Introduction

of Modelling
Dr. Eng Febri Zukhruf
Fundamental
Concept of
System
Fundamental Concept of System

A B
Fundamental Concept of System

A B
Fundamental Concept of System
 System is any
collection of
interacting elements
that operate to
achieve an/several
objective(s).

Fundamental Concept of
System
Fundamental Concept of System
• Physical structure
• Rules or procedures for operating the system.
• System boundaries, Environment or surroundings within which the
system operates
• Goal or objectives
• Condition or performance of the system at any time
• Performance measures, standards, and criteria by which attainment
of the goals are measured
 Fundamental Concept of System
System Input
System Output
Variables
SSa Variables
I1 SSb O1

I2
O2
SSc SS..z
I3
O3
In
SSd SSe Om

I : Input
P : Parameter
O : Output
SS : Subsystem
n,m,k : Integer number P1 P2 P3 Pk
 Input Variables:
• describes a changing value used to
characterize what physically or logically goes
Fundamental into system.

Concept of
Parameter:
System
• a constant value influencing system behavior.
(System
Element) Output Variables :
• represents a behavioral /operational
characteristic of interest of the system.
 Problem Category

Problem Category Given Determine

Analysis Input, System Output
(Direct)
Synthesis Input, Output System
(Design Identification)
Instrumentation System, Output Input
(Control)
Type of System
Type of System
• Open System: is one that interacts with its environment and thus
exchanges information, material, or energy with the environment,
including random and undefined inputs.
• Closed System: is one, which does not interact with its environment.
Type of System
• Continuous System: is a system in which the changes are
predominantly smooth such as, the amount of water flow over a dam
• Discrete System: is a system in which the changes are predominantly
discontinuous such as customers arrive at 3:15, 3:23, 4:01.
Type of System
• A deterministic system is one in which the occurrence of all events is
known with certainty.
• A probabilistic system is one in which the occurrence of events
cannot be perfectly predicted.
Type of System
• Permanent System : A permanent system is a system enduring for a
time span that is long relative to the operation of human.
• Temporary System is one having a short time span.
Type of System
• Natural and Man Made System : System which is made by man is
called man made system. Systems which are in the environment
made by nature are called natural system.
Type of System
• Adaptive System: is a system which reacts to changes in its
environment.
• Non adaptive System: is a system which does not react to changes in
its environment.
Adaptive Structure?

https://vimeo.com/129706185
Adaptive Structure?
Adaptive Traffic Signal
Component of
System
(Processes)
System Input System Process System Output

Component of system process

• Object (or Entity), Attribute,
Activity, The state of a system,
Event, etc.
Component of a System (Processes)
• Object (or Entity) denotes an element of interest in the system.
• Attribute denotes a property or a characteristic of an object/entity
• Activity is an action that occurs over an interval of time.
• The state of a system is a description of all entities, attributes and the
activities at any time. A system may have very large number of states.
• Event is anything that occurs at an instant of time t and
changes the state of the system.
 Endogenous Activity: is produced within
the system boundary (i.e., resulting from
internal causes).
Exogenous Activity: is found outside the
Type of system boundary, but it affects the system.
Exogenous activities are inputs to a system.
Activity
Deterministic Activity: is an activity, which
is deterministic or completely predictable.

Stochastic Activity: is an activity that is a

collection of random variables.
Type of Activity
In the operation of a railway at freight yard,
• The train, railway, and loader equip. might be the entities,
• The number of wagons per train and the contents of each wagon as
attributes of the train.
• An attribute of a railway siding could be whether or not it is
occupied by a train
• Attribute of loader may be the service time.
Type of Activity
• Activities might be the loading, unloading and the departure or
arrival of train.
• If un/loading process is operated by robot, which has “a very narrow”
variation, and hence, it can be assumed as deterministic activity.
• The arrival of a train would be an exogenous activity;
• The unloading of wagon in the goods yards would be an example of
endogenous activity, as this operation occurs within the system
boundary.
Component of a System# Q1
Process

Input
Population

Service System Costumer

Queue Leave System

Arrival Queue Service

Structure Mechanism

Event Event Event Event

(Costumer Arrival) (Start of Service) (End of Service) (Costumer Departure)
Component of a System #Q1
• Entity?
• Attribute?
• Activities?
• State?
 Systems
Considerations
in Civil
Engineering
 • A civil engineering system may be
Systems defined as a set of physical
Considerations infrastructure and operating rules aimed
at providing services to society, e.g.,
in Civil provision of shelter, transportation,
water supply and distribution, waste
Engineering treatment, etc...
 Purpose of a Civil Engineering System

Every system represents at

least one benefit to the
Every system has a reason system owner, the system
for its existence. user, or the community. No
system exists for its own
sake.
Systems Considerations in Civil Engineering
Systems Considerations in Civil Engineering
Purpose: Minimize Delay, Queue

• Input : Arrival of
Vehicle
• Parameter : Duration
of Red and Green
Light
• Output : Average
Waiting Time, Queue
Length etc..
Systems Considerations in Civil Engineering
• Input : water flow
• Parameter : geometric and hydraulic
conditions of canals, rules etc..
• Output : Coverage Irrigation Area (m2)
Fundamental
Concept of
Model
 A Model is a representation of
anything such as a real system, a
The Concepts proposed system, a futuristic system
of Models design, an entity, a phenomenon, or
an idea.
 • Necessity
✓Limitations of the human mind
(can process only a few issues).
✓Difficult to keep track of several
variables at a time.
Why Model?
✓Modeling is a small effort compared
to the magnitude of the outcome.
✓Need to generate values of outcome
to be able to evaluate various choices
(decisions).
 • Make better decisions
✓Impact of each variable (on outcome)
can be measured.
✓Many relationships among variables
can be made explicit.
Why Model?
✓Can look into longer time frames
(planning)
✓Can perform sensitivity and goal-
seeking analyses
The Concepts of Models
Real World
Model Entity
Entity

Within Context
System S Model M

Experiment Validation Simulation/

Observed Modelling
Data Result
 The Concepts of Models
System Input
System Output
Variables
SSa Variables
I1 SSb O1

I2
O2
SSc SS..z
I3
O3
In
SSd SSe Om

I : Input
P : Parameter
O : Output
SS : Subsystem
n,m,k : Integer number P1 P2 P3 Pk
 The Concepts of Models
Model Input
Model Output
Variables
SMa Variables
I1 SMb O1

I2
O2
SMc SM..z

I3
O3

In SMd SMe Om

I : Input
P : Parameter
O : Output
SM : Sub Model
n,m,k : Integer number P1 P2 P3 Pk
 The Concepts of Models

Model Input
Model Output
Variables
System Input SMa Variables
System Output I1 SMb
Variables O1
SSa Variables
I1 SSb O1 I2
O2
I2 SMc SM..z
O2
SS..z
SSc I3
O3
I3
O3
In SMd SMe
In Om
SSd SSe Om
I : Input
I : Input
P : Parameter
P : Parameter
O : Output O : Output
SS : Subsystem SM : Sub Model
n,m,k : Integer number P1 P2 P3 Pk n,m,k : Integer number P1 P2 P3 Pk
The Concepts of Models

Simplifying :
• Shape
• Color
• Interaction
The Concepts of Models
Art of Modeling
• Modeling is an artful balancing of opposites
• On the one hand, a model should not contain unnecessary details
and become needlessly complex and difficult to analyze,
• On the other hand, it should not exclude the essential details of what
it represents .
• “What to include? What not to include?“
Art of Modeling
Example: Modeling of coin tossing for deciding first order.
• How should we model Coin Tossing?
• In our model representation, shall we include or
exclude :
✓Size?
✓Coin composition? (copper, nickel, zinc)
✓Surface of landing area if flipping it in the air? Concrete,
muddy land, or wood landing surface?
✓Height and speed of human-generated flip?
✓The angle of catch if catching the flipped coin?
✓Flipping it in the air or spinning it on its edge on a table?
Art of Modeling
Example: Modeling of a Traffic Intersection
Logical Boundary

Shall we include or exclude :

Physical Boundary
• Period of operation? Morning
• rush hour or the whole day?
• Pedestrian crossings?
• Right turn on red?
• Traffic light Yellow?
• Bicycles?
• Emergency vehicles?
• Accidents?
Fundamental Concept of Modelling
• Successfully accomplishing the artful balancing of opposites requires
significant experience and knowledge not only in modelling, but also
in the problem domain.
• In modeling studies, it is well to remember the dictum “nobody
solves the problem; rather, everybody solves the model that he or
she has constructed of the problem.”
• Hence, if the model does not represent the problem with sufficient
accuracy, the modeling exercise turns itself into
• “junk-input junk-output” or “garbage-in garbage-out”
• We never build a perfect model. A model is built for a specific
purpose and its accuracy is judged with respect to that purpose.
Classifications
of Models
Classifications of Models • Static implies that the model
does not represent time.
Models
• Dynamic implies that the
model represents time.

Mathematical Physical

Static Dynamic Static Dynamic

Analytical Numerical Analytical Numerical

Linear/Non
Linear

STable/Non
Stable
Classifications of Models
• Abstract (Mathematical) Model: is the one in which symbols and logic
constitute the model. The symbolism used can be a language or a
mathematical notation.
✓A verbal or written description in English is an abstract model.
✓ A mathematical model is described in the “language” of mathematical
symbols and is an abstract model.
✓ A simulation model is built in terms of logic and mathematical equations and
is an abstract model.
Mathematical Model #Example
Multi-channelled Cocoa SCN

Local Collector

Freight carrier
Local Trader

Freight carrier

Exporter
Freight carrier
Demand Market

54
Mathematical Model #Example
✓Local Collectors Collection cost

( ) ( ) ( )
J H K H
Max
1 2
Qi ,Qi
 
j =1
ij1*
h =1
qhij +  
k =1
ik2*
h =1
qhik − fi Q1, Q 2 − ci Q1, Q 2 − gi Q1, Q 2

 ( )  c (Q ) −  
J K H J H K
−
j =1
cij Q1 −
k =1
ik
2

h =1 j =1
1*
hij qhij − 
h =1 k =1
 hik
2*
qhik

subject to qhij  0 h, j

qhik  0 h, k

Direct transaction to the exporters

55
Mathematical Model #Example
Classifications of Models
• Physical Model: is the one which is usually a physical replica, often on
a reduced scale, of the system it represents. A physical model “looks
like” the object it represents and is also called an Iconic Model.
• A model of an airplane (scaled down), a model of the atom (scaled up), a
map, a globe, a model car are examples of physical (iconic) models.
Physical Model #Example

Sumber : (Hokmabadi et al, 2015)

Physical Model #Example
Classifications of Models
• Static Model: is the one which describes relationships that do not
change with respect to time.
✓An architectural model of a house which helps us visualize floor plans and
space relationships is a static physical model.
✓An equation relating the lengths and weights on each side of a playground is a
static mathematical model.
• Dynamic Model: is the one which describes time-varying
relationships.
✓Dynamic traffic assignment model that consider the variation of traffic
condition during certain time
Classifications of Models
• Analytical Model: is the one which is solved by using the deductive
reasoning of mathematical theory.
• An M/M/1 queuing model, a Linear Programming model, a Mixed Integer
Linear Programming model, a nonlinear optimization model are examples of
analytical models.
• Numerical Model: is the one which is solved by applying
computational procedures.
• Finding the roots of a nonlinear algebraic equation, f(x) = 0, using the method
of Interval Halving or Simple Iteration involves the use of a numerical model.
• System Simulation is considered to be a numerical computation technique.
Analytical and Numerical Model

dy
= 2(1 + x) − y
dx
dapat diselesaikan langsung
dengan metode Numerik

h2 h 3 '''
f ( a + h ) = f ( a ) + hf ' ( a ) + f ' ' (a ) + f ( a ) + ...
2! 3!
Analytical and Numerical Model
8

7.5

6.5

6 Metode Numerik
Metode Integrasi
5.5

4.5

4
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Classifications of Models
• Stable Model: is the one which tends to return to its initial condition
after being disturbed.
✓Like a simple pendulum that is set in motion, it may overshoot
and oscillate, but the disturbances decline and die out.
• Unstable Model: is the one which may or may not come back to its
initial condition after being disturbed.
Stable and Unstable
Classifications of Models
• Linear Model: is the one which describes relationships in linear
form.
✓ The equation y = 3x + 4z + 1 is a linear model.
• Nonlinear Model: is the one which describes relationships in
nonlinear form.
✓The equation F = (2x + 4z—2) / (3y—x) is a nonlinear model.
(others) Classifications of Models
• Steady-State Model: is the one whose behavior in one time period
is of the same nature as any other period.
• Transient Model: is the one whose behavior changes with respect
to time.
(others) Classifications of Models
• Descriptive Model: is a model which describes the behavior of a system
without any value judgment on the “goodness” or “badness” of such
behavior.
• The equation F (orce) = M (ass) x A (cceleration) is a descriptive model.
• All simulation models are descriptive models.
• Prescriptive or Normative Model: is a model which describes the behavior
of a system with a value judgment on the “goodness” or “badness” of such
behavior.
✓ A Linear Programming model, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model and a
nonlinear optimization model are examples of prescriptive models. When solved,
these models provide a description of the solution as optimal, suboptimal, feasible,
infeasible, etc.
 Prescriptive or Normative Model
Deciding Shortest Path from B to D

Best Solution
(others) Classifications of Models
• SELF-DRIVEN (Distribution-Driven or Probabilistic) SIMULATION is
the one which uses random numbers in sampling from probability
distributions so as to drive the model.
• TRACE-DRIVEN (or Retrospective) SIMULATION is the one which
uses the actual input data traced during the operation of the real
system so as to drive the model.
 Classifications of Models
SYSTEM MODEL
1
Deterministic Deterministic
3
2
Stochastic Stochastic
4

1. The mathematical equations.

2. Evaluation of a definite integral by means of a stochastic process
3. Generation of pseudo-random numbers on a computer.
4. Simulation is normally used in this case.
Classifications of Models
Simple Complex
• Static Versus • Dynamic
• Deterministic Versus • Stochastic
• Linear Versus • Non Linear
• Continuous Versus • Discrete
• Steady State Versus • Transient
• Aggregate Versus • Detail
• Stable Versus • Unstable
Thank You !!!
Sumber
• System
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNclCQxgOdI
• Open and Close
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFP6SvWPOQc