sf}jfsf nflu

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ISBN: 99933 801 3

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 k|sfzsLo
g]kfnsf s]6fs]6Lsf nflu ;'xfpFlbnf lstfax¿ pknAw u/fpg]
p2]Zon] cufl8 a9]sf] /ftf] aËnf lstfanfO{ cfˆgf] k|sfzgsf]
;fgf] e08f/df of] csf]{ s[lt yKg kfpFbf Hofb} v';L nfu]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] dfgl;s ljsf;df Wofg gk'¥ofO{
Psk|sf/n] pgLx¿nfO{ x]nf ul//flvPsf] 5 . o; cjx]ngfsf k|dv '
sf/0fx¿dWo] Pp6f u'0ffTds lstfax¿sf] cefj xf] . s]6fs]6LnfO{
dgf]/~hg lbg], k9fOk|lt rfv a9fpg] / cfˆgf] ;dfh / ;+:s[ltaf/]
?lr hufpg] :t/Lo lstfax¿sf] cefj oxfF slQsf] 5 eGg] ;a}nfO{
yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] .
o; g/dfOnf] cj:yfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd x6fpg /ftf] aËnf :s"nn]
@)%@ ;fndf cfˆgf] k|sfzg ljefu /ftf] aËnf lstfasf] :yfkgf
u¥of] . cfh;Dd xfdLn] kfFrcf]6f k':tsx¿ 5flk;s]sf 5f}F . h:t}—
Ps l;h{gfTds j0f{dfnf, cl8of] 6]k;lxtsf] g]kfnL 5Gbsf]
sljtf;ª\ux| / afª\nf efiffaf6 cg"lbt ;fGafa'sf r/f, w"dwfdsf]
3'd3fd M eQmk|;fb Eofu'tfsf] g]kfn ofqf t g]kfnLdf dfq xf]Og,
cª\uh]| L, pb",{ hd{g cflb efiffdf ;d]t nf]slk|o ePsf]df xfdL
bË 5f}F .
cfhef]ln cleefjsx¿ rfxFbf–rfxFb} klg cfˆgf] s]6fs]6Lx¿;Fu
kof{Kt ;do latfpg c;dy{ 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]6fs]6Lx¿df
c;n wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ u'0ffTds lstfasf] cToGt 7"nf] e"ldsf
x'G5 ;S5 . tkfO{n+ ] clxn] xftdf lnO/xg'ePsf] h:tf lstfan]
s]6fs]6LnfO{ cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfh / cfk"mjl/kl/sf] k|sl[ tnfO{ a'´g]
df}sf lbG5 . syfdf kfqx¿af6 pgLx¿ k|/] 0ff k|fKt ug{ ;St5g\ /
cfbz{ tyf ;+jb] gzLn x'g l;St5g\ .
 afa'cfdfn] cfˆgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ syf, sljtf / c¿ ljifosf
/fd|f–/fd|f k':tsx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg'k5{ . To;f] u/]df s]6fs]6Lx¿sf]
dfgl;s r]tgfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} :s'nsf] k9fOdf klg ;kmntf
xfl;n ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 eGg] wf/0ffnfO{ /ftf] aËnf lstfan]
;w}eF l/ hf]8 lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
xfd|f] b]zsf] Oltxf; / cy{Joj:yf h]lnP/ g]kfnsf s]6fs]6L /
pgLx¿sf] k7g–kf7gaLr Pp6f tuf/f] v8f ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
xfnsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ pN6fpg / c;n lstfax¿ ;'ky df]ndf
s]6fs]6L;fd' /flvlbg ;a} nfUg'k/]sf] 5 .
xfd|f] ljrf/df sfpa"9L / c¿ syf afn–;flxTodf Pp6f pTs[i6
s[ltsf ¿kdf ylkg cfPsf] 5 . xfdL of] lstfa g]kfnsf
s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;dk{0f ub{5f}F .
 n]vssf] egfO

o;eGbf cl3 Pp6fdfq afn–k':ts n]vs ] f] x'gfn] d]/f] sndaf6

lg:s]sf syfx¿ s]6fs]6Lsf nflu pko'Qm 5g\ eGg]df dnfO{ c‰}
klg zÍf g} 5 . t/, æw"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd – eQmk|;fb Eofu'tfsf]
g]kfn ofqf -@)%$_Æ n] y'k}| kf7sx¿ hGdfpg ;Sof] / tLdWo] t
w]/} s]6fs]6L g} lyP eGg] s'/fn] dnfO{ Pp6f csf]{ afn–k':ts n]Vg]
cfF6 cfof] .
o;kfln d}n] ;ftcf]6f df}lns syfx¿ n]vs ] f] 5', h;dWo] 5cf]6f
syf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] k[i7e"lddf 5g\, afFsL Pp6frflxF
sf7df8f}gF lhs}sf] lrtjg b"gsf] xf] .
o; lstfan] cGth}l{ js ;lxi0f'tf / jftfj/0fLo g}ltstfaf/]
d"ntM s]6fs]6Lx¿df r]tgf hufpnf eGg] cfzf /fv]sf] 5' .
dg'iosf] ;+;f/df Pp6f ;k{n] Gofp/Ld';fsf] /vaf/L ug]{ ls gug]{ <
sfpa"9Ln] lsg hËnL xfQL r9]/ 3'Dg'k¥of] < cfˆg} /ut r':g]
b'Oj{ 6f nfdv'§k] l| t Pp6L ;fgL s]6Ldf lsg ;xfg'el" t hfUof] < clg
Pp6f n'd]| h'sf 5, dfg]{ ls arfpg] To;nfO{ <
of] k':ts k|sfzg ul/lbP/ s]6fs]6Lsf ;fd' k'¥ofOlbPsf]df d
/ftf] aËnf lstfak|lt cfef/L 5' .

sgsdl0f bLlIft
kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/
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 sfpa"(L
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 l;of] / ;'O/f]
eQmk'/ ;x/df av]‰{ /L v"al;t bls{/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf nfdv'§x] ¿nfO{ otfplt 8'Ng Psbd vt/f x'G5 .
kfgLsf 7"n7"nf yf]kfx¿ vl;/x]sf lyP / s'g} klg p8\g]
sL/fkm6\ofª\uf| x¿ ltgaf6 3fOt] eO{ gfnLdf k/]/ aUg]
;Defjgf lyof] .
To;a]nf k|foM ;a} nfdv'§x] ¿ ¿vsf kft / xfFufd'lGt/
cf]t nflu/x]sf lyP . ¿vsf kftx¿;d]t bs]k{ fgLsf] df/n]
sfFlk/x]sf lyP . t/ ;'O/f] gfds Pgf]lkmln; hftsL Pp6L
nfdv'§r ] flxF cf]t vf]Hb} kfgLd} otf / ptf pl8/x]sL lyO{ .
lgy'S| s eO;s]kl5 pm cGtdf glhs}sf] Pp6f 3/sf]
5fgfd'lGt/ 3'l;|g k'uL .
wGg ;'O/f]sf] Hofg hf]luof] . cf]td'lg a;]kl5 p;n]
9'Ss eP/ nfdf] ;f; k]m/L . clg cfˆgf] hLp ‰8\sfP/
kfgLsf yf]kfx¿nfO{ ldNsfpg yfnL . pm hxfF a:g k'us ] L
lyO{, Tof] ´ofnsf] hfnL /x]5 . kfgL / xfjfn] ubf{
aflx/kl§ lr;f] lyof], t/ 3/leqkl§af6 cfO/x]sf] Gofgf]
xfjfn] ubf{ p;sf] hLp cf]efgf] x'bF } uof] .
;'O/f] cfˆgf] jl/kl/ lgofNg nfuL ca s] ug]{ xf]nf
eg]/ . clg p;n] ToxL u/L hf] o:tf] ´ofnsf] hfnLcl3lNt/
cfk"mnfO{ kfpFbf s'g} klg nfdv'§n] ] :jfefljs ¿kdf ub{5 .
pm hfnLaf6 l5g{ ;lsg] Kjfn vf]Hg nfuL . Kjfn} gePsf]
;b\b] kmnfdsf] hfnL t st} klg x'bF g} eGg] s'/f ;a}
1
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

2
 l;of] / ;'O/f]

nfdv'§n] ] /fd|/L a'‰s

] f x'G5g\ . To:tf Kjfn ls t
l;sdL{x¿sf] x]nr]So|fOFn,] ls t lvof nfUgfn], ls t s'g}
s]6fs]6Ln] an lxsf{pgfn] k/]sf x'G5g\ . ;fgf]–7"nf] hqf] eP
klg st} g st}, hfnLsf] s'g} g s'g} 7fpFdf Kjfn t cjZo
x'G5, x'G5 .
/ft kl/;s]sf] lyof] / nfdv'§x] ¿sf] vfgf vfg] ;do
eO;s]sf] lyof] . ;'O/f]n] ‰g} cft'/L;fy hfnLdf l5g]{ 7fpF
vf]Hg yfnL, lsgeg] leqkl§ 3/df cfxf/f k]mnf kg]{ kSsf
lyof] . Tolt g} a]nf crfgs p;sf] glhs} e'ge'gsf] cfjfh
cfof] . pml;t} 7\ofSs} cg'xf/ ldNg] Pp6f Pgf]lkmln; nfdv'§]
;'O/f] a;]sf] 7fpFeGbf Ps OGr klt{/ cfP/ a;L .
gjfuGt's nfdv'§n] ] ;'O/f]tk{m x]//] egL, ægd:t], d]/f] gfd
l;of] xf] . ltdL oxfFaf6 leq k:g] bfp ul//x]sL 5\of},
xf]Og < of] ´ofnsf] x/]s efu d /fd|/L lrGb5' . cfpm
dl;t .Æ
Tolt eg]/ l;of] leqkl§ cnk eOxfnL . clg leqkl§
l5/]/ hfnLsf tf/ kmf6]/ ag]sf] KjfnnfO{ b]vfpFb} egL,
æltdLnfO{ klg dnfO{h:t} ef]s nfu]sf] xf]nf, l56f] cfpm .Æ
l;of]sf] kl5 nfu]/ ;'O/f] klg leq k;L . tL b'O{
Pgf]lkmln;x¿ To;kl5 cFWof/fdf e'gg' ' ub}{ p8] .
l5§} pgLx¿ o:tf] 7fpFdf a:g k'u,] hf] ;]tf] /ªsf] ;d'b|
g} h:tf] u/L k}mlnPsf] lyof] . Tof] nfdv'§a] f6 hf]lug
dflg;x¿n] knªdf nufpg] u/]sf] ‰"n /x]5 . nfdv'§x] ¿nfO{
´ofnsf] hfnLdf h'g lgod nfu" x'G5, ‰"nsf] xsdf klg
ToxL lgod nfu" x'G5 eGg] klg yfxf lyof] . cyf{t,\ h'g
7fpFdf ‰"nsf] hfnL x'G5, To; 7fpFdf l5g]{ Kjfn cjZo x'G5 .
3
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

4
 l;of] / ;'O/f]

‰"nleq k:g] pkfo ug{ pgLx¿n] cfk;df sfd afF8] .

l;of]n] egL, æltdL ‰"nsf] Tof] kf6f] x]/, d of] kf6f] x]5{' .
s'g} Kjfn k]mnf kfgf{;fy dnfO{ va/ ul/xfn .Æ ;'O/f]n]
Psl5gd} ‰"nleq l5g]{ af6f] k]mnf kfl/xfnL . jf:tjdf Tof]
Kjfn lyPg, s:g lal;{Psf] ‰"nsf] Ps 5]p lyof] . p;n]
‰6k6 l;of]nfO{ af]nfOxfnL . pgLx¿ ef]h vfg kfOg] eof]
eGg] cfzfn] v';L x'bF } leq l5/] .
cf]5o\ fgdf Pshgf a"9f] dflg; / Pp6L ;fgL aRrL
ndtGg k/]/ d:t lgbfO/x]sf lyP . afh]rflxF £jf/£jf/
3'l//x]sf] lyof], gfltgL k'm; k'm; ;'lt/x]sL lyO{ . l;of] /
;'O/f]sf cl3lNt/ b'Oj{ 6f lzsf/ lyP . ca s'glt/ klxn]
nfUg] < tL lgbfPsf afh] / gfltgLdfly Psl5g rSs/
df/]kl5 b'Oc{ f]6} nfdv'§x] ¿ To; ;fgL aRrLtk{m nfu] .
l;of] / ;'O/f] To; aRrLsf sf]dn ufnfdfly a;] .
pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} xtf/ lyPg . /ft k"/} pgLx¿s} lyof] . ef]h
vfg kfOof] eg]/ l;of] lgs} /dfPsL lyO{ .
l;of]n] egL, æcf]xf], cfh t kmlnkmfksf] lbg /x]5 . lxhf]
klg d oxfF cfPsL lyPF, t/ nfdv'§] wkfpg] w"k afn]sf
/x]5g\ . d t Psl5g klg a:g ;lsgF . w"jfFn] ;f;} k]mg{
g;s]/ d vfnL k]6 g} efu]F .Æ nfdf] ;f; tfg]/ ;'O/f]tk{m x]b{}
l;of]n] egL, æx]/ t cfh w"k 5}g . ca cf/fdl;t lkpg]
kfOg] eof] .Æ
clg tL b'j} nfdv'§x] ¿ To; ;fgL aRrLsf] ufnfdf cfˆgf
y'tg' f uf8\g ldNg] 7fpF vf]Hb} 5fd5fd–5'd5'd ug{ yfn] .
;'O/f]n] aRrLsf] sfgg]/ Pp6f 7fpF k]mnf kf/L . nfdf /
kftnf v'§fx¿sf] k}7 lnP/ ;'O/f]n] cfˆgf] y'tg' f]sf] gnL
5
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

5fnfleq tn;Dd k'Ug] u/L 3';fO{ . clg t p;n] tgtgL

/ut tfGg yfnL .
clns klt{/, aRrLsf] lrpF8f]g/] l;of]n] klg cfˆgf]
y'tg' f] 3';fpg] 7fpF k]mnf kf/]sL lyO{ / pm klg /ut
r'l;/x]sL lyO{ .
To; aRrLsf] /ut pgLx¿sf z/L/leq k;]kl5 l;of] /
;'O/f] b'j} uf9f /ftf] /ªsf b]lvg nfu] . pgLx¿nfO{ layf]Ng]
s]xL lyPg / 9'Ss eP/ /ut tflg/x] . s]xLa]/d} b'O{ ;fyLsf
z/L/ 6gSs eP . To;avt Pp6f l;of]n] ;'O/f]nfO{ of Pp6f
;'O/f]n] l;of]nfO{ 3f]lrlbPsf] eP /utn] el/Psf ltgsf z/L/
a]ng' ‰}F k'm6\g] lyP .
tL b'O{ ;vL lkpgd} d:t /x]sf a]nf crfgs /ftsf]
zflGt eª\u eof] . nuftf/ 3'/s ] f] cfjfh /f]lsPsf] s'/f] klxn]
;'O/f]n] rfn kfO{ . p;n] rgfvf] eP/ dfl:t/ x]/L . Tof] a"9f]
dfG5] hflu;s]sf] /x]5 . ca p;n] s] kf] ug]{ xf] lg Û pm
lrRofO{, æP Û l;of] Û efuf}F oxfFaf6 ÛÆ a"9f] dfG5]n] lgx'l/P/
knª5]psf] aQL afNof] . ;f/f sf]7f aQLsf] k|sfzn] ‰ndNn
eof] . p;n] b'O{ nfdv'§n] fO{ x]b{} eGof], æcF, d]/L ;fgL a6\6s' f]
/ut vfP/ ltdLx¿ efUg ;S5f} eG7fGof < /utr';fxf ltdL
km6fxfx¿nfO{ d Ps} r'6s \ Ldf l;WofOlbG5' .Æ
b'j} nfdv'§] p8]sf dfq s] lyP, To; a"9fn] xftn] Kof§
lxsf{of] cl3 pgLx¿ a;]/ /ut lkO/x]s} 7fpFdf . clxn] t
alrof] t/ csf]k{ fln t Eofpnf ls < ToxL a]nf aRrL
lapFl‰P/ ?g yfnL / a"9fsf] Wofg Totflt/ uof] . df}sf
5f]k/] b'j} nfdv'§] efUg]lt/ nfu] / ‰"nsf] rFbj' fdf uP/
aflx/ lg:sg] af6f] vf]Hg yfn] .
6
 l;of] / ;'O/f]

t/ vf]hs ] f a]nf Kjfn klg sxfF e]l6G5 / Û a]:;/L /ut

3f]ss] fn] pgLx¿sf hLp klg k'6S' s lyP, clg ‰"nleqsf]
rxlsnf] pHofnf]df ;lhn} b]lvGy] klg . pgLx¿ a8f] nf];]
tl/sfn] efUg] af6f] vf]lh/x]sf lyP . ;]tf] ‰"nsf] rf/}lt/
uf9f 6f6fx¿ b]lvGy] . o;eGbf cl3sf /ftsf nfdv'§–]
xTofsf08sf ;a't lyP tL .
aRrL ?g 5f8]/ zfGt ePkl5 a"9fsf] Wofg k]ml/ tL
b'O{ Pgf]lkmln;lt/} uof] . pm 3/L tfnL df/]/ nfdv'§n] fO{
dfg{ vf]HYof], 3/L d'67\ L kf/]/ ;dfpg vf]HYof] . t/
nfdv'§x] ¿ s'g} tl/sfn] cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg ;kmn
eO/x]sf lyP . t}klg ‰"naf6 aflx/ lg:sg] af6f] eg] k]mnf
kfl//x]sf] lyPg . l:ylt lgs} ;ª\s6k"0f{ lyof] . a"9f] dfG5]
nfdv'§x] ¿nfO{ dfg{ vf]lh/x]sf] lyof] / nfdv'§x] ¿rflxF
otfplt efUg vf]lh/x]sf lyP . ;fgL aRrLrflxF Tof] gf6s
x]l//x]sL lyO{ .
o:t}df nfdv'§x] ¿ st} rNg] 7fpF gePsf] ‰"nsf] Pp6f
s'gfdf k/] . æca kVnf;\Æ eGb} a"9f] b'Oc{ f]6} xTs]nf k}mnfP/
cl3 a9\of] . afFRg] s'g} pkfo lyPg . Tolt g} v]/ Tof]
aRrL crfgs lrRofO{ æa'a,' a'aÆ' Û aRrLlt/ kms]/{ a"9f]n]
eGof], æa6\6,' oL abdf; nfdv'§] x'g\ . logn] ltdLnfO{
lapF‰fOlbP .Æ p;n] aRrLnfO{ kmsfpg] k|of; u¥of], t/
aRrL ‰g} 7"nf] :j/n] ?g nfuL . æoL b'i6 nfdv'§x] ¿
kmGbfdf k/]sf 5g\ . d lognfO{ df5',{ clg ltdLnfO{ Pp6f
syf ;'gfpF5' .Æ a"9fn] cln ‰ls{b} eGof] .
t/ Tof] aRrL dfGb} dflgg . æa'a' Û a'a' ÛÆ eGb} pm ‰g\
?gs/fpg nfuL . æcf]xf] Û olt /flt t ltdL slxNo} b"w
7
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

8
 l;of] / ;'O/f]

vf]lHbgYof} . b"w t lng hfg'k5{ tn efG5fdf .Æ a"9fn]

lbUbf/L dfGb} eGof] .
æa'a' Û a'a' ÛÆ
ænf} nf} x'G5, d tn uP/ b"w NofpF5' .Æ ‰"nsf] s'gfdf
;ftf] p8]/ a;]sf b'Oc{ f]6f nfdv'§n] fO{ tLvf] gh/n] x]b{} a"9f]
la5\of}gfaf6 p7\of] . æltdL km6fxf nfdv'§x] ¿ ToxLF al;/fv .
d sfd l;WofP/ t'?Gt} cfpF5,' Æ ‰"nsf] kftf] sl;nf] kf/]/
a"9f] tn efG5flt/ nfUof] .
cfˆgf] afh] sf]7faflx/ lg:sg]lalQs} ;fgL a6\6" p7]/
cf]7df cf}nF f /fv]/ ær'kÆ O;f/f ub}{ ;'O/f] / l;of]sf] glhs
cfO{ . clg p;n] lgx'//] ‰"nsf] kftf] vf]lnlbO{ .
;'O/f] / l;of]n] Pscsf{nfO{ x]/] . of] t kTofpg} g;lsg]
s'/f eof] . Pp6f dg'ion] pgLx¿sf] hLjg arfpg vf]lh/x]sf]
lyof] . Tof] klg ToxL aRrLn] h;sf] /ut lkP/ pgLx¿
wd/w'; ePsf lyP . t/ o:tf] cj;/df w]/} ;f]r/] ;do v]/
kmfNg' plrt lyPg . ptf a"9f] afh] e¥ofª pSnFb} u/]sf]
cfjfh klg cfof] .
To; aRrLn] bof u/]/ ‰"nsf] d'v vf]lnlbPsf] 7fpFaf6
pgLx¿ k'mQ p8]/ efu] / ;f]‰} ´ofntk{m nfu] . cl3 leq
k:tfv]l/sf] Kjfn k]mnf kfg{ pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} ufx|f] ePg .
t/ Kjfnaf6 lg:sFbf eg] clns r]lkg'k¥of], lsgeg]
klxn]eGbf clxn] pDsFbf pgLx¿ w]/} g} df]6fPsf lyP . h]
eP klg pgLx¿ l5/]/ hfnL kf/ u/] . aflx/ k'u/] 9'Ss
ePkl5 cfˆgf] hLjg arfpg] To; aRrLnfO{ l;of] /
;'O/f]n] Psk6s kmls{P/ x]/] . a"9f] afh]n] NofOlbPsf] b"w
a6\6" 1fgL eP/ lkpFb} lyO{ . a"9f] eg] nfdv'§x] ¿nfO{
9
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

‰"nleq gkfP/ 6fpsf] sGofpFb} lyof] . sxfF uP xf]nfg\ tL

nfdv'§x] ¿ <
tL b'O{ nfdv'§x] ¿n] To; /f]df~rs ;fF‰nfO{ afFrG' h]n
lal;{Pgg\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] aRrfaRrLnfO{ klg To; /ftsf]
syf ;'gfP / Tof] syf nfdv'§s ] f k':tf}kF :' tfn] ;'Gb} uP .
cfh klg tkfO{n+ ] eQmk'/df s'g} nfdv'§] km]nf kfg'e{ of] eg]
ltgLx¿n] ;'O/f] / l;of]sf] /dfOnf] syf cjZo ;'gfpg]5g\ .
pgLx¿n] s] klg atfpg]5g\ eg] kfgL k/] klg of 3fd
nfu] klg ;'O/f] / l;of] To; 3/df k]ml/ kms]/{ uPgg\ . Ps
t To; a"9f] dflg;sf] 8/n] ubf{ / csf],{ Pp6L ;fgL
aRrLsf] dfofn] ubf{ .

10
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt
d Pslbg sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] Pp6f s'gfdf /x]sf]
uf]bfj/Lsf] /dfOnf] hª\un 3'Dg uPsL lyPF . jiff{sf] kfgLn]
el/Psf vf]N;f / kfgLn] lgy|S' s leh]sf kf]yf| kf]yL| x'bF } d}n]
lxF8g\ ' lyof] . cf]9s
] f] Knfl:tssf] kGr}leq klg kfgL l5/]/
dnfO{ ;s;s nflu/x]sf] lyof] .
To:t}df d]/f] bflxg] uf]8fsf] h'Qfleq cln lrnfPsf]
h:tf] nfUof] . t'?Gt af6f5]psf] d'9f]df a;]F / xtf/–xtf/
tgf vf]n/] h'Qfdf]hf b'j} k'msfn]F . o;f] x]5{' t uf]8fsf]
a'9Lcf}nF f / dfOnLcf}nF faLrsf] sfkdf Pp6f ;fgf] v}/f]
/ªsf] h'sf 3'l;|P/ a;]sf] . To;n] cfˆgf] ;'8F nfO{ d]/f]
sdnf] 5fnfdf 3';fpg} nfu]sf] lyof] / d lrRofPF,
æva/bf/ ÛÆ
dnfO{ o:t} h'sfx¿n] klxn] klg 6f]ls;s]sf lyP . h'sf
nfUbf c¿ dflg;‰}F d klg cflQGy]F / To;nfO{ t'?Gt} tfg]/
;s];Dd 6f9f k'Ug] u/L 3f/Ldf ldNsfOlbGy]F . t/
o;k6srflxF To;f] gu/L To;l;t s'/f ug]{ ljrf/ u/]F .
To;}n] lrRofPF, æva/bf/ ÛÆ
pm ;fFlRr g} 6Ss /f]lsof] / cfˆgf] nrsbf/
;'8F nfO{ dlt/ ;f]´ofpFb} 76\of}nf] kf/fn] af]Nof], æcf]xf],
s'/f ug]{ dflg; kf] k/]5 Û s:tf] uha Û eGgf];,\ d s]
u/f}F <Æ

11
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

12
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt

d}n] eg],F æh'g 7fpFdf ltdLn] cfˆgf] y'tg' f] uf8\g nfu]sf

5f} lg, Tof] d]/f] uf]8f xf] . ltdLnfO{ /Qmbfg ug]{ d]/f] k6Ss}
ljrf/ 5}g .Æ
d]/f] s'/f ;'g/] h'sf] Psl5g 3f]l/of], clg dfly x]//]
eGof], æxfdLn] o;af/] 5nkmn ug'c{ l3 Ps–cfk;df
lrgfkrL{ ug'{ /fd|f] xf]Og / <Æ clg p;n] yKof], æd]/f] gfd
n'sn{] fn h'sf xf] . dnfO{ …Pn\=Pn\=Ú eg] x'G5 .Æ
æd]/f] gfdrflxF kfj{tL xf] . gfdn] t d dfly kxf8af6
cfPsL eGg]h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ d o;} ;x/s} x'F .Æ
ænf} a]; ef], kfj{tL . ca s'/f cfpF5 ltd|f] uf]8fsf] .
klxnf] s'/f t oL b'O{ cf}nF faLrsf] of] sfk ltd|} xf] eGg]
dnfO{ s] yfxf < d t Pp6f clt ;fgf] cbgf k|f0fL . cfˆg}
tfndf lxF85\ ' . s'g rLh s;sf] xf] eGg] dnfO{ s] ;/f]sf/ <
bf];f| ] s'/f, d h'sf] x'F / dfgj/ut d]/f] vfgf xf] . d]/f]
cfxf/ vfgaf6 ltdL dnfO{ s;/L /f]Sg ;S5\of} <Æ
5nkmn lgs} uDeL/ x'g] / tlGsg] 5fF6 b]lvof] . dnfO{
eg] ;x/ hfg] a; ;dfTg l9nf] eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] o;
ljifodf lj:tf/l;t 5nkmn ug{ km]l/ e]6g\ ] k|:tfj d}n]
h'sf]l;t /fv]F . pm /fhL eof] . clg ef]lnkN6 nlntk'/sf]
xf]6n] lxdfnodf e]6g\ ] xfd|f] s'/f] to eof] .
;Nnfxadf]lhd csf]{ lbg laxfg d xf]6n lxdfno k'uF] .
Pn\=Pn\= xf]6nsf] naLsf] Pp6f udnfsf] la?jfsf] kftdf
dnfO{ s'//] al;/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] dnfO{ b]Vg]lalQs}
ægd:t] ÛÆ eGof] / d]/f] xftsf] a"9L cf}nF fsf] gªdf cfO{
a:of] . xfdL b'j} glhssf] skmLzkdf uof}F / j]6/n] xfdLnfO{
6]andf nu]/ a;fOlbof] .
13
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

14
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt

j]6/n] ;f]Wof], æs] lng'xG' 5 <Æ d}n] cfˆgf] nflu ldNsz]s

c8{/ u/]F . Pn\=Pn\=n] rflxF s]xL /ut dfUof], t/ d]gd' f
/ut gePsf] s'/f j]6/n] atfof] . æp;f] eP eOxfNof],
s]xL kb}g{ Æ, Pn\=Pn\=n] eGof] . clg xfdLn] cfˆgf] 5nkmn
;'? u¥of}F .
s'/f yfNb} d}n] eg],F æPn\=Pn\=, ltdL x]bf{ t rgfvf],
xSsL / c;n :jefjs} b]lvG5f}F . xfdL Pscsf{sf ;fyL aGg
klg ;S5f}F xf]nf . t/ To;sf nflu ;aeGbf klxn] ltdLn]
c¿sf] /ut vfg] To:tf] l3gnfUbf] afgL 5f8\gk' 5{ .Æ
Pn\=Pn\=sf] hjfkm / s'/fu/fOaf6 pm cfˆgf] kIfdf lgs}
tof/L u/]/ cfPsf]h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof] . kSs} klg b'Or { f/cf]6f
lstfa k9]/ tyf Ps–b'O{ hgf hfGg]–;'Gg];uF 5nkmn ul/j/L
cfPsf] lyof] pm .
p;n] hLj–hGt'sf] ljsf;qmdsf] rrf{af6 g} cfˆgf]
s'/f ;'? u¥of], æx]/ kfj{tL Û of] /ut vfg] eg]sf] afgLsf]
s'/f xf]Og . of] t cfjZostf xf] . ltdLx¿ cfO;lqmd,
rsn]6, df;', ;fu;AhL OToflb vfg ;S5f}, lsgeg] ltdLx¿
z/L/sf] agfj6 g} To:tf] lsl;dsf] 5 . xfdL h'sfx¿sf] eg]
pTklQ g} s]jn /ut r':gsf nflu eP/ uOlbof] . d]/f]
z/L/n] /ut dfU5, To;}n] clxn] j]6/n] dnfO{ b"w jf ;'k
lbP klg vfg ;lQmgF .Æ
æt/ ltdLn] b"w jf ;'k vfg] sf]l;; slxNo} u/]sf t
5f} <Æ d}n] p;nfO{ pS;fPF .
æcxF, u/]sf] 5}gF .Æ
æsf]l;; u/]/ x]gk{' 5{ lg Pn\=Pn\= . nf} clnslt ldNsz]s
rflvx]/ t .Æ d}n] Ps rDrf ldNsz]s p;tkm{ t];f{PF .
15
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

pm tl;{b+ } s/fof], ægfOF, gfOF, kfj{tL Û d}n]

/utafx]s cyf]s { vfpF eg] s] x'G5 yfxf 5 < d]/f] Hofg}
hfg]5 .Æ
æ;f:tLsf] s'/f u5f}{ . ltdLn] klg t kfpg'k¥of]
lg ;f:tL . ha dflg;x¿ cfˆgf df]hfleq ltdLnfO{
kfpF5g\ lg, To;a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ ;f:tL g} x'bF g} ls
Sof xf] <Æ
ca h'sf]n] nf]sfrf/ gkf/L cfˆgf s'/f v;f]vf;
eGg] ;'/ s:of] . Psk6s nfdf] ;f; tfGof] / s'/f yfNof],
æltdL dflg;sf s'/f u5\of},{ d}ofF . nf} ;'g, dflg;x¿
s:tf x'G5g\ . ltdL dflg;x¿ cfk"mnfO{ v'a} hfGg]–a'´g]
eG7fG5f}, t/ jf:tjdf ltdLx¿ zlQmzfnLdfq xf} .
ltdLx¿ c¿ k|f0fLnfO{ df5f}{ / ltgsf] df;' vfG5f} .
ltdLx¿ xl/0f / af3x¿n] a:g] 7fpF gkfpg] u/L hª\un
df:5f} . df5fx¿dfly bofdfof g/fvLsg ltdLx¿ vf]nf /
gbLdf kmf]xf]/ kf5f}{ . 7"nf–7"nf o'4 ug{ eg]/ cf0fljs
k/LIf0f u5f}{ . x]/, xfdL h'sfx¿ o:tf s'g} klg sfd
ub}g{ f}F .Æ
æt}klg, ltdL csf{sf] /ut r';/] cfgGb t dfG5f} lg ÛÆ
d}n] lj/f]w ub}{ eg]F .
æTof] t dfd'nL s'/f xf] . xfdL cfk"mnfO{ rflxPhlt
dfq /ut vfG5f}F . clxn] d}n] ltd|f] /ut r':g kfPF eg]
Ps lrD6LeGbf a9\tf /ut d lnGgF . ltdLn] olt klg
lsg a'´g g;s]sL, kfj{tL < ltd|f nflu of] ;fgf] s'/f
xf] . d]/f nflu eg] /ut hLjg / d[To'l;t hf]l8Psf] s'/f
xf] .Æ
16
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt

p;sf] s'/fdf bd t lyof] . pm eGb} uof], æclg csf]{

s'/f s] eg], xfdL h'sfx¿ ltdL dflg;x¿nfO{ 8/5]?jf
elg7fG5f}F . ltd|} s'/f u/f}F g, ltdLh:tL PSn} hª\unlt/
3'Dg ;Sg] ;fx;L s]6L klg dh:tf] Pp6f 5';L hLjl;t
s:tf] 8/fPsf] Û of] Pp6f n'd]| hLp / /ut r':g]
y'tg' f]afx]s c¿ s] 5 / dl;t < g xft 5g\, g v'§f 5g\ .
ltdLx¿ t xb} u5f}{ . hLpdf st} Pp6f hfaf] h'sf] km]nf
kfbf{ …cfOøofÚ / …cfTyfÚ u/]/ lrRofpF5f} . ltdLx¿ lsg
To;/L t;{G5f}, eg t <Æ
ca cfP/ dnfO{ vlkg;Sg' eof] . d]/f] kfnf] 6]an' df
d'67\ L ahf/]F . ldNsz]s klg 5rlNsP/ clnslt kf]lvof] .
d}n] eg],F æukm gu/ ld:6/ Û d ltd|f h'Qfdf ;'6S' s k;]/
df]hfleq l5/]sL t lyOgF . d ltd|f] 5fnfdf Kjfn kf/]/
/ut r':g l7Ss k/]sL t lyOgF . ltdL kf] dnfO{ ;f]Wb}
g;f]wL d]/f] /ut vfg tDtof/ lyof} . c‰ dnfO{ pN6}
8/5]?jL eGg] < ÛÆ
d]/f s'/fn] pm clns 7]ufgdf cfof] / eGof], æltdLn]
eg]sf] 7Ls} xf] kfj{tL . d}n] clns a9\t} eg]5' . d dflg;
x'bF f] x'F t dnfO{ klg Pp6f lrklrk] k|f0fLn] d]/f] g;faf6
/ut r'l;/x]sf] b]Vbf l/; p7\Yof] xf]nf .Æ
pm e'OlF t/ x]//] s]xLa]/ r'krfk a:of] . d}n] eg],F æn e}uf]
Pn\=Pn\= . ltd|f eGg'kg]{ s'/f eg t .Æ
æcF, j}1flgs 9ª\un] ;f]Rg] xf] eg] Pp6f hfaf]
h'sf]n] /ut r':tf ltd|f] z/L/nfO{ s]xL xflg x'bF g} . xfdLn]
/ut r';s ] f] 7fpFaf6 s]xL /ut aU5, clnslt g/dfOnf]
x'G5, Toltdfq xf] . ltdLx¿nfO{ vf;} km/s kb}g{ . t/
17
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

18
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt

PskN6 /ut r':g kfPF eg] d dlxgf};F Dd afFRg ;S5' . of]

s'/f ltdLn] a'´g'k5{ . ltdLx¿sf] Tolt ;fgf] /utbfg
s;}sf nflu hLjgbfg xf] . …cfOøofÚ / …cfTyfÚ eg]/ pk|mg
l;kfn' ltdLx¿n] o; tYonfO{ la;{g' ePg lg .Æ
To;kl5 pm ‰g} uDeL/ eP/ dlt/ kmls{of] / eGg
nfUof], ædflg;x¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;dft]kl5 s] u5{g,\ ltdLnfO{
yfxf 5, kfj{tL <Æ
dnfO{ Tof] t /fd|/L yfxf lyof] . hLpdf h'sf] 6fFl;Psf]
b]Vg]lalQs} klxn] t dflg;x¿ lrRofpF5g\ . To;kl5
h'sf]nfO{ tfg]/ lgsfN5g\ / To;nfO{ cg]s tl/sfaf6
df5{g\ . sf]xL ;nfO{ sf]//] hnfpF5g\, sf]xL h'Qfsf] tn'jfn]
lslrldrL kf5{g,\ sf]xL 8]6f]n jf s'g} cf}ifwLsf] ‰f]ndf
8'afpF5g\, sf]xL ;'tL{sf] w"nf] jf g"g 5s]/{ kL8f lbO{lbO{
df5{g\ .
t/ Pn\=Pn\=n] eGg vf]hs] f] s'/frflxF d}n] a'´g
;lsgF . d}n] ;f]w]F, æPn\=Pn\, ltd|f] egfOsf] dtna xfdLn]
cfˆgf] hLpdf h'sf] 6fFl;Psf] km]nf kf/] klg s]xL ug'{
x'bF g} eGg] xf] <Æ
ælsg s]xL ug]{ t kfj{tL < nf} dfgf}F ls h'sf]n] r';/]
gf]S;fg} eof] /] . cflv/ eO{ t ;Sof] . ltdL p;af6
/ut lkmtf{ ug{ t ;lQmgf} . To;f] eP To; hLjnfO{ dfg]{
lsg < ltd|f] /utn] pm dlxgf}F afFR5 . h'sf]n] cfk"m afFRgsf
nflu clnslt /ut lkof] eGb}df p;sf] Hofg} lng'kg]{
lsg xF < of] abnfsf] efjgf lsg < t/ s] eg"F Û abnf lng]
eg]sf] t ltdL dflg;x¿sf] k'Vof}n{ L /f]u g} xf] .Æ

19
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

æltdLn] d]/f] /ut r'l;/x]sf] a]nf km]nf kf/]F eg] d}n] s]

ug'k{ ¥of] t <Æ d}n] ;f]wF] .
Pn\=Pn\=n] pQ/df eGof], æh'sf]n] /ut r'l;/x]sf] a]nf
p;nfO{ anhˆtL tfGof] eg] r';s ] f] 7fpFaf6 ‰g} /ut aU5,
kl5 w]/} lrnfpF5 klg . olb h'sf]n] /ut r':g yfln;s]sf]
/x]5 eg] p;nfO{ glayf]Ng' g} /fd|f] . cfk"mnfO{ rflxg]hlt
/ut r';/] 6Gg k/]kl5 pm cfk}mF v';S' s ‰l/xfN5 . clg t
ltdL klg v';L . pm klg v';L .Æ
æl5M l5M Û s:tf /QmkLkf;' k|f0fLx¿, x/] ÛÆ d}n] cfk"mnfO{
yfDg} g;s]/ elgxfn]F .
p;n] t'?Gt} rsf]{ :j/df hjfkm lbof], æxf] t lg kfj{tL Û
d /Qmlkkf;' g} t x'F Û of] s'/f ltdLn] s;/L ga'‰s ] f] < csf]{
k|f0fL ltdLeGbf km/s 5 eGb}df ltdLn] p;nfO{ 3[0ff ug{ x'G5
t < dnfO{ yfxf 5, ltdL dflg;x¿ h'sfx¿sf af/]df dfq
xf]Og, ;k{, d';f, rd]/fh:tf ;'Gb/ clt ;'Gb/ k|f0fLx¿k|lt
klg /fd|f] wf/0ff /fVt}gf} . of] ;fx|} gx'g] s'/f xf] .Æ
d}n] Wofg lbPsf] ;'g/] Pn\=Pn\=n] s'/f c¿ yKof], æx]/
kfj{tL, h;/L ltd|f] hGd ldNsz]s vfgnfO{ ePsf] xf],
To;/L g} d]/f] hGd /ut lkpgnfO{ g} eof] . d hGdg'cufl8
dnfO{ ltdL cf]sf{ x\jn] , lxdlrt'jf, uf]a]| sL/f] jf
sTn]df5f] s} ?kdf hlGdg rfxG5f} eg]/ s;}n] kmf/fd eg{
lbPsf] lyPg Sof/] Û d]/L cfdfnfO{ klg Pp6f h'sf]
hGdfpg'afx]s s] ljsNk lyof] / < p;n] o; jif{ t d
h'sf] x}g afv|f] hGdfpF5' eGg kfpg] s'/f ePg . ;[li6sf]
qmddf pTkGg ePsf] d klg ltdLh:t} Pp6f k|f0fL x'F .

20
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt

xfdLn] /ut r':g] ;'8F / /ut krfpg] k]6 kfof},F km/s

TolQ xf] .Æ
h'sfn] cl3 ;f/]sf ts{x¿ csf6\o lyP . t}klg cfˆgf
k'/fgf wf/0ffx¿ abNg dnfO{ ;fx|} ufx|f] kl//x]sf] lyof] .
d}n] eg],F æ7Ls 5 Pn\=Pn\=, d}n] a'‰F] . ltd|f egfOcg';f/
ca d}n] ltdLnfO{ d]/f] uf]8f lbg'k¥of] r':gnfO{ . ;[li6sf]
ljsf;qmdsf] lgod g} ToxL /x]5 . t/ ltd|f ts{n] d]/f] lrQ
a'‰] klg d hfgL–hfgL cfˆgf] /ut r':g t s;/L lbpmF
ltdLnfO{, eg t <Æ
Pn\=Pn\= s]xL a]/ 3f]l/of] / d';S' s xfF:t} eGof], æa'´of},
kfj{tL Pp6f gofF s'/f Û d ;fyLx¿sf] /ut r'l:tgF / ltdL
t ca d]/f] ;fyL eO;Sof} .Æ
To;kl5 xfdL ToxL xf]6n] lxdfnosf] skmLzkd} a;L–a;L
Pp6f ;xdltdf k'Uof}F . h'sfx¿ k|fs[lts hLj ePsfn]
dg'iohfltsf cfOdfO{, nf]Ug]dfG5], s]6fs]6L ;a}sf] /ut r':g
kfpg] pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ 5 eGg]df d ;xdt ePF . JolQmut
¿kdf d]/} /ut vfg'k5{ eGg] l9kL gug{ Pn\=Pn\= klg ;xdt
eof] . p;n] afFRgsf nflu /ut r':g kfpg'k5{ eGg]df xfdL
b'j} ;xdt eof}F .
æt/ /ut r':g cg'dlt kfpmF eg]/ s;}nfO{ g;f]Wg" lg ÛÆ
d}n] xfF:t} eg]F .
xfdLn] ;xdltdf xft ldnfof}F . cyf{t\ p;n] cfˆgf] ;'8F n]
d]/f] sfG5L cf}nF fdf 5f]of] .
ca d}n] h'sf]nfO{ uf]bfj/L kmsf{pg'kg]{ lyof] . p;nfO{ d}n]
cfˆgf] xftsf] a"9L cf}nF fsf] gªdf a;fPF / xfdL a;df

21
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

22
 h'sfl;tsf] ;xdlt

r9\of}F . xfd|f] a; u'8b\ f ´ofnaf6 cfPsf] xfjfsf] p;n] v"a

cfgGb lnof] .
uf]bfj/Lsf] hª\undf uP/ d}n] p;nfO{ Pp6f 9'Ëf]dfly
/flvlbPF . p;n] dnfO{ cfFvf l‰DSofpFb} eGof], æcf Û Û Û dnfO{
Sof /ut r':g dg nfu]sf] lyof] .Æ
d}n] ;f]r,F] p;nfO{ /ut lkpg dg nfUg' 7Ls} t xf] .

23
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

24
 :s"nsf lrKn]sL/f
k'r' ev{/ Ps jif{ k'us ] L k'mlt{nL 5fp/L lyO{ . pm a:g]
u/]sf] :s"ndf k9\g] s]6fs]6Lb]lv k9fpg] lzIfs–lzlIfsf
;a} hgf p;nfO{ cf}wL dg k/fpFy] . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n]
rp/df es'G8f] v]ns ] f a]nf pm pgLx¿l;t} bf}8GyL . c¿
a]nf klxnf] sIffdf ;–;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] e'8F L
d';fg{ lbP/ cf/fd ul//x]sL x'GyL . s'g} a]nf pm k':tsfno
sf]7fsf ;f]kmfdf d:t;Fu ;'lt/x]sL x'GyL . slxn]rflxF
kf7\oqmdnfO{ s;/L c‰ /fd|f] t'Nofpg] eGg]af/] rln/x]sf]
5nkmn ;'Gb} lk|lG;knsf] sf]7fdf al;/xGyL .
k'rs' f] ljz]iftf g} p;sf] c;fwf/0f lh1f;f lyof] . p;sf
cfFvf clt rgfvf lyP . :s"nsf x/]s ultljlwdf p;sf]
Wofg k'us ] f] x'GYof] . x:tsnf l;Sg] sIffaf6 s'g} cgf}7f]
cfjfh cfPsf] ;'Gg]lalQs} Tof] cfjfh s/f}tF L, l8«n jf /Gbf
s]sf] xf], a'´g p;nfO{ ToxfF k'luxfNg'kYof]{ . af:s]6an
v]Nbfv]Nb} sf]xL 3fOt] ePdf pm klxNo} ToxfF k'UyL .
klxnf]k6s :s"n cfPsfn] s'gfdf a;]/ /f]O/x]sf] aRrf5]p
klg pm g} k'us ] L x'GyL . :s"nsf] rp/dfly vnan
dRrfO/x]sf sfusf] ‰'G8g]/ klg pm g} s] eof] egL x]g{
bf}8GyL .
Ps lbg laxfg k'rs ' f] b[li6 :s"nsf] d"nu]6g]/ e'OdF f
b'Oj{ 6f lrKn]sL/fx¿df k¥of] . b]Vg t tL v}/f, lrKnf /
6gSs hLp ePsf hLjx¿nfO{ p;n] klxn] klg b]vs ] L lyO{ .
25
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

cfh eg] tL b'Oj{ 6f lrKn]sL/f Pscfk;df lnlkSs 6fFl;P/

a;]sf lyP . æ;fyLx¿ /x]5g\, w]/} kl5 e]6s ] f,Æ k'rn' ]
ltgLx¿nfO{ y'tg' f] ;'£F b} c8\sn sf6L .
lh1f;' k'rn' fO{ lrKn]sL/faf/] w]/yf]/ hfgsf/L lyof] .
ltgLx¿sf ljifodf lk|lG;knn] atfPsf s'/fx¿ klg p;n]
;'gs] L lyO{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :s"nsf] rp/df xfn;fn} dfq
oL lrKn]sL/fx¿ b]lvg yfn]sf x'g\ eGg] klg p;nfO{ yfxf
lyof] . Ps lbg lk|lG;knn] Pshgf lzlIfsfnfO{ af]nfP/ a8f]
bª\u kb}{ eg]sL lyOg\, æo;kflnsf] avf{df :s"nj/k/ olt w]/}
lrKn]sL/fx¿ b]lvPsf] tkfO{nF ] ofb ug'e{ of] <Æ
t/ To; s'/fn] tL lzlIfsfnfO{ eg] vf;} c;/ kf/]g /
pgn] elgg\ æcf, To:tf l3gnfUbf 5';L hLjx¿sf] s] s'/f
ug'{ Û dnfO{ t tL gePs} a]; nfU5 .Æ
lk|lG;knn] elgg\, ætkfO{n+ ] s:tf] ga'´of ÛÆ oL
lrKn]sL/fx¿ b]vfkg'{ t /fd|f] s'/fsf] ;ª\st] xf] ls xfd|f]
:s"ndf xl/ofnL a9]sf] 5 . xfdLsxfF ¿v–la?jfx¿ a9]sfn]
g} oL ;+jb] gzLn k|f0fLx¿ k]ml/ oxfF cfPsf x'g\ . ¿v–
lj?jfdf sL/f dfg]{ cf}ifwL / /f;folgs dn g5s{g] xfd|f]
lg0f{o 7Ls lyof] eGg] s'/f o;af6 ;flat x'G5 . xfd|f] ;x/
/ b]zsf] kof{j/0f 7Ls geP klg xfd|f] :s"nsf] kof{j/0f
eg] :j:y / ;Gt'lnt 5 eGg] s'/fsf] oL lrKn]sL/f k|df0f
x'g\ .Æ
lk|lG;knn] o;/L ;D‰fPkl5 lzlIfsfsf ;fy} k'rs ' f] klg
lrQ a'´of] . k|fs[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ sfod /fVg oltla£g
Wofg k'¥ofpg] :s"ndf a:g kfPsf]df k'rn' fO{ lgs} uj{ cg'ej
eof] .
26
 :s"nsf lrKn]sL/f

lrKn]sL/f / cg]s y/Lsf r/fr'?ª\uLx¿afx]s

:s"nsDkfpG8leq y'k}| lsl;dsf k'tnL, dfx'/L /
sL/fkm6\ofª\uf| x¿ klg 5g\ eGg] s'/f k'rn' fO{ yfxf lyof] .
hxfF ;–;fgf hLjx¿ x'G5g\ ToxfF ltgnfO{ vfg] c¿ 7"nf
hLjx¿ klg x'G5g\ . To;}n] lrKn]sL/f ;Fu;Fu} Pp6f csf]{
crDdsf] sL/f] klg b]vf k/]sf] lyof] . To; sL/fsf] 9f8df
df5fsf ‰}F sTnfx¿ lyP / vh'/f]h:t} w]/} v'§f . :s"nsf
s;}nfO{ klg To;sf] gfd yfxf lyPg, t/ To;n] dg{
nfu]sf / dl/;s]sf lrKn]sL/fx¿nfO{ vfG5 eGg]rflxF
;a}nfO{ yfxf lyof] . To;} x'gfn] :s"nsf ljBfyL{ /
lzIfs–lzlIfsf ;a} hgf To; sL/f]nfO{ ælrKn]sL/fsf] af3Æ
eGg] uy]{ . æaf3Æ eO;s]kl5 lrKn]sL/fsf] lzsf/ t ug}{
k¥of] .
k'rn' fO{ ;aeGbf ;s;s lrKn]sL/fx¿sf] clt l9nf] 3;|fO
b]v/] nfUYof] . pgLx¿sf lbdfudf …l56f]Ú zAbsf] cy{ g}
gePsf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . Pp6} sfddf 306f}F nufpg] ;':t
ult ePsf tL hLjx¿af/] cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] k'r' lbSs
x'GyL .
lrKn]sL/fx¿ k'm;{bsf a]nf s] u5{g,\ pgLx¿ s] vfG5g\
;fyLx¿l;t s'g 7fpFdf e]65\ g\ cflb s'/f yfxf kfpg k'r'
v'a} pT;'s lyO{ . t/ To:tf ;':t hLjx¿nfO{ klv{/xg' eg]
;fWo lyPg . xf], dWofGxsf] 3fddf rflxF lrKn]sL/fx¿ aflx/
b]vf kb}g{ y] . pgLx¿ ls t kvf{nsf] r]kdf ls t udnfsf]
lr;f] efukl§ 6fFl;O/x]sf x'Gy] . ;fF‰kv pgLx¿ aflx/
lg:sGy] . clg 3;|g yfNy] / 3l;|/xGy], t/ sxfF k'Ug'nfO{
xf], s;}nfO{ kQf] x'bF g} Yof] <
27
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

28
 :s"nsf lrKn]sL/f

lrKn]sL/fsf] t'ngfdf k'rs' f] hLjgz}nL Psbd} leGg

lyof] . egf}F g, cfwf 306fleq} Tof] r~rn] 5fp/L 3/L
efG;fsf]7faf6 lk|lG;knsf] clkm;df bf}8/] k'UyL, ToxfFaf6
k':tsfno x'bF } af:s]6an v]Ng] 7fpFdf k'UyL . ls t pm
s]6fs]6Lx¿l;t v]ln/x]sL x'GyL, ls cfˆg} hLp d';fl//x]sL
x'GyL jf :s"nsf] d"n u]6df a;]/ aflx/sf e':ofxf
s's/' x¿nfO{ e's/] wDSofO/x]sL x'GyL . :s"ndf ;a}eGbf l56f]
bf}l8g] s]6fhlQs} cfk"m bf}8g\ ;S5' eGg]df k'rn' fO{ 3dG8
lyof] .
lrKn]sL/fx¿nfO{ eg] ult eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} dtna} lyPg .
Psk6s k'rn' ] rp/df 5fl8Psf] Pp6f OF6dfly 3;|bF }
u/]sf] Pp6f lrKn]sL/fsf] ultl;t cfˆgf] ultnfO{ bfFhL x]/s ] L
lyO{ . k'r' 7"nf] v]n d}bfgsf] b'O{ rSs/ nufO;s]/ To;
7fpFdf kms{b+ f Tof] lrKn]sL/fn] OF6sf] PsltxfO efu klg kf/
u/]sf] lyPg . To;kl5 k'r' km]l/ csf]{ nfdf] rSs/ nfpg]
ljrf/n] ToxfFaf6 lxF8L . pm df5fkf]v/Ldf k'u/] Psl5g
kfgLdf v]nL, ul0ft kl9/x]sf sIff ;ftsf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{
sf]7fleq k;]/ k'R5/ xNnfO{, clg efG;fdf k'u/] ToxfF
lbp;f]sf] vfgf kfls/x]sf] b[Zo Psl5g x]/L . aNn p;n]
To; lrKn]sL/fnfO{ k]ml/ ;D‰L / To;nfO{ x]g{ bf}8L .
ToltGh]ndf To; lrKn]sL/fn] aNntNn OF6fsf] nDafO kf/
u/]sf] /x]5 .
k'rn' ] ca cfk}mF a'´g yfnL ls …;doÚ sf] dtna s's/' /
lrKn]sL/fsf nflu a]Unfa]Un} x'bF f] /x]5 eg]/ . lrKn]sL/f cs}{
38Lcg';f/ rNbf /x]5g\ . k'rn' fO{ h'g ;do nfdf] nfUYof]
Tof] lrKn]sL/fnfO{ gnfUbf] /x]5 . vf;df eGg] xf] eg]
29
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

lrKn]sL/fsf] 38L l9nf] rNg] vfnsf] /x]5 . csf]{ s'/f p;n]

s] klg a'‰L eg] Pp6L 5fp/Ln] hLjgdf hlt s'/f ug'k{ 5{
Tolt s'/f lrKn]sL/fnfO{ ug'{ gkg]{ /x]5 .
olt ;a} a'l‰;s]kl5 k'r' clns w}o;{ fy lrKn]sL/fx¿nfO{
lgofNg yfnL . p;n] s] kQf nufO{ eg] lrKn]sL/fsf] hLjg
vfg]s/' fsf] vf]hLd} laTbf] /x]5 . pgLx¿ lbgel/ ;'Tbf /x]5g\
/ /ftel/ / slxn]sfxLF laxfgLkv;Dd vfg]s/' fx¿ vf]Hbf
/x]5g\ .
:s"nsf lrKn]sL/fx¿ slnnf / g/d la?jf tyf t/sf/Lsf
af]6x¿sf 5]p5fp a:y] . ;fF‰ k/]kl5 pgLx¿ cf–cfˆgf]
yfGsf]af6 aflx/ lg:sGy] / af/Ldf stf sfpnLsf af]6 5g\,
Totflt/ n:sGy] . pgLx¿nfO{ ToxfF k'Ug b'O{ 306f nfUbf] xf],
t/ s] eof] / Û pgLx¿nfO{ vfgf vfP/ 3/ kms{g /ftel/sf]
;do 5Fb} lyof] .
pgLx¿sf] o; ofqfdf a]nfavtdf Jojwfg klg cfpFYof] .
slxn]sfxLF pgLx¿sf glhs}af6 s'g} dfx'/L p8\Yof] jf
¿vaf6 kft v:Yof] . To;f] x'gf;fy lrKn]sL/fx¿ cfˆgf
b'Oj{ 6} l;ªnfO{ t'?Gt} leqkl§ n'sfP/ cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufpFy] . tL
l;ªx¿ lrKn]sL/fsf d"Nojfg\ PG6]gfx¿ x'g\ t/ pgLx¿sf
cfFvf klg ltgs} 6'Kkfdf x'G5g\ . l;ª n'sfpFbf klg
gk'ud] f pgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufpg u'8F n' f] ky]{ / hLpdfly
s'g} s'/f kg{ gkfcf];\ eg]/ ;s];Dd ;fgf] x'g] sf]l;;
uy]{ .
o;afx]s cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufpg Pp6f lrKn]sL/fn] vf;} s] kf]
ug{ ;SYof] / < cflv/ lrKn]sL/f eg]sf] xf8lagfsf], sdnf]
df+;lk08n] ag]sf] hLj g xf] . ;f}efUojz, :s"nxftfdf w]/}
30
 :s"nsf lrKn]sL/f

r/fr'?ª\uLn] u'8F nufP/ a;]sf eP klg oL RofkRofk]

hLjk|lt pgLx¿ vf;} Wofg lbFbf /x]g5g\ . s] sf/0fn] xf]
s'lGg, r/fx¿ lrKn]sL/fnfO{ vfFbf /x]g5g\ . a? dflg;sf
v'§fd'lg k/]/ kf] lrKn]sL/fx¿n] cfˆgf] Hofg u'dfpg'kYof]{ .
To;/L lslrP/ d/]sf lrKn]sL/fx¿rflxF lrKn]sL/fsf] af3sf
cfxf/ aGy] .
dflg;sf v'§fn] lylrP/ d/]sf w]/} lrKn]sL/fx¿sf] b'Mvb
cGTonfO{ ;D‰Fbf k'rs ' f] ljrf/–tGb|f /f]lsof] . pm :s"nsf] d"n
u]6cl3lNt/ Pscsf{sf] cFufnf]df afFlwP/ /x]sf b'Oj{ 6f
lrKn]sL/fnfO{ g} x]l//x]sL lyO{ . k'rn' fO{ yfxf lyof], :s"nsf]
a; s'g} klg a]nf cfpg ;S5 eGg] . t/ lrKn]sL/fsf] Tof]
d"v{ hf]8L eg] st} 7fpF gkfP‰}F ToxfF a;]/ k|d] k|bz{g
ul//x]sf lyP . 3/ kms{g] a]nf lalt;Sof] eGg] s'/f pgLx¿n]
lal;{P ls Sof xf] < rls{b} uPsf] 3fdn] cfˆgf] 5fnfnfO{
;'sfOlbG5 eGg] klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;'l4 5}g <
k'rn' ] k]ml/ e'OdF f hf]lN7O /x]sf lrKn]sL/fsf] To; hf]8LnfO{
lgofn]/ x]/L . tL lrKn]sL/f cfk"mdfly cfOkg]{ ;ª\s6af/]
a]va/ lyP . ælogLx¿nfO{ ‰s‰sfOlbg'k¥of],Æ k'rn' ] ljrf/
u/L . cfˆgf] y'tg' f]nfO{ cl3Nnf] v'§fsf kGhfdfly /fv]/} k'r'
e'Sg / s'Os F O' F ug{ yfnL, t/ o; k|of;n] klg To; hf]8Ldf
s'g} c;/ kf/]g . sxfF;Dd eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf l;ªnfO{
leqkl§ n'sfpg] sfd;Dd klg u/]gg\ .
k'rn' fO{ pgLx¿sf] lrGtf ‰g\ a9]/ cfof] . l5§} s]6fs]6Lx¿
o; u]6af6 Ujf/Ujf/tL cfpg]5g\ . sIffdf k:g'cl3 Ps}l5g
eP klg rp/df uP/ v]Ng pgLx¿nfO{ xtf/ x'G5 . af6fdf
s] 5 eg]/ pgLx¿ x]l//xFbg} g\ . s]6fs]6Lx¿n] d"n u]6g]/
31
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

e'OdF f n]l6/x]sf lrKn]sL/fx¿nfO{ b]Vg]5g} g\ / pgLx¿sf

a'6d'lg lslrP/ oL lg/Lx k|f0fLsf] Hofg hfg]5 .
o:tf] 8/nfUbf] ;f]rfO dgdf cfPkl5 k'r' ‰g\ hf]8l;t
e'Sg yfnL . pgLx¿sf] Wofg tfg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ Ps–csf{af6
5'§o\ fpg ;lsof] eg] u]6klt{/ l;ofFn ePsf] 7fpFdf hfnfg\
eGg] k'rs ' f] cfzf lyof] . lrKn]sL/fsf ;'Gg] sfg x'G5g\,
x'bF g} g\ Tof] klg k'rn' fO{ yfxf lyPg\ t/ lrRofP/ e'Stf
sDkgaf6 g} eP klg ltgdf s]xL c;/ knf{ ls eGg] k'rs ' f]
cfzf lyof] .
geGb} To:t} eof] . s]xLa]/ nuftf/ e'sk] l5 tL
lrKn]sL/fx¿n] 5fp/fsf] ;Gb]z ;'g‰] F} u/] . k'rs ' f] ;ª\st]
a'‰/] xf] jf To; lbgsf nflu cÍdfn ug]{ sfd ;lsP/ xf],
tL b'O{ lrKn]sL/f Ps–csf{sf] cFufnf]af6 5'l§P clg cfˆg}
wLdf ultdf l;ofFntkm{ 3l;|P . cfˆgf] k5fl8 b'Oj{ 6f lrKnf
/ 6lNsg] wsf{sf] 8f]a kf/]/ tL b'O{ cufl8 a9] . Ps OGr,
b'O{ OGr, kfFr OGr ub}{ pgLx¿ cl3 al9/x]sf lyP, t/ Tof]
tfnn] s] k'luGYof] / . lsgeg] pgLx¿n] c‰} tLg lkm6 b"/L
kf/ ug'k{ g]{ lyof] .
k'r' xtf; eP/ otfptf x]g{ nfuL . ;flaseGbf cfh
a;x¿ cfpg l9nf] ePsf lyP, t/ s'g} klg a]nf cfOk'Ug
;Sy] . k'rn' ] lrKn]sL/f b'Ol{ t/ x]/L . Pp6f cufl8 / csf]{
clns kl5 k/]sf] lyof], t/ b'jn} ] clxn];Dddf Ps lkm6 b"/L
klg l5rf]ns ] f lyPgg\ .
Tolt g} a]nf w"nf] p8fpFb} a;x¿ cfOk'u] / u]6sf] cufl8
/f]lsP . ltgsf 9f]sfaf6 :s'n] s]6fs]6Lx¿sf x"n x'?? lg:sg
yfn] . a;af6 xft lbP/ ptfg'k{ g]{ ;–;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿l;t
32
 :s"nsf lrKn]sL/f

k'rn' fO{ 8/ lyPg . dflyNnf Snf;sf 7"nf ljBfyL{x¿ klg

bf}l8P/ hfFbg} y] . k'rn' fO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 8/ tLg, rf/, kfFr,
5 / ;ft sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿l;t lyof] pgLx¿nfO{ ;w}F v]Ng
xtf/ x'GYof] / cfh klg pgLx¿ a;af6 5n ub}{ lglSnP .
s'g} 5fnfsf h'Qfdf / s'g} v]Ng] sk8fsf h'Qfdf sl;Psf
v'§fx¿ 9\ofk9\ofk ub}{ v'6l\ snf r9]/ d"n u]6leq l5/] .
s]6fs]6LnfO{ af6fdf k'r' a;]sf] 5 ls b'O{ ;fgf lrKn]sL/fx¿
5g\, s]xL jf:tf lyPg .
x'g} nfu]sf] xTofsf08 x]g{ gk/f];\ eg]/ k'rn' ] cfFvf lrDd
u/L . s]xL lgd]ifd} s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] klxnf] x"n u]6af6 kf/
eof] . k'rn' ] 8/fpFb} cfFvf vf]n/] e'OlF t/ x]/L . crDd /
pb]s} eof] Û tL v'§fx¿af6 lrKn]sL/f 5lnP5g\, / pgLx¿
cfˆg} ;'/df 3;|bF } uO/x]sf lyP . t/ vt/f c‰} lyof] . c‰}
Ps;o s]6fs]6Lx¿ v'6l\ snf pSnFb} cfO/x]sf lyP .
lrKn]sL/fx¿ af6f] kf/ u/]/ kvf{ndf k'Ug c‰} Ps k'm6hlt
afFsL lyof] .
k'r' ca s] xf]nf eGg] 8/n] ys{dfg lyO{ . t/ Tolt g}
a]nf PsfPs v'§fsf 9\ofk9\ofk ;'lgg 5f8] . 5fp/Ln] cfFvf
vf]n/] dfl:t/ x]/L . ;o hf]8L cfFvfx¿ Psgf;n]
lrKn]sL/fx¿nfO{ x]l//x]sf p;n] b]vL .
æcfxf s:tf] /fd|f] ÛÆ kfFr sIffdf k9\g] Pp6f s]6f]
s/fof] . ;a}n] p;sf s'/fdf ;xL yfk] . tL ;fgf hLjx¿n]
d"n u]6af6 b'Oj{ 6f lrKnf wsf{ agfpFb} uPsf] b]v/] ;a} hgf
crlDet ePsf lyP . sIff ;ftsL Pp6L 5fqfn] egL, æoL
lrKn]sL/fx¿ kvf{n;Dd k'uG' h]n xfdL oxfF kvf}{ . xfd|f
v'§fd'lg k/] eg] tL lslrldrL eOxfN5g\ .Æ
33
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

34
 :s"nsf lrKn]sL/f

k'rn' fO{ To; 5fqfnfO{ uP/ cFufnf] xfNg dg nfUof] . ;a}

s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] ;f]re] Gbf ;ÅboL kfP/ pm v';Ln]
ub\ub\ eO{ . p;n] ;f]rL, æwGo oL s]6fs]6Lx¿ Û logLx¿n]
b'Oj{ 6f ;fgf lrKnf hLjx¿k|lt slt dfof b]vfPsf ÛÆ s]xLa]/
nufP/ tL lrKn]sL/fx¿ u]6leq k;] / cf–cfˆgf sIfftkm{
nfu] .
k'rn' ] c‰} s]xLa]/ ToxfF a;]/ kvf{n rl9/x]sf
lrKn]sL/fnfO{ x]l//xL . pgLx¿sf] rfn eg] klxn]h:t} ;':t g}
lyof] . pgLx¿ To;/L 3l;|/x]sf] x]l//xg] w}o{ ca k'rd' f
lyPg, To;}n] k'r' v]Ng] rp/lt/ xflgO{ . p;nfO{ s]6fs]6Ll;t
n'sfdf/L v]Ng' lyof] .

35
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

36
 agsL sfpa"(L
axQ/ jif{sL sfpa"9L lrtjg lhNnfsf] kl6xfgL ufpFdf
al:yg\ . pgsf] 3/ af3, efn', u}8F f, xfQL / uf]xLx¿sf]
lgjf; /x]sf] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hglhs} lyof] .
kxf8af6 a;fOF ;/]/ ‰/]sL sfpa"9L ljwjf lyOg\ . pgsf]
o; ;+;f/df cfˆgf eGg] sf]xL lyPgg\ . tL; jif{cl3 pgsf
nf]Ug] sfd ug{ eg]/ ef/tsf] aDaO{ ;x/ uPsf lyP, t/
To;kl5 ltgsf] s'g} cQf]kQf] ePg . sfpa"9Lsf] Pp6f nf6f]
/ alx/f] 5f]/f] lyof] . pm klg bz jif{cl3 hª\und} Pp6f
b'36{ gfdf k/L d¥of] .
sfpa"9L k'm;sf] ;fgf] ‰'kf| d] f al:yg\ . pgn] ufO{, e};F L /
afv|f kfn]sL lyOg\ . sf]7a] f/Ldf t/sf/L kmnfPsL lyOg\ /
v]tdf wfgds} klg /f]ks ] L lyOg\ .
pgsf] 5f]/f] d/]kl5 l5d]sLx¿n] pgnfO{ ca PSn} a:g
x'bF g} , 3/–wGbfdf ;3fpg] Pshgf dfG5] /fVg'k5{ eg]sf
lyP . t/ sfpa"9Ln] dflggg\ . d PSn} 7Ls} 5' elgg\ .
geGb} pgL ;a} sfd cfk}mF uly{g\ . af/L cfk}mF vghf]t uly{g,\
3fF; sf6\lyg\, ufO{j:t' r/fpFlyg\ . 6\oa' j]n lau|bF fv]l/ Tof]
klg cfˆg} xftn] agfpFlyg\ .
sfpa"9L slxNo} la/fdL klb{glyg\ . pgL s;}l;t s]xL
dfUg hfGglyg\ . ufpFnn] fO{ kQf] g} x'bF g} Yof] pgL s] ul5{g,\
stf hflG5g\ eg]/ . sfpa"9LnfO{ klg 9'Ss} lyof], pgL ;w}F
cfˆg} w'gdf x'lGyg\ .
37
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

38
 agsL sfpa"9L

ufpFns
] f cfFvfdf pgL Pp6L ljwjL a"9L lyOg\ . t/
sfpa"9Lsf] u'KtL hLjg cs}{ lyof] . pgL cfˆgf] w]/h} ;f]
;do /fktL gbLkfl/sf] /fli6«o lgs'~hdf latfpFlyg\ . pgL
hª\und} /dfpg] aga"9L eO;s]sL lyOg\ .
sfpa"9Lsf] nf6f] 5f]/f] ¿vn] lylrP/ d/]sf] lyof] .
alx/f] klg ePsfn] p;n] ¿v 9n]sf] kQ} kfPg5 . 5f]/f]
d/]bl] v g} sfpa"9Lsf] hª\unL hLjg klg ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
k|To]s lbg pgL gbL t/]/ b'36{ gf ePsf] To; 7fpFdf
k'lUyg\ . nfdLtfn5]psf] ToxL 9n]sf] ¿vdf PSn} 6\jfNn
k/]/ al:yg\ . slxn] ToxLF a;L–a;L ?g] uly{g\ .
lrtjgsf] hª\un Psbd} afSnf] 5 . ToxfF w]/} lsl;dsf
hgfj/x¿ / r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5g\ . hª\unsf tL kz'kG5Lx¿n]
sfpa"9L lgTo cfP/ nfdLtfn5]p PSn} w'dw'dtL a:g] u/]sL
b]vs] f lyP . skfn ;]t} k'mn]sL Tof] a"9L cfOdfO{ sf] xf]nL
eGg] pgLx¿nfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] abL{ nufP/ /dg
3'Dg] ;]gfsf hjfgx¿nfO{ b]vs ] f lyP . v/v/fOsf] a]nf
hª\undf /u\/u\tL cfpg] ufpFn] dflg;x¿nfO{ klg b]vs ] f
lyP . hª\undf rf]/Llzsf/ ug{ cfpg] abdf;x¿nfO{ klg
pgLx¿ lrGby] . t/ tL a"9L cfOdfO{ eg] c¿eGbf a]Un}
lyOg\ . ;fdfGo kml/of nufPsL tL a"9L vfnL v'§f g}
cfpFlyg\ . pgL s;}nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpGglyg\, g ¿v sf6\lyg\
g hª\unaf6 s]xL lnP/ hflGyg\ .
oxL /Ltn] s]xL dlxgf lat]kl5 tL hftL a"9Ll;t
hgfj/x¿ glhlsFb} uP . klxn]–klxn] pgL gbL t/]/ hª\un
k:tf xf]xNnf u/]/ ;a}nfO{ ;ts{ t'Nofpg] nª\u/" s/fpg
5f8\of] . r/fr'?ª\uLx¿ klg ca pgL cfpFbf g8/fO{
39
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

e'Os
F f rf/f l6k]/ vfO{ g} /xGy] . dfp u}8F f;d]t
cfˆgf aRrfx¿;Fu cK7\of/f] gdfgL v/sf kfn'jf rkfO/xGy] .
sfpa"9Lsf] o; gofF lbgrof{af/] kl6xfgLsf ufpFnx] ¿nfO{
cQf]kQf] lyPg . ptf hª\unleq eg] hª\unL kz'kG5Lx¿l;t
sfpa"9Lsf] lrghfg a9\b} uof] / ldqtf ufFl;Fb} uof] .
hª\undf hgfj/x¿nfO{ afFRg slt sl7g /x]5 egL pgn]
a'´g nflug\ . ufpFnx] ¿ hª\unaf6 bfp/f / 3fF; sf6]/
n}hfGy] / ToxfF j:t'efp rg{ 5fl8lbGy] . t/ To;n] eGbf
a9L c;/ t ko{6sx¿n] of rf]/ lzsf/Lx¿n] kfy]{ .
ko{6sx¿sf ‰'G8sf ‰'G8 hLk / kfNt' xfQLdf r9]/ cfpFy] .
ptf rf]/lzsf/Lx¿ w/fk yfk]/ u}8F f, af3 / efn' dfy]{ .
o;k|sf/ dflg;x¿ hª\unL kz'kG5Lsf] zfGt
hLjgdf pTkft drfO/xGy] .
dflg;x¿sf o:tf lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ hª\unsf] k|fs[lts
cj:yf vnalnPsf] sfpa"9Ln] cfˆg} cfFvfn] b]lvg\ . ltvf{
nfUbf klg hgfj/x¿ nfdLtfndf uO{ kfgL vfg g;Sg] ePsf
lyP . lgw{Ss eP/ cfˆgf aRrfsf] x]/rfx ug{ klg gkfpg]
ePsf lyP . aflx/af6 x]bf{ hª\un ;'Gb/ tyf k|fs[lts
cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvP tfklg ToxfFleqsf kz'kG5Lx¿sf] cj:yf
b'Mvk"0f{ x'bF } uPsf] lyof] .
lrtjg–hª\unsf hgfj/x¿sf] To:tf] lahf]s b]v/]
sfpa"9Ln] pgLx¿nfO{ dbt ug]{ ljrf/ ul/g\ . 3fd pbfpg'
/ ufpFnx] ¿ p7\ge' Gbf klxn] g} sfpa"9L /fktL gbL t/]/
kfl/kl§ hflGyg\ . hª\unL dQf xfQLn] pgnfO{ ;'8F n] l6k]/
cfˆgf] lkF7o\ d" f a;fpFYof] . clg To;dfly r9]/ sfpa"9L
hª\unsf] lg/LIf0f uly{g\ .
40
 agsL sfpa"9L

sfpa"9Ln] hgfj/x¿nfO{ w]/} lsl;daf6 dbt k'¥ofpg

yflng\ . ;a}eGbf dxŒjsf] rflxF u}8F fnfO{ lzsf/Lx¿af6
hf]ufpg] lyof] . hª\undf n'sLl5kL cfpg] abdf; rf]/x¿n]
ulx/f vf8nx¿ vg]/ dflyaf6 3fF;kftn] 5f]Kty] . ToxfF
vf8n 5 eGg] yfxf gkfP/ u}8F fx¿ w/fkdf ky]{ . clg
lzsf/Lx¿ u}8F fsf] vfu sf6]/ n}hfGy] / u}8F fnfO{ rflxF ToxLF
vf8nleq} dg{ 5f8\y] .
af3 dfg{nfO{ rflxF lzsf/Lx¿ kmnfdsf w/fkx¿ yfKy],
h;df v'§f kgf{;fy ltvf ;'O/fx¿ xf8nfO{ klg 5]8g\ ] u/L
leq k:y] . To;/L yflkPsf w/fkx¿df slxn]sfxLF xl/0f
lrQn, d[u, aFbn] / uf]xLx¿;d]t ky]{ .
sfpa"9L tL lgwf{ hgfj/x¿sf] hLjg/Ifs x'bF } uOg\ . pgL
rf]/ lzsf/Lx¿k|lt lgu/fgL /flVyg\ / ltgnfO{ rfn df/]/
k5\ofpFlyg\ . pgL sxfF–sxfF vf8n vlgPsf 5g\ / s'g–s'g
7fpFdf kf;f] yflkPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufpFlyg\, clg
nª\u/" –afFb/nfO{ O;f/f u/]/ atfpFlyg\ . s/fP/ jf c¿ s'g}
pkfon] nª\u/" n] u}8F f, af3 / c¿ kz'x¿nfO{ vf8n of
w/fkaf6 arfpFYof] .
lzsf/Lx¿n] vg]sf vf8nx¿df la:tf/}–la:tf/} u}8F fx¿ v:g
5f8] . pgLx¿n] yfk]sf kf;f]x¿ l/Q} x'g yfn] . æP, ca t
oxfFsf hª\unL hgfj/x¿ lglv|P5g\,Æ eg]/ lzsf/Lx¿ /fli6«o
lgs'~hleq cfpg 5f8] . pgLx¿ g]kfnsf cGo 7fpF /
ef/tsf hª\unlt/ nfu] .
agdf 89]nf] nfUbf sfpa"9L xfjf stflt/ aUb} 5 eGg]
a'‰/] kz'kG5LnfO{ efUg] af6f] b]vfOlblGyg\ . jiff{ofddf /]l8of]
;'g/] dfly kxf8 / n]slt/ stf kfgL kb}{ 5 eGg] kQf
41
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

42
 agsL sfpa"9L

nfpFlyg\ / /fktL gbLdf af9L cfpg]–gcfpg] c8\sn uly{g\ .

gbLdf af9L pln{Psf] a]nf sfpa"9L dQf xfQLdf r9]/ c¿
hgfj/x¿nfO{ kfgLn] g5'g] cUnf] / ;'/lIft 7fpFlt/ 8f]¥ofP/
nlUyg\ .
hª\unL hgfj/x¿ x]g{ cfpg] ko{6sx¿n] xNnfvNnf
dRrfPdf sfpa"9L kz'kG5Ll;t ldn]/ hª\unnfO{ Pp6} hgfj/
gePsf] z"Go / rsdGg 7fpFh:tf] agfOlblGyg\ . ;a}
kz'kG5Lx¿nfO{ s}of}F lbg;Dd n's/] r'krfk;Fu a:g
nufpFlyg\ .
la:tf/} lrtjgsf u}8F f / af3x¿ x/fO;s] eGg] va/
lkFmlhof] clg hª\undf 3'Dg cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg
lbgk|ltlbg 36\t} uof] . ko{6sx¿ gcfpFbf kz'kG5Lx¿nfO{
‰g} cfgGb eof] . sfpa"9Lsf oL ;a ;xfotfn] ubf{ hËn
k]ml/ hËnh:tf] eof] / hgfj/x¿ /dfpg nfu] .
clxn] klg hª\undf cf}wL g} kz'kG5Lx¿ 5g\ eGg] s'/f
lgs'~hsf jf8]g{ / agkfn]x¿nfO{ dfq yfxf lyof] . pgLx¿sf]
lx;fadf af3x¿sf] ;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ ePsf] lyof] / u}8F fx¿sf]
;ª\Vofdf tLgu'gf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . t}klg hgfj/ gb]lvg'sf]
sf/0f s] xf] eGg] s'/f a'´g g;s]/ pgLx¿ klg lhNn k/]sf
lyP .
otf kl6xfgL ufpFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] sfpa"9LnfO{ gb]vs] f]
w]/} lbg ePsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ s]xL eof] xf]nf ls eg]/
ufpFnx] ¿ Pslbg pgsf] 3/df x]g{ uP . 3/nfO{ dfG5]
ePh:t} lrl6Ss kf/]/ /flvPsf] lyof], t/ ToxfF sf]xL
lyPgg\ . ufO{, afv|f / e};F Lx¿ klg ToxfF lyPgg\ .
sfpa"9Lsf] cQf]kQf] lyPg .
43
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

of] w]/} jif{cufl8sf] s'/f xf] . clxn] w]/} ;do lalt;Stf

klg sfpa"9LnfO{ s] eof], pgL stf cnk eOg\ eGg] s'/f
kl6xfgLsf ufpFnx] ¿sf nflu /x:os} ljifo /x]sf] 5 . pgsf
af/]df ;f]Wbf ufpFnx] ¿ æyfxf 5}gÆ eGb} d'G6f] xNnfpF5g\ .
sGbd"nx¿ vf]Hg] qmddf hª\unsf] leqL efu;Dd k'Ug]
dflg;x¿n] Pstfsf kml/of nufPsL Pp6L s'kL| a"9L
cfOdfO{nfO{ 7"nf] hª\unL dQf xfQLdf r9]/ uO/fv]sf] b]vs ] f
s'/f uy]{ . t/ To:tf s'/f ug]n{ fO{ ufpFnx] ¿n] hª\un guO{
e§Ldf uP/ cfO{ grflxFbf s'/f u/L lxF8g\ ] eg]/ lvNnL
p8fpFy] . To;kl5 t hª\undf s;}n] xfQLdf r9L lxF8g\ ]
aga"9LnfO{ b]v] klg Tof] s'/f s;}nfO{ eGb}gy] .
kfs{jf8]g{ / agkfn]x¿n] cfSsn‰'Ssn nfdLtfn 5]p5fp
u}8F f / d[usf v'/ tyf af3sf kGhfsf lrGx ;Fu;Fu}
slxn]sfxLF Pshgf dflg;sf kfOnf÷8f]a klg km]nf kfg]{
u5{g\ . æof] t uha eof]Æ eG5g\ pgLx¿, t/ /x:o a'´g
g;s]/ lhNnf/fd k5{g\ .
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hleqsf kz'kG5Lx¿sf nflu eg] of]
s'g} /x:osf] ljifo xf]Og . lsgeg] sfpa"9L t ca
pgLx¿dWo]s} Ps eO;s]sL l5g\ .

44
 sf&df*f}¤-;lGw
plxn] dxf1fgL d~h'>L ltAataf6 p8]/ g]kfn cfPsf
lyP xftdf hfHjNodfg t/af/ af]s/] . lxdfnosf pRr
z[ªv \ nf gf3]/ blIf0ftkm{ nfUbf hª\un}–hª\unsf 8fF8fx¿n]
3]l/Psf] Pp6f ljzfn xl/of] tnfpdfly pgsf] b[li6 k¥of] .
o;cl3sf cfˆgf kj{tLo p8fgx¿df pgn] Toqf] bx slxNo}
b]vs] f lyPgg\ . To;}n] o;af/] a'´g pgL tTsfn wtL{df
cf]ln{P . ToxfFsf] e"–agf}6nfO{ /fd|/L a'l‰;s]kl5 pgn] o;
7fpFdf tnfpsf] ;§f Pp6f pkTosf ePdf /fd|f] x'g] 7x/
u/] . To;kl5 rf]ef/sf] r'g9'ªu\ ] 8fF8fnfO{ cfˆgf] t/af/n]
sf6]/ ToxfF Pp6f uN5L agfOlbP . Ps dlxgfleq tnfpsf]
;f/f kfgL au]/ uof], clg sf7df8f}F pkTosf aGof] .
o; gofF pkTosfdf sfnfGt/df ¿vla?jf pld|P/ 3gf
hª\un aGg uof] . 3'dGt] hfltx¿ lzsf/ v]Nb} oxfF cfpg
nfu] . t/ pkTosfsf] df6f] dlnnf] / pAhfp ePsf] kQf]
kfPkl5 pgLx¿ oxLF a;f]af; ug{ yfn] . l5§} g} oxfFsf
hª\un cfafb x'bF } uP / ltgsf 7fpF wfgsf v]t / af/Lsf
sfGnfx¿n] lng nfu] . s]xL ztfAbLleq} sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf
s}of}F ;'Gb/ ufpF / gu/x¿ ag] . oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] a8f]
;d[4 ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/] . pgLx¿sf] snf, ;ª\uLt /
jf:t'lzNk b]v/] j/k/sf /fHosf dflg;x¿ 8fxfn] hNby] .
o; pkTosfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gu/ sf7df8f}s F } gfdn] lrlgg
yfNof] / cfˆgf ;Eo gful/sx¿, Jo:t xf6–ahf/ tyf
45
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

Kofuf]8fz}nLsf 7"n7"nf dlGb/ / dxnx¿sf sf/0f o;n] w]/}

Voflt sdfof] .
sf7df8f}sF f] ;f+:s[lts >Lj[l4 eO/x]s} a]nf alg{sf] gfdsf
Ps hgf dxfg\ o'jf jf:t'lzNkL sf7df8f}dF f a:y] . pgn]
sf7df8f}dF f s}of}F ;'Gb/ dlGb/ tyf dxnx¿ agfPsf lyP /
ltgaf6 pgsf] Voflt rf/}lt/ k}mln/x]sf] lyof] .
l5d]sL /fHo efbufpF / kf6gsf dxf/fhfx¿;d]t pgnfO{
af]nfO{ k7fpFy] . Ps lbg udL{ dlxgfsf] ;fF‰kv sf7df8f}s F f
/fhfn] alg{sf]nfO{ af]nfP/ b/af/leq cfˆgf] l;+xf;g ePs}
a}7sdf nu]/ eg], æx]/ ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5, xfd|f] d'ns ' ;fgf]
5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] pQ/tkm{sf] ltAateGbf klg klt{/sf 7"nf
lrlgofF ;d|f6l;t /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVg'k5{ . To;}n] d}n] pgnfO{
oxfFaf6 clt ljlzi6 pkxf/ k7fpg] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5' . Tof]
pkxf/ xfdL;Fu ePsf] jf:t'snfsf] ;LkeGbf csf]{ x'g ;St}g .
ltdL d]/f] b"tsf ¿kdf rLgsf] dxfg\ ;d|f6 s'AnfO{ vfgsf
b/af/df hfpm . ToxfF uP/ ltdLn] OF6f, l‰Fu6L / sf7sf]
k|of]uåf/f xfdL s;/L 3/ agfpF5f},F Tof] ;Lk l;sfpg" . xfd|f]
;+:s[ltnfO{ lxdfnokfl/ tyf Pl;ofsf cGo 7fpFsf dflg;n]
klg ;x|gL u¿g\ eGg] d]/f] rfxgf 5 .Æ
alg{sf]n] /fhf1f kfng gug]{ ;jfn} lyPg . pgL cfk}mnF fO{
klg rLg hfg] 7"nf] OR5f lyof] . sf7df8f}s F f Kofuf]8fz}nLsf
jf:t'snfnfO{ lxdfnokfl/ klg lrgfpg kfP x'GYof] eGg]
pgnfO{ dgdg} nfu]sf] lyof] . Kofuf]8fz}nL / k|ljlwcg';f/
ag]sf sf7df8f}s F f 3/ / dlGb/x¿ x]gd{ f hlt ;'Gb/ lyP,
TolQs} dha't klg lyP . cGoq ag]sf 7"n7"nf ejgx¿sf
t'ngfdf oxfFsf 3/x¿ e"sDksf wSsf klg wfGg ;Sg]
46
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

vfnsf lyP . Tof] z}nL / k|ljlw oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL;'xfpFbf]

lyof] .
Ps xKtfleq} tL alg{sf] ofqfsf nflu tof/ eP . cfˆgf
kl/jf/ tyf aGw'afGwjl;t labfjf/L lnP/ pgL Nxf;f hfg]
g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿sf] 8ˆkmfdf ;fd]n eP . ulx/f vf]r F ,
lxdfnL pkTosf / ltAatsf] pRr k7f/ x'bF } Tof] 8ˆkmf b'O{
xKtfdf Nxf;f k'Uof] . ToxfFaf6 csf]{ 6f]nL;Fu pgL rLgsf]
/fhwfgL a]lhªsf nflu /dfgf eP . Nxf;faf6 lxF8s ] f] 8]9
dlxgfkl5 sf7df8f}s F f o'jf jf:t'sf/ a]lhª k'u] . o; ljzfn
;x/df k|jz ] ubf{ ToxfFsf] ahf/df dflg;x¿sf] eL8 slt
7"nf] lyof] eg] To; eL8df lxF8b\ f–lxF8b\ ,} yfx} gkfO{ alg{sf]
ToxfFsf] /fhb/af/sf] k6fª\lugLg]/ k'u] . ToxfF pgL cfsfzdf
cg]sf}F ljlrq j:t'x¿ pl8/x]sf b]v/] 5Ss k/] . tL
pl8/x]sf j:t'x¿ ldlxg sf7 / sfuhaf6 agfOPsf lyP /
xfjfsf] ;xfotfaf6 cfsfzdf t}l//x]sf lyP . wfuf]n] afFw/]
ltgnfO{ e'OaF f6 dflg;x¿ p8fO/x]sf lyP . tL p8\g] j:t'
ærª\ufÆ x'g\ eGg] s'/f alg{sf]n] a'‰] . af?b, k6fvf /
/]zdsk8f‰}F rª\ufsf] pTklQ klg rLgd} ePsf] lyof] .
afbzfxsf] b/af/df hfg'cl3 g} alg{sf] a]lhª ahf/df‰sf]
Pp6f rª\ufk;ndf uP . ToxfF a]Rg /flvPsf au|N] tL
rª\ufx¿dWo] pgn] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] / 5l/tf] Pp6f rª\uf
5fg] . Tof] rª\uf rf/s'g] sfuhnfO{ afF;sf dl;gf k|md] df
6fF;/] agfOPsf] lyof] . To;sf] tnlt/ Pp6f ;fgf] tLgs'g]
k'R5/ klg hf]l8Psf] lyof] . To;sf] tnlt/ Pp6f ;fgf]
tLgs'g] k'R5/ klg hf]l8Psf] lyof] . æuha Û rGb|s ] f nflu
of] Psbd 7Ls x'G5 . o;nfO{ sf7df8f}dF f p8fpg kfP/ rGb|]
47
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

48
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

Sof bª\u kbf]{ xf],Æ cfˆgf] elthfnfO{ ;D‰Fb} alg{sf]n] Tof]

rª\uf lsg] .
To; rª\ufnfO{ htg;Fu vfd]/ alg{sf]n] ltAat eP/
g]kfn lkmb}{ u/]sf cfˆgf Ps hgf ;fyLsf] xftdf lbP .
;fydf wfuf], Pp6f n§fOF / rª\uf p8fpg] tl/sf klg n]vL
k7fP .
-alg{sf]sf] syfnfO{ oxLF 5f8\b} ca xfdL rª\ufnfO{
k5\ofpFb} sf7df8f}F pkTosf kms{G5f}F . ptf a]lhªdf alg{sf]sf]
gfd / Voflt eg] a9\b} hfG5 ._
sf7df8f}dF f sfsfsf] sf];n] L rª\uf kfP/ rGb|] bªbf;
k¥of] . lr7Ldf n]lvPsf] rª\uf p8fpg] tl/sf kl9;Sgf;fy
l76f] rGb|] 5fgflt/ bf}l8of] . To;a]nf xfjf klg uhal;t
rln/x]sf] lyof] / Ps}l5gdf rª\uf sf7df8f}s F f] cfsf;df
;;{tL{ p8\g yfNof] . d'lg c;gahf/df lxFl8/x]sf Jofkf/L,
el/of, 3f]8r9L / k;n]x¿ cl8P/ dfl:t/ cfsf;df 3/L
kmGsf] dfb},{ 3/L tn ‰/]/ k]ml/ cfsfl;Fb} u/]sf] crDdsf]
p8\g] j:t'nfO{ pb]s dfg]/ x]g{ yfn] . rª\ufsf] wfuf] k5\ofpFb}
Ps x"n dflg; rGb|s ] f] 3/;Dd cfOk'u] . pgLx¿n] rGb|n] fO{
wfuf] a]g{ nufP/ Tof] gf}nf] …j:t'Ú nfO{ a8f] pT;s'tf;fy
lgofn]/ x]/] .
rª\ufsf] /fd|f] hfFra'‰ u/]kl5 h]7faf7fx¿n] of] s'g} hfb'sf]
s'/f geO{ jfo'lj1fgsf sf/0f p8\g] j:t' /x]5 eGg] lgSof}n{
u/] . To;sf] s]xL lbgd} x:tsnfdf lgk'0f sf7df8f}s F f
dflg;x¿n] afF;sf ;'O/fx¿nfO{ g]kfnL sfuhdf 6fF;/] rª\uf
agfpg yfn] . cfˆg} clSsn n8fP/ pgLx¿n] wfuf] a]g{] n§fOF
klg agfP .
49
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

50
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

z/b\ Ct' ev{/ ;'? ePsfn] lbp;f] klZrdf xfjf ;//

rNYof] . rª\uf p8fpgnfO{ rflxg] klg To:t} xfjf lyof] .
b'O–{ rf/ ;ftfleq} sf7df8f}s
F f] cfsf;df ;of}F rª\ufx¿ p8\g
yfn] . tLdWo] sltko l;sf? rª\ufafhn] p8fPsf rª\ufx¿
otfplt v:y] . t/ l56} sf7df8f}aF f;Lx¿ 3/sf 5fgfaf6
rª\uf p8fpg] snfdf kf/ª\ut eP . rª\ufnfO{ Ps–cfk;df
n8fP/ r]6 kfg{ ;lsG5 eGg] klg dflg;n] l56} a'‰] .
o;k|sf/ sf7df8f}dF f Pp6f gofF v]nsf] hGd eof] . rª\uf
p8fpg] of] gofF v]n v'a} nf]slk|o x'bF } uof] .
3/sf 5fgfdf a;L–a;L v]lng] o; v]naf6 sf7df8f}aF f;L
cf}wL /dfPsf lyP . t/ sf7df8f}s F f r/fx¿ eg] o; v]naf6
v';L lyPgg\ . e'OF dflg;sf] / cfsf;rflxF r/fsf] eGg]
Pslsl;dsf] ;d‰bf/L klxNo}bl] v /xFb} cfPsf] lyof] . t/
klxn] ;w}F v'nf /xg] cfsf;df klg ca dflg;n] cltqmd0f
ug{ yfn] . cfsf;df rf/}lt/ l;ltldlt cfFvfn] gb]lvg] wfuf]
6lGsPsf] x'GYof], 5'/fsf] wf/h:t} vt/gfs . r/fsf nflu of]
w/fkhlQs} lyof] . 3/ kmls{/x]sf] ;f/f}F xf];\ of l;gf]sf]
vf]hLdf lgl:sPsf] lu4 xf];,\ dlGb/df 5l/Psf bfgf vfg
p8]sf] k/]jf xf];\ of lji0f'dtLsf] kfgLdf 8'aN' sL nufpg
vf]Hg] sfu xf];,\ sf]xL klg wfufsf tL w/fkaf6 pDsg
;s]gg\ . k|To]s lbg ;of}F r/fx¿ tL wfufdf clN‰P/ 3fOt]
eP . slt t e'OdF f g} ahfl/g klg k'u] .
rª\ufx¿n] ubf{ r/fx¿sf] ;+;f/df 7"nf] xf]xNnf dlRrPsf]
lyof] . s'g} klg cfkt–ljkt cfpFbf ;a} r/fx¿ a'l4dfg\
pNn"sxfF ;Nnfx dfUg hfg] uy]{ . o;k6ssf] ;Í6df klg
qflxdfd ePsf r/fsf k|ltlglwx¿ pNn"sf] 3/df uP .
51
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

52
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

a'l4dfg\ pNn" ;x/sf] dWoefudf cjl:yt /fhb/af/glhs} 7"nf]

306 /flvPsf] 3/sf] a'OuF ndf a:g] uYof]{ .
cfk"msxfF cfPsf r/fsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
a'l4dfg\ pNn"n] eGof], ækG5L ldqx¿, d t lgzfr/ x'F .
To;}n] lbgdf p8\g] rª\ufsf wfufsf] dnfO{ s]xL 8/ 5}g .
t/ tL 8/nfUbf w/fkn] xfdL kG5Lx¿sf] ;+;f/df s:tf]
;ª\s6 NofPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f d}n] /fd|/L a'‰s ] f] 5' . cfsf;
;w}F xfd|} /lxcfPsf] 5 / k[YjLsf] u'?Tjfsif{0fn] ubf{
dflg;x¿n] e'OdF f g} cfk"mnfO{ ;Lldt /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/
Tof] lkm/lkm/] sfuhnfO{ xfjfdf p8fP/ pgLx¿ clxn] xfd|f]
If]qdf cltqmd0f ul//x]sf 5g\ .Æ
Pp6f ;fgf] eFu/] f] af]Nof], æpNn" bfO, p;f]eP xfdLn] s]
ug]{ <Æ
pNn"n] eGof], æxfd|f] cg'dlt glnO{sg} oL rª\ufx¿
p8fpg yflnPsf x'g\ . To;}n] xfd|f] ;fd' Pp6} af6f] 5 .
xfdL rª\ufl;t n8\gk' 5{ .Æ
Pp6f lkm:6f]n] ;f]Wof], æt/ xfdLn] pgLx¿l;t n8\g]
s;/L <Æ
pNn'n] hjfkm lbof], æltdLn] rª\uf n8]sf t b]vs ] } 5f} .
s;/L ltgLx¿ Pscsf{sf wfuf]nfO{ l5gfN5g\ < xf], To;} u/L
r/fx¿n] klg rª\ufx¿l;t n8\gk' 5{ / pgLx¿sf wfuf]
r'8F fNg'k5{ . cfˆgf gª\uf| / r'Rrfn] rª\ufx¿nfO{ Roftr't
kfl/lbg'k5{ .Æ
To;kl5 lr/la/ lr/la/sf] ;xdltsf] cfjfh ToxfF
;'lgof] . dflg;x¿n] ljrf/} gu/L cfsf;df u/]sf] cltqmd0fsf]
of] ;6Ls hjfkm lyof] . pNn"n] eGof], ænf} t ;fyL xf], ef]ln
53
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

lbp;f] klZrdf xfjf rNg yfn]kl5 ha dflg;x¿ rª\uf

p8fpF5g\, To;a]nf xfdL ltgnfO{ v;fNg] 5f}F .Æ ToxfF pkl:yt
r/fsf] ayfgn] tlD;P/ p;sf] xf] df xf] ldnfof] . To;kl5
r/fx¿ ef]lnsf] sfo{qmd agfpFb} ;x/sf] ljleGg efudf /x]sf
cf–cfˆgf u'8F lt/ nfu] .
ef]lnkN6 lbpF;f] sf7df8f}dF f pb]ssf] 36gf eof] .
rf/}lt/af6 cg]s y/Lsf r/fx¿ PsfPs cf]Ol/g nfu] /
pl8/x]sf rª\ufx¿dfly hfOnfu] . To; x"ndf ;a} hftsf
r/fx¿ lyP— k/]jf, ;f/;, lu4, ;'uf, ;f/f},F lra], df6Lsf]/,]
h'/n] L, uf}yF nL, lkm:6f, eb|fO{, sf]OnL, 9'Ss'/, sfu, ====== .
5fgfdfly a;]/ rª\uf p8fO/x]sf dflg;x¿ cfˆgf rª\uf
PsfPs r]6 x'bF } v:g yfn]sf] crDd dfg]/ x]l/a;] . sf]xL
rSs/ dfb},{ sf]xL 9nknfpFb,} sf]xL ˆofnˆofn x'bF } Ps–Ps
ub}{ rª\ufx¿ gbL / v]tdf v:g yfn] . sf]xLrflxF ¿vsf
6'Kkfdf uP/ c8\lsP . ptf r/fx¿ eg] cfˆgf] cleofg
;kmn kf/]/ cf–cfˆgf af;:yfgdf kmls{P .
o; 36gfaf6 5fgfdf a;L ;w}F xf]–xf] / xf–xf ub}{ dhf
lng] rª\ufafhx¿ 5Ss k/] . cl3 ev{/;Dd /ª\uLla/ª\uL
rª\ufn] 5f]lkPsf] sf7df8f}s F f] cfsf; clxn] k"/} vfnL eof] .
dflg;x¿ l/;n] cfuf] eP . gfy] r/fx¿sf] oqf] lxDdt <
xfdL dflg;nfO{ ckdfg ug]{ < /fhfsxfF ph'/ ug{ b/af/tkm{
uP . tn k6fª\lugLdf xNnfvNnf ;'g/] /fhf sf7sf a'§b] f/
afb{nLdf lgl:sP .
sf7df8f}dF f klxnf]k6s rª\uf p8fpg] rGb|] g} lyof] . pm
g} To; hg;d"xsf] cu'jf klg x'g k'Uof] . p;n] cufl8 a9]/
/fhf;dIf To; lbg ePsf] pb]snfUbf] 36gfsf] aofg ub}{
54
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

laGtL u¥of], æ;/sf/, r/fx¿n] xfd|f rª\ufsf] ;Tofgfz

kf/] . xfdLl;t n§fOF / clnslt wfuf]afx]s c¿ s]xL afFsL
/x]g . ;/sf/af6 sfjf{xL xf];\ .Æ
æxfdLn] s] ug'k{ ¥of] t rGb|] <Æ /fhfn] ;f]w] .
ær/fx¿nfO{ b]zlgsfnf xf];\ ÛÆ
ToxfFsf] x"n klg Ps :j/df s/fpg nfUof], ær/fx¿nfO{
b]zlgsfnf ÛÆ ær/fx¿nfO{ b]zlgsfnf Û ÛÆ ;of}F dflg;sf
d'vaf6 lgl:sPsf] Tof] a'nGb cfjfh k/–k/;Dd k'Uof] .
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] s'gfsfKrfdf u'8F agfP/ a;]sf ;a}
r/fx¿n] klg Tof] cfjfh ;'g] / ef]ln s] xf]nf eGg] kL/n]
56kl6g nfu] .
t/ sf7df8f}s F f /fhf ;fFlRrs} s'zn k|zf;s / a'l4dfg\
lyP . r/fx¿nfO{ wkfPdf pkTosfsf] jftfj/0fdf 7"nf] c;/
k5{ eGg] s'/f /fhfn] /fd|/L a'‰s ] f lyP . pgn] dgdg} eg],
æd]/f dfgjk|hfx¿sf] lbp;f] Psl5gsf] dgf]/~hgdf vnan
k¥of] eGb}df d}n] ;f/f r/fr'?ª\uLnfO{ b]zlgsfnf ul/lbPF eg]
afnLgfnL laufg]{ sL/f km6\ofª\uf| x¿nfO{ s;n] vfOlbg] < l;g'
/ kmf]xf]/ s;n] ;kmf ul/lbg] < r/fx¿ uP eg] dflg;n] klg
of] pkTosf 5f]8g\ ] cj:yf cfpF5, / of] ;'Gb/ ;x/ hËn
aGg]5 . clg of] pkTosf dflg;sf ;fy;fy} r/fr'?ª\uLsf]
klg xf]Og / <Æ
To;}n] /fhfn] r/f / dflg;x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] Pp6f
;ª\s6sfnLg a}7s af]nfP/ To;af6 s'g} pkfo lgsfNg] lgwf]
u/] . To;adf]lhd ef]lnkN6 laxfg sf7df8f}–F b/af/sf] 7"nf]
;efsIffdf a}7s a:of] . rGb|] / gu/sf ljleGg j8faf6
cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿ e'OdF f cf]5o\ fPsf] rs6Ldfly Psfkl§ a;] .
55
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

56
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

leGgleGg hftsf r/fx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfPsf

kG5Lx¿rflxF ;efsIfsf] csf]k{ l§ leQfdf /x]sf a'§] ´ofnsf
8G8Lx¿df nx/} a;]sf lyP . r/fx¿sf] g]tT[ j a'l4dfg\ pNn"n]
ul//x]sf] lyof] . a}7ssf] l;/fgdf /x]sf] pRr cf;gdf /fhf
lj/fhdfg lyP .
a}7sdf 5nkmn lbp;f];Dd} rNof] . 5nkmnsf qmddf
pNn" / rGb|s ] f] lgs} rsf{rsL{ klg k¥of] . Psk6s t
cfj]zdf cfP/ rGb|n] ] pNn"nfO{ ‰G8}‰G8} xft} xfNg klg
vf]Hof] . kG5Lk|ltlglwx¿n] To;sf] lj/f]wdf a}7s alxisf/ ug]{
wDsL lbP . /fhfn] b'j} kIfnfO{ yfdy'd kf/] / 5nkmn s'g}
tl/sfn] hf/L /x\of] . t/ klg a}7saf6 vf; lgisif{
lgl:s/x]sf] lyPg . dflg;x¿ rª\uf p8fpg kfpg'k5{ eGg]
c8fg lnO/x]sf lyP eg] r/fx¿rflxF cfsf;df xfd|f] dfq
clwsf/ 5 eGg]df hf]8 lbO/x]sf lyP .
5nkmn s'g} 6'ªu\ f]df k'Ug g;s]sf] b]vk] l5 /fhfn]
cl3 ;/]/ eg], ædlxnf, ;Hhgj[Gb tyf kG5Lu0f Û d]/f]
ljrf/df b'j} kIfn] ;xdltsf] laGb' vf]Hg' h?/L 5 .
kG5Lu0f, tkfO{x+ ¿n] s] a'l‰lbg'k¥of] eg] Pp6f gofF v]nsf]
;'?cft ePsf] 5, of] ;x/df / tkfO{x+ ¿nfO{ dg k/] klg
gk/] klg dflg;x¿n] rª\uf gp8fO{ 5f8\g5] g} g\ . To;}n]
dflg;n] of] v]n v]n/] /dfOnf] ug{ kfpg] Pp6f lglZrt
;do tf]lsg' /fd|f] x'g]5, h;n] ubf{ afFsL ;dodf cfsf;
v'Nnf /xg]5 .Æ
clg dflg;sf] hdfttkm{ x]b{} /fhfn] eg], æk|hfu0f,
tkfO{x+ ¿n] kG5L;d'bfosf] cg'dlt glnO{sg rª\uf p8fP/ slt
:jfyL{ sfd ug'e{ Psf] 5, ;f]Rg'efÚ5 < xfd|f] cfsf;df /x]sf]
57
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

r/fx¿sf] clwsf/ tkfO{x+ ¿n] 7\ofDd} lal;{lbg'eof] . bf];f| ] s'/f,

tkfO{x+ ¿sf] cljj]ssf sf/0f r/fr'?ª\uLx¿ oxfFaf6 cGoq uP
eg] o; ;'Gb/ ;x/sf] s] cj:yf x'G5, ljrf/ ug'e{ fÚ5 <Æ
/fhfsf jrgsf] k|efj b'j} kIfdfly k¥of] . s]xLa]/sf]
5nkmnkl5 sf7df8f}s F f r/fr'?ª\uL / dflg;x¿ Pp6f
;Demf}tfdf k'u] . pNn"sf] g]tT[ jdf uPsf] kG5L
k|ltlglwd08nn] v]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf vf;} pkfo gePsf
sf7df8f}aF f;L dflg;x¿sf nflu rª\uf p8fpg] gofF / /dfOnf]
v]n xf] eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ u¥of] . rGb|s] f] g]tT[ jdf uPsf]
dfgjk|ltlglwd08nn] klg sf7df8f}dF f rª\uf p8fpg ;'?
ePkl5 kG5Lx¿nfO{ p8fg ug{df afwf k/]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsfb}{
r/fx¿sf] cK7]/f]nfO{ sd ug]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfof] .
o;/L b'j} kIf /fhL eP/ u/]sf] ;Demf}tfkqnfO{ /fhf
:jod\n] cfˆg} zfxL sndåf/f g]kfnL kxf8] sfuhsf] 7"nf]
tfpdf n]v] . æsf7df8f}s F f] cfsf;df rª\uf p8fpg]af/] Joj:yf
ePsf] lyof] . ;lGw o;k|sf/sf] lyof]M

58
sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

59
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

60
 sf7df8f}—F ;lGw

s}of}F ztfAbLcl3 To; sfuhftdf ;xL ePb]lv g} dflg;

/ kG5Lx¿n] sf7df8f}–F ;lGwnfO{ dg, jrg / sd{n] kfngf
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lzlz/, j;Gt / u|Lid Ct'df rª\uf
k6Ss} p8fpFbg} g\ . To; ;dodf r/fx¿ lagfc8\rg
jfo'd08nsf] pkef]u ub{5g\ . t/ j;f{tsf] ofd ;lsPkl5
ha lbp;f] klZrdf xfjf axg yfN5 ta sf7df8f}s F f
cfsf;df rª\ufx¿ p8\g yfN5g\ . rª\uf p8fpg kfpg]
cjlwel/ kG5Lx¿ a8f] ;ts{tf;fy aflx/ lg:sG5g\ .
pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5, dflg;x¿sf] b;}F rf8 ;lsgf;fy rª\uf
p8fpg] sfd klg ;lsG5 eg]/ .
Oltxf;sf/x¿sf cg';f/ of] ;lGw ;kmntfk"js { nfu"
ePkl5 sf7df8f}s F f /fhfn] ;Gtf]ifsf] ;f; km]/s
] f lyP . pgn]
dxf/fgLnfO{ o;f] eg]sf lyP elgG5, æa'´of}, o; ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ug'{ d]/f] st{Jo lyof] . lsgeg] alg{sf]nfO{ a]lhª
k7fpg] d g} lyPF . sf7df8f}dF f rª\uf cfPsf] klg To;}sf/0f
lyof] . d}n] d]/f] dfgjk|hfx¿sf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg} kYof],{
t/ To;f] eGb}df o;af6 d]/f] kG5Lk|hfx¿nfO{ kg{ uPsf]
cK7\of/f]nfO{ klg d}n] ga'‰L ;'v lyPg .Æ
sf7df8f}sF f dflg;n] gofF v]n v]Ng kfP . r/fx¿n] jif{sf]
w]/h} ;f] ;do cfsf;df v'nf ljr/0f ug{ kfP . clg Ps
hgf a'l4dfg\ /fhfn] klg Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
kfP, hf] ck|ToIf tj/n] pgn] g} ;[hgf u/]sf lyP .

61
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

62
 e'hé
e'hË' Pp6f ;k{ lyof] . clg Pp6f AofÍsf] Dofg]h/
klg . e'hË To:tf yf]/} hLjx¿dWo] kb{Yof], h;n]
dflg;x¿sf] ;+;f/df sfd ug]{ df}sf kfPsf] lyof]–
Tof] klg k};fsf] b'lgofFdf . jf:tjdf e'hË g]kfn AofÍ
clGnld6]8sf h]xg] bf/ sd{rf/Lx¿dWo]df ulgGYof] . To;} x'gfn]
kbf]Gglt eP/ pm AofÍsf] sLlt{k/' –zfvfsf] Dofg]h/ aGg
k'us] f] lyof] .
cfˆgf] clkm;df laxfg ;a]/} k'Ug' p;sf] lgod lyof] .
pm c¿ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfpg'eGbf klxn] g} cfˆgf] sfd ;'?
uYof]{ . t/ cfh clkm;lt/ nfUbf pm dgdf s]xL kL/
af]ls/x]sf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . u]6df a:g] uf8{n] ægd:sf/ ;/ ÛÆ
eGbf klg p;n] gd:sf/ kmsf{Pg, g t e'OF k'l5/x]sL
lbbL;Fu g} ;w}‰F F} xfF;/] d'G6f] xNnfof] .
;]tf dfa{n la5\ofOPsf] e'OdF f ;nNn ;'lNsFb} e'hË
cfˆgf] sf]7ftkm{ nfUof] . gub sfpG6/x¿sf] nx/ /
C0fzfvfsf] kNnf]kl§ p;sf] sf]7f lyof] . cfˆgf] sf]7fdf
k;]kl5 e'hË un}r F fdf xtf/–xtf/ l3;|/] d]rsf] Pp6f
v'§faf6 dfly r9\of] / 6]an' cl3lNt/ d]rsf] Pp6f xftdf
a]l/P/ a:g k'Uof] .
p;sf cufl8 6]an' df sfuhkqsf] rfª lyof] . ;k{n]
Pp6f kmfOn kN6fP/ k9\g yfNof] . kmfOndf cfFvf nufpFb}
hfFbf pm 3/L–3/L cfˆgf] b'Or { R' r] lha|f] aflx/
63
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

lgsfln/xGYof] . p;sf lgwf/df kl;gf 6Ns]sf] b]lvGYof] .

cfh sLlt{k/' –zfvfsf Dofg]h/sf] dgl:ylt vnalnPsf]
k|:6 lyof] .
ToltGh]ndf AofÍsf c¿ sd{rf/Lx¿ klg cfpg
yfln;s]sf lyP . pgLx¿ ;k{sf] clkm;df d'G6f] l5/fpFb}
ægd:t] ;/ ÛÆ ægd:t] gfu/fh ÛÆ eGb} hfGy] . tL clejfbgsf]
hjfkm ;w}hF :tf] xfF;L–xfF;L glbO{ cfh p;n] vfln 6fpsf]
xNnfP/ lbof] . p;sf cfFvf eg] kN6fPsf] kmfOndf g}
6fFl;Psf lyP .
kmfOndfly 7"nf] cIf/df n]lvPsf] lyof]M æ;'>L g}gL
Gofp/LÆ . To; gfdsf] kl5lNt/ /ftf] d;Ln] sf]l/Psf] lyof],
æC0f r'Qmf gePsf] – cToGt h?/LÆ .
s'/f s] lyof] eg] g}gL Gofp/Lsf] C0flgj]bgnfO{ e'hËn] g}
cfheGbf 7Ls Ps jif{cl3 :jLs[t u/]sf] lyof] . C0f dfUg
cfpg]nfO{ C0f lbg' AofÍsf] t sfd} xf] . t/ g}gL Gofp/Lsf]
lgj]bg :jLs[ltdf rflxF Pp6f ls:;f n'ss ] f] lyof] . C0f lnFbf
s'g} j:t' lwtf] /fVg'k5{ . g}gL Gofp/Ll;t lwtf] /fVg] s'g}
rLh lyPg . t}klg e'hËn] Gofp/LnfO{ C0f lbPsf] lyof] .
To;}n,] s]xL u/L g}gL Gofp/Ln] C0f ltg{ g;s]df AofÍn]
Gofp/Laf6 lng ;Sg] ;DklQ s]xL lyPg .
lagflwtf] C0f lbg' AofÍsf] lgod / l;4fGt ljk/Lt
lyof] . e'hËn] Tof] s'/f æAofÍ;{ 6]l« gªÆ lnFbfv]l/ g} /fd|/L
a'‰s] f] lyof] . Tolta]nf pgLx¿sf k|lzIfs k};f/fd aflgofFn]
k9fpFbf eg]sf lyP, æu|fxsn] lwtf]afkt s'g} rn–crn
;DklQ g/fv];Dd C0f :jLs[t ug'{ Aoflͪ l;4fGtljk/Lt
x'G5 . xfdLn] /f]uL, ul/a, ljwjf / 6'x/' fx¿sf b'Mvk"0f{
64
 e'hË

syf ;'g/] klng' x'bF g} . jf:tjdf To:tf sltko dflg;sf

syf ;To x'bF g} g\ klg . tkfO{x+ ¿sf] sfd AofÍsf nflu ¿k}ofF
sdfpg' xf], ;dfh;]jf ug'{ xf]Og . Tof] sfd c¿nfO{ g}
5fl8lbgf];\ .Æ
cfh k};f/fd aflgofFsf tL r]tfjgLsf zAbx¿ e'hËsf
sfgdf u'lGh/x]sf lyPM æefj's gx'gf];\ Û lwtf] lngf];\ ÛÆ
t/ cfk"mn] k9]sf / a'‰s ] f ;a} s'/f lal;{P/ p;n] Ps
jif{cl3 g}gL Gofp/Lsf] C0f :jLs[t u/]sf] lyof] .
g}gL Gofp/L;Fusf] klxnf] e]6 ;k{nfO{ clxn] klg /fd|fl] ;t
;D‰gf lyof] . p;sf] clkm;sf] kbf{ clnslt vf]n/] lrxfpFbf
pgL slt lga{n / 8/fPsLh:tL b]lvPsL lyOg\ . æd]/f] gfd
;'>L g}gL Gofp/L,Æ dl;gf] :j/df pgn] eg]sL lyOg\ . e'hËn]
pgsf] c;lhnf] x6fpg a8f] km/fl;nf] eP/ eg]sf] lyof],
ægd:t] ;'>L Gofp/LhL Û cfpg'xf];,\ a:g'xf];\ . tkfO{+ o;
AofÍdf v'§f xfNg] klxnf] d'/f x'gx' G' 5 . eGgf];\ d}n] s]
ug'k{ ¥of] <Æ
æd}n] Ps 6'qmf hldg x]/s ] L 5', b'nf];lxtsf] . ToxfF d
3/hd ug{ rfxG5' . Tof] hldg lsGgsf nflu C0f
rflxof] .Æ
æxfd|f] sfd g} ToxL xf] lg Û 3/hUuf v/Lbsf nflu
C0f lbg',Æ ;k{n] pQ/ lbof] . clg p;n] C0fsf nflu
lgj]bg lbFbf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ lgodx¿ atfof] . g}gL Gofp/Ln]
AofÍnfO{ oL ;a s'/f v'nfpg'kg]{ lyof]M cfˆgf lgs6td
gft]bf/x¿sf] gfd, sfd ug]{ 7fpFsf] 7]ufgf, cfk"m;Fu art
/x]sf] gub /sd, / glhsaf6 lrGg] gftf gkg]{ tLghgfsf]
gfd .
65
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

66
 e'hË

ætkfO{+ C0f/sd ltg{ ;dy{ x'gx' G' 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft

ug{sf nflu oL ;a} s'/f lnP/ cfpg';,\ Æ ;k{n] eGof] .
g}gL Gofp/Ln] lg/fz x'bF } e'OlF t/ x]l/g\ . æc¿ AofÍ
Dofg]h/x¿n] klg dnfO{ ltg} of] ;a} t ;'gfPsf lyP lg Û
tL Dofg]h/x¿ dflg; lyP . tkfO{+ eg] ;k{Dofg]h/
ePsfn] clns km/s x'gx' f]nf eG7fg]sL lyPF,Æ pgn] elgg\ .
clg dfly x]//] ylkg\, æ;k{Ho", d tL lgodx¿ k"/f ug{
;lQmgF .Æ
e'hË 5Ss k¥of], ætkfO{s + f] dtna tkfO{s + f] s]xL
5}g < kl/jf/, hflu/, ;fyLefO, ¿k}ofFk;} f, s]xL 5}g <Æ
æcxF, / 3/ klg 5}g . To;}n] t d}n] 3/ agfpg hldg
lsGg rfx]sL,Æ g}gL Gofp/Ln] ;D‰fOg\ .
To:tf s]xL b]vfpg g;Sg] C0flgj]bsx¿nfO{ e'hËn]
æn} t gd:t] ÛÆ eGb} af6f] b]vfOlbg] uYof]{ . t/ cfh
cfk"mcl3lNt/ al;/x]sL g}gLnfO{ To;f] eGg p;sf]
x[bon] lsg xf], lbPg . o;f] x'bF fx'bF } klg t'?Gt} p;sf]
6fpsfdf vt/fsf] 306L ah]sf] t lyof], lsgeg] Aoflͪ
Joj;fodf efj'stfsf] s'g} 7fpF 5}g g} . e'hËn] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ s7f]/ kfb}{ Gofp/Llt/ x]//] eGof], æ;/L ld; Û
To;f] xf] eg] C0f lbg ldNb}g . of] AofÍ xf], s'g}
k/f]ksf/;+:yf xf]Og . xfdLnfO{ s;}sf] lghL ;d:ofl;t
;/f]sf/ 5}g .Æ
ætkfO{+ dh:t} hLj eP/ klg s;/L o:tf] eGg
;Sg'xG' 5 < .Æ
e'hËn] hjfkm lbof], ædflg;sf] babaf ePsf] o;
;+;f/df xfdL b'j} u}/–dfgj xf},F Tof] ;To xf] . t/ To;f]
67
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

eg]/ s] ug]{ < C0f kfpgsf nflu ;a} hfltsf hLjnfO{ Pp6}
lgod nfu" x'G5 .Æ
g}gL Gofp/Ln] a8f] b/f] eP/ hjfkm lbOg\, ætkfO{n+ ]
d]/f] cj:yf a'l‰lbg'k5{ . d k9]nv ] s
] L, Pp6L ;dy{, jo:s
Gofp/L x'F . d g]kfnL / cª\uh]| L b'j} /fd|/L af]Ng ;S5' .
;]qm]6l] /on sf];{ klg u/]sL 5' . olQs}sf e/df klg d}n]
C0f kfpg'k5{ . dflg;x¿n] dfq C0f kfpg'k5{ eGg] s]xL
5 < pgLx¿ o;} klg wgL 5g\ . pgLx¿n] tkfO{n+ ] rfx]h:tf]
rn–crn ;DklQ lwtf] /fVg ;S5g\ eGb}df pgLx¿n] dfq
C0f kfpg] < KnLh, d]/f] ;d:of a'l‰lbgf];,\ / dnfO{ C0f
lbgf];\ .Æ
Psl5g t e'hËsf] af]nL g} k'm6]g . g]kfn AofÍ
clGnld6]8sf] æzfvfk|dv ' sfo{ljlw k'l:tsfÆn] s] eG5,
p;nfO{ yfxf lyof] . t/ oL Gofp/Lh:tf] u|fxsl;t s;/L
Jojxf/ ug]{ eGg]rflxF To; k'l:tsfdf n]lvPsf] lyPg . g}gLn]
eg]sf s'/fx¿ ;To lyP . Psflt/ ;a} ;/–;'ljwf hlt
dflg;n] dfq} kfpFb} cfPsf t x'g\ g} . csf{lt/ clt
kl/>dL hLjn] klg cufl8 a9\g v"a ;+3if{ ug'k{ 5{ g} .
e'hËn] k|ltlbg cg'ej u/]s} s'/f lyP tL . t}klg
Gofp/LnfO{ C0f lbg' hf]lvdsf] sfd lyof] === t/ k]ml/
pgnfO{ C0f glbg] xf] eg] g}gL o; ;+;f/df s;/L cl3
a9\g] < cflv/df uP/ e'hËn] Gofp/Lsf] C0f :jLs[t ug]{
lgwf] u¥of] . p;n] cfˆgf] k'R5/n] snd ;dfTof] /
kmfOndfly :jf§ n]lvlbof] æC0f :jLs[tÆ .
lagflwtf] C0f :jLs[t u/]/ cfˆgf] hflu/ tyf c¿ w]/}
yf]s bfpdf nufpFb} 5' eGg] e'hËn] a'‰s ] f] lyof] . sf7df8f}F
68
 e'hË

pkTosfsf ;Dk"0f{ hLj–hGt'sf] pm cfbz{k?' if x'gk'us ] f]

lyof], Pp6f ;k{ eO{sg klg p;n] dfgjsf] b'lgofFdf ;kmn
eP/ b]vfOlbPsfn] . pm s]xL u/L cfˆgf] st{Jokfngfdf
r'ss ] f] b]lvPsf] v08df tL ;f/f hLj–hGt'sf] dgf]annfO{
g/fd|f] c;/ kg]{ kSsf lyof] .
sf7df8f}–F pkTosfdf b'O–{ rf/ c¿ klg ;kmn hLj–hGt'
glglSnPsf t xf]Ogg\ . Ps–b'Oj{ 6f afFb/x¿ zfxL g]kfn
jfo' ;]jf lgudsf hxfh p8fpg] sKtfg lyP . Pp6f
efn'sf] kl/jf/ ;x/aflx/ kmnk"mn v]tL u/]/ v"a ;kmn
ePsf] lyof] . ;x/sf] Psdfq lrl8ofvfgfsf] k|dv ' kbdf
Pp6f u}8F f g} lyof] . t/ ltgsf] eGbf e'hËsf] k|ult a9L
gd'gfnfos lyof] / p;nfO{ lrGg] w]/} lyP . xfn} dfq
p;nfO{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] æ;j{>i] 7 zfvf AofÍ
Dofg]h/Æ 3f]lift ul/Psf] lyof] .
g}gL Gofp/LnfO{ C0f :jLs[t ul/lbPsf sf/0f Tof] ;a
k|lti7f df6f]df ldNg] 8/ lyof] . ;do laTb} hfFbf o:t}
x'gh] :tf] klg b]lvof] . a9\bf] a]/f]huf/Lsf sf/0f Gofp/LnfO{
eg]h:tf] sfd ldNg ;s]g / pgn] AofÍsf] lgodcg';f/
a'‰fpg'kg]{ Aofhsf] ls:tf ltg{ ;lsgg\ . g}gL Gofp/Ln]
C0fsf] rf/ ls:tf Aofh a'‰fPsf] x'gfn] pgnfO{ s'g} lwtf]
glnO{ C0f lbPsf] s'/f AofÍsf pRr clwsf/Lx¿n] cflv/df
kQf nufpg] g} lyP . 5fglag ub}{ hfFbf pgLx¿n] e'hËn]
C0f :jLs[t u/]sf] yfxf kfOxfNy] . clg t p;nfO{ hflu/af6
avf{:t ug{ slta]/ nfUYof] / <
e'hËn] leQfsf] 38Ldf x]¥of] . cfh ltg} Gofp/L
e]6g\ cfpg] lyOg\ / a]nf klg eO;s]sf] lyof] . o;eGbf
69
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

cl3 klg s}of}kF 6s cfPsL lyOg\ pgL, gh/ e'OdF f u8fP/,

kfp l3;fb}{ . cfh klg pgL e'hËsf] cl3lNt/sf] d]rdf
a:g]l5g\ / k]ml/ Psk6s C0fsf] Aofh ltg{ ;lQmgF
eGg]l5g\ . æd}n] sfd kfpg ;lsgF . dl;t k};f 5}g .
dfkmL rfxG5' . ;/L .Æ
t/ cfh c¿ lbgh:tf] lyPg . csf]k{ 6ssf] efsf yKg]
k|Zg} cfpFbg} , Tof] t kSsf g} lyof] . t/ e'hËsf] nflu t
csf]k{ 6s eGg] lyPg . C0f :jLs[t u/]sf] Ps jif{ lalt;s]sf]
lyof] . ca g]kfn AofÍ clGnld6]8sf] lgodcg';f/ Ps jif{
efsf gf3]sf] C0faf/] s]Gb|Lo clkm;df hfgsf/L lbg'kYof]{ .
e'hËn] nfdf] ;f; k]m¥of] . To;} ;do 9f]sfdf k"mlt{;uF
6s6s u/]sf] cfjfh cfof] .
e'hËn] h;} gh/ p7fP/ x]¥of], p;n] a8f] k"mlt{nf]
ægd:t] ÛÆ kfof] . ;k{n] cfk"mlt/ sl:;P/ al9/x]sf] To;
hLjnfO{ lrGg} ;s]g . logL ltg} g}gL Gofp/L x'g\ / <
cl3kl5 xtf; / lzlyn eP/ cfpg] Gofp/L cfh t, n,
laNs'n cs}{ eP/ cfPsL lyOg\ Û pgsf cfFvfdf rds lyof],
d':sfgn] d'xf/ pHofnf] ePsf] lyof], / rfndf uhasf] k"mlt{ .
/fd|fl] ;t sf]/Laf6L u/]sf] pgsf] skfn 6lNsPsf] lyof], kSs}
klg bfdL :ofDk'sf] sdfn lyof] Tof] Û g}gL Gofp/L d]rdf
a:tf x/–x/ cQ/sf] af:gf klg cfof] .
æd]/f] cfFvfn] dnfO{ wf]sf kf] lbP ls < tkfO{+ pxL
Gofp/LhL g} xf] t <Æ e'hËn] ;f]Wof] .
æxf], Dofg]h/;fx]a Û of] pxL tkfO{n+ ] lrg]sf] Gofp/L xf] .Æ
g}gLn] hjfkm lbOg\ . æo;k6s d efsf gf3]sf] C0fsf] C0fL
xf]Og, Pp6L u|fxs ag]/ cfPsL 5' .Æ
70
 e'hË

Gofp/Ln] cfˆgf] sfnf] 5fnfsf] Aofu vf]lng\ / gf]6sf

la6f lgsflng\ . k"mlt{;fy 6]an' dfly To; la6fnfO{ /fv]/
g}gLn] e'hËlt/ 3r]l6g\ . æof] k};fsf] la6faf6 d}n] lnPsf]
C0f /sd, To;sf] Aofh / hl/jfgfnufot ;Dk"0f{ /sdsf]
e'QmfgL lbFb} 5' .Æ
æclg Toltdfq xf]Og, ld:6/ gfu/fh ÛÆ g}gLn]
Aofuleq xft l5/fpFb} gf]6sf] csf]{ la6f lgsflng\ /
To;nfO{ klg bª\u k/]/ x]l//x]sf] e'hËlt/ cfˆgf] y'tg' f]n]
3r]l6lbOg\ . æof] /sdn] rflxF d tkfO{s + f] zfvfdf vftf
vf]Ng rfxG5' .Æ
e'hËn] cfˆgf] cufl8sf gf]6sf b'Oj{ 6f vftnfO{ jfNn
k/]/ s]xL a]/ x]l//x\of] . klxnf] vftsf] /sdn] ;fFlRrs}
g}gL Gofp/Lsf] ;a} C0f/sd r'Qmf x'GYof] . bf];f| ] vftsf]
bfd b]v/] t e'hË ‰g} rlst eof] . Toltsf 7"nf] /sd t
g]kfn AofÍ clGnld6]8sf] Oltxf;df Ps}k6s s;}n] hDdf
ug{ NofPs} lyPg .
æGofp/LhL, d t a'´g} ;ls/x]s} 5}gF . dnfO{ atfpgf];\
g, of] k};f st} cj}w t xf]Og <Æ
ælrGtf gugf];{ \ ld:6/ gfu/fh Û ;Dk"0f{ /sd k"/} j}w
5 . s'/f Psbd} sfg'g;Ët 5 . of] /sd jf:tjdf d}n]
;/sf/af6} kfPsL x'F .Æ
clg g}gL Gofp/Ln] lj:tf/l;t cfˆgf] syf ;'gfpg
nflug\ . Ps jif{cl3 sLlt{k/' –zfvfaf6 C0f kfPkl5
pgn] b'nf];lxt Pp6f 38]/L v/Lb ul/g\ / ;/–;kmfO
u/]/ ToxfF ;l/g\ . hflu/ kfpg g;s]sfn] pgLl;t ;do
k|z:t lyof], To;}n] pgn] sf]7f yKg] ljrf/n] c‰} 7"nf]
71
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

72
 e'hË

b'nf] vGg yflng\ . Pslbg vGb} hfFbf pgsf gª\uf| n]

s]xL s8f j:t' k]mnf kf/] . klxn] t Gofp/LnfO{ 7"nf]
9'ªu\ f k]mnf k/]h:tf] nfUof] . t/ Tof] s8f j:t' ;'gh:tf]
rlDsnf] lyof] . g}gL c‰} vGb} uOg\ . clg pgsf
cfZro{rlst cfFvf;fd'Gg] cg]sf}F ax'dN" o /Tgx¿ hl8Psf
cfe"if0fx¿ b]vfk/] .
g}gL Gofp/Ln] atfpFb} uOg\, æTof] t w]/} ;docl3 s'g}
/fhfn] n'sfPsf] vhfgf kf] /x]5 Û s'g} ;dodf sf7df8f}F
pkTosf n'6g\ eg]/ ljb]zL kmf}h cfPsf] lyof] . /fhfn] cfˆgf]
ljZjf;kfq ;]gfkltnfO{ zfxL vhfgfsf ;a} ax'dN" o j:t'x¿
nu]/ st} n'sfpg] cfb]z lbP . ;]gfklt /flt PSn} ;'gsf
cfe"if0f / xL/fhjfx/ftsf] 7"nf] s'Dnf] af]s/] b/af/af6
lgl:sof] . ;x/eGbf w]/} k/ wfgsf] v]tdf ulx/f] vf8n vg]/
p;n] Tof] s'Dnf] uf8\of] .Æ
æclg s] eof] t <Æ ;k{n] pT;'stfsf ;fy ;f]Wof] .
ækl5 ljb]zL kmf}h kms]/{ uof] t/ x]g;{' \ g, s:tf]
crDd Û a"9f] ;]gfkltn] cfk"mn] vf8n vg]sf] 7fpF
lal;{P5 . ca /fhfsf ef/bf/x¿n] Toqf] vhfgf sxfF
k/]5 eg]/ ;f/f v]t / sfGnf vg], t/ s]xL ;Lk nfu]g .
To;kl5 b/af/sf j}B/fhn] To; ;]gfkltsf] :d/0fzlQm
a9fpg cg]s h8La'6L / cf}iflwx¿ klg VjfP, t}klg s]xL
sfd nfu]g . s]xL ;Lk gnfu]kl5 pgLx¿n] Toqf] Tof]
wgsf] dfof df/] . s}of}F ztfAbL;Dd Tof] vhfgf Tolts}
x/fP/} a:of] . s'g} lbg s'g} efUodfgL ls;fgn] Tof]
vhfgf sf7df8f}s F f] v]tdf k]mnf kfg]5{ eGg] nf]sf]lQm
lyof] .Æ
73
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

clg syfsf] cGTodf d':s'/fpFb} e'hËlt/ x]//] Gofp/Ln]

elgg\, æcjZo sf]xL t efUodfgL lgl:sof] . t/ ls;fg
xf]Og, Pp6L Gofp/L d';f] ÛÆ
æp;f]eP tkfO{n+ ] Tof] vhfgf a]Rg'eof] / To;sf] gub
lnP/ cfpg'eof], xf]Og t <Æ e'hËn] ;f]Wof] .
æTo;f] xf]Og ;/ ÛÆ Gofp/Ln] cln ‰ls{b} hjfkm lbOg\,
æs;/L To:tf] 7fGg'efÚsf] < Tof] vhfgf t b]z / hgtfsf]
xf] . d}n] t vg]/ k]mnf kf/]sL dfq x'F . To;}n] d}n] Tof]
vhfgf k'/ftŒj ljefunfO{ a'‰fOlbPF . pgLx¿n] tL j:t'nfO{
clxn] Do'lhoddf l;;fsf] b/fhdf ;hfP/ /fd|/L k|bz{g
u/]sf 5g\ . plxn]–plxn]sf tL ;'Gb/ cfe"if0fx¿nfO{
Do'lhoddf ca h;n] klg x]g{ ;Sg]5g\ .Æ
æTo;kl5 s] eof] <Æ e'hËn] ;f]Wof] . p;sf 6]an' df /x]sf]
k};fsf] /f;sf] /x:o c‰} v'ns ] f] lyPg .
æd}n] ;/sf/af6 s]xL kfpFnf eGg] cfzf klg /fv]sL
lyOgF . t/ Pslbg dnfO{ g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLn] cfˆgf]
clkm;df af]nfOk7fOg\ . d k|wfgdGqLsf] clkm;df uPF .
ToxfF t w]/h} gf uGodfGox¿ pkl:yt lyP . pgLx¿
;a}sf cl3lNt/ dnfO{ d]/f] OdfGbf/Lsf nflu ;/sf/n]
k'/:s[t u/]sf] 3f]if0ff k|wfgdGqLn] ul/g\ / of] ;a k};f d}n]
kfPF .Æ
cfˆgf] j0f{g cGTo ub}{ g}gL Gofp/Ln] elgg\, æxf]=== To;
vhfgfsf] df]n x]/L d}n] ;/sf/af6 kfPsf] /sd clt yf]/}
5 . t/ Tof] /sd tkfO{s + f] AofÍsf] C0f ltg{ / tkfO{s
+ }
zfvfdf vftf vf]n/] cfgGb;fy d]/f] afFsL lhGbuL latfpgsf
nflu t k'luxfN5 .Æ
74
 e'hË

d]rdf c8]; nfu]/ o; crDdsf] 36gfqmdaf/] e'hËn]

Psl5g ;f]Rof] . s]xL ldg]6cl3 dfq p;nfO{ ænf} of] hflu/
uof]Æ eGg] kSsf lyof] . clxn] cfP/ kl/l:yltn] k"/} kN6f
vfPsf] lyof], k|frLg ;dosf] Ps x':;" ;]gfklt / cfhsL
Pp6L clt OdfGbf/ Gofp/Lsf sf/0f Û
e'hËn] g}gL Gofp/Llt/ kmls{of] / eGof], æPp6f s'/f eg",F
ld; Gofp/L < d klg ca cfgGbk"js { afFsL lhGbuL
latfpFnfh:tf] nfU5 ÆÛ

75
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

76
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL
Pp6f ;fgf] sfnf] 6f6f] kf6g ;x/glhs}sf] afF;3f/Lsf]
;f]‰d} fly ;fF‰kvsf] cfsf;df b]vf k¥of] . Tof] 6f6f] tn–tn
v:t} hfFbf ;fgf] 8Nnf]h:tf] b]lvof] . ‰g\–‰g\ tn ‰bf{ Tof]
Pp6f r/f] /x]5 eGg] k|:6 eof] . kv]6f gvf]nLsg r/f]
cfsfzaf6 9'ªu\ f]‰F} vl;/x]sf] lyof] .
v:tf–v:tf afF;3f/Ldf alh|g} nfu]sf] lyof] . Tolt g}
a]nf To; r/fsf kv]6f v'n] / afF;sf 6'Kkfx¿nfO{ 5n]/
;'OoF F p8\b} To;n] cfk"mnfO{ arfof] . To;kl5 v]t /
3/sf 5fgfdfly kv]6f lkmFhfP/ la:tf/} p8\b} afF;3f/L5]psf]
Pp6f gf;\kftLsf] ¿vlt/ ;f]l‰of] / Pp6f xfFufdf Tof] pqg
k'Uof] .
sfnf] r/f] To;/L xfFufdf pqFbf klxNo}bl] v al;/fv]sL
k/]jLl;t 7Ss/ vfof] . æpkm\ ÛÆ eg]/ ‰s{b+ } k/]jL clns
klt{/ ;/L . p;nfO{ sfnf] r/fsf] tfn dg k/]g .
v}/f KjfFvsf 8f]/f] 3fF6Ljl/kl/ ePsf] Tof] sfnf] r/f]
eg] nfh dfGg] vfnsf] lyPg . k/]jLnfO{ pm 7f]lSsg
cfPsf] dg k/]g eGg] s'/fsf] jf:t} gu/L p;n] cfˆgf]
kl/ro lbg yfNof], æs:tf] x'gx' G' 5 < d]/f] gfd sf}jf .
x'gt hftn] d …Hofs–8Ú r/f] x'F . tkfO{s + f] gfdrflxF
s] xf] <Æ
æhlt xQ] u/] klg d elGbgF d]/f] gfd, ltdLh:tf ;f]dt
gePsfnfO{ ÆÛ
77
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

sf}jfn] ga'‰h] :tf] u/L eGof], æd < ;f]dt gePsf] < To:tf]
t xf]Og xf]nf Û s;/L d ;f]dt gePsf] ePF, eGg';\ t <Æ
æltdL ;'Gg ;S5f} < To;f] eP ;'g,Æ k/]jLn] hjfkm lbO{ .
ærf/fsf] vf]hLdf d}n] k"/} kf6g ;x/sf] rSs/ dfg'k{ /]sf]
lyof] . lbgel/ p8\bf–p8\bf yfs]/ d oxfF ;"of{:tsf] cfgGb
lnFb} cfˆg} ;'/df al;/x]sL lyPF . sxfFaf6 cfP/ ltdLn] ‰G8}
dnfO{ tn v;flnlbPsf] Û xfdL k/]jfx¿ eg]sf sf]dn k|sl[ tsf
r/fx¿ xf},F ltdL sf}jfx¿h:tf xf]Ogf}F . ltdLx¿ t uFjf/ xf},
;w}F SofF SofF / s"F s"F u/]/ xNnf dRrfpF5f} . 5]p5fpsf
;a}nfO{ l‰F´ofpF5f} . dfG5]x¿ ;d]t ltdLx¿b]lv lbSs dfG5g\,
ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <Æ
k/]jLnfO{ sf}jfsf] d'vdf s]xL d':sfg v]ln/x]h:tf]
nfUof] . pm Psl5g /f]lsO{ . æc‰} eg"F < ls k'Uof] < w]/}
klxNo}bl] v g} ltdLx¿h:tfnfO{ of] ;a s'/f eGg dg
nflu/x]sf] lyof] .Æ
æxf]Og, xf]Og s]xL 5}g, eGb} hfg';\ g a}gL .Æ
ædnfO{ ;fOgf] nfO/xg kb}g{ ld:6/ Û xfd|f] s'g} gftf
k/]h:tf] nfUb}g Û d k/]jL x',F ;'Gb/L k/]jL, a'´of} < ltdL
sf}jfx¿ df+;fxf/L xf}, c¿sf df;' vfG5f} . xfdL k/]jLx¿ t
zfsfxf/L xf},F lg/fldif . csf]{ s'/f, ltdLx¿ sfnf 5f} . sfnf]
/ª cGwsf/ / b'i6tfsf] /ª xf] .Æ
olt eg]/ k/]jL s]xLa]/ zfGt eO{ .
sf}jfn] ;f]Wof], ætkfO{s
+ f] eGg' olQ xf], ld; ;'Gb/L
k/]jL <Æ
æ5, eGg] s'/f y'k}| afFsL 5 . n ;'g— xfdLnfO{ dflg;x¿
lsg oltla£g dfof u5{g\ eGg] ltdLn] a'´g'k5{ . xfdL
78
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

k/]jfx¿ ;'U3/, zfGt / ;Eo 5f}F . To;} x'gfn] dflg;x¿

xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf 3/bnfgdf a:g] 7fpF lbG5g\ . ltdL
sf}jfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿ kmf]xf]/L, uFjf/ / c;Eo 7fG5g\ .
To;}sf/0f slxNo} s'g} cf]t kfpFbg} f} / ltdLx¿n] aflx/ v'nf
7fpFdf u'8F agfpg'k5{ . dflg; ltdLx¿b]lv l3gfpF5g\ .
ltdLx¿nfO{ b]v] ls s]6fs]6Lx¿ klg 9'ªu\ f xfG5g\ . xfdLnfO{
slxNo} Tof] u/]sf b]vs ] f 5f} ltdLn] < o:tf] lsg xf]nf egL
slxNo} ;f]rs ] f 5f} <Æ
hlt g} ldhfl;nf] b]lvP klg of] ;a ;'Gb} hfFbf
sf}jfnfO{ ‰f]s rNg yfln;s]sf] lyof] . k/]jLn] cfˆgf
hfltsf b'u0{' fx¿sf] uGtL ub}{ hfFbf sf}jfnfO{ x'g;Ddsf]
v;v; nflu/x]sf] lyof] . pm 3/L afofF v'§fdf pleGYof],
3/L bfofF v'§fdf, 3/L lbSbf/Ldf 6fpsf] xNnfpFYof] /
otfplt kNofsk'ns ' gh/ lkm/fpFYof] . dgdg} pm
;f]lr/x]sf] lyof], æa8f] a9\tf x'gk' bf]{ /x]5 o;
k/]jLnfO{ ÆÛ
t}klg sf}jfn] ;'Gb/L k/]jLnfO{ /f]sg] . p;sf kv]6fx¿
p;nfO{ æp8L hfpmÆ eGb} lyP, t/ p;sf] lbdfun] eg] ToxLF
a;]/ k/]jLl;t s'/f u/, p;nfO{ ;D‰fpm, elg/x]sf] lyof] .
To;f] u/]/ Pp6f k/]jfnfO{ eP klg s]xL a'l4 t lbg
;lsGYof] .
sf}jfn] k/]jLnfO{ 58\s] cfFvfn] x]¥of] . dgsf] tLtf]
kf]lv;s]/ klg k/]jLsf] l/; c‰} zfGt eO;s]sf] lyPgh:tf]
b]lvGYof] . nfdf] ;f; k]m/]/ sf}jf cfˆgf] k|To'Q/ lbg yfNof] .
æ;'Gb/LhL, dnfO{ klg s]xL af]Ng] df}sf lbg';\ x} . tkfO{+
k/]jfx¿ rflxPeGbf a9L g} dflg;x¿sf] df]xdf kg'e{ Psf] 5 .
79
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

d t eG5' o; wtL{df a:g] xfdL ;a} k|f0fLx¿ a/fa/L xf}F .

xf], dflg;x¿nfO{ efUodfgL dfGg'k5{ . lsgeg] k|f0fLx¿sf]
pTklQqmddf dflg;x¿sf 6fpsf tkfO{+ xfd|feGbf 7"nf x'g
k'u] . tL vKk/df w]/} s'/fx¿ c6fpg ;Sg] 7fpF 5, Tolt
xfd|fd] f 5}g . t/ o; k[YjLdf ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] lhpg] clwsf/
eg] plQs} 5 . 6fpsf] 7"nf] x'bF d} f pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ klg
7"nf] eOxfNb}g, a'´g'ef] <Æ
æltdL dflg;x¿sf af/]df dnfO{ lsg ;'gfpF5f} < ltdL
cfˆg} hfltsf] s'/f u/ g ÛÆ k/]jLn] egL .
æ;'Gg'xf];,\ dflg;sf] s'/f ug'{ h?/L 5 . tkfO{n+ ]
eGg'ef] dflg;x¿ k/]jfnfO{ dfof u5{g\ / sf}jfx¿nfO{
rflxF dg k/fpFbg} g\ . t/ o;n] s] km/s kf5{, eGg';\ t <
xfd|f] cf–cfˆg} hLjg 5 . k'mn k'm6fP/ aflx/ lg:sgf;fy
xfdL cf–cfk"mn] afFRgsf] nflu h]–h] h?/L 5, ToxL
ug'{k5{ .
dflg;x¿ lsg s'g} hftsf r/fx¿nfO{ 3[0ff u5{g\ / s'g}
hftsfnfO{ dg k/fpF5g\ eGg] xfdLnfO{ s] yfxf / s] rf;f] <
pgLx¿n] dfof ub}d{ f of gub}d{ f k/]jfx¿ c;n x'g\ /
sf}jfx¿rflxF v/fa x'g\ eGg] s'/f cfpF5 / <Æ
æTof] t xf]nf,Æ ;'Gb/L k/]jLn] ;f]Rb} egL, æt/ d]/f] t
;ft} p8\of] . ltdL o; xfFufdf a:g cfpFbf ltdLn] dnfO{
slt ;fx|f] wSsf lbof} lg ÛÆ
sf}jfn] hjfkm lbof], æalxgL, To;sf nflu d dfkmL
dfU5' . s'/f] s] eg] d dflyaf6 cfˆgf] u'8F df pqg] gofF
tl/sfsf] cEof; ub}{ lyPF . d]/f] u'8F pm ToxfF afF;3f/Ldf
5 . c¿ r/fx¿ h;/L p8\5g\, To;/L g} p8\bf–p8\bf dnfO{
80
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

jfSs nflu;Sof] . cfh laxfg s]xL vfg]s/' f kfOG5 ls eg]/

d afudtL gbLtkm{ uPsf] lyPF . 3/ kms{g] a]nf dnfO{ w]/}
dfly hfg dg nfUof] . csfl;Fb} hfFbf d ;x/sf] xf]xNnf /
w"jfFwn" f]sf] kqeGbf dfly k'u5] ' . ToxfFdfly t xfjf klg
lr;f] / :jR5 /x]5 . b]zsf] Ps s'gfaf6 csf]{ 5]p;Dd
lIflthdf jf/kf/ rlDsnf lxdfnx¿ b]lvg] . p8\b} o;
afF;3f/Lsf] 7Ls dfl:t/ cfOk'uk] l5 d}n] gofF tl/sfn] :jf§}
tn u'8F df ‰g]{ tl/sf ljrf/ u/]F . d}n] cfˆgf kv]6fnfO{
glkmFhfO{ hLpd} 6\ofKk kf/]/ /fv]F clg XjfQ} tn ‰l/xfn]F .
Sof uhasf] cg'ej eof] Û d gofF s'/f u/]/ dVv lyPF .
To;} x'gfn] o; xfFufdf a:g cfpFbf dnfO{ plt xf]; ePg .
d}n] ltdLnfO{ t;f{P5', dfkm u/ x} ÛÆ
æ7Ls 5, 7Ls 5 . Pp6f eb| k/]jf ePsLn] d}n] ltdLnfO{
dfkm ul/lbPF .Æ ;'Gb/L k/]jLn] egL . æt/ ltdL sf}jfx¿
df+;fxf/L ePsf]df rflxF ltd|f] eGg' s] 5 < ltdLx¿n] s;/L
df;' vfg ;s]sf, l5M ÛÆ
æP alxgL, ltdLnfO{ xfdLaf/] e|d /x]5 . klxnf] t,
xfdLnfO{ df+;fxf/Ldfq eGg ldNb}g . xfdL ;j{eIfL xf}F . xf],
d ;a} k|sf/sf df;' vfG5', t/ To;sf ;fy} ltdL k/]jfx¿
h]–h] vfG5f} tL ;a} yf]s klg vfG5' . d]/f] cl3lNt/ s]s,
/f]6L, eft, v';f{gL, kfs]sf] s]/f, h]–h] /fV5f} /fv, d ;a}
r6 kfl/lbG5' . dnfO{ d/]sf] d';f] xf];\ cyjf /]:6'/fFaf6
ldNsfOPsf h'7f]–k'/f], s'v/' fsf] lkmnf, d;fnf xf];,\ h];s
' }
b]pm, x;'l/lbG5' . xfd|f] k]6 olt alnof]l;t ag]sf] 5 ls
o;n] h] klg ;lhn} krfOlbG5 . o;k|sf/ dh:tf xhf/f}F
sf}jfx¿n] kf6g ;x/nfO{ ;kmf /fVg dbt k'¥ofPsf 5g\,
81
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

82
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

ltdLnfO{ of] s'/f yfxf 5 ls 5}g < xfdL ePgf}F eg] of]
;x/ b'uG{ wn] el/P/ sf]xL klg a:g g;Sg] x'G5 . tL 7"nf
vKk/ ePsf dflg;x¿n] klg of] s'/f /fd|/L a'´g'kg]{ xf] .
t/ s] ug'{ Û pgLx¿n] sfunfO{ dg gk/fpg] s;d}
vfPh:tf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf lbdfusf 9f]sf klg ltd|f ‰}F aGb
5g\, a'´of} <Æ
ædnfO{ dflg;x¿l;t bfFHg] sfd gu/ t ÛÆ k/]jLn] lj/f]w
hgfpFb} egL . p;sf] o; egfOdf dflg;x¿k|ltsf] p;sf]
wf/0ff cln ablnFb} uPsf] a'l‰GYof] .
sf}jf eGb} uof], ædflg;x¿sf] clt lk|okfq aGg' klg
/fd|f] xf]Og . To;n] ;d:of v8f u5{ . x]/ d}ofF, dflg;x¿
k/]jfnfO{ oltla£g dg k/fpF5g\ ls pgLx¿ k/]jfnfO{
vfG5g\ klg . ahf/df cfhsfn a|fO] n/ s'v/' f 5\ofk5\ofKtL
kfOg] eP/dfq} xf], gq dflg;x¿n] Pp6} k/]jf klg 5f8\g]
lyPgg\ . of] s'/f klg ofb u/ ls dflg;x¿ cfk"mn] dg
gk/fpg] sf}jf, rLn, lu4h:tf r/fx¿nfO{ vfFbg} g\ . t/ ltg}
dflg; sflnh, 9's/' , dh'/ / k/]jfx¿nfO{ eg] 5f8\bg} g\ .
ca cfP/ sf}jfsf s'/fn] k/]jLnfO{ lgs} 3t k¥of] .
dflg;x¿n] k/]jfnfO{ p;f] t s]xL u/]sf lyPgg\, t/
a]nfavt l5d]ssf k/]jfx¿ u'8F af6 x/fpg] u/]sf] t xf] g} .
cFWof/fdf 3/a]6Lsf] xft cfP/ k/]jfnfO{ u'8F af6 ;dft]/
n}hfG5 / To;/L ;dft]/ nu]sf k/]jfnfO{ dflg;x¿ /flt
…/f]:6Ú agfP/ vfG5g\ eGg] k/]jLn] ;'gs] L;Dd lyO{, kTofPsL
lyOg .
To;kl5 sf}jfn] cfˆgf hfltsf u'0fx¿sf] avfg ug{
yfNof] . æxfdL sf}jf t ;fx|} ldng;f/ k|f0fL kf] xf}F t . xfdL
83
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] Psbd} Vofn /fV5f}F . xfd|f] cyjf c¿

s;}sf] a;f]af;glhs afFb/ jf la/fnf] nl:sPsf] b]Vg]lalQs}
xfdL ;a} Ps;fy p8]/ xf]xNnf dRrfpF5f}F . o;f] ubf{ tL
cfttfoLx¿ 8/fP/ efU5g\ . rLn cyjf afh xfd|f
ar]/fx¿dfly ‰D6g cfpFbf klg xfdL To;} u5f}+{ . xfdL o;/L
p8\b} s/fPsf b]v/] dflg;x¿ xfdLnfO{ xNnfafh eGb5g\ .
t/ ltgLx¿n] slxNo} ;f]rs ] f 5g\, xfdL lsg o;f] u5f}+{
eg]/ < cxF ÛÆ
sf}jf cufl8 eGb} uof], æa'´of}, xfdL sf}jfx¿ c¿
kG5Lx¿ x]/L Hofb} rnfv 5f}F . xfdL s'g la/fnf] kfgL vfg
vf]lh/x]5 / s'g la/fnf] r/f] ;dfTg ‰f8Ldf 9'ls/x]5 eGg]
5'§o\ fpg ;S5f}F . c¿ r/f dflg;n] lnP/ lxF8g\ ] Tof] nf}/f] xf]
ls aGb's xf], s]xL 5'§\ o\ fpg ;Qm}gg\ . xfdLnfO{ To;sf] e]b
yfxf 5 . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5, dflg;x¿ 3/df kx/f ug]{
s's/' nfO{ …jfr8uÚ eG5g\ lg . To:t}, xfdL sf}jfnfO{ …jfra8{Ú
eg] x'G5 .Æ
æca hxfF;Dd /ªsf] s'/f xf], To;n] d]/f] JolQmŒjdf s]
km/s kf5{, eg t gfgL < d]/f] 3fF6Ljl/kl/ v/fgL /ªsf]
k]6f/f] 5, 6nSs 6lNsPsf sfnf KjfFvx¿ 5g\ . of] zfgbf/
nfdf] / alnof] y'tg' f] 5 . oL ;a} sf/0f t d …Hofs–8Ú
ePF .Æ
;'Gb/L k/]jLnfO{ cfk"mn] sf}jfk|lt unt wf/0ff agfPsf]
/x]5' eGg] nfUg yfln;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] p;n] egL,
æcfˆgf hfltsf ljifodf t ltdLn] w]/} /fd|f s'/f ;'gfof} .
xfdL k/]jfx¿sf af/]df ltd|f g/fd|f wf/0ff klg cjZo xf]nfg\
atfpm t .Æ
84
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

æ7Ls eGof}, ;'g, d 5f]6s/Ldf eG5',Æ sf}jfn] hjfkm

lbof] . æk/]jfx¿ jf:tjdf a8f] sfFt/ k|f0fL x'g\ . ltdLx¿
xfdLh:tf] dgsf] s'/f v'nfP/ eGg} ;Qm}gf} . …3'/3'/Ú sf] /6fg
nufpg'afx]s ltdLx¿ s]xL eGg hfGb}gf} . ltdLx¿ JolQmjfbL
xf}, s]jn cfˆg} af/]df dfq ;f]R5f} . xfdLn] ‰}F ltdLx¿n] c¿
k|f0fLnfO{ dbt k'¥ofPsf] d}n] slxNo} b]vs ] f] 5}gF . ltdLx¿
dflg;dfly k"/} lge{/ 5f} . dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] 3/j/k/ tyf
dlGb/df k/]jfx¿nfO{ eg]/ rf/f gˆofFSg] xf] eg] ltdLx¿
ef]s} dg]{ lyof} . cfˆgf] u'8F ¿vdf agfpg'sf] ;§f ltdLx¿
dflg;sf] cf>o vf]H5f} . clg csf]{ s'/f, cfk"m v'a}
;kmf;'U3/ 5' egL wfs gnufpm, a}gL Û xfdL sf}jf cfˆgf
u'8F nfO{ ;kmf / lrl6Ss /fV5f}F . t/ d}n] ltdLx¿ s;/L
a:5f}, Tof] b]vs ] f] 5' . ltdLx¿n] ´ofnsf P]gfdf / l8ndf
la:6\ofP/ h;/L kmf]x/ kf5f}{ lg, To;af6 t dflg;x¿ klg
cflht 5g\ ÛÆ
æcf]xf] xfdL Toltsf v/fa 5f}F / ÛÆ jfNn k/]/ k/]jLn]
egL .
æxf], a}gL, xf] . clg ltdL k/]jfx¿ ;w}eF l/ Psgf;sf]
lhGbuL latfpF5f}F . ltdLx¿n] slxNo} klg s'g} gofF–gf}nf] /
c;fwf/0f sfd ug{ vf]hs ] f] d}n] b]vs
] f];g' s] f] 5}gF .Æ
k/]jLnfO{ of] s'/f xf]h:tf] nfUof] . lsgeg] cfk}mnF ] s'g}
c;fwf/0f sfd u/]sf] ;D‰gf klg p;nfO{ lyPg . k/]jf ToxL
u5{g,\ hf] klxNo}bl] v k/]jfx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
oltGh]ndf t af]nSs8 sf}jfsf s'/fn] k/]jL lgs}
k|efljt eO;s]sL lyO{ . p;nfO{ sf}jfaf6 c‰} w]/} s'/f
l;Sg dg nfUof] / ToxfF a:tf–a:t} p;nfO{ klg cfˆgf]
85
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

hLjg rfvnfUbf] agfpg] OR5f hfu]/ cfof] . p;n] sf}jflt/

kms]/{ a8f] pT;'stfsf ;fy egL, æx]/, d klg ca s'g}
c;fwf/0f sfd ug{ tof/ 5' . xfdL s]xL gf}nf] s'/f u/f},F
nf} g ÛÆ
sf}jfn] s]xL a]/ ;f]Rof] . pm ha k/]jLlt/ kmls{of], p;sf
cfFvfdf Pslsl;dsf] rds lyof] . p;n] eGof], æp;f]eP
clxNo} p8]/ dfly cfsf;df hfcf}F . kf6g–;x/ /ftsf] a]nf
s:tf] b]lvFbf] /x]5, x]/f}F . hfg] xf] <Æ
æt'?Gt} <Æ
æxf], clxn] Û o;} 38L ÛÆ
k/]jL ;xdt eO{ . clg tL b'j} r/f gf;kftLsf] ¿vsf]
xfFuf 5f8]/ tTsfn p8] .
To;a]nf lgs} l9nf] eO;s]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿ Ps–cfk;df
ljjfb / 5nkmn ul//x]s} a]nf 3fd c:tfO;s]sf] /x]5 .
a/flnPsf Ps–b'O{ r/fx¿ x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ cfˆgf 3/tkm{
xflgFb} lyP . afFsL kG5Lx¿sf] ;+;f/n] /ftsf nflu lj>fd
lnO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ otf 3/kfn'jfhlQs} eO;s]sL k/]jL /
3/kfn'jf x'g} g;Sg] sf}jfsf] Tof] hf]8L eg] Pp6f gf}nf]
;fxl;s ofqfdf lgl:s;s]sf] lyof] .
pgLx¿n] afF;3f/Lsf] rSs/ df/] / cfˆgf kv]6fnfO{
hf]8l;t km8km8fpFb} c‰ dfly p8\b} uP . l5§}
pgLx¿ kfFr;o lkm6hltsf] prfOdf k'u] . kv]6f rnfpg]
ldlxg]tn] ubf{ pgLx¿ Pscfk;df af]Ng ;Sg] cj:yfdf
lyPgg\ . O;f/fn] k/]jLn] c¿ slt dfly hfg] eg]/
sf}jfnfO{ ;f]wL . sf}jfn] d'G6f] xNnfP/ clxn] c‰} p8\g'
5 eGg] ;ª\st] lbof] .
86
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

Pjd\ /Ltn] cfsfl;Fb} tL b'O{ slt dfly k'u] eg] tn

;x/sf aQLx¿ cfsf;sf lknlkn] tf/f‰}F b]lvg nfu] .
To;a]nf pgLx¿ o:t} b'Ox{ hf/ lkm6hltsf] prfOdf k'us ] f lyP
xf]nfg\ . clg PsfPs sf}jfn] cfˆgf kv]6fnfO{ km8\km8fpg
5f8]/ ltgnfO{ k}mnfof] / ;nNn uf]tf dfg{ nfUof] . k/]jLn]
klg To;} u/L .
æltdLn] o;/L kv]6f grnfO{ klxn] klg uf]tf df/]sf
5f} <Æ :jfF–:jfF ub}{ k/]jLn] ;f]wL . sf}jfnfO{ klg xfjfn] cOF
cOF kf/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] s]xL a]/;Dd ;f; tfg]/ p;n]
hjfkm lbof], æw]/k} 6s o;/L p8]sf] 5' . t/ olt ca]/
p8]sf]rflxF cfh klxnf]k6s xf] . o;a]nf ;a}yf]s slt ;'Gb/
b]lvFbf /x]5g\, x]/ t .Æ
To; prfOdf /ft kl/;s]sf] a]nf xfjf lr;f] lyof] . uf8L
/ dfG5]sf] xNnf k6Ss} lyPg . l8h]nuf8Lsf] w"jfF klg
lyPg, sf/x¿n] p8fpg] w"nf] klg lyPg / kmf]x/d}nfsf] b'uG{ w
klg tn stf x/fO;s]sf] lyof] . c¿ r/fx¿ t ToxfF
Tolta]nf x'g] s'/} ePg . l;ª\u} sfnf] cfsf;df sf}jf /
;'Gb/L k/]jLsf] hf]8L uf]tf dfb}{ lyof] .
la:tf/} hldglt/ ‰g]{ qmddf ;'Gb/L k/]jLn] cfˆgf]
kv]6fd'lGt/ ljzfn rlDsPsf] sfk]6{ b]vL, kf6g–;x/sf
3/, ;8s tyf axfnx¿df an]sf lah'nLaQLx¿ ldn]/
ag]sf ;t/Ghf . s]xL klt{/ afUdtL k'ndflysf aQLx¿
klg b]lvGy] / To;eGbf ptf sf7df8f}–F ;x/ ‰ndnfO/x]sf]
lyof] .
æTof] l‰lnsl‰lns ul//xg] pHofnf] aQLrflxF s] xf] <Æ
k/]jLn] ;f]wL .
87
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

88
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

sf}jfn] eGof], æTof] kz'klt dlGb/5]psf] xjfO{hxfh pqg]

uf}r/ xf] . Tof] l‰lnsl‰lns ug]{ aQLn] kfOn6nfO{ pqg]
7fpF stf xf] eGg] atfpF5 .Æ
To;kl5 pgLx¿ gaf]nL c¿ s]xLa]/ kv]6f lkmFhfP/
p8L g} /fv] . clg klxn] slxNo} olt dfly, olt /flt
gp8]sL k/]jLnfO{ cfhnfO{ /dfOnf] k'Uof]h:tf] sf}jfnfO{
nfUof] . p;n] eGof], æxfdL kG5Lx¿nfO{ af6f] b]vfpg s'g}
l‰lnsl‰lns aQLsf] b/sf/ kb}g{ . xfdL ;f]‰} tn ‰/]
eOxfN5 .Æ
clg sf}jfnfO{ p6\k6\ofª ljrf/ ;'´of] . æcl3 d
afF;3f/Ldfly 9'ªu\ f v;]‰F} v;]sf] lyPF lg < To;/L g} ‰g]{
xf] <Æ
k/]jLn] s]xL cgsgfpFb} egL, æx'G5, t/ ltdLn] dnfO{
l;sfpg'k5{ .Æ
sf}jfn] tn ‰g]{ tl/sf l;sfof] M æklxn] t k}mlnPsf
kv]6fnfO{ hLpdf 6Dd 6F;fpm . b'j} v'§fnfO{ leqkl§
v'DRofpg klg gla;{g" . To;f] ubf{ cfk}mF ‰l/G5 . ‰bf{ ;'?df
rSs/ nfU5 t/ Tof] Ps}l5gdf x/fpF5 . 6fpsf]nfO{ bx|f] u/L
/fVg', gq xfjfsf] hf]8n] ltd|f] d'G6f] a6fl/Pnf . hldgdf
k'Ug] a]nf xfjfn] ubf{ kv]6f vf]Ng ufx|f] k5{ lg Û xf]; ug"{ .
v"a an nufP/ cfˆgf aGb kv]6fnfO{ vf]Ng'k5{, clg ToxL
gf;kftLsf] af]6df pqf}nF f .Æ
;'Gb/L k/]jLnfO{ s]xL 8/ nfUof] . t/ lhGbuLdf
slxNo} gu/]sf] / s]xL 306fcl3;Dd ug]{ sNkgf klg
gu/]sf] o:tf] ;km/ ug{ kfPsf]df p;nfO{ ub\ub\ klg nfu]sf]
lyof] .
89
sfpa"9L / c¿ syf

pgLx¿ b'j} xf/fxf/L pl8/x]sf lyP . sf}jfn] ;'Gb/L

k/]jLlt/ kmls{P/ ;f]Wof], ætof/ xf] <Æ
8/ dfgLdfgL k/]jLn] ;xdltsf] 6fpsf] xNnfO{ .
kv]6f aGb u/]/ k/]jL / sf}jf /ftsf] cfsf;af6 hldglt/
v;] . ;'?df Ps lgd]ifsf nflu k/]jLnfO{ cfˆgf] d'6' g} aGb
efÚh:tf] eof], t/ Tof] 8/ Ps}l5gdf x/fof] . pFwf]dG' 6f] u/]/
xflgFbf xfjfsf] hf]8n] k/]jLsf cfFvf ‰G8} lrDd} eP . t}klg
lrD;]cfFvf kf/]/ tnlt/ x]bf{ ;x/sf ‰ndn aQLx¿ p;nfO{
:jfut ug{ la:tf/} dfl:t/ cfO/x]sf] b]vL . p;n] cfˆgf]
bflxg]tkm{ x]/L . sf}jf klg pxL tl/sfn] ‰l//x]sf] lyof] .
k/]jLn] s]xL la/fpnL ls eg]/ p;dfly Wofg lbO/x]sf]
lyof] .
c‰ s]xL tn v;]kl5 xfjfsf] x'O–F x'OdF fly sf}jfn] lrRofP/
eGof], æP a}gL Û ca ltd|f kv]6f vf]n ÛÆ
sf}jfn] cx|fPadf]lhd ;'Gb/L k/]jLn] kv]6f vf]Ng vf]hL, t/
xfjfsf] rfkn] ubf{ p3fg{ ;lsg . hLpdf 6fFl;Psf p;sf
kv]6fx¿ v'Nb} v'ng] g\ .
æ;lsgF ÛÆ cflQFb,} k/]jL s/fO{ .
æan u/, l56f], l56f] Û an u/ ÛÆ sf}jf lrRofof] .
ca t ;8ssf aQLx¿ Psbd /ˆtf/df dfly cfO/x]y] .
k/]jLn] leqb]lvg\sf] an lgsfn]/ Psrf]l6 k]ml/ kv]6f vf]Ng]
k|oTg u/L . v"a hf]8 nufPkl5 klxn] t p;sf kv]6f
clnslt dfq v'n,] To;kl5 xfjfn] ;dft]kl5 eg] PSsfl;
k"/} v'n] . a]un] vl;/x]sL k/]jL x\jfQ;Fu dfl:t/ p8\g
nfuL . clg pm 9'Ss eO{ .
t/ sf}jfn] eg] To;f] ug{ kfPg .
90
 sf}jf / ;'Gb/L k/]jL

k/]jLnfO{ hf]ufpg] ;'/df cfˆg} arfp ug]{ xf]; p;nfO{

ePg . s]xLl5gd} p;n] cfk"mnfO{ ;DxfNg] sf]l;; t u¥of],
t/ l9nf] eO;s]sf] lyof] . pm gf;kftLsf] ¿vdf alh|of] /
To;sf xfFufx¿df 7f]lSsFb} e'OdF f v:g k'Uof] . e'OdF f k'uG' h]n
sf}jf k|f0fxLg eO;s]sf] lyof] . s]xL If0fcl3;Dd To:tf]
k'mlt{nf] To; k|f0fLsf] hLjgnLnf ;dfKt eof] .
;'Gb/L k/]jLn] gf;kftLsf] ¿vdfly p8\bfp8\b} Tof] b[Zo
b]lv;s]sL lyO{ . pm ToxL xfFufdf cfP/ a;L hxfF s]xL
;doklxn] tL b'Os { f] rsf]{ ax; ePsf] lyof] . e'OdF f ndtGg
k/]sf] sf}jfnfO{ k/]jLn] d'G6f] lgx'¥ofP/ x]/L . OGt' g lrGt'
eP/ pm ToxfF a;L g} /fvL .
p;sf sfgdf sf}jfsf hLjGt s'/fx¿ u'l~h/x] . pm /f]O{ .
clg sf}jfnfO{ cfˆgf] dgleq ;w}s F f nflu lhpFbf] /flv/fVg]
c7f]6 u/L . Pp6f ;fF‰el/df sf}jfn] afFRg'sf] dxŒj s] xf]
eGg] s'/f p;nfO{ a'‰fP/ uPsf] lyof] .
log} s'/f ;f]Rtf–;f]Rt} ;'Gb/L k/]jL lgbfpg k'uL . pm
lapF‰bF f t ‰ndNn eO;s]sf] lyof] . p;n] uP /fltsf
36gfx¿nfO{ ;D‰Fb} dgdg} egL, ætL ;a} ;kgf lyP, kSs}
klg Û sf}jfh:tf] ldqnfO{ d u'dfpg rfxGgF . KnLh, KnLh Û
p;sf] d[To'nfO{ ;kgfsf] s'/f agfOb]pm ÛÆ
slDkt Åbo lnP/ p;n] tn e'OdF f x]/L . sfnf
KjfFvx¿sf] u'hN' 6f] t 3fF;dfly 5Fb} lyof] . sf}jf ;fFlRr g}
dl/;s]sf] lyof] . t/ dg'c{ l3 p;n] k/]jLnfO{ hLjgsf] pkxf/
lbP/ uPsf] lyof] .

91