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Class: 10th Subject: Geography Prepared by: Towseef Sir

Chapter-1 Resources and development. Marks: 08
Resource Concept: Anything that fulfils people’s needs is known as
a resource. A resource must be physically accessible, economically
feasible and culturally acceptable. That is it is the interaction
between the human beings, their culture and the nature which
makes a thing a resource. Resource may be natural, like mineral
ores, water, soil, natural vegetation, and climate or human-made
like labour, skills, finance, capital, technology and working
environment.
Importance of natural resources:
a) Resources are used to satisfy human wants.
b) Resources are base for economic development for example
water, fossil fuel, solar energy is required for power
production
c) Resources are vital for human survival as well as maintaining
the quality of life.
d) Land which is a natural resource support natural vegetation,
wild life, human life and all economic activities. Water which
is another natural resource is essential for human, plant and
wild life.
Renewable Resources and Non-renewable Resources
On the basis of exhaustibility resources can be classified as
renewable resources and non-renewable resources
Non-renewable Resources:
Mineral resources coal, petroleum and natural gas are exhaustible,
non-renewable resources as they cannot be replaced once they are
consumed. These resources take millions of years in their
formation.
Renewable Resources (Flow Resources)
A recurrent resource which is not diminished when used, but which
gets restored is said to be a renewable resource. Examples include
solar, tidal and wind energy. Renewable resources may be
consumed without endangering future consumption as long as use
does not outstrip production of new resources, as in fishing.
Resource planning
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“Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper or judicious

use of resources.” Resource planning is a complex process which
involves:
a) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of
the country. This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources
b) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource
development plans.
c) Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.
Textual Questions
1. Multiple Choice questions
i) Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?
a) Renewable b) Biotic c ) Flow . d ) Non- renewable
ii) Under which of the following type of resource tidal energy
cannot be put?
a) Replenishable. b) Human made c) Abiotic. d )Non-
recyclable
iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land
degradation in Punjab?
a) Intensive agriculture b) Deforestation c) Over irrigation
d) over grazing
iv) In which one of the following states is terrace farming
practised?
a) Punjab b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh c ) Haryana d)
Uttarakhand
v) In which of the following States black soil is predominantly
found?
a) Haryana b) Maharashtra. c ) Rajasthan d ) Jharkhand
Answer the following questions in about 30 words
Q1. Name the three states having black soil and the crop which is
mainly grown in it
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Answer. Black soil is mostly found in plateaus of Maharashtra,

Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Black soil is ideal for growing
cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
Q2. What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern
coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer. In the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna
and the Kaveri rivers along the eastern coast of India is found
alluvial soil. The alluvial soils consists of various proportions of
sand, silt and clay. Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly
these soils contain adequate proportions of potash, phosphoric
acid and lime. However these are usually deficient in nitrogen and
humus content and this necessitates repeated addition of manure
and fertilizers to it.
Q3. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly
areas?
Answer. Soil erosion in hilly areas can be controlled by taking
following steps:
i. Maintaining a good plant cover so that soil is not exposed to the
agents of erosion.
ii. Making of terraces on slopes
iii. Construction of embankments and flood channels
iv. Cultivation on the steep slopes and excessive grazing should also
be avoided
Q4. What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some
examples.
Answer. On the basis of origin natural resources can be classified
as biotic resources and abiotic resources.
Biotic resources are obtained from biosphere and have life.
Examples of biotic resources include human beings, flora and
fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
Abiotic resources include all those resources which are composed
of non-living things. Examples of abiotic resources include rocks
and metals.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words .
Q1. Explain the land use pattern in India? Why has the land under
forest not increased much since 1960-61?
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Answer. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million square

kilometre. Of this much of land 45.5% is net sown area, 23.3% is
covered with forests, 5.5% is barren land which is unsuitable for
cultivation, 8.5% is fallow land in which no crop has been grown
for last one to five years, 3.3% is under permanent pastures and
grazing land, 4% is culturable waste land, 8.7% area is under non-
agricultural use and about 1.2% is under misc., tree crops and
grooves. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state
to another. It is over 80% of total area in Punjab and Haryana and
less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
The land under forests has not increased much since 1960-61
because of the following possible reasons:
i. Technological and economic development led to construction of
roads, railways, dams, which in turn caused deforestation.
ii. Ever increasing urbanization also became a hindrance in
increasing area under forests.
iii. In some regions uncontrolled industrialisation also became a
hindrance in the way of afforestation.
Q2. How have technical and economic development led to more
consumption of resources?
Answer. The technical and economic development has led to more
consumption of resources in the following ways
i. It provides equipments which increases production that leads to
consumption of more resources.
ii. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in
exploitation of resources.
iii. The economic development leads to the rise of needs of people
which result in more consumption of resources.
iv. Economic development provides favourable environment for
the development of latest technologies which help to convert
various materials into useful resources
Practices like mining, deep sea fishing, ocean floor mining,
construction of means of transport, urbanisation, industrialisation,
construction of dams and modern agricultural practices which owe
their origin to technical and economic development have also led to
an increased use of resources.
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Q-7. How over-irrigation and mining lead to land degradation?

Answer. Over-irrigation and mining lead to land degradation as:
a) Over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to
waterlogging which leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in
the soil. Water logging is a major issue in Punjab, Haryana and UP.
b) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement
industry calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge
quantities of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of
infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.

Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

( to be assessed in periodic tests only )
Multiple choice questions
(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion
of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion
(b) Large scale developmental projects
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection
(d) Rapid industrialization and urbanization
(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly
involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chippko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
2. Match the following animals with their category of existence.
Answer
Animals/Plants. Category of existence
Black buck. Endangered
Asiatic elephant Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig Endemic
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Himalayan brown bear . Rare

Pink head duck Extinct
3. Match the following.( Solved)
Answer
Reserved forests Forests are regarded as most
valuable as far as the conservation
of forests and wildlife resources .

Protected forests Forest lands are protected from any

further depletion.

Unclassified forests Other forests and wastelands

belonging to both government and
private individuals and
communities.

4. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human
Ans. Biodiversity refers to the amount of diversity between
different plants, animals and other species in a given habitat at a
particular time.
It is important for human lives because the human beings, along
with the biodiversity, form a complete web of ecological system in
which we are only a part and are very much dependent on this
system for our own existence.
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and
fauna? Explain.
Ans) Several human activities have affected the depletion of flora
and fauna and has led to decline in India’s biodiversity. The main
factors responsible for this damage are:
→Habitat destruction, mainly due to overpopulation.
→ Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animal skin, tusk,
bones, teeth, horns, etc have lead many species to the verge of
extinction.
→ Environmental pollution and poisoning of water bodies.
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→ Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation wiping out

valuable forests and wildlife.
→ Large scale development projects and destruction of forests.
→ Grazing and fuel wood collection.
→Over-exploitation of forest products.
5. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected
forests and wildlife in India.
Ans Indian forests are home to different communities. These
communities have a complex relationship with their environment.
The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship
Mahua and Kadamba trees; the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship
the tamarind and mango trees. Similarly, the Bishnois of Rajasthan
hold the antelopes in high reverence. For these communities,
particular flora and fauna are integral to their identity, so they take
a number of steps to protect the same. Villagers around the Sariska
Reserve have opposed mining activities in the region as these
activities endanger wildlife. Villagers in the Alwar district of
Rajasthan have banned hunting and lumbering activities in a 1200
hectare area they have marked as Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri'.
Such activities have helped preserve patches of virgin forest land.
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and
wildlife.
Ans. Good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife are
plenty. Nowadays, many non-governmental organisations are
working towards creating public awareness for conserving
depleting forest cover and vanishing wildlife. Central and state
governments in India have set up national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries to protect forests and endangered species in wildlife. A
recently developing practice towards conservation is the search for
different conservation measures. Biodiversity is the new by-word of
good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife. Various
communities, especially in tribal areas, who are dependent on
forests for their living are now taking an active role in this form of
conservation.
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Chapter-3 Water Resource ( To be assessed in periodic tests only )

1.Multiple choice questions.

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the
situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from
water scarcity’.
(a) A region with high annual rainfall.
(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population.
(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly
polluted.
(d) A region having low rainfall and low population.
Answer.
(a) A region with high annual rainfall – Not suffering from water
scarcity
(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population –
Suffering from water scarcity
(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted
– Suffering from water scarcity
(d) A region having low rainfall and low population – Not suffering
from water scarcity
(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in
favour of multipurpose river
projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer
from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control
floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and
loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries
and our homes.
(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and
rewrite them correctly.
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(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and
urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water
resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s
natural flow and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when
higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas,
particularly during droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water
harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability
due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.
Answer.
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and
urban lifestyles have resulted in improper utilisation of water
resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect the river’s natural flow
and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when
higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas,
particularly during droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practise of rooftop rainwater water
harvesting popularity is declining due to high water availability
from Indira Gandhi Canal.
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Ans.Water is a renewable resource as it gets renewed by water cycle
that includes three processes -evaporation, condensation and
precipitation. The water that disappears from the surface of earth
due to evaporation comes back in the form of rain. This process of
water cycle is never ending which makes it a renewable resource.
(ii)What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Ans.Scarcity of water is defined as a situation where there is lack of
fresh water resources to meet water demand. Growing population,
over-exploitation and unequal distribution of water among social
groups are the main causes of water scarcity.
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(iii)Compare the advantages and disadvantage of multi-purpose

river projects
Ans. Advantages of multi-purpose river projects: They are useful
for irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, inland
navigation, fish breeding, water supply for industrial and domestic
purposes and tourist attraction.
Disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects: The local flora and
fauna gets destroyed. Many native villages are submerged. The
natural flow of water is also affected.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of
Rajasthan is carried out.
Ans. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, almost all the
houses have traditionally constructed tanks for storing drinking
water. They are large and are a part of the well-developed rooftop
rainwater harvesting system. They are built inside the main house
or the courtyard, and are connected to the sloping roofs of the
houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops flows down
through the pipe and gets stored in these tanks. The first spell of
rain is not collected as it cleans the roofs and the pipes. The
rainwater from the next showers is then collected. The rainwater
can be stored in the tanks is considered as the most reliable source
of water particularly in summers when most of the water sources
are dried up. This stored water can be used till the next rainy
season.
ii) Discuss how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater
methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Ans. Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting
include:
1. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan 'Rooftop
rainwater harvesting' is practiced to store drinking water.
2.In hills and mountainous regions, people build diversion
channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for
agriculture
3.In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted
into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stagnate
and moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and the
‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
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4.In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have

adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method to conserve
water.
5.In Tamil Nadu, it has been made compulsory for all the houses to
have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures.
6.In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation
channels to irrigate their fields.
7.Bamboo drip irrigation system is also being used in Meghalaya
and other states in the North-East of India.

Chapter-4 Agriculture Marks: 07

Importance of agriculture in Indian economy
a. India is an agricultural country.
b. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on
agriculture for its livelihood.
c. Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
d. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.
e. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw
materials for industries.
f. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our
national prosperity.
Features of Indian agriculture:
a. Farmers own small piece of land and grow crops primarily for
their own consumption.
b. Animals play a significant role in the various kinds of
agricultural activities.
c. Farmers depend mainly upon monsoon rains.
Plantation agriculture:
a. Plantation farming is bush or tree farming.
b. The British introduced it in the nineteenth century.
c. It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices,
coconut and fruits like apples, grapes, oranges etc.
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d. It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability,

technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilizers, irrigation
and transport facilities.
e. Some of the plantations like tea, coffee, rubber have a processing
factory within the farm itself or close to it.
f. This type of agriculture has developed in hilly areas of north-
eastern India, sub-Himalayan, West Bengal and in Nilgiri,
Anamalai and Cardamom hills in peninsular India.
Distinguish between Kharif and Rabi crops
Kharif Crops Rabi Crops
1. Cultivation begins with the onset of monsoons in May..
2. Sowing of seeds is done in June or early July.
3. Crops are harvested in September- October.
4. Crops depend on the monsoons.
5. Types: Rice, millets, maize, groundnuts, jute, cotton and various
pulses.
Rabi Crops
1.. Cultivation begins with the withdrawal of monsoons in October.
2. Sowing of seeds is done in October- November.
3. Crops are harvested in April-May.
4. Crops depend on the sub-soil moisture.
5. Types : Wheat, gram and oil-seeds like mustard and rape-seeds
Textual Questions
Multiple choice questions
1. Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture
where a single crop is grown on a large area?
a) Shifting Agriculture. b) Plantation Agriculture
c) Horticultur. d) Intensive Agriculture
2. Which one of the following is a Rabi crop?
a) Rice b) Gram. c) Millets. d) Cotton
3. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
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a) Pulses b) Jawar. c) Millets d) Sasamum

4. Which one of the following is announced by the government in
support of a crop?
a) Maximum support price b) Minimum support price
c) Moderate support price d) Influential support price
2. Answer the following questions in 30 words
Q1. Name one important beverage crop and specify the
geographical conditions required for its growth.
Answer: Tea is an important beverage crop. To grow well, the tea
plant needs tropical or sub-tropical climates, and deep and fertile
well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter.
Q2. Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is
produced.
Answer: Rice is a staple food crop of India. It grows in the plains of
north and North-East India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
Q3. Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced
by the government in the interest of farmers.
Answer: The various institutional reform programmes introduced
by the government for the benefit of farmers are − Minimum
Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on
agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers,
Grameen banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme.
Q4. The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you
imagine its consequences?
Answer: A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with
increasing population can lead to serious food grain shortages. This
would in turn increase imports of food grains, thereby causing the
economy to reel under huge debts.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words
Q1. Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the
increase in agricultural production.
Answer: To ensure increase in agricultural production, the
government prioritised collectivisation, consolidation of holdings,
cooperation and abolition of Zamindari system. 'Land reform' was
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the main focus of the First Five Year Plans. In the 1960s and 1970s,
agricultural reforms were the order of the day. The Green
Revolution and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were
aimed at improving Indian agricultural productivity. During the
1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme
was initiated. Under this, various technical and institutional
reforms were introduced by the government for the benefit of
farmers, e.g., Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop
insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as
power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit Card,
Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, and special weather bulletins
and agricultural programmes like 'Krishi Darshan' on national
television.
Q2. Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
Answer: The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has been
felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important
export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in
Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food
grains, in order to supply dye to Britain’s flourishing textile
industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for
Indian agriculture.
Post liberalisation, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form
of competition from highly subsidised agriculture of developed
nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture
successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and
marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green
Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and
diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.
Q3. Describe the geographical conditions required for the
production of rice.
Answer. a) Temperature: It is a Kharif crop which requires high
temperature, and high humidity. This means monthly temperature
of about 25°C with minor variation during the sowing, growing and
harvesting season, is suitable for the growth of the plant.
b) Rainfall: Rice needs abundant rainfall, i.e., more than 100 cm. It
can grow in areas with less rainfall, but with assured irrigation.
Rice is grown in Punjab and Haryana with the help of irrigation.
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c) Soil: Rice can grow in a variety of soils including silts, loams and
gravels, but it is grown best in alluvial soil with a sub-soil of
impervious clay.
Rice is cultivated in almost all the states of India, but most of its
cultivation is concentrated in the river valleys, deltas of rivers and
the coastal plains. The main rice producing states are West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha, Karnataka,
Assam and Maharashtra.

Chapter – 5. Minerals and Energy Resource. Marks-03

Where are these minerals found?
Minerals are usually found in “Ores”. The term ore is described as
accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements, it should
have sufficient concentration to make its extraction viable. The
type of formation or structure in which they are found determines
their relative ease of mining and cost of extraction. Minerals
Generally Occur in These forms:
i. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the
cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called
vein and the larger are called lodes. They are formed when
minerals in liquid / molten & gaseous forms are forced upwards
through cavities towards earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as
they rise. They include tin, copper, Zinc, lead etc.
ii. Sedimentary Rocks: No. of minerals occur in beds and layers.
They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and
concentration. of horizontal strata eg Gypsum, potash salt &
sodium salt. They are formed as a result of evaporation in arid
region.
iii. Decomposition of Surface Rocks: Involves the removal of
soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material
containing ores eg. Bauxite.
iv. Alluvial Deposits: Occur in sands of valley floors and the base of
hills. These are called ‘Placer deposits ‘and are not corroded by
water eg. gold, silver, tin platinum.
v. Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals but most of
these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance,
however common salt, -+magnesium and bromine are largely
derived.
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Major Iron Ore Belts in India:

1. Orissa Jharkhand Belt: In Orissa high grade hematite ore is
found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar. In
Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.
2. Durg - Bastar - Chandrapur Belt: Lies in Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra high grade hematitis are found in Bailadila range of
hills in Chhattisgarh
3. Bellavy Chitradurga - Chikmaglur - Tumkur Belt: In Karnataka
has large reserves of iron ore. Kudermuch mines located in
Western Ghats of Karnataka and known to be one of the largest.
4. Maharashtra- Goa Belt: Includes state of Goa and Ratnagir
district of Maharashtra. Although ores are not of very high quality
yet they are efficiently exploited.
Conservation of Energy Resources:
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every
sector of national economy agriculture, industry, transport,
commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy. There is an
urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the
world. We have to adopt a caution approach for judicious use.
➢ Using public transport instead of individual.

➢ Switching of electricity when not in use.

➢ Using power saving devices.

➢ Using non-conventional sources of power.

Textual Questions
Q. Which one of the following minerals are formed by the
decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered
material?
(a) Coal (b) Bauxite (c Gold d) Zinc
Q. Koderma, in Jharkhand, is the leading producer of which one of
the following minerals?
(a) Bauxite (b) Mica. (c ) Iron Ore (d) Copper
Q. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of
the following rock
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a) Sedimentary Rocks (b) Metamorphic Rocks

(c ) Igneous Rocks (d) None of the above
Q. Which one of the following minerals is contained in the
Monazite sand?
(a) Oil (b) Uranium (c ) Thorium (d) Coal
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words
Q.1 a). Distinguish between Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Answer: Ferrous minerals are the metallic minerals containing
iron. For e.g. - Iron ore, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt etc.
While non-ferrous minerals are also metallic, but they do not
contain iron. For e.g. – Copper, lead, tin, bauxite etc.
b) Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources
of energy.
Answer: Conventional sources of energy are those which have been
in common use for a long time and include firewood, cattle dung
cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and
thermal).
While non-conventional sources of energy are solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal, biogas and atomic energy .
Q2. What is a mineral?
Answer: Minerals can be defined as a homogenous, naturally
occurring substances with a definable internal structure. Minerals
are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest
diamond to the softest talc.
Q3. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Answer: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals can occur in
the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller deposits are called
veins and the larger ones are called lodes.
Q4.Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Answer: Mineral deposits form only one per cent of the earth’s
crust. We need to conserve mineral resources because the
geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates
of replenishment are very small in comparison to the current rate
of consumption.
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3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words

Q1. Describe the distribution of coal in India
Answer: In India, coal can be found in rock series of two main
geological ages:
1. Gondwana (200 million years old)
2. Tertiary deposits (55 million years old)
The major resources of Gondwana coal are located in:
Damodar Valley (West Bengal – Jharkhand) – Jharia, Raniganj
and Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari valley,
Mahanadi valley, Son valley, Wardha valley also contain coal
deposits .
Tertiary coal occurs in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya,
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Q2. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in
India?
Answer: Solar Energy has a bright future in India because we are a
tropical country with enormous possibilities of tapping solar
energy. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote
areas. India’s largest solar power plant is located at Madhapur,
near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans. It is
expected that the use of solar energy will be able to minimise the
dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes,
which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and
adequate supply of manure in agriculture. Solar energy is a non-
conventional source of energy which is also renewable. Use of solar
energy will not only be good for the environment, but it will also
reduce our dependence on oil and gas.

Chapter-6 Manufacturing Industries. Marks-03

Importance of Manufacturing: Manufacturing sector is considered
the backbone of development in general and economic
development.
➢ Manufacturing industries helps in modernising agriculture.
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➢ It reduce the heavy dependence of people on agriculture income

by providing them jobs.
➢ Helps in eradication of unemployment & poverty.

➢ Helps in bringing down regional disparities.

➢ Exports of manufactured goods expand trade & commerce

Iron and Steel Industry:
➢ Iron and steel industry is the basic industry steel is needed to
manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material,
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of
consumer goods.
➢ Iron and steel industry is a heavy industry because all raw
material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing
heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are
required in 4 : 2 : 1
➢ India is an important iron and steel producing country in the
world yet we lag behind because.
a. High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
b. Lower productivity of labour.
c. Irregular supply of energy.
d. Poor infrastructure.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:
Industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and
development but increase in pollution results in degradation of
environment.
Types of Pollution:
Air Pollution: caused by undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide
and carbon monoxide, air borne particles such as dust, sprays, mist
& smoke.
Water Pollution: Caused by organic & inorganic industrial wastes
such as release of lead, mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic
chemical, plastics, rubber, fly ash, phosphogypsum etc.
Thermal Pollution: Caused by nuclear power plants nuclear &
weapon production cause cancers birth defects & miscarriages.
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Noise Pollution: Cause heaving impairment, increased heart rate &

blood pressure by making unwanted noise.
. Control of Environment Degradation:
➢ Minimising the use of water by reusing recycling.

➢ Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirement.

➢ Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing in ponds &

rivers, involves 3 steps.
1. Primary treatment by mechanical means.
2. Secondary treatment by biological process.
3. Tertiary treatment by biological chemical & physical processes.
Textual Questions
1. Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Which of the following industries uses limestone as a raw
material.
a) Aluminium. b) Cement. c) Plastic d)
Automobile
2. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the
public sector plants?
. a) HAIL. b ) SAIL. c ) TATA steel d ) MNCC
2. Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw
material?
a) Aluminium Smelting b ) Cement c) Paper d) Steel
3. Which one of the following industries manufacturers
telephone, computer etc.
. a) Steel. b ) Aluminium Smelting c ) Electronic d)
Information technology
3. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
Q1. What is manufacturing?
Answer: Production of goods in large quantities after processing
from raw materials to more valuable products, is called
manufacturing.
2. Name any three physical factors that affect location of the
industry.
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Answer: The three factors are:

1. Availability of raw materials.
2. Power resources
3. Favourable climate.
Q3. Name three human inputs/factors that control location of
industries.
Answer: Human inputs that control location of industries include
availability of labour force, nearness to market and transport
Q4. What are basic industries? Give an example.
Answer. Basic industries are those industries on which all the
others industries depends . For example iron and steel industry.
Q5. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing
of cement?
Answer: Limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum are the important
raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
4. Write the answers of the following questions in about 120
words .
Q1. How are the steel plants different from mini steel plants? What
problems does the industry face? What recent developments have
led to a rise in the production capacity?
Answer: Integrated steel plants are large and handle everything in
one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making,
rolling and shaping.
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap
and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well.
They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
The challenges faced by the steel industry are:

1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal

2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy
4. Poor infrastructure

Recent developments such as liberalisation and foreign direct

investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of
private entrepreneurs.
Q2 How do industries pollute the environment?
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Answer: Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:

a) Air
b) Water
c) Land
d) Noise

Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of

undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide
and airborne particulate matter.
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial
wastes, and effluents discharged into water bodies.
Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of waste
makes the soil useless for agricultural activities. The pollutants
then reach the groundwater through the soil and contaminate it.
Noise pollution is caused by industrial machinery , construction
activities and different means of transport.
Q3. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental
degradation by industry?
Answer: The steps that can be taken to minimise environmental
degradation by industries are:

1. Adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing

equipment to improve energy efficiency.
2. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting
smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
4. Using silencers for noise generating equipment.
5. Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and
recycling it, is done in two or more successive stages.
6. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
7. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into
rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three

phases:
1. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves
screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
2. Secondary treatment by biological process.
☆☆ Prepared by: Towseef Sir ☆☆ 23

3. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical

processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Chapter-7. Lifelines of Indian Economy. Marks - 04

Roadways:
➢ India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Its
importance can be viewed.
a. Construction cost of roads is much lower.
b. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and
undulating topography.
c. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope & as such can
traverse mountains.
d. It is economical.
e. It provides door to door services.
f. It is used as feeder to other modes of transport.
Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
➢ The Govt. has launched a major road development project
linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai & Delhi by six-lane super
highways.
➢ The North-South corridors linking Srinagar [Jammu & Kashmir]
& Kanyakumari [T.N.] & East-West Corridor Connecting Silcher
(Assam) & Porbander (Gujarat). The major objective of these super
highways is to reduce time & distance.
Railways:
➢ The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country
has been largely influence by physiographic, economic and
administrative factors.
➢ The Himalayan mountains regions are unfavourable for the
construction of railway lines due to high relief sparse population &
each of economic opportunities.
➢ The northern plains provide most favourable condition having
high population density.
☆☆ Prepared by: Towseef Sir ☆☆ 24

➢ Rivers also create problem for lay down of railway tracts.

Pipelines:
➢ Pipelines transport network is a new arrival on the
transportation map of India. Its initial cost is high but subsequent
running costs are minimal. It is used for transporting crude oil,
petroleum product & natural gas.
➢ Three Important Networks are:
1. Oil field in Assam to Kanpur (U.P.), via Guwahati, Barauni &
Allahabad.
2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar. In Punjab via Viramgam,
Mathura, Delhi & Panipat.
3. Gas pipelines from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in UP
via Vijaypur in Madhya Pradesh.
International Trade:
➢ The exchange of goods among people; states & countries is
referred to as trade. Trade between two or more countries is called
International Trade.
➢ Exports and imports are the components of trade. The balance of
a trade of a country is the
difference b/w its export and import.
➢ When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, it is
called favourable balance of trades.
Tourism as a Trade:
➢ Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspect of
trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It helps in
a. Promotion of National Integration.
b. Providing support to local handicrafts
c. Providing support to cultural pursuits.
d. Development of international understanding about our culture
and heritage.
Textual Questions
1. Multiple Choice Questions
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Q1 Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by

the east-west corridor?
(a) Mumbai and Nagpur. (b)Mumbai and Kolkata. (c)
Silcher and Porbander (d) Nagpur and Siligudi
Q2 Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses
and delays?
(a) Railways (b) Pipeline. (c) Roadways. (d) Waterways
Q3.Which one of the following states is not connected with the
H.V.J. pipeline?
(a) Madhya Pradesh . (b) Gujarat (c) Maharashtra (d) Uttar
Pradesh
Q4.Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and
well protected port along the east coast?
(a) Chennai (b) Tuticorin (c) Paradwip (d)
Vishakhapatnam
Q5.Which one of the following is the most important modes of
transportation in India?
(a) Pipeline. (b) Roadways. (c) Railways . (d) Airways
Q6.Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade
between two or more countries?
(a) Internal trade. (b) External trade (c) International trade
(d) Local trade
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words
Q1. State any three merits of roadways.
Answer: Three merits of roadways are as follows:
1. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway
lines,
2. Roads can go through more dissected and undulating land areas
3. Transportation of goods by roadways is economical as loading
costs are low and they also provided the door to door services.
Q2.Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of
transportation?
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Answer: Rail transport is the most convenient means of transport

all over the country. It is especially suited to long distance travel by
people and also for transportation of goods in bulk. A train can
carry a large number of people or large bulks of goods at one go.
Thus, cost of transportation per unit becomes quite less compared
to other modes of transport
Q3.What is the significance of the border roads?
Answer: Border roads play significant role in connecting the
inaccessible areas along the border to the rest of the country.
Border roads also have strategic importance because they provide a
channel to carry soldier and artilleries in case of a threat on the
border
Q4 What is meant by trade? What is the difference between
international and local trade?
Answer: The exchange of goods among people, states and countries
is referred to as trade or a business activity between two or more
parties is called trade. The trade within the country is called local
trade or domestic trade. The trade between two countries is called
international trade.
2. Answer the following questions in about 120 words
Q1.Why are the means of transportation and communication called
the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
Answer: The means of transportation and communication are
called the lifelines of a nation and its economy because they are the
pre-requisites for fast development. Means of transportation
provide seamless movement of goods and services and thus
facilitate economic activities Means of communication help in flow
of information which is necessary for proper management of
supply chain and financial transactions. Today, India is well-linked
with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and
linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways,
waterways, newspapers, radio, cinema, television and internet etc.
have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many
ways. Along with trade, these different means of transport and
communication have enriched our life and added substantially to
growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.
Q2.Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade
in the last fifteen years.
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Answer: Some of the changes in the international trade in the last

fifteen years are as follows:
1.Exchange of information and knowledge has surpassed the
exchange of goods and commodities.
2.India has emerged as a software giant at the international level
and is earning huge amounts of foreign exchange through its
advanced software knowledge and excellence in the field of
information technology.
3.Tourism has also played a big role in improving India's position
in the international trade. Tourism in India has grown
substantially over the last three decades.
4.The commodities imported by India included petroleum and
petroleum products (41.87%), pearls and precious stones
(29.26%), inorganic chemicals (29.39%), coal, coke and briquettes
(94.17%) machinery (12.56%).
5. Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for
39.09% of total imports. This group includes fertilisers (67.01%),
cereals (25.53%), edible oils (7.94%) and newsprint (5.51)
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

When you stop chasing the wrong things, you give the right things a
chance to catch you.”