Grade X Geography Chapter 1 Resources and development.

Resources: Object or things in environment that fulfill the basic needs of man which are
technologically accessible economically feasible and culturally acceptable,
Resource development: An exercise that makes it to possible to utilize the available natural
resources for human satisfaction.
1. Explain the role of humans in resource development.
The process of transformation of things into resource involves an inter dependent
relationship between nature technology and institutions.
Human being interact with nature through technology and create institution to accelerate the
pace of devotement. Human being are the essential component of resources as they transform
materials in the environment into resources as they transform materials in the environment
into resources and use them.
2.‘Indiscriminate use of resources has led to the numerous problems ‘Discuss.
Resources essential for human for survival and to maintain the quality of life but
indiscriminate of resources had led to the many problems.
i) Depletion of resources to satisfy the need of few individual.
ii) Accumulation of resources in the hands of few individuals dividing society into haves and
have nots.
iii) Indiscriminate use of resources has led to the global ecological crisis like global warming,
depletion of ozone layer, environmental pollution and land degradation.
3.Explain any three measures of conservation of resources.
I)Judicious and careful utilization of resources.
ii)Preventing wastage of resources and misuse of resources.
iii)use of alternative or substitutes in the of nonrenewable resources.
4.Why is resource planning is essential? Give two reasons. Write the stages of planning.
Resource planning is essential because
1.Resources are limited in nature.
2.Resources are unevenly distributed.
Two stages of resource planning are
i) The first stage includes surveying , mapping and measurement of characteristics and
properties of resources .
ii)The second stage examines resources with respect to technology. economy and need.
iii) Matching the resource development plan with overall national development plan.
Classification of resources
a) On the Basis of Origin – Biotic and Abiotic
Biotic Resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life.
Eg: Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called
abiotic resources. Eg: rocks and metals.
(b) On the Basis of Exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-Renewable
The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes are known as Renewable or Replenishable Resources. The renewable resource may
further be divided into continuous or flow.
Eg: Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very long geological time. These resources take
millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and
some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.
Eg: Minerals and fossil fuels.
(c) On the Basis of Ownership – Individual, Community, National and International
Individual Resources are owned privately by individuals. In villages people own lands
whereas in urban areas people own plots, houses and other properties.
Eg: Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc.
Community Owned Resources are accessible to all the members of th community.
Eg: Grazing grounds, burial grounds, public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds etc.
National Resources are owned by a nation or country. All the minerals, water resources,
forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles
(22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the
nation. Eg: Roads, canals, railways minerals etc.
International Resources are regulated by international institutions. The oceanic resources
beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no
individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.
6. How do you classify resources on the basis of status of development?
On the basis of status of development resources can be classified into four groups , potential
developed ,stock and reserves.
i) Potential resources : potential resources are those which are found in a region ,but have
not been utilised eg solar energy and wind energy available in Rajasthan and Gujarat have
not been developed properly,
ii) Developed resources: developed resources are those which are estimated in terms their
quality and quantity for utilization eg water, soil, forest.
iii) Stock resources: ) Stock resources are the materials in the environment which have the
potential to satisfy human needs but are not technologically accessible to human beings. Use
of water as a rich sources energy,
iv)Reserve resources: Reserve is a subset of stock which can be used with the help of existing
technology. Eg Water in rivers and forest,.
7.Distinguish between renewable and non renewable resource
Renewable resources Non renewable resources
Resources which can be renewed or Resources which cannot be renewed or
reproduces by physical ,chemical or reproduced
mechanical processes
They get renewed over a short period of They occur over a long period of time.
time
They are unlimited and not exhaustible They are limited in their respective and
exhaustible
They are also divided into continuous or They are divided into recyclable and
flow non-recyclable eg
Eg water , wind ,forest , wildlife ,solar Metals and fossil fuels.
energy
8.What is sustainable development? How is it related to resource planning?
Sustainable development refers the development of resources without damaging the
environment development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future
generation.
An equitable distribution of resource is essential for sustained quality of life and global peace
. If the present trend of resources depletion continues the future of planet is in danger. there
for the resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life which is a
component of sustainable development
9. Explain the land use the land use pattern in India.
The present land use pattern of in India

(a) Forest 23.3% f) Culturable waste 4.0%

(b)Area under non agricultural use 8.77% (h) Current fallow 4.9%
(C)Barren and Waste land 5.5% (g) Fallow other than current fallow 3.6%
(e)Area under miscellaneous tree crops 3.6% (i) Net sown area 45.5%

10. What is land degradation? Explain measures taken to conserve land resources.
Land degradation refers the processes that make land unfit for use because of natural and
human activities. Human activities like deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying
have contributed to land degradation. Mining sight are abundant after excavation work is
complete leaving deep scars and traces over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land
degradation. In states like Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra and Rajasthan over grazing
in one major reason for land degradation. In Panjab and Haryana over irrigation is
responsible for land degradation. mineral processing for industry and industrial waste also
responsible land gradation and water pollution.
Measures of controlling land degradation.
Afforestation and proper management of grazing
Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing.
Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
Proper management of wasteland proper discharge and disposal of industrial waste.
11.What is the importance of soil? Explain the features of black soil.
Soil is the most important renewable natural resources. It is a medium of plant growths and
supports different types of living organisms on the earth
Features of black soil.
These soils are black in color and also known as regur soils
It has a larger proportion of clay and hence can retain moisture for long time
It develops deep cracks during summer which helps in aeration.
These soils re sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after first
shower or during pre-monsoon period .
It is rich in Calcium carbonate, lime and potash but poor in phosphoric content.
 12. Which is the most widely spread and important soil of India? State the features of this
type of soil.
The most widely spread and important soil of India is alluvial soil .
Alluvial soils is formed by the deposition of materials brought down by Rivers. High fertile
Consists various proportions sand silt and clay .
It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
Soils indry region are more alkaline and can be made productive after proper treatment and
irrigation.
There are two types soil Khader and Bangar Khadar soil is new alluvial which is fine and
fertile, while bangar soil is old alluvial which is coarse and less fertile.
It support variety of crops like paddy sugarcane, wheat and pulses.
13.What is soil erosion? What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
The denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.
The following steps can be taken to control sail erosion in hilly region.
Contour ploughing: Which refers ploughing along contour lines can decelerate the flow of
water down the slopes.
Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops to reduce the force of wind.
Shelter belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter to control wind flow.
Terrace farming: construction of steps along the hilly areas to reduce the flow of water.
14.How have technical and economic development led for more consumption of resources?
The consumption of resources depends needs and aspiration of the people which change with
the development of technology and economic development of the country.
In developed nations the needs of people are high they consume more resources, while in
developing nation the needs of people are less and consumption of resources also less.
For example in USA mineral consumption is five time more than the world average . With
economic development, demand for resources is faster than their population growth.
The increased income along with rapid economic development increased resource
consumption at individual level also.
Additional questions
1 .Write the features of laterite soils ,red soils, arid soils and forest soils.
2.What are the different types of soil erosion?
3.Differentiate between alluvial soil and black soil.
4.Differetiate between Bangar and Khadar alluvial soil
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