e
5) Which of the following statements about a blastocyst is true?

A) It consists of a single cell.
B) By the fourth day, it is a hollow, fluid-filled ball made up of 60 to 70 cells.
C) It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.
D) It is connected to the developing organism by the umbilical cord.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 62
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
6) The embryonic disk
A) becomes the new organism.
B) is the outer ring of cells on a blastocyst.
C) has a good chance of survival outside the womb.
D) is a protective membrane that surrounds the amnion.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 62
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
7) The trophoblast
A) develops into the nervous system and spinal cord.
B) swells to form the brain.
C) will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.
D) grows slowly at first.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 62
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
8) The yolk sac
A) delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism.
B) helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.
C) delivers nutrients and removes waste products.
D) produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
9) The __________ surrounds the amnion.
A) placenta
B) yolk sac
C) chorion
D) umbilical cord
Answer: C
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
50 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby
10) The umbilical cord rarely tangles during pregnancy because the
A) force of blood flowing through it keeps it firm.
B) walls of the cord are much too rigid for it to knot.
C) thickness of the amniotic fluid does not allow the cord to float freely in the uterus.
D) cord is simply too short to knot.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
11) During the period of the embryo, the ectoderm develops and forms the
A) muscles and skeleton.
B) nervous system and skin.
C) digestive system, lungs, and urinary tract.
D) brain and central nervous system.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
12) The mesoderm will become the
A) nervous system and skin.
B) endocrine and digestive systems.
C) muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs.
D) digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
13) During the period of the embryo, the __________ becomes the __________.
A) mesoderm; nervous system, lungs, internal organs, and skin
B) chorion; endocrine system, muscles, placenta, and skeleton
C) ectoderm; circulatory system, skin, skeleton, and internal organs
D) endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands
Answer: D
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
14) The ectoderm folds over to form the
A) neural tube.
B) lungs.
C) heart.
D) brain.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 63
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
15) During Michelle’s __________ month of pregnancy, the eyes, ears, and nose form.
A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth
Answer: A
Page Ref: 64
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.1
16) The groundwork is laid for all body structures during the period of the __________, whereas the rate of body growth is
greatest during the period of the __________.
A) zygote; embryo
B) embryo; fetus
C) fetus; embryo
D) zygote; fetus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 63–64
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.1
17) As early as the third month of pregnancy,
A) the fetus can suck its thumb.
B) the fetus can survive if born prematurely.
C) most of the brain’s neurons are in place.
D) vernix covers the skin of the fetus.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 64
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
18) Lanugo
A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism.
B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother’s movements.
C) helps regulate the fetus’s body temperature.
D) is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus’s entire body.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 64
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
19) While the senses of sight and sound have begun to emerge by 20 weeks, a fetus born at this time cannot survive because
A) its brain cannot yet control breathing and body temperature.
B) the billions of neurons of its brain are not yet produced.
C) the cerebral cortex, the seat of human intelligence, is too large.
D) the neurons of its brain have not begun forming synapses.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 65
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
20) The age of viability

A) is the point at which the baby can first survive if born early.
B) occurs sometime between 18 and 21 weeks.
C) is the point at which the baby can be born without being premature.
D) occurs sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 65
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
21) Between 23 and 30 weeks,
A) fetuses display rhythmic alterations between sleep and wakefulness that gradually increase in organization.
B) connections form between the cerebral cortex and brain regions involved in pain sensitivity.
C) fetuses distinguish the tone and rhythm of different voices and sounds.
D) the mother can first feel the fetus’s movements.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 65
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
22) In the eighth month of pregnancy,
A) fetal growth doubles.
B) viability occurs.
C) a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.
D) most fetuses assume an upright position.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 66
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
23) In the last weeks of pregnancy,
A) the fetus usually loses a pound or two.
B) most fetuses assume an upside-down position.
C) fetal growth increases dramatically.
D) the fetus begins relying on its own well-developed immune system.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 66
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.1
24) Which of the following statements about teratogens is true?
A) The harm done by teratogens is simple and straightforward.
B) Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period is a teratogen.
C) Smaller doses over shorter time periods have more negative effects.
D) Teratogens have an equal impact on fetal development during each prenatal period.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 66
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
25) The effects of teratogens

A) are predictable and straightforward.
B) are not usually impacted by heredity.
C) are always detectible at birth.
D) vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 66
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
26) Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true?
A) The fetal period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur.
B) During the embryonic period, teratogens usually affect the growth of sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears.
C) In the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact.
D) During the fetal period, teratogens have no impact on the developing organism.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 66
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
27) Dori takes a vitamin A derivative called Accutane to treat her acne. Dori is considering becoming pregnant. Dori should
know that exposure to Accutane during the
A) first trimester rarely has any impact on the developing organism.
B) prenatal period can produce gross deformities of the embryo’s arms and legs.
C) first trimester results in eye, ear, skull, brain, heart, and immune system abnormalities.
D) second trimester results in malformations of the uterus in daughters and increased risk of testicular cancer in sons.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 66
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.2
28) Willa gets regular headaches. While pregnant, Willa begins using aspirin to ease the pain because she is convinced that
aspirin is harmless. Which of the following effects can Willa’s regular aspirin use have on the developing organism?
A) Aspirin use can cause gross deformities of the arms and legs during the embryonic period.
B) Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development.
C) Even moderate aspirin use is linked to elevated incidence of birth complications, including respiratory distress.
D) None. Aspirin use is completely safe during pregnancy.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 67
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.2
29) Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a heroin addict. Mateo’s caregivers can expect that
A) he will have a low birth weight, be irritable, and have trouble sleeping.
B) he will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3.
C) he will have characteristics of Down syndrome.
D) his motor development will be especially rapid during the first year.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 67–68
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.2
30) __________ use during pregnancy has been linked to childhood and adolescent depression and aggression.
A) Prescription drug use
B) Heroin
C) Marijuana
D) Cocaine
Answer: C
Page Ref: 68
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.2
31) If a pregnant woman stops smoking __________, she reduces the likelihood that her infant will be born underweight and
suffer from future problems.
A) before the end of the first trimester
B) before the fourth month of pregnancy
C) before the six month of pregnancy
D) at any time
Answer: D
Page Ref: 68
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
32) Adolescents prenatally exposed to smoking tend to have __________ than those born to mothers who did not smoke.
A) higher levels of disruptive, aggressive behavior
B) higher mental test scores
C) longer attention spans
D) earlier onset of puberty
Answer: A
Page Ref: 68
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
33) In addition to nicotine’s effects on a developing organism, smoking during pregnancy
A) causes an abnormally low fetal heart rate.
B) causes newborns to be less excitable when touched and visually stimulated.
C) displaces oxygen with carbon monoxide.
D) increases the risk of having a cesarean delivery.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 68
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
34) Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception
A) can cause fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) can alter gene expression, thereby contributing to symptoms of partial fetal alcohol syndrome.
C) can cause alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.
D) has no negative effect on the developing organism.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 69
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
35) Mental impairment associated with all three fetal alcohol spectrum disorders diagnoses
A) generally disappears by the preschool years.
B) is minor.
C) usually improves by adolescence.
D) is permanent.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 69
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
36) Research on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) indicates that
A) even mild drinking is associated with reduced head size and body growth.
B) the impairments caused by heavy, regular alcohol use during pregnancy are reversible.
C) all fetuses are equally vulnerable to the damaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
D) FAS babies catch up to agemates in physical size when provided with an enriched diet.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 69
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
37) Regina eats a mostly vegetarian diet, but she eats a lot of fish. When she becomes pregnant, what should Regina know
about environmental pollution in fish?
A) Long-lived predatory fish, such as swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark, are heavily contaminated with mercury.
B) Freshwater fish, such as perch and trout, carry a startling array of industrial contaminants—287 in all.
C) While some fish are contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), steady, low-level PCB exposure is not
harmful.
D) Fish can be heavily contaminated with lead, exposure to which is related to prematurity and brain damage.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 70
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.2
38) Even at low levels, polychlorinated biphenyls are linked to
A) deformities of the gums and nails.
B) persisting attention and memory difficulties.
C) difficulty in chewing and swallowing.
D) breast and uterine cancers in women.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 70
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
39) Men affected by even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father
A) more twins and triplets than unaffected men.
B) more boys than girls.
C) nearly twice as many girls as boys.
D) fewer children than unaffected men.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 70
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
40) Routine vaccination in infancy and childhood has made new __________ outbreaks unlikely in industrialized nations.
A) rubella
B) HIV
C) malaria
D) toxoplasmosis
Answer: A
Page Ref: 70
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.2
41) Which of the following statements about HIV-infected expectant mothers is true?
A) In South Africa, nearly 75 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
B) Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism 70 to 80 percent of the
time.
C) Antiretroviral drug therapy reduces prenatal AIDS transmission by as much as 95 percent.
D) Antiretroviral drugs are now widely available in impoverished regions of the world.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.2
42) To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to
A) stop smoking.
B) pick up after the dogs.
C) change the litter box.
D) feed the fish.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.2
43) A healthy diet that results in a weight gain of __________ pounds helps ensure the health of the mother and baby.
A) 15 to 20
B) 25 to 30
C) 35 to 40
D) 45 to 50
Answer: B
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.3
44) The poorer the mother’s diet, the __________, especially if malnutrition occurs during the last trimester.
A) greater the birth weight
B) greater the loss in brain weight
C) greater the brain weight
D) smaller the heart
Answer: B
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.3
45) Prenatally malnourished babies frequently

A) reject breast milk.
B) have enlarged hearts.
C) have a higher-than-average birth weight.
D) have lifelong health problems.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.3
46) When women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, their babies tend to be
A) born later.
B) more irritable during the first three years.
C) heavier and longer at birth.
D) less irritable during the first three months.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.3
47) Maternal stress hormones can cross the placenta, causing
A) the fetal heart rate to slow down.
B) a dramatic drop in the fetal blood pressure rate.
C) a dramatic rise in fetal stress hormones.
D) a reduction in blood flow to the brain.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 71
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.3
48) Twelve-year-old children of mothers who were home visited as part of the Nurse–Family Partnership __________ than
comparison-group agemates.
A) scored lower in impulsivity and overactivity
B) had lower academic achievement scores
C) showed more aggressive behavior
D) reported less alcohol and drug use
Answer: D
Page Ref: 72 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: The Nurse–Family Partnership: Reducing Maternal Stress and
Enhancing Child Development Through Social Support
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.3
49) Rh incompatibility problems are most likely to occur if an Rh-negative mother is carrying her __________ baby.
A) second Rh-positive
B) first Rh-negative
C) first Rh-positive
D) second Rh-negative
Answer: A
Page Ref: 73
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.3
50) Research indicates that healthy women in their __________ have about the same rates of pregnancy complications as
those in their __________.
A) thirties; twenties
B) forties; twenties
C) forties; thirties
D) fifties; thirties
Answer: A
Page Ref: 73
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.3
51) If not identified and treated during routine prenatal care, __________ can cause sharp increases in maternal blood
pressure, along with swelling of the hands, face, and feet in the last half of pregnancy.
A) diabetes
B) toxemia
C) toxoplasmosis
D) cytomegalovirus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 73
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.4
52) Which of the following mothers is the most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?
A) Harriet, who is uninsured and 22
B) Marissa, who is married and 28
C) Rachel, who is single and 35
D) Janette, who is married and 40
Answer: A
Page Ref: 73
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.4
53) Janelle is a first-time mother. The first stage of her labor will probably last between __________ hours.
A) 2 and 4
B) 5 and 7
C) 8 and 10
D) 12 and 14
Answer: D
Page Ref: 75
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.5
54) Ursula is in the second stage of labor. She can expect __________ during this stage.
A) contractions of the uterus to begin gradually and become more frequent and powerful
B) the placenta to separate from the uterine wall and be delivered
C) the cervix to widen and thin to nothing
D) her baby to be born
Answer: D
Page Ref: 75
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.5
55) The third stage of labor involves

A) delivery of the placenta.
B) delivery of the baby.
C) dilation.
D) effacement of the cervix.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 75
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.5
56) During childbirth, high levels of infant cortisol and other stress hormones
A) endanger the baby.
B) are adaptive.
C) cause the baby’s bronchial tubes to contract.
D) cause the baby to be sleepy and listless.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 75
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.5
57) The Apgar Scale rates
A) appearance, personality, grimace, activity, and reflexes.
B) aptitude, pulse, grimace, appearance, and renal function.
C) appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
D) airway, personality, general temperament, appearance, and reaction time.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 76
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.5
58) An Apgar score __________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.
A) of 10 or better
B) between 7 and 10
C) between 4 and 6
D) of 3 or below
Answer: B
Page Ref: 76
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.5
59) Andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Andrew
A) was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition.
B) is in good physical condition.
C) is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention.
D) needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 76
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.5
60) Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place

A) at home and was a family-centered event.
B) at home, but away from other family members.
C) in a hospital with trained midwives.
D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 76
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.6
61) Today, most hospitals
A) encourage family participation, but do not allow maternal control over labor and delivery.
B) do not allow family members and friends to participate in the birth.
C) offer birth centers that are family-centered and homelike.
D) discourage childbirth medication and delivery instruments.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 76
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.6
62) Natural, or prepared, childbirth includes
A) routine use of strong drugs.
B) classes about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery.
C) fetal monitoring and anesthetics.
D) a surgical birth.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 77
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.6
63) __________ reduces the likelihood of birth complications and shortens labors.
A) A supportive labor companion
B) Labor and delivery medication
C) A cesarean section
D) Forceps delivery
Answer: A
Page Ref: 77
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.6
64) A certified nurse–midwife
A) cannot legally deliver a baby at home in most states.
B) has a degree in nursing and additional training in childbirth management.
C) can perform a cesarean delivery and can administer medication to control pain.
D) is not a medical professional, but is trained in labor and delivery support.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 77
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.6
65) One important concern about home deliveries is that

A) they are very risky, even for healthy mothers and babies.
B) the home environment is not as clean and sanitary as a hospital.
C) attendants may not be trained to handle emergencies.
D) there is too much confusion with family members present.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 77
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.7
66) Cerebral palsy results from
A) an extra X chromosome.
B) a mutation in the twenty-first pair of chromosomes.
C) a recessive disorder involving a harmful allele.
D) brain damage before, during, or just after birth.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 77
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.7
67) Fetal monitoring
A) increases the likelihood of infant brain damage.
B) is not helpful in detecting distress due to anoxia.
C) should not be used because it is a risky procedure.
D) may identify babies as in danger who, in fact, are not.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.7
68) During her labor, Renae asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renae will probably be given a(n)
A) anesthetic.
B) analgesic.
C) folic acid supplement.
D) anti-inflammatory.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.7
69) Anesthetics
A) are not used in childbirth in the United States.
B) block sensation.
C) relieve pain and help the mother relax.
D) are used in more than 80 percent of U.S. births.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.7
70) The most common approach to controlling pain during labor is

A) a spinal block.
B) general anesthesia.
C) epidural analgesia.
D) use of a doula.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.7
71) Forty years ago, __________ was rare.
A) use of anesthesia during childbirth
B) cesarean delivery
C) hospital delivery
D) routine use of delivery instruments
Answer: B
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.8
72) Birth weight
A) varies only slightly in American infants.
B) decreases as the length of the pregnancy increases.
C) is usually highest among poverty-stricken women.
D) is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.8
73) __________ infants are born at least several weeks before their due date, while __________ infants are below the
expected weight based upon the length of the pregnancy.
A) Small-for-date; preterm
B) Low-birth-weight; small-for-date
C) Preterm; small-for-date
D) Preterm; low-birth-weight
Answer: C
Page Ref: 79
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.8
74) Small-for-date infants __________ than preterm infants.
A) have chubbier cheeks and larger eyes
B) are less likely to die
C) more often show evidence of brain damage
D) more often are held close, touched, and talked to gently
Answer: C
Page Ref: 79
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.8
75) Which of the following statements about caring for preterm infants is true?
A) Compared with full-term infants, preterm babies are more often held close, touched, and talked to gently.
B) Even parents with stable life circumstances and social supports usually cannot overcome the stresses of caring for a
preterm infant.
C) Preterm infants who are left in isolettes and are rarely touched gain weight faster and, at the end of the first year, are
more advanced in mental and motor development over preterm babies given massage stimulation.
D) Mothers and fathers practicing kangaroo skin-to-skin contact feel more confident about caring for their preterm
babies and interact more sensitively and affectionately with them.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 80
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.8
76) In the United States, the second leading cause of neonatal mortality is __________, which is largely preventable.
A) sudden infant death syndrome
B) low birth weight
C) physical abnormality
D) malnutrition
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for
Parents and Newborn Babies
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.8
77) Which of the following statements about health care and other policies for parents and newborn babies is true?
A) Four weeks of childbirth leave predicts favorable maternal mental health, supportive marital interactions, and
sensitive caregiving.
B) The U.S. federal government guarantees women at least 10 prenatal visits at very low or no cost.
C) Six weeks or less of childbirth leave predicts maternal anxiety, depression, marital dissatisfaction, sense of role
overload, and negative interactions with the baby.
D) Over the past three decades, the United States has made more progress in reducing infant deaths than any other
nation in the world.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 81 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for
Parents and Newborn Babies
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.8
78) When Jason bumps baby Grayson’s baby carrier, Grayson flings his arms wide and brings them back toward his body.
Grayson’s reaction is the __________ reflex.
A) rooting
B) sucking
C) Moro
D) stepping
Answer: C
Page Ref: 82
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.10
79) In response to a stroke on her cheek near the corner of her mouth, newborn Azalea should
A) quickly close her eyelids.
B) suck rhythmically.
C) turn her head toward the source of stimulation.
D) fan her toes out and curl them as her foot twists in.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 82
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.10
80) The rooting reflex
A) has survival value.
B) is sometimes called the “embracing” reflex.
C) protects the infant from strong stimulation.
D) prepares the infant for voluntary grasping.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 82
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
81) Unlike other reflexes, the __________ reflex appears in a wide range of situations—with the newborn’s body in a
sideways or upside-down position, with feet touching walls or ceilings, and even with legs dangling in the air.
A) palmar grasp
B) Moro
C) stepping
D) Babinski
Answer: C
Page Ref: 82
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
82) Weak, absent, or exaggerated reflexes in an infant may indicate
A) colic.
B) brain damage.
C) a serious sleep disorder.
D) weak muscle tone.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 83
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
83) Baby Taylor’s limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are
closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Taylor is most likely in which of the following states?
A) drowsiness
B) regular sleep
C) quiet alertness
D) irregular sleep
Answer: D
Page Ref: 83
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.10
84) Baby Rita’s body is relatively inactive. Her eyes are open and attention, and her breathing is even. Baby Rita is most
likely in which of the following states?
A) REM sleep
B) drowsiness
C) NREM sleep
D) quiet alertness
Answer: D
Page Ref: 83
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.10
85) Babies who spend more time alert
A) probably receive less social stimulation.
B) may have a slight advantage in mental development.
C) tend to have more learning and memory difficulties.
D) rarely reach REM sleep.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 83
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
86) Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep?
A) Cheryl, a preterm newborn
B) Jake, a full-term newborn
C) Sammy, a preschool child
D) Sarah, a teenager
Answer: A
Page Ref: 83
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.10
87) Babies with poor sleep organization are likely to be
A) above average in intelligence.
B) above average in birth weight.
C) behaviorally disorganized.
D) quiet criers.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 83
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
88) Mounting evidence suggests that SIDS results from
A) impaired brain functioning.
B) a chemical imbalance that prevents the baby from properly absorbing oxygen.
C) a collapse of the airway when the baby sleeps on his or her back.
D) low body temperature and sleeping with too few covers.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 84 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
89) __________ doubles the risk of SIDS.

A) Failing to tightly swaddle an infant during sleep
B) Using a pacifier
C) Placing an infant to sleep on his back
D) Maternal cigarette smoking
Answer: D
Page Ref: 84 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.10
90) Which of the following statements is supported by research on crying?
A) Fatigue is the most common cause of infant crying.
B) Newborns often cry at the sound of another crying baby.
C) Crying peaks at 12 weeks and then steadily declines.
D) Nearly all infants show signs of colic in the first few months of life.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
91) The Quechua of Peru __________, a practice that reduces crying and promotes sleep.
A) massage their baby’s body
B) lift their babies to their shoulder and rock or walk with them
C) dress young babies in layers of clothing and blankets
D) use pacifiers with all infants and toddlers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
92) Practicing “proximal care”
A) increases crying.
B) hinders early motor development.
C) reduces crying by about one-third.
D) interferes with attachment.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
93) Which of the following statements is supported by research on abnormal crying?
A) The cries of brain-damaged babies are often shrill, piercing, and shorter in duration than those of healthy infants.
B) Colic generally subsides between 8 and 12 months.
C) Colic is usually a sign of central nervous system damage.
D) Infants who have experienced prenatal and birth complications tend to have persistent, low-pitched cries.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.10
94) __________ helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development as well.
A) Sound
B) Pain
C) Touch
D) Taste
Answer: C
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.11
95) Touching newborn Sarah’s __________ is especially likely to elicit a response.
A) knee
B) elbow
C) palms
D) stomach
Answer: C
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.11
96) What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son’s discomfort during circumcision?
A) Stimulate the Babinski reflex.
B) Play loud music to distract the baby.
C) Offer a nipple that delivers a sweet liquid while gently holding the baby.
D) Newborns have a low sensitivity to pain, so interventions are unnecessary.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.11
97) Not until __________ months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: B
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.11
98) The smell of __________ causes a relaxed, pleasant facial expression in newborns.
A) bananas
B) coffee
C) formula
D) anise
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.11
99) The smell of __________ is likely to make Baby Meredith frown.

A) chocolate
B) bananas
C) rotten eggs
D) milk
Answer: C
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.11
100) At birth, newborns prefer __________ to __________.
A) pure tones; noise
B) pure tones; complex sounds
C) pure tones; voices
D) complex sounds; pure tones
Answer: D
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.11
101) Three-month-old Jefferson will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.
A) pure tones; voices
B) pure tones; noises
C) human speech; nonspeech sounds
D) a foreign language; his native language
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Apply
Objective: 3.11
102) The sense of vision
A) is well-developed at birth.
B) is the least developed of a newborn’s senses.
C) becomes adultlike a few days after birth.
D) is more developed at birth than the sense of hearing.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Understand
Objective: 3.11
103) It takes __________ for the optic nerve to become adultlike.
A) two months
B) four months
C) two years
D) several years
Answer: D
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.11
104) Around the time of birth, fathers often show

A) a drop in androgens.
B) slight decreases in prolactin.
C) moderate increases in androgens.
D) moderate decreases in estrogens.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Remember
Objective: 3.13
ESSAY
105) Define teratogen. List and describe the factors that determine the extent of harm done by a teratogen.
Answer: The term teratogen refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. The harm
done by teratogens is not always simple and straightforward. It depends on the following factors:
 Dose. Larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects.
 Heredity. The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. Some
individuals are better able than others to withstand harmful environments.
 Other negative influences. The presence of several negative factors at once, such as additional teratogens,
poor nutrition, and lack of medical care, can worsen the impact of a harmful agent.
 Age. The effects of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at time of exposure. A sensitive period is a
limited time span in which a part of the body or a behavior is biologically prepared to develop rapidly and
is especially sensitive to its surroundings. If the environment is harmful, then damage occurs, and recovery
is difficult and sometimes impossible. In the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely
have any impact. If they do, the tiny mass of cells is usually so damaged that it dies. The embryonic period
is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are
being laid down. During the fetal period, teratogenic damage is usually minor. However, organs such as the
brain, ears, eyes, teeth, and genitals can still be strongly affected.
Page Ref: 66
106) How can maternal stress affect the fetus?
Answer: When the mother experiences fear and anxiety, stress hormones released into her bloodstream —such as
epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol, known as the “flight or fight” hormones—cause her to be “poised for
action.” Large amounts of blood are sent to parts of the body involved in the defensive response—the brain,
heart, and muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk. Blood flow to other organs, including the uterus, is reduced, so
the fetus is deprived of a full supply of oxygen and nutrients. Maternal stress hormones also cross the placenta,
causing a dramatic rise in fetal stress hormones) and, therefore, in fetal heart rate, blood pressure, blood
glucose, and activity level. Excessive fetal stress may permanently alter fetal neurological functioning, thereby
heightening stress reactivity in later life. Furthermore, maternal emotional stress during pregnancy predicts
childhood weakened immune system functioning and increased susceptibility to infectious disease. It is also
associated with diverse negative behavioral outcomes in childhood and adolescence, including anxiety, short
attention span, anger, aggression, overactivity, and lower mental test scores. But stress-related prenatal
complications are greatly reduced when mothers have partners, other family members, and friends who offer
social support. The impact of social support is particularly strong for low-income women, who often lead
highly stressful lives.
Page Ref: 71–72
107) Describe the Apgar Scale, and explain how it is used.

Answer: The Apgar Scale rates an infant’s Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Doctors and nurses
use the instrument to assess a newborn’s physical condition quickly. A rating of 0, 1, or 2 on each of the five
characteristics is made at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth. A combined Apgar score of 7 or better
indicates that the infant is in good physical condition. If the score is between 4 and 6, the baby needs assistance
in establishing breathing and other vital signs. If the score is 3 or below, the infant is in serious danger and
requires emergency medical attention. Two Apgar ratings are given because some babies have trouble adjusting
at first, but do quite well after a few minutes. Apgar ratings are given as follows:
 Appearance (color) – 0 for blue body, arms, and legs; 1 for pink body with blue arms and legs; 2 for body,
arms, and legs completely pink. The skin tone of nonwhite babies makes it difficult to apply the “pink”
color criterion. However, newborns of all races are rated for pinkish glow resulting from the flow of
oxygen through body tissues.
 Pulse (heart rate) – 0 for no heartbeat; 1 for under 100 beats per minute; 2 for 100 to 140 beats per minute
 Grimace (reflex irritability—sneezing, coughing, and grimacing) – 0 for no response; 1 for weak reflexive
response; 2 for strong reflexive response
 Activity (muscle tone) – 0 for completely limp; 1 for weak movements of arms and legs; 2 for strong
movement of arms and legs
 Respiration (respiratory effort) – 0 for no breathing for 60 seconds; 1 for irregular, shallow breathing; 2 for
strong breathing and crying.
Page Ref: 76
108) What is kangaroo care? How is it used to foster development in preterm newborns?
Answer: Kangaroo care involves placing the infant in a vertical position between the mother’s breasts or next to the
father’s chest (under the parent’s clothing), so the parent’s body functions as a human incubator. In developing
countries where hospitalization is not always possible, skin-to-skin contact is the most readily available
intervention for promoting the survival and recovery of preterm babies.
Kangaroo skin-to-skin contact fosters improved oxygenation of the baby’s body, temperature regulation,
sleep, breastfeeding, alertness, and infant survival. Mothers and fathers practicing kangaroo care feel more
confident about caring for their fragile babies and interact more sensitively and affectionately with them.
Because of its diverse benefits, more than 80 percent of U.S. hospitals now offer kangaroo care to preterm
newborns.
Page Ref: 80
109) Heidi’s daughter is three weeks old. She is concerned about the pain of her daughter’s upcoming vaccinations. Advise
Heidi regarding her newborn baby’s sensitivity to pain and how she can help lessen the pain of the injections.
Answer: Heidi should know that sensitivity to touch is well-developed at birth. Infants are also highly sensitive to pain.
Brain-imaging research suggests that because of central nervous system immaturity, preterm babies,
particularly males, feel the pain of a medical injection especially intensely. Recent research establishing the
safety of certain local anesthetics for newborns promises to ease the pain of these procedures. Heidi can offer
her daughter a nipple that delivers a sweet liquid, which is helpful in reducing crying and discomfort, with
breast milk appearing especially effective. She can combine the sweet liquid with gentle holding, which will
lessen her daughter’s pain even more. Research on infant mammals indicates that physical touch releases
endorphins—painkilling chemicals in the brain.
Page Ref: 86

Prenatal Development, Birth, and The Newborn Baby: Multiple Choice

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Prenatal Development, Birth, and The Newborn Baby: Multiple Choice

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CHAPTER 3

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN BABY

5) Which of the following statements about a blastocyst is true?

20) The age of viability

25) The effects of teratogens

45) Prenatally malnourished babies frequently

55) The third stage of labor involves

60) Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place

65) One important concern about home deliveries is that

70) The most common approach to controlling pain during labor is

89) __________ doubles the risk of SIDS.

99) The smell of __________ is likely to make Baby Meredith frown.

104) Around the time of birth, fathers often show

107) Describe the Apgar Scale, and explain how it is used.

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