SKIE CLASSES

UQAAB - FREE FOUNDATION COURSE

A SKIE IS A LIMIT

SUB :- GEOGRAPHY TOPIC:- T2

COMPILED BY:-

STUDENT NAME:-………………………………………………………………………………………….
TH
CLASS 10
info@skie.live
+91-8899880136
 CONTENTS:
i) Resources and Development
ii) Forests and Wildlife resources
iii) Water Resources
iv) Agriculture
v) Minerals and Energy Resources
vi) Manufacturing Industries
vii) Lifelines of National Economy
 CHAPTER 1
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q1:Multiple choice questions:

i. Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?
(a) Renewable (c) Flow
(b) Biotic (d) Non-renewable
Ans:(d)Non-renewable
ii. Under which of the following type of resource tidal energy can be put?
(a) Replenishable (c) Abiotic
(b) Human-made (d) Non-recyclable
Ans:(a)Replenishable
iii. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation (c) Over Irrigation
(b) Deforestation (d) Overgrazing
Ans:(c) Over Irrigation
Iv. In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?
(a) Punjab (c) Haryana
(b) Plains of UttarPradesh (d) Uttarakhand
Ans:(d)Uttarakhand
v. In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
(a) Haryana (c) Rajasthan
(b) Maharashtra (d) Jharkhand
Ans:(b)Maharashtra
Q2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
I. Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Ans:The three states having black soil are: Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
The crop which is mainly grown in black soil is cotton.

ii. What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three
main features of this type of soil.
Ans: Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.
Three main features of this type of soil are:
I. This type of soil is widely spread and most fertile among all soil types,
II. This type of soil is composed of material drawn from different rocks and
therefore contain a great variety of salts, and
III. This type of soil is fine-grained, highly porous and light and thus is easily
tilled and best for agriculture.
iii. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
Ans: Following steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas:
Terrace Farming: Ploughing at right angles to the slope allows the furrows
to trap water and check soil erosion by rain water.
Terracing: It is dividing a slope into several flat fields to control rapid runoff
Water.
Strip-cropping: It is a system in which ordinary farm crops are planted in
relatively narrow strips across the slope of the land. The main objective is to
reduce the capacity of run-off or blow-off of soil.
Plugging of Gullies: This is done by building dams of stones or fixing wire
netting or planting trees across gullies. These measures check the
Floodwaters, and cause filling of silt in the gullies.
Afforestation: Planting of trees and vegetation reduces soil erosion by both
Water and wind.
iv. What are biotic and abiotic resources? Give examples.
Ans: Biotic resources: They include all resources obtained from living
things like Plants and animals. They include forests, wild life, and birds, fishes etc.
They can continue to reproduce and regenerate their population until
environmental conditions remain favourable and an adequate seed supply is
maintained.
Abiotic resources: They are obtained from non-living or physical Environment.
They include minerals, land, water, air etc. some abiotic resources are nonrenewable like minerals while water
and air are renewable resource

Q3: Explain land use pattern in India and why the land has under forest not increased much since
1960-61?
Answer: Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, construction
of houses and roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as land use.
The use of land is determined by physical as well as human factors which include
topography, soil, climate, resources, population and valuable technology. Land use
Pattern provides the figures, showing distribution of the total geographical area of the
Country into its various uses. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 m.sq. kms but
land use data, however, is available only for 93% of the total geographical area. Of this
about 23.3% (2014-15 statistics) is under forest cover, barren and un-cultivable waste
land is 5.5%, area under non agricultural use is 8.7%, permanent pastures and grazing
land is3.3%, area under miscellaneous tree crops and groves is 1%, cultivable waste
land is 4%, current fallows are 4.9% and other fallows are 3.6%and land under net
sown area is 45.5%.
The land under forests presently is 23.3% (2014-15 statistics) which is ahead of 1960-
61 forest Statistics which shows land under forests was only18.11% of total land area.
This increase has not been up to the expectations because there is much pressure on
land because of cultivation, pastures, housing and factories which are also quite
important and necessary. It is important for the government and people to ensure that
they increase the area under forests for reasons more than one.
(ii) : How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of
resources?
Answer: The technological and economic development have led to more
Consumption of resources in the following ways:
1. It provides equipments which increases production which in turn leads to the
more consumption of resources.
2. Introduction of sophisticated machinery and development of various types of
industries also helps in more exploitation of resources.
3. Economic development has increased the living standard of the people which in
turn has led to the rise of needs of people and thus more consumption of
resources.

4. Economic development provides favourable environment for development of

latest technologies which helps to convert various materials into resources.
5. Goods become outdated very fast and development of advanced goods with the
latest technology requires more resources.
6. Urbanization, population explosion and development of various fields concerning
humans have also led to the consumption of more resources.

Additional questions:
1) Write a short note on classification of resources.

Ans:The resources can be classified in the following ways:

a) On the basis of origin------- Biotic and Abiotic

b) On the basis of exhaustibility------- Renewable and Non Renewable
c) On the basis of ownership------- Individual,Community,National and International
d) On the basis of status of development-------Developed,Potential,Stock and Reserve.

2) Write a short note on ‘Reserve’ Resources.

Ans: Reserves are the subset of stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know-how’
but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be
used for generating hydroelectricity but presently, it is being utilized only to a limited extent.

3) Resources should be “Culturally acceptable”. Explain.

Ans: It means that culture and people must accept it. It should not hurt the cultural and religious sentiments of
a community. More over geographical and climatic conditions should permit its use.e.g Alcohol is not a
culturally acceptable resource to the Muslim societies.

4) What are Renewable resources?

Ans: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are
known as renewable or replenishable resources e.g. water,forests,wildlife,solar energy etc.
5) Differentiate between National and International Resources.

Ans:

National Resources International Resources

All the resources within the political
boundaries and Oceanic area up to 12
Nautical Miles (22.2 kms) from the coast
termed as territorial waters.
The utilization of these resources does
not need the consent of international
bodies.e.g.coal,petroleum,iron etc.
Resources which belong to the world or oceanic resources
beyond 200 Nautical Miles(370 kms) of the Exclusive Economic
Zone are known as international resources.
The utilization of these resources requires the consent of of
international bodies.e.g space,fishing beyond EEZ.etc.
Fish catch in international waters beyond EEZ is regulated by
Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO).

6) Define the term ‘Nautical Mile”.

Ans: A Nautical Mile (Nmi) is a unit of length used in air, marine and space navigation. One Nautical Mile is
equivalent to 1852 meters or 1.852 kms or 1.15 miles.

7) What do mean by EEZ.

Ans: Exclusive Economic Zone (12-200 Nmi) is a sea or oceanic area on which a coastal country has special
rights of exploration of marine resources. The said country has rights over energy production from its waters
and wind. This area is guaranteed by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

8) What is Sustainable Development?

Ans: Sustainable Development means development should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

9) What is ‘Agenda 21’?

Ans: It is a declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, which took place at Rio de Janerio, Brazil.It aims at achieving global Sustainable Development in
the 21st century.

10) What is Resource Planning?

Ans: Resource Planning is a skill or technique of proper and judicious utilization of resources.

11) What are the different steps involved in Resource Planning?

Ans: Resource Planning is a complex process which involves;

a) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of a country.

b) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for
implementing resource development plans.
c) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
12) What are the factors that determine the use of land?

Ans: The use of land is determined both by physical factors like topography, climate and soil types as well as
human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions.

13) Name the different types of soil found in India.

Ans: The different types of soil found in India are Alluvial Soil, Black Soil, Red and Yellow soil, Laterite Soil, Arid
Soil and Forest and mountainous Soil.

14) Give two characteristics of alluvial soil.

Ans: The two main characteristics of alluvial soil are;

a) It is the most widespread soil in India accounting for 45.6% of total land area.
b) It is made by deposits brought down by the three Himalayan rivers ever year and are very fertile and
are suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane,paddy,wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
 CHAPTER 4:
AGRICULTURE
Q1: Multiple choice questions.

i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a
large area?
a) Shifting Agriculture c)Horticulture
b) Plantation Agriculture d)Intensive Agriculture
Ans: b) Plantation Agriculture

ii. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

a) Rice c) Millets
b) Gram d) Cotton
Ans: b) Gram

iii. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

a) Pulses c)Millets
b) Jawar d) Sesamum
Ans: a) pulses

Q2: Answer the following questions in 30 words:

i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Answer: Tea is the main beverage crop of India.

The most suitable geographical conditions for cultivation of tea are:

Tea plant needs temperature ranging from 25° C to 30° C and heavy rainfall of 150-200cms.
Rainfall should be well distributed throughout the year. It needs well drained deepfertile soils such
as forest soils rich in organic matter. Water should not stagnate in itsroots. Therefore, hilly gentle
slopes are ideal for its growth.

II. Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

Ans: Rice is one of most important staple crop of India and is grown in over 40 million
hectares approximately. It is grown mainly in West Bengal, U.P, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

I. Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest
of farmers.
Ans: Following are various institutional reform programmes introduced by government of India after
Independence in the interest of farmers:
  The first most important step taken was collectivization, consolidation of land holdings and
abolition of Zamindari
 Agriculture and land reform was the main focus of first year plan.
 Credit facilities and information dissemination regarding agriculture were also introduced for
the interest of farmers.

III. The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?

Ans: Reduction in land under cultivation is declining with each passing day which in turn may
have serious consequences. They may be

 There can be food scarcity which can lead to starvation.

 There can be loss of fodder for livestock.
 Loss of revenue and employment may be other serious consequence.
 Raw material shortage for agro based industries will also happen.
 Economic development of the country and trade will be jeopardized.

Q3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words:

I. Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural Production.

Ans: After independence, India was facing serious problem of food shortage forwhich government
took various steps regarding land reforms to boost the production and productivity. These steps
are given as under:
1. Abolition of Zamindari andJagirdari system: In order to correct land ownership, First step was the
abolition of Zamindari and Jagirdari system. The tenants became owners and they started taking
pains and consequently the production increased.
2. Ceiling on land holdings: The second step barred farmers from owning land beyond the ceiling
limits and their surplus land was re-distributed by government among landless farmers which in
turn proved beneficial with regard to agricultural production.
3. Consolidation of land holdings: Before independence, land holdings were small and scattered and
thus were uneconomic. The government, after independence, started to consolidate the land into
larger holdings so that land could be looked after at one place and this also proved a healthy step
for agricultural and consequently increasing production.
4. Credit facilities:The government gave credit facilities through village co-operative banks at very
reasonable interest rates. This helped farmers to improve their part of land and thus helped in
increasing the production.
5. Irrigation development: Multipurpose projects were launched in first five years in order to increase
the arable land under irrigation which in turn increased the intensity of cropping.

II. Describe the impact of globalization on Indian agriculture.

Ans: Globalization of agriculture means that every country of the world should have a free access
to the markets of other countries as far as agricultural products are concerned.
Impact of Globalization on Indian agriculture:
 Indian farmers are now exposed to new industrial environment. They would have to compete with
farmers of other countries in producing quality and competitive goods or products.
 With the use of favourable climatic conditions, better soils, modern equipments and efficient
labour, we will have to produce goods which can compete in the world market.
 India would need the technology being used by foreign countries.
 Infrastructure like development of roads, electricity, irrigation, credit facilities will have to be
developed.
 Globalization of agriculture requires most modern machines and equipments with entirely
technical knowhow.
III. Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Answer: India is one of the leading producers of rice in the world and stands second after China in
production.
Rice is a crop of tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is generally grown in the low lying flood plains,
delta regions and low lying areas where irrigation facilities are available.
 Temperature: Rice requires mean temperature of 25° C to 27°C.
 Moisture: It is a crop of humid areas with average rainfall over 150 cm. But more water is required
in beginning. In areas of inadequate rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation.
 Soil: Deep clay soil with fine silt is very suitable for rice. This soil can retain moisture for a longer
period.
 Labour: Cheap labour in large quantity is essential because it is required for re-planting of rice
plants by hand.

Additional questions:
1) What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
Ans: The importance of agriculture in Indian economy can be well understood by the following facts.
a) India is an agricultural country.
b) Nearly two-third of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.
c) Agriculture is the mainstay of India’s economy
d) It accounts for 26% of the GDP.
e) It ensures food security for the country and produces raw materials for agro based industries.
f) Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity.
2) What is plantation agriculture?
Ans: plantation is a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a
large area. Plantations cover a large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of
migrant labours.All the produce is used as raw material in respective
industries.Tea,Coffee,rubber,sugarcane are some important plantation crops.
3) Distinguish between Rabi and Kharif crops.
Ans:
Kharif crops Rabi crops
Cultivation begins with the onset of Cultivation begins with the withdrawal
monsoons in May. of monsoons in October.
Sowing of seeds is done in June or early July. Sowing of seeds is done in October-
November.
 Crops are harvested in September-October. Crops are harvested in April-May.
Important crops grown during this season are Important crops grown during this
paddy,maize,jowar,bajra,cotton,jute,soyabea season are wheat,barley.peas,gram
n. and mustard.

4) Write a short note on Bhoodan Movement.

Ans: Bhoodan Movement or Land Gift Movement also known as Bhoodan Voluntary Land Reform
Movement was launched a Gandhian Acharya Vinobhave in 1951.The movement attempted to
persuade wealthy land owners to voluntarily give a percentage f their land to landless people. This
Bhoodan Gramdan movement is also known as ‘Blood-less Revolution’.
5) Write a short note on shifting cultivation?
Ans: Shifting cultivation or jhum cultivation is done on small patches of land in forests by the tribals.They
cut the tops of the tree to let the sunlight reach the ground. They burnt the vegetation on the land to clear
it for cultivation. They spread the ash of fire to fertilize the soil. They cut trees and scratch the soil to
prepare it for cultivation. They scatter seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sow the seeds.
Once the crop was harvested, they moved to another field.

6) Distinguish between Tea and Coffee cultivation.

Ans:
Tea cultivation Coffee cultivation
It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical It requires hot and humid climate.
climate.
It requires warm and moist free climate. It does not tolerate frost, snowfall, high
temperature above 30ºC.
It requires deep and fertile well drained soil, The Arabic variety was brought from Yemen.
rich in humus and organic matter.
It requires abundant cheap and skilled labour. Dry weather is necessary at the time of
ripening of berries.
Major tea producing states are Assam, West It is grown on hills around
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Nilgiris,Karnataka,Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

7) State any one feature of primitive subsistence agriculture.

Ans: Primitive Subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools
like hoe, digging sticks and family/community labour.
8) What are the different names of ‘Slash and Burn agriculture’ in different countries.
Ans: The different names of ‘Slash and Burn agriculture’ in different countries is as under.
a) Mexico --- Milpa
b) Venezuela --- Conuco
c) Brazil --- Roca
d) Central Africa --- Masole
e) Indonesia --- Ladang
f) Vietnam --- Ray
 9) When does ‘Zaid’ season fall?
Ans: Zaid season falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons during summer months.
10) What is intensive subsistence farming?

Ans: It is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for

obtaining higher production.

CHAPTER NUMBER 5
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Q1: Multiple choice questions.

i. Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of
weathered material?
a) Coal c) Gold
b) Bauxite d) Zinc
Ans: b) Bauxite

ii. Koderma, in Jharkhand is leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
a) Bauxite c)Iron ore
b) Mica d) Copper
Ans: b) Mica

iii. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks?
a) Sedimentary rocks c) Igneous rocks
b) Metamorphic rocks d) None of the above
Ans: a) Sedimentary rocks

iv. Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
a) Oil c) Thorium
b) Uranium d) Coal
Ans: c) Thorium
 Q2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

i. Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.

a) Ferrous and non-Ferrous minerals.

Ferrous minerals Non-Ferrous minerals

Minerals having iron content and used in iron and Minerals having no iron content like gold, copper,
steel industry are called ferrous minerals. etc. are called non- ferrous minerals.

They are grayish in color and form basis of They have different colors and are important for
machinery. economic growth.

They are found in crystalline rocks. They can be found in all the types of rocks.

b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy.

These sources of energy are familiar to most
people and have been in common use for a long
time.
These sources are also called traditional sources of
energy and are non – renewable like coal, wood
etc.
These sources of energy are not familiar to most
people and have been in use in recent times.
These sources of energy are also called alternative
sources of energy and are renewable.e.g. Tidal
energy, wind energy etc.

These are expensive. These are inexpensive.

I) What is a mineral?
Answer: For a specimen to be considered as a mineral, it must classify three conditions:

 It must be natural,
 It must be inorganic( exception may be there), and
 It must have a definite chemical composition.
II) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

Ans: Igneous rocks are basic rocks from which other rocks are formed. Metamorphic rocks are the altered
form of igneous rocks. These rocks are formed when minerals in liquid or molten and gaseous forms are
forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface and due to low temperature outside solidify into
igneous rocks. Thus igneous and metamorphic rocks are full of different kinds of minerals.

III) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

Ans: Minerals have certain characteristics. They are unevenly distributed over space. They are limited in
quantity and most importantly are exhaustible over time. They take long to develop geologically and can’t be
replenished immediately at the time of need. Thus, they have to be conserved and not misused as they don’t
have the second crop.
Q3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

i. Describe the distribution of coal in India.

Ans: Coal is the most important source of energy in India. The coal bearing strata of India are geologically
classified into two main categories viz. the Gondwana coal fields and the tertiary coal.

a. Gondwana coal: These coal deposits are 200 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal,
which is metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley, Sone valley, Mahanadi valley and Wardha valley.

b. Tertiary coal: These deposits are about 50 million years old and are primarily confined to the extra-
peninsula.

State wise distribution and production of coal are given below:

Jharkhand: Jharkhand is the largest producer with respect to reserves and production of coal in India.
Important coal fields of this state are Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Ramgarh, Aurangabad and Hutar.

Chhattisgarh: Majority of the coal fields are located in the northern part of the state. Important coal fields are
Kurasia, Bisrampur, Jhilmil, sonhat and Lakhanpur.

Odhisa: Talcher and Rampur are important coal fields of this state.

Madhya Pradesh: Singrauli, Suhagpur, Johilla and Umaria are the main producers.

Maharashtra: Chanda-Wardha, Kamptee and Bander produce the bulk of Maharashtra's coal.

Andhra Pradesh: Most of the coal fields are found in the Godavari valley. Kantapalli and Singareni are
important coal fields.

West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir are other notable producers.

ii. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

Answer: Solar energy has a bright future in India as is evident from the following points:

i. India is a tropical country as such it has wider scope for the production of solar energy.
ii. The solar energy can be used profitably because it is a renewable source of energy and can be used over
and over again.
iii. Sunlight is a free gift of nature so a large number of people belonging to lower strata of the society can
easily make use of solar energy.
iv. Solar energy can help us a lot in saving our foreign exchange.
v. Solar energy can be used by humans for a lot of things in his day to day life like cooking, lighting etc.
Additional questions:
1) Name some major iron ore belts in India.
Ans: The major iron ore belts in India are;
a) Odisha-Jharkhand belt
b) Durg- Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chattisgarh and Maharashtra
c) Ballari-Chittradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka
d) Maharashtra-Goa belt

2) Distinguish between Anthracite and Bituminous Coal.

Ans:

Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal

This is the best quality of coal. It is second in quality after anthracite.

It contains 90-95% of carbon content in it. It contains 60-80% of carbon content in it.

It is generally formed when the beds of coal It is widely used.

are subject to extreme pressure and heat to
the earth`s movements.

3) Distinguish between metallic and non metallic minerals.

Ans:

Metallic minerals Non metallic minerals

They can be melted to obtain new products. They do not yield new products on melting.

They are usually hard and have shine or luster. They are not so hard and have no shine or
luster.

They are ductile and malleable. They are not ductile and malleable.

They are generally associated with igneous They are generally associated with
rocks. sedimentary rocks.

When hit, they do not get broken. When hit, they may get broken into pieces.

E.g. copper, iron,aluminium,tin,silver. E.g.sulphur, coal mica, salt.

4) What do you understand by ‘Rat-hole Mining’?

Ans: Rat-hole Mining involves digging of very small tunnels, usually only3-4 feet high, which workers
(often children) enter and extract coal. This type of mining is mostly practiced in North-East India.
5) What is ‘Geo-thermal’ energy?
Ans: Geo-thermal refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the
earth. There are two geo-thermal projects in India. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in
Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Pugga valley Ladakh.
6) Discuss the importance of minerals in human life.
Ans:
i) Minerals are an indispensible part of human life. Almost all things we use are made of minerals.
ii) Human beings use minerals for their livelihood.
 iii) Buildings, ships, railway lines, cars, buses, airplanes and various implements are manufactured
from minerals.
iv) Our food too contains minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals.
7) Describe the different types of iron ores and their importance.
Ans: There are four types of iron ores;
a) Magnetite: It is the finest quality with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent
magnetic qualities, especially valuable in electrical industry.
b) Haemitite: It has content of iron between 50-60 per cent. It is the most important industrial iron that is
used in industries.
c) Limonite:It has iron content of about 40-60 per cent.
d) Siderite: It has iron content of between 40-50 per cent.

8) Describe the uses of manganese. Where is it found in India?

Ans: Uses of manganese:
a) It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-mangnese alloy.
b) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

The leading producers of manganese in India are Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh.
9) Name the different types of coal.
Ans: There are four types of coal, i.e. Peat, Lignite. Bituminous and Anthracite.
10) Write a short note on bauxite.
Ans: Bauxite is clay like substance from which aluminum is obtained. Aluminum is an important metal
because it combines the strength of metals like iron, with extreme lightness and also with good
conductivity and malleability.

CHAPTER NUMBER 6
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Q no. 1: Multiple choice questions:

I. Which of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?

a) Aluminum c) Plastic
b) Cement d) Automobile
Ans: b) Cement

II. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
a) HAIL c) TATA Steel
b) SAIL d) MNCC
Ans: b) SAIL
 III. Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
a) Aluminum Smelting c) Paper
b) Cement d) Steel
Ans: a) Aluminum Smelting

IV. Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computers, etc?
a) Steel c) Aluminum smelting
b) Electronic d) Information technology
Ans: Electronic

Q2: Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words:

I. What is manufacturing?
Ans: Manufacturing is the process of conversion of raw materials into useful finished Products with
the help of machines. It is a secondary occupation of man. Manufacturing has a major role in
utilization of resources as these transform resources into more valuable goods.

II. Name any three physical factors for the location of an industry.
Ans:The three physical factors important for the location of an industry are Raw Material,
Availability of water and Climate.

III. Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
Ans: The three human factors important for the location of an industry are Labour, Banking and
Market.

IV. What are basic industries? Give an example.

Ans: The industries which produce the basic material for the use in other industries are known as
basic industries. They are the back-bone of the industrial development of a country. Iron and steel
industry is example of basic industry.

V. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.

Ans:Limestone

Q3: Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words:

I. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problem does the industry
face? What recent developments have led to arise in the production capacity?

Ans: Difference between Integrated steel plants and Mini steel plants:
 The integrated steel plants are larger in size as compared to the mini steel plants.
 The integrated steel plants handle everything in one single complex-from putting together raw
material to steel making, rolling and shaping while the mini steel plants use steel scrap, sponge
iron and sometimes steel ingots supplied by integrated steel plants.
 Integrated steel plants manufacture all types of steel but mini steel plants only produce mild
and alloy steel of given specification.
 Problems faced by the steel industry:
 It has to face the tough competition of different steel producing countries especially china.
 It faces high costs and limited supply of coking coal and irregular supply of electricity.
 It has poor infrastructure.
 It suffers from Lower productivity of labour.

Recent developments leading to rise in the production:

 Liberalization has given a great boost to the industry.
 Direct investment coupled with the efforts of private entrepreneurs further led to the
development of this industry.
ii. How do industries pollute the environment?

Ans: The quickening of the process of industrialization out of all proportions has created many serious
problems. It has led to pollution and degradation of the environment in a number of ways which are:
 Emitting harmful effluents and smoke into the Air: Industries use coal, mineral oil and gas day
in and day out and thus emit many harmful effluents and smoke into the air which leads to the
pollution of the air and degradation of the environment.

 Discharging large quantities of chemical waste and Garbage into the water: Almost all the
industries pollute the water by discharging large quantities of chemical wastes and garbage in it
or through it.

 Degradation of land: Harmful effluents of factories and their chemical wastes do not spare the
land as well. When polluted water finds no outlet and begins to stagnate at a particular place, it
will render such land quite degraded and useless.

 Ill effects of industrial slums on Environment: Industries depend upon labourers and workers in
large numbers. They build Jhuggis near and around the factories and within no time slum after
slum come into existence. They defecate in the open and pollute the whole environment.

iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry.

Various steps can be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry which may be:
 Use of hydro electricity: Instead of thermal power, hydel power can be used as it is both pollution
free as well as an inexhaustible source of power.
 Use of higher quality coal for thermal plants: In certain cases, coal is to be used in thermal plants to
produce electricity, then only the higher quality coal should be used which emits less smoke.
 Shifting of factories out of Municipal limits: All those factories which pollute the environment
should be shifted out of municipal limits so that they don’t pollute the environment within city areas
as they are densely inhabited.
 Discharging the dirty water after treating it: Dirty water should be treated first before allowing it to
release into surroundings so that its ill effects are minimized.
  Planting of trees and creating mini forest areas: planting trees around factories or creating mini
forested areas around factories can minimize both pollution and degradation of the environment.

Additional questions:
1) What are ‘Light Industries’?
Ans: Industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries.e.g.
Industries manufacturing sewing machine and electric fans.
2) Why are most of the jute mills located in West Bengal?
Ans: Most of the jute mills are located in West Bengal because;
a) About 90% of India’s jute is produced in the Ganga-Brahamputra delta. Hence there is abundant
regular supply of jute.
b) Hooghly River provides fresh water in abundance for processing raw jute.
c) Cheap skilled and unskilled labour is available from the densely populated states of West Bengal,
Bihar and U.P.
d) Cheap water transportation with a network of roads and railways help in collection of raw material
and distribution of finished goods.
e) Cheap and adequate hydel power is available from the Damodar Valley Corporation.
f) Kolkata provides good port facilities for the import of machinery and export of finished jute
products.
3) Why is Iron and Steel industry located in peninsular India only?
Ans: Iron and Steel industry located mainly in peninsular India because of the following reasons:
a) All the raw materials required for iron and steel industry like iron-ore, coking coal and limestone are
available in this area.
b) Means of transport, like railways and roads, also pass through this area o n a larger scale, so
manufactured goods can easily be distributed with in the country and also exported to other countries.
c) Easy availability of cheap and abundant labour.
4) Write a short note on classification of Industries.
Ans: Industries may be classified as follows:
a) On the basis of raw material: Agro based, Mineral based, Marine based, Forest based industries.
b) On the basis of ownership: Public sector, Private sector, Joint sector and Cooperative sector industries.
c) On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: Heavy and Light industries.
d) On the basis of main role: Basic or Key and Consumer industries.
e) On the basis of capital investment: Small Scale and Large Scale industries.
5) What are cooperative Industries?
Ans: They are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw material, workers or both. They
pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately.E.g.Amul and Kerala Cooperative Milk
Marketing Federation.

6) What do you mean by ‘Agglomeration Economies’?

Ans: Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers is
known as agglomeration economies.
7) Why in recent years the sugar mills have shifted to southern and western states?
Ans: The sugar mills have shifted to southern and western states in recent years due to the following
reasons:
a) The cane produced in western states has higher sucrose content.
b) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
c) The cooperatives are more successful in these areas.
8) Why is cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today?
Ans:
a) Cotton textile industry contributes 14% of the total industrial production.
b) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly, which is second largest after agriculture.
c) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP).
9) What are ‘Consumer Industries’?
Ans: Those industries that produce goods for direct use by the consumers, e.g. sugar, toothpaste, paper
etc.
10) Distinguish between public sector and private sector industries.
Ans:

Public sector Industries Private sector Industries

They are owned and operated by They are owned and operated by
government agencies. individuals or a group of individuals.

E.g. BHEL,SAIL E.g. TISCO,Bajaj Auto Ltd.

CHAPTER NUMBER 7
LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
Q 1: Multiple choice questions:
i. Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor?
a) Mumbai and Nagpur c) Mumbai and Kolkata
b) Silchar and Porbandar d) Nagpur and Siligudi
Ans: b) Silchar and Porbandar
ii. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
a) Railways c) Pipeline
b) Roadways d) Waterways
Ans: c) Pipeline
 iii. Which one of the following states is not connected with the H. V. J pipeline?
a) Madhya Pradesh c) Gujarat
b) Maharashtra d) Uttar Pradesh
Ans: b) Maharashtra

iv. Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along
the east coast?
a) Chennai c) Tuticorin
b) Paradwip d) Visakhapatnam
Ans: Visakhapatnam

v. Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation in India?
a) Pipeline c) Roadways
b) Railways d) Airways
Ans: c) Roadways

vi. Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries?
a) Internal trade c) External trade
b) International trade d) Local trade
Ans: b) International trade

Q2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

i. State any three merits of roadways.

Ans: Three merits of roadways are:
 The roadway is an important mode for short and medium distance. It is a reliable, fast,
flexible and demand responsive mode which is capable of providing door-to-door
service.
 Road construction is possible in almost every kind of topography and thus assumes more
importance than other means of transport.
 Roads are easy to construct and easy to maintain.

ii. Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
Ans: Rail transport is the most convenient mean of transportation in Northern plains. It is
because of leveled land features, high population density and rich agricultural resources which
provides the most favorable conditions for their growth.

iii. What is the significance of the border roads?

Ans: Roads laid along international borders are called border roads. Their significance lies in the
fact that they integrate people of remote areas with major cities and thus help in accelerating
the economic development in these areas. Theseroads provide defense needs. These are used
to transport goods to border villages and military camps.
 iv. What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Ans: The term trade simply means the voluntary exchange of goods and services. Trade is one
of the most important human activities. It refers to the movement of goods and services from
areas of surplus to areas of deficit.

Difference between international and local trade:

International trade Local trade

International trade means exchange of goods, Local trade means the wholesale trade on a
services, capital across the national large scale within the boundaries of a country.
boundaries.

It is also known as foreign trade. It is also known as internal trade.

International trade depends upon the surplus National trade depends upon the extent of a
production. country.

Q.3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words:

i. Why the means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a Nation and
its economy?
Ans: The different means of transport and communication are called the lifelines of a nation
and its economy because of the following uses:
 They bring the far flung areas of a country quite close to each other.
 They help the government to maintain law and order.
 They have forged the bonds of national unity by promoting social and cultural contacts
between the various people of the country.
 In war times, they bring whole country at the back of the armed forces and facilitate the
movement of arms, ammunition and other supplies.
 They help to people in day to day life by providing different kinds of services.

ii. Write a note on the changing nature of the International trade in the last fifteen years.
Ans: There is no denying the fact that India’s foreign trade is not favorable because we spend
more on imports than we earn by our exports. Still we can say that India’s foreign trade has
undergone significant changes in terms of volume, composition and direction during the last
two decades. India’s external trade was worth 13,843,680 million app. in 2005 which rose to
24,534,000million app. in 2017-18. Reasons for such sharp increase in the overseas trade are
improvement in manufacturing sector, liberal policies of the government and diversification of
markets. The value of imports has always been higher than that of exports and the gap between
imports and exports is gradually increasing. This has led to increased deficit of trade over the
years. The main cause of increase in trade deficit is the rapid rise in the price of crude
petroleum in the world market.
Additional questions:
1) Name the five means of transport.

Ans:There are five systems of transport in India;roadways, railways,pipelines,waterways

and airways.

2) Name different categories of means of communication.

Ans:The means of communication are divided into two categories i.e. personal communication
and mass communication.

a) Personal Communication: It includes postcard, letter, telegram, telephone.

b) Mass communication: It includes books, newspapers, radio, television, books and journals.
3) What is the importance of mass communication?

Ans: Mass communication plays a vital role in creating awareness among the people about
various national and international programmes and policies. It provides healthy entertainment
as well.It can be divided into two categories;

a) Print Media: It includes books,magazines,journals and newspapers.

b) Electronic Media: It includes radio,television,films and computer
4) Why are railways so important today?

Ans: The railways are the main artery of inland transport in India. It is the lifeline of the country
for large-scale movement of traffic-freight and passengers. India has the second largest network
of railways in Asia having a total length of 63000km.The Indian railways carry 40,000 lakh
passengers and 4.000 lakh tones of goods a year.

5) What are the advantages of pipeline transportation for petroleum and natural gas?

Ans: Pipelines are now used for transportation of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas
from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

6) Describe various types of roads in India.

Ans:India has the second largest road network after USA in the world aggregating to about 54.7
lakh km.In India roads are classified into the six categories according to their capacity;

a) Golden-Quadrilateral Super Highways

b) National Highways
c) State Highways
d) District Roads
e) Other Roads
f) Border Roads
7) Why are waterways useful?
Ans: Waterways are important because;

a) Waterways are the cheapest and the oldest means of transport.

b) It is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
c) It is fuel efficient and environment friendly means of transport.
d) It is most suitable for international trade.

8) What are Golden-Quadrilateral Super Highways?

Ans: The Golden-Quadrilateral Super Highways is a major road development project linking
Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six lane super highways. The major objective of
these super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.

9) When was First Train in India launched?

Ans: The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 kms.

10) Classify roads on the basis of material used in them.

Ans: Roads can be classified on the basis of material used into metalled and unmetalled roads.

a) Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal; therefore, they
are all weather roads.
b) Unmetalled roads are those that are made up of soil. They go out of purpose during the
rainy season and are mostly used in rural areas.