UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES
AN ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN
AMHARA POLICE COMMISSION IN THE CASE OF AMHARA
NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE PARTICULARLY BAHIR DAR
CITY

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND

ETHICAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OFTHE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PEACE
AND CONFLICT STUDIES

BY
ANBESAW MELESE
ADVISER
ABEYOU MOLLA (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

JUNE, 2021
GONDAR, ETHIOPIA
 AN ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN

AMHARA POLICE COMMISSION IN THE CASE OF AMHARA

NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE PARTICULARLY BAHIR DAR

CITY

A Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies University of Gondar in

partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (MA)

in Peace and Conflict Studies

BY: ANBESAW MELESE

Principal ADVISER
ABEYOU MOLLA (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

COADVISER: ANBESAW ZEWEDU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

JUNE, 2021
GONDAR, ETHIOPIA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................3
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................................6
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................8
LIST OF ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................................14
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER ONE:........................................................................................................................................16
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................16
1.1. Background of the Study.............................................................................................................16
1.2. Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................18
1.3. Objective of the Study................................................................................................................19
1.3.1. General Objective....................................................................................................19

1.3.2. Specific Objectives...................................................................................................20

1.4. Basic Research Questions...........................................................................................................20

1.5. Scope of the Study......................................................................................................................20
1.6. Significance of the Study.............................................................................................................20
1.7. Limitations of the Study..............................................................................................................21
1.8. Operational Definition of Terms.................................................................................................21
1.9. Organization of the Study...........................................................................................................21
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.................................................................22
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................22
1.1. Conceptual Framework of Security...............................................................................................22
1.1.1. The Concept of Human Security............................................................................................23
1.2. Approaches to security sector reform............................................................................................24
1.3. Understanding Security Sector Reform.........................................................................................25
1.4. The Need for Security Sector Reform............................................................................................26
1.5. The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in Africa.....................................................................28
1.6. SSR Experience of Sierra Leone....................................................................................................31
1.7. Introduction of Modern Police in Ethiopia....................................................................................33
1.8. The Need of SSR in Ethiopia.........................................................................................................35
1.9. The Challenges of SSR and Police Reform in Ethiopia.................................................................37
1.10. Conceptual Frameworks................................................................................................................40
3.1. Descriptions of the Study Area......................................................................................................42
3.2. Research Approach........................................................................................................................43
3.3. Research Design............................................................................................................................43
3.4. Sampling Techniques and Procedures...........................................................................................44
3.5. Data Sources..................................................................................................................................44
3.6. Methods of Data Collection Instrument.........................................................................................45
3.6.1. Key Informants and Semi Structured Interview.......................................................................45
3.6.3. Questionnaires Survey.............................................................................................................45
3.6.4. Focus Group Discussions (FGD).............................................................................................46
3.7. Methods of Data Analysis..............................................................................................................46
3.8. Validity of Instruments and Reliability of Instruments..................................................................46
3.9. Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................48
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................................48
4. Introduction...................................................................................................................................48
4.1. Background Information of Respondents......................................................................................48
4.2. The Current Implementation of Security Sector Reform in ANRS Police Commission................49
4.3. Challenges of SSR Program in ANRS Police Commission...........................................................51
4.3.1. Political Interference..............................................................................................................52
4.3.2. Lack of Continues and Fragile Capacity Building.................................................................53
4.3.3. Lack of Competent Leadership..............................................................................................54
4.3.4. Inadequate Resources and Materials......................................................................................54
4.3.5. Inadequate Budget and Incentives.........................................................................................55
4.4. Measures Taken To Address the of Challenges Security Sector Reform.......................................56
4.5. Descriptive Statistics of Scaled Type Questionnaires....................................................................58
4.6. Challenges of Police Security Sector Reform Program in ANRS Police Commission..................59
4.7. Measures To Be Taken To Address the Challenges of SSR Program............................................61
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................................64
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................64
5.1. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................64
5.2. Recommendation...................................................................................................................65
Reference...........................................................................................................................................67
APPENDIX- A.......................................................................................................................................73
APPENDIX- B........................................................................................................................................79
APPENDIX- C........................................................................................................................................81
APPENDIX- D.......................................................................................................................................82
APPENDIX-E.........................................................................................................................................84
APPENDIX-F.........................................................................................................................................85
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Test Reliability of the Questionnaire

Table 2: Level of Education, Age and Work Experience of the sample respondents

Table 3: Descriptive statistics of the Challenges of SSR program

Table 4: Management measures taken by the concerned bodies

Table 5: Responses of Police Members and ANRS Security Bureau Staff Workers

Table 6: Responses of Police Members and ANRS Security Bureau Staff Workers on
management measures:
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Figure 2: Issues in the Considered Implementation of SSR

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ANRS- Amhara National Regional State

ANDM- Amhara National Democratic Movement
ANM- Amhara Democratic Party
APCOF- Africa Police Civilian Oversight Form
AUC- Africa Union Commission
AUCIGT- African Union Commission Implementation Guiding Tools
AU – Africa Union
BPR- Business Process Re-engineering,
BSC- Balanced Score Card
CAU- Commission of the African Union
CEE- Central and East European
CILC- Center for International Legal Cooperation
DAC– Development Assistant Committee
DFID- Department for International Development
ELTAP- Ethiopia Land Tenure and Administration Program
EPRDF- Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front
EPDF- Ethiopian People Democratic Front
FGD - Focus Group Discussions
GCDCAF- Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
IJHAS- International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies
JSRP- Justice System Reform Programs
JSRPO- Justice System Reform Program Office
MCB- Ministry of Capacity Building,
MoCB- Ministry of Capacity Building
MoJRJB- Ministry of Justice and Regional Justice Bureaus
NGOs- Non-Governmental Organizations
NSS- National Security Service
ONS- Office of National Security
PP – Prosperity Party
SPSS- Statistical Packages for Social Scientists
SSR- Security Sector Reform
UNHSU- United Nation Human Security Unit
UK- United Kingdom
UNAMSIL- United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
TITLE: AN ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN AMHARA POLICE

COMMISSION IN THE CASE OF AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE

PARTICULARLY BAHIR DAR CITY

BY: ANBESAW MELESE

Approved by the board of the examiners:

Chair person’s Name Signature Date

External Examiner’s Name Signature Date

Internal Examiner’s Name Signature Date

 Declaration

I, the undersigned, declare that the study comprises my own work. The study will consider the
international and national acceptable principle and practices. I have dually recognized and
referenced all materials used in this study work. I understand that non-adherence to the principles
of academic honesty and integrity misperceptions or fabricated of any data, idea or source will
constitute sufficient ground for discipline action by the university and can also evoke penal
action from the sources which have not been property cited and acknowledged.

________________ __________________________ ________________

Signatures Student’s Name Date
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First I would like to give a few lines in praising the almighty God to do all things in my life
because words are weak to express what I am feeling.
My special gratitude goes to my advisor, Abeyou Molla (ass.Prof.) for his commitment on the
thesis at each stage and for making valuable comments and suggestions which have played an
important role in my professional career development. His comments were valuable not only for
this study but also in my future career as well. Moreover, the time that he devoted searching
relevant materials for the quality of this study was equally appreciable.
Finally, I am particularly grateful to my wife W/r Kassnesh Abebe and my brothers Ato Dawit
Muluye and Ato Hagos Asmare for their continuous encouragement and support in all my
education life. They have been a constant source of energy to help me pursue my studies all the
way through.
 ABSTRACT
The focus of this study is to assess security sector reform in Amhara Regional Police Force with
a particular reference to the Bahir Dar city. The SSR in Ethiopia was introduced in 2002 under
the authority of Ministry of Capacity Building (currently Ministry of Public Service and Human
Resource Development). The main objective of this study was to explore the implementations,
and challenges of SSR in the Amhara Regional State Police Commission. In order to address the
objectives of the study the researcher employed mixed research method (more qualitative and
partly quantitative method) with descriptive case study research design. The data was collected
from Primary and secondary sources through interviews, questionnaire, FGD and documents
analysis. The total participants of the study were 47. The interviews and the survey data
respondents were selected through purposive and stratified random sampling technique
respectively. The collected data was systematically analyzed through narration and description.
The results of the study show that SSR program in the Amhara Regional State Police
Commission was implemented in different forms such as BPR, BSC, and 1:5 (one to five group)
as well as community policing practices. But, program is/was not effective due to different
challenges. The major challenges are political interference, lack of competent and professional
leaders, inadequate resources and materials, lack of continuous and fragile capacity building,
lack of access for education, lack of adequate budget and incentives. To address these
challenges different measures were implemented by the ANRS Police Commission and other
concerned bodies such as; establishing strong community policing practice, designing
appropriate policy and strategies, upgrading of police officers (diploma to degree), providing
short and long term training, independent justice system, introducing modern method of
information system like forensic laboratory, allocated adequate budget and resources etc, but
the measures are inefficient and inconsistent. Finally, the researcher highly recommended that,
due to the complexity, sensitivity and dynamicity natures of security the concerned bodies
particularly the ANRS Police Commission and ANRS Security Bureau give due attention to
improve and address the challenges of SSR program timely.
Key Words: Amhara, Challenges, Ethiopia. Police, Police Commission, Security, SSR,
CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Security sector reform is a broader concept which encompasses institutions like the military,
paramilitary, police, intelligence services, border guards, the judiciary and other governmental
entities which are mandated to supervise these institutions (Bendix, D. and Stanley, R. 2008).
Security sector reform as a notion was introduced after the 1990s by security experts and
politicians in the world. It is originated from two spectrums. The first one is from the
development community who were the advocators on the importance of security sector for
economic development and democratization and the second one is from the field of civil-military
relations who promote the holistic approach of security in Central and East Europe (Edmunds, T.
2002).
Security sector reform (SSR) has become a prominent policy instrument to prevent states from
collapsing, relapsing into civil war, and in securing the lives and livelihoods of a state’s citizens.
Hence, the effectiveness of the security sector is typically measured in two ways. Successful SSR
requires high levels of legitimacy and strong coordination across the entire security sector. Most
research on SSR focuses on a military for external defense and police for maintaining domestic
order, yet in reality the security sector is made up of a chain. These links include the military,
intelligence services, police, judges, and prisons all of which need to work in tandem in order for
the system to function and maintain itself (Krebs, R and Licklider, R. 2016).

The end of the cold war set in motion a profound rethinking of the notion of security and of
strategies for international assistance in this domain. The militarized notions of security that
emerged during the cold war gave rise to a narrow stress on territorial integrity and security
through armaments that has been difficult to change. Before 1989, aid to the Third World
including development, humanitarian and security assistance was closely linked to the dynamics
of the cold war. Security became synonymous with the stability of the international system and
regime stability the protection of client regimes from external and internal threats. Assistance
programmers paid little attention to democratic civil military relations, to effective legislative
and executive oversight over the various security branches, or to the creation of a professional
ethos within security services that was consistent with the dictates of a modern democracy. No
real attempt was made to include important civilian sectors (African Union Commission, 2008).

In many developing countries the provision of basic services such as security, employment and
social welfare has sharply eroded since the end of the cold war. These problems have focused
critical attention on how state security establishments shape and condition the processes of
economic and political change. The fragile security structures in developing countries have
diverse historical roots that can be traced to the nature of state building as well as to more recent
international development policies. Efforts to develop properly accountable security forces were
hampered during the 1980s and 1990s by the immense pressures placed on countries to reduce
public spending as a consequence of external pressures for economic liberalization. With the
security forces often seen as a barrier to economic and political development, attempts were
made to reduce their size and influence, and insufficient attention was paid to how the security
void would be filled ( Demelash K, 2011).

In Africa, security institutions which are established with the responsibility of managing
conflicts are too weak and not governed by the norms and principles of democracy. Despite the
fact that some modifications have been taken by the leaders of African states, they solely serve
the elite and the regimes than that of the society in general (Ibid). Hence, the AU cognizant of
the limitations of security institutions had adopted its own policy framework on SSR in 2008. It
was adopted with the intent of managing the overriding security problems and lack of
African ownership of the current SSR among member states (African Union Commission, 2008).
Africa is generally recognized as the theatre where the vast majority of SSR processes take place,
particularly as part of post-conflict reconstruction. Yet, such SSR processes have been mostly
informed by externally generated policy frameworks and assumptions that often do not
necessarily align with the realities and sources of insecurity of African peoples, states and
societies. SSR refers to the process by which countries formulate or re-orient the policies,
structures, and capacities of institutions and groups engaged in the security sector, in order to
make them more effective, efficient, and responsive to democratic control, and to the security
and justice needs of the people. This policy takes note that “Security Sector Reform” is
sometimes expressed as security sector governance, security sector transformation, security
sector development, security sector review as well as security and justice reform (African Union
Policy Framework, 2013).
In order to have a successful economic, political and social development, there should be a
secured environment in which the safety, stability and integrity of a given society are achieved
(Le Grys, B, 2010). To do so, the SSR is an indispensable aspect of all forms of development at
the national or local levels. According to SSR is an essential element of any development and it
must come even before economic development. If the personal and state security is achieved, the
need for economic security will come next (Ibid). Therefore, the existence of SSR in a normative
and pragmatic manner is pertinent not only to ensure security and justice but also to have an all
rounded development (Marenin, O. 2013).
The SSR in Ethiopia was introduced in 2002 by the Justice System Reform Program Office
under the authority of Ministry of Capacity Building and later named as the Comprehensive
Justice Sector Reform Program (JSRP) in the year 2005 (Ministry of Capacity Building, Justice
System Reform Program Office, 2005). The final objective of the JSRP in Ethiopian context
was to create an environment whereby the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens protected
through the privation of rule of law and good governance. Police strength is much higher in
Addis Ababa than in the regions. The militia is a voluntary organization. The fact that the militia
operates with a large measure of autonomy is potentially dangerous as they receive no training
and are not controlled by the central government
The Ethiopia police force is primarily established the peace and security of the public has shown
series limitations (APCOF, 2008). They could not provide service in the conformity with the
constitutional rules and are blamed for the unlawful treatment of citizens in different time span
(Isima, 2003). In addition, the current confirmation between police force and people and their
response across different regions of Ethiopia can justify the limitation of police force service
delivery. Due to this the German government provides training for the Ethiopian police force to
improve the professional competency and responsibilities of police force delivery (Tadias
Magazine, 2016). It also true that the Amhara Police force have shown weakness in the service
delivery of the respective citizens during the recent public protest in different parts of the region
(Addis Standard, 2016). Therefore, by recognizing the above mentioned promises the researcher
wants to explore security sector reform in the Amhara National Regional State police
commission particularly Bahir Dar City.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

In order to have a successful economic, political and social development, there should be a
secured environment in which the safety, stability and integrity of a given society are achieved
(Marenin, 2013). To do so, the SSR is an essential aspect of all forms of development at the
national, regional and local levels. Security Sector Reform is a crucial element of any
development and it must come even before economic development, because without personal
and state security it is very difficult to achieve economic development (Lrys, 2010). Therefore,
the existence of Security Sector Reform in a normative and practical manner is relevant not only
to ensure security and justice but also to have an all rounded development. According to Detzner
(2017) the effectiveness of the security sector is typically measured in two ways; first by the
ability of the security forces to operate to maintain order and peace, and second by how
effectively the security sector is managed, monitored and held accountable by the body of
citizens.
The SSR or the JSRP in Ethiopia was launched for the sake of reforming security institutions in a
way that they would provide efficient and effective services in accordance with the law; enhance
public participation in crime prevention; to make Police Force accountable and transparent; and
to create a professional security apparatus via establishing police colleges at federal and regional
levels (Ministry of Capacity Building, Justice System Reform Program Office, 2005). However,
different scholars and human right activists suggested that the SSR program is overwhelmed
with high politicization and excessive intervention of the higher executive officials. And yet the
reform program is/was implemented by the interest of the ruling party as well as the top
government officials. As a result of this the issue of SSR in Ethiopia is more pronounced than
ever before (Henoke, G. 2014).

There is little research done so far on this study area in the national level in general and in the
Amhara National Regional State in particular. For instance, Tedla, D (2012) studied on the
current position with reared to the SSR in Ethiopia. Based on the findings of his study has given
much attention on the performance of EPRDF government in implementing the security sector
reform within the security institution rather than exploring the current challenges and situation of
SSR in police force. On the other hand, Elias (2015) also studied the legal sector reform pursuits
in Ethiopia and gaps in the grassroots empowerments. His study focused on examining the level
of attention given to the legal sector institution and indicated that the reform is highly
fragmented and lacks capacity empowerment. Demelash, K (2013) studied on community
policing in Amhara Region, his study also focused on the success and challenges of community
policing officers in the region. But all of the studies focused on performance and empowerment
of security. In addition, the dynamicity, complexity and interrelatedness nature of security, need
to frequently assess in the region. That is why, the researcher highly inspired to conduct this
study and to fill the existing gaps.

1.3. Objective of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective
The general objective of the study is to assess the implementation and challenges of Security
Sector Reform in Amhara Police Commission particularly Bahir Dar city.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are to:-
 Explore the current implementation status of Security Sector Reform in Amhara National
Regional State Police Commission particularly Bahir Dar city;
 Identify the major challenges that affect the implementation of Security Sector Reform in
the Amhara National Regional State Police Commission particularly Bahir Dar city;
  Identify ways mechanisms to be taken to address the challenges of security sector reform
in the Amhara National Regional State Police Commission particularly Bahir Dar city;

1.4. Basic Research Questions

To achieve the proposed objective, the researchers have formulated the following basic research
questions. These are:
 What is the current implementation of Security Sector Reform in the study area?
 What are the major challenges that affect the implementation of Security Sector Reform
in the study area?
 What mechanisms to be used to address the challenges of Security Sector Reform in the
study area?

1.5. Scope of the Study

This study is delimited to the Amhara National Regional State Police Commission. The
participant population of this study is Amhara Regional Police Commission Unit members,
Police Officers, Special Forces and from the ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau
staff members. The need to study these issues is that to provide relevant information through
assessing the current situation and challenges of security sector reform in Amhara Police
Commission in Amhara National Regional State. In addition the study also focused on political
and institutional dimension in relation to SSR in the stud area.

1.6. Significance of the Study

SSR is by far the most important issues in the protection of human and democratic rights as well
as the prevalence of good governance and rule of law. Therefore, this study will have the
following significances: First, it will provide deep understanding and information on the current
situation and challenge of SSR and also it will benefit policy makers responsible for
ensuring security in the institution and help to came up with highly modified polices as
well as more appropriate measures to improve security structures in public institution.
Second, the study will serve as an input for the Amhara National Regional State Police
Commission, security affairs Bureau, civic societies and the study also help to draw the attention
of decision makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other concerned bodies about
the issue of SSR in the region. Third, the study will serve as a bench-mark for future researchers
who will be interested to undertake researches in the topic under investigation and other similar
problems. Finally, the study will depict areas that may need further research.
1.7. Limitations of the Study
The researcher has faced with some problems during the study. In the first place due to the
current pandemic called covid-19 virus, some participants particularly the police officers are not
volunteers to answer their interview equations. Secondly, because of state of emergency some of
the respondents in the police station were not in place. As a result, I could not get all respondents
timely. Thirdly, some respondents do not value to the questionnaire and some other does not
return totally. Even if these problems faced I have tried my best to meet with core police officers
and other concerned bodies through time and made the study fruitfully. Finally, limited access to
literatures on SSR studies in Ethiopia in general Amhara Regional State in particular was also
the problems. To do so, I have also tried my best to include related literature from other Africa
countries.

1.8. Operational Definition of Terms

 Security: is a situation in which people and communities live in a freedom, peace and safety
participate fully in the governance of their countries, and enjoy the protection of fundamental
rights and basic necessities of life within a secured environment (ADC, 2005). Based on this
definition security refers two aspects human security (i.e personal and political security)
 Security sector: it refers to those institution governments which are empowers to perform the
task of securing the lives and property of the society in a defined geographical environment
(Abegunde, 2013).
 Police: refers to the law enforcement body of government that is garneted with the
maintenance of law and order in the society (Alemayehu, 2010).
 Security sector reform: it refers to the transformation of security institutions and their roles,
action s and responsibilities in such a way that they confirm with the democratic norms and
principles of good governance (DFID, 2002).

1.9. Organization of the Study

This study was organized into five chapters. The first chapter comprises introduction of the
study. It contains background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose statement, specific
research questions, scope and limitation, and significance of the study. Chapter two focuses on
the review of the related literature and deals with the various theoretical and empirical literatures
from different secondary sources regarding the prevalence and consequences of crime. The third
chapter outlines the research methodology; and focuses on and addresses such parts as
description of the study area, the research approach, design, population of the study, sample
selection; sampling procedures and samples of the study, data collection instruments and
procedures, and methods of data analysis. Chapter four is about data presentation, analysis and
discussion. The last chapter draws conclusions and recommendation based on the results of the
study.

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. Introduction
This chapter deals with different review related literature topics such as definition and concept of
security sector reform, human right security, the importance of security sector reform, basic
principles of security sector reform challenges and limitations of SSR. The second section will
desiccated different African countries experience such as Sierra Leonean SSR and the third
section will explained the historical developments of human security and SSR as well as the role
of stakeholders or concerned bodies to improving the performance of police reform program in
Ethiopia.
1.1. Conceptual Framework of Security
There is an increased recognition that the security sector, like any other part of the public sector,
must be subject to the principles of civil oversight, accountability and transparency. How these
principles are implemented and the specific ways in which the security sector is organized will
depend on the circumstances.
Security as a concept is defined by different scholars differently. According to Buzan, (2001)
defined security as attaining one’s freedom from threat that may endanger the life of individuals
and the society at large. Security means a condition whereby individuals or the society as a
whole are freed from threats such as from physical violence which hinders them doing whatever
they like. laterally means that a situation in which people and communities live in freedom,
peace and safety, participate fully in the governance of their countries and enjoy the protection of
fundamental rights and freedoms necessities of life within a secured environment (DAC 2005) .
Based on this study, security explains in to two aspects of human security (i.e individual and
political security).
The usual idea of security emphasized on the military strength of state and its protection from
external aggression. But, this approach could not address the security threats of individuals and
the community since the end of cold war had brought a new phase of conflict in the world
particularly in developing nations (Baker, B. 2013). Since then, a new paradigm of security has
been developed which moves away from state-centric conceptions of security to people-centric
conceptions, thereby much attention are given for the security of the individuals, their protection
from multitude threats and empowerment in general (OECD, 2004). Hence, security sector relate
to each other is to consider them as part of a “legitimacy chain” in which the links work together
to ensure that the security sector protects a state’s borders from external threats, prevents state
collapse and relapse into civil war, and secures the lives and, by enforcement of property rights,
the livelihoods of its citizens.
The traditional notion of security emphasized on the military strength of the state and its
protection from external aggression. But, this approach could not address the security threat of
individuals and the community since the end of the cold war had brought a new phase of conflict
in the world particularly in the developing countries (Hussein, Gnisci and Wanjiru, 2004). Due to
the new paradigm of security has been developed which moves ways state-centric conception of
security to people-centric conceptions thereby, mach attention are given for the security of the
individuals, their protection from multitude threats and empowerment in general (UNHSU,
2004). Therefore, the issue and concept of human security comes to exist which would be
discussed below.
1.1.1. The Concept of Human Security
Developing ideal types of the security sector is important they can provide insight into how
states might try to improve the effectiveness of their security to enhance state stability and
human security. The shift of paradigm in the field of security leads to the integration of human
security. The need for having a new paradigm of security is in response to the complexity and the
interrelatedness of both old and new security threat; from chronic and persistent poverty to ethnic
violence, human trafficking, climate change, health pandemics, international terrorism, and
sudden economic and financial downturns (IJHAS, 2018). Therefore, human security is defined
as protecting the essential values and rights of human kind in a way that they can achieve their
freedom and fulfill their needs.
According to the United Nation Development Program, human security as a concept has the
following dimensions. The first dimension of security is economic security, refers to ensuring
one’s own livelihood by earning income. The second one is food security and it is about to have
access to basic needs particularly to get food for survival. The third one is personal security; it
refers to protecting individuals from physical violence or inhuman treatment and it is all being
freed from threats of physical harm. The fourth scope is environmental security. It refers to every
human being have the right to live an environment which is free from threat that endangers the
lives of people. The fifth dimension is health security and it implies to have access to health
service institutions and freed from chronic disease. The rights and sixth one is community
security and it aimed as defending the values, customs and positive relationship of the society
from violence. The other one is political security which refers to living in a society whereby
fundamental rights and freedoms are protected by the concerning government body (UNDP,
1994). As a result, the concept of security sector reform developed along with the shift of this
broader conception of human security and to link security and development (DCAF, 2012).
1.2. Approaches to security sector reform
There are different philosophies on how best to achieve reform objectives. Security sector reform
is underpinned by a number of normative assumptions about the desirability of democratization,
civilian control of the armed forces, a clear division between internal and external security
functions, the independence of the judiciary and a strong civil society role.
These are ‘ideal-type’ situations that no country has fully succeeded in implementing. In
practice, such institutional arrangements are difficult to achieve and not always consistent with
the immediate needs or priorities of reforming countries. Instead, these are now seen as goals
that countries can work towards from their different starting points. Only a limited number of
countries in which international actors are engaged today are able to undertake fundamental
institutional reforms. In the past, international security assistance programmers relied excessively
on external templates for reform, with little regard for the social, political and institutional
context in which they were being applied. This has resulted in unrealistic assumptions about how
states and their security sectors function and undue sensitivity to issues of national ownership. A
key concern of governments is that reforms will undermine their power base and compromise
their own efforts to address security problems (Chalmers, M., 2001).
There is now increased recognition that the greatest potential for security sector reform exists
where it is supported from outside but driven by strong internal dynamics. In the most successful
examples, there will be a clear national vision for reform and political will at the highest levels of
the government. In countries where these conditions do not exist, particularly in conflict-torn
societies, the first priority is generally to restore political stability and basic capacity in the
security sector before fundamental institutional problems can be tackled. Political support for
reform has to be built up. The bureaucracy and the economy are generally weak. Key security
sector institutions, including civilian bodies and the various branches of the security forces, tend
to lack clearly defined roles and adequate skills. Consequently, it is not possible to develop a
clear national vision for reform. In these conditions, attempting to promote security sector reform
may simply mobilize opposition to change. A broader focus on building basic capacity first may
itself not go beyond developing skills and confidence building among security sector personnel.
The fact that security sector reform is expensive means that progress will be closely tied to
improvements in the economy and living conditions. This makes security sector reform a long-
term endeavor. A sustained commitment to security sector reform will depend on development
assistance rather than on short-term conflict resolution (Williams, R., 2010).
1.3. Understanding Security Sector Reform
Security sector reform aims to help states enhance the security of their citizens. The shift from
state and military centric notions of security to a greater emphasis on human security has
underscored the importance of governance issues and civilian input into policy making. The
kinds of security policies that governments adopt, the instruments used to implement these
policies and the interests served by these policies are critical factors. The security sector reform
agenda therefore encompasses but is far broader that the traditional civil military relations
approach to addressing security problems. Security sector reform has potentially wide-ranging
implications for how state security establishments are organized and, by extension, for how
international security and development assistance is delivered. These implications are only just
starting to be understood and translated into policy and are eliciting mixed reactions from both
the international actors that provide security assistance and the recipients of aid Developing
countries have been cautious about embracing security sector reform. They are wary of the
conditions attached to external assistance and the promotion of ‘one size fits all’ solutions to
their problems, such as the structural adjustment programmers of the 1980s (Williams, R., 2001).
The past security assistance programmers were often ill-conceived and poorly implemented, and
resulted in outcomes that were not supportive of either citizen security or development goals.
The Central and East European (CEE) states have responded more favorably to the reform
agenda, which is seen as complementing the wider economic and political reforms in which
many of them are engaged. Despite the fact that security sector reform is moving up on the
international agenda, it remains a new area of activity. There is still no consensus on how to
define the concept of security sector reform or on what the objectives and the priorities for
international assistance should be. Most actors are just starting to grapple with the political
sensitivities of security sector work, and few have developed the policy instruments required to
work in an integrated way with their partners. As a consequence, there are different levels of
acceptance among international actors, many of whom remain wary of how security sector
reform will impinge on traditional institutional mandates or foreign policy objectives (Edmunds,
T., 2001).
A. The core security actors: which includes the armed force, police, paramilitary force,
gendarmerie so, presidential guards, intellectual and security services, coast guards, border
guards, custom authorities, local security units, including civil defense forces, national guards
and militia.
B. Security management and oversight bodies: it includes the national security advisor,
bodies, executive, legislative and ministers of defiance, internal affairs, foreign affairs costmary
and traditional authorities, financial management bodies and civil society organizations.
C. The justice and law enforcement institutions: it includes the judiciary, institutions, criminal
investigation, prison and prosecution service costmary and traditional justice systems, human right
commissions and ombudsmen (Ibid).
D. Non-stationary security force: these encompass the guerilla armies, liberation armies, privet
body guard units, privet security companies, political party and militias (DAC, 2005). Therefore,
having a discussion on the security actors is crucial to delimit the theoretical aspects of the study.
Due to this, to meet the objective of the study, the researcher mainly focused the first and second
core security actors (i.e the security actors and security management and oversight bodies).
1.4. The Need for Security Sector Reform
The end of the cold war set in motion a profound rethinking of the notion of security and of
strategies for international assistance in this domain. The militarized notions of security that
emerged during the cold war gave rise to a narrow stress on territorial integrity and security
through armaments that has been difficult to change. In many developing countries and CEE
states, the provision of basic services such as security, employment and social welfare has
sharply eroded since the end of the cold war. These problems have focused critical attention on
how state security establishments shape and condition the processes of economic and political
change (Baldwin, D. A., 1995).
The World Bank, in particular, is increasingly recognizing the need to set its support for
demobilization programmers and the strengthening of public expenditure management systems
within a broader framework of security sector reform. This is forcing the organization to
reconsider the role of the traditional instruments of economic conditionality that it has often
wielded, together with the IMF, in an attempt to obtain the adherence of the borrowing countries
to military expenditure limits. For similar reasons, recognition of the need for a broader approach
to security has emerged from the debates on civil–military relations, particularly in relation to the
CEE states where Western defense establishments have been active (Edmunds, T., 2001).
In Africa, Asia and Latin America, a parallel process of rethinking security concepts has also
been under way and has influenced the security sector reform agenda. Many countries were
engaged in security sector reform activities long before this concept gained international
prominence. According to Ball, N. et al., (2003) the need to new security thinking is set apart
from the past approaches because it recognizes that:
A. Ensuring the safety of citizens should rank alongside national defense as the primary goal
of state security policy;
B. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on the role of civilian actors in both formulating
and managing security policy (the critical role of governance was largely overlooked by
cold war security assistance programmers, and development actors avoided for the most
part engagement in activities related to the security sector); and
C. Different means of achieving security objectives must be acknowledged. The traditional
reliance on primarily military instruments of force should be complemented more
effectively with diplomatic, economic, legal, political and social mechanisms, and greater
preventive action.
Security sector is an institution established for the provision, management and supervision of
security for people and the state SSR also refers to those institutions of the society that are
entrusted with the power to ensure the security of their lives and property in a certain
geographical boundary (Abegunde, 2013)
The security sector institution encompasses the military, paramilitary, police, border guards,
intelligence services, government bodies that monitor these organizations mentioned here and
institutions that are charged with upholding the rule of law, including the judiciary and the penal
system (OECD-DAC, 2007).
Security Sector Reform, in other words, is termed as security sector governance, security sector
transformation, security sector development, security sector review as well as security and justice
reform (AUC, 2008). It is the process through which those security sector actors mentioned
above adapt to the political and organizational demands of transformation via adhering to the
democratic norms and principles of good governance such as transparency, accountability, the
rule of law, and adequate oversight of security systems in general (Ejdus, 2009).
Besides, it focuses on addressing the failure of states pertinent security institutions due to
inefficiency, lack of professionalism, inadequate oversight mechanisms, corrupt practices and
human rights violations (Ibid). But, to address its objective the reform, among other things, needs
to shift from the traditional way of thinking of security to the modern one; modify the existing
constitutional and institutional arrangement; establish strong and democratic civilian control of
the security institutions; redefining the tasks and responsibilities of these institutions; and lastly
there should be high forms of security integration and cooperation across the state (Hedzie,
2004).
However, the mere existence of SSR does not guarantee the overall security, wellbeing and
development of citizens and state. (Wulf, 2004) argued that to have a successful security sector
reform, there must be democratic institutions in line with the realization of a democratic politics
by the government, civil servants and security actors itself.
Therefore, the existence of a genuine and democratic institution and the full-fledged realization
of democratic norms and principles are indispensable aspects for effective SSR. But, where there
is deficient, mismanaged and unprofessional security institutions in a country, the government
cannot afford and guarantee the security of its citizens and led them to ensure their security by
other means. Hence, it will create a vacuum of security between the government and citizens and
finally it begets the loss of state legitimacy (DFID, 2005).
Moreover, there are also others who contend that the successfulness or failures of SSR depends
on leadership. According to Mr. Waldemaryam who speaks on the AU SSR forum stated that
“the absence of strong leadership, or leadership that lacks credibility, is a major factor for the
failure of SSR”. It implies that the commitment and dedication of leaders who are in power play
paramount importance for the overall implementation of the principles of security sector reform.
Generally, to have a sustainable security sector reform in a given country, there should be
democratic institutions as well as vigilant and well-managed security personnel and officials.
1.5. The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in Africa
At the early inception of SSR in Africa, most of the States in the continent have understood that
SSR would be pertinent for early recovery from protracted conflicts, sustaining their economic
development and the whole peace building effort at the regional and international level (UN
Security Sector Reform Unit, 2011). Strengthening the institutional framework for managing the
security sector involves three broad challenges: (a) to ensure the proper location of security
activities within a constitutional framework defined by law and to develop security policies and
instruments to implement them; (b) to build the capacity of policy makers to effectively assess
the nature of security threats and to design strategic responses supportive of wider development
goals; and (c) to strengthen mechanisms for ensuring security sector accountability by enabling
the state and non-state actors responsible for monitoring security policy and enforcing the law to
fulfill their functions effectively. Within this broad framework more specific, short-term
objectives may include improving the management of security expenditure, negotiating the
withdrawal of the military from a formal political role, dissociating the military from an internal
security role, strengthening the effectiveness of the security forces, and demobilizing and
reintegrating surplus security personnel. The growing numbers of issues that are becoming
entwined in the security sector reform agenda include conflict prevention, democratization,
human rights protection and development. The wide range of governance objectives to which
international actors are giving priority can be grouped in the following seven categories (Ball,
N., 2002).
I. Professional security forces: Professionalization encompasses doctrinal and skill
development, technical modernization and an understanding of the importance of
accountability and the rule of law.
II. Capable and responsible civil authorities: The relevant civil authorities in the executive
and legislative branches of government need to have the capacity to develop security policy
and to manage and oversee the security sector.
III. High priority to human rights protection: Respect for human rights must exist among
civilians as well as members of the security forces.
IV. Capable and responsible civil society: Civil society should have the capacity to monitor
the security sector, promote change and provide input to government on security matters.
V. Transparency: Although some security matters require confidentiality, basic information
about security policies, planning and resourcing should be accessible both to the civil
authorities and to members of the public.
VI. Conformity with international and internal law: The security sector should operate in
accordance with international law and domestic constitutional law.
VII. Regional approaches: Many security problems are shared by countries within a region,
and the security of individual countries and individuals within those countries will benefit
from regional approaches.
However, the security sector reform was prone to divergent challenges that hampered not to meet
its ultimate objective. According to (Medhane, T. 2007) the challenges of SSR in developing
countries, inter alia, encompass: The Absence of a democratic culture and fragile institutions of
democracy, weak governance (lacking authority, power, capacity and resources); internal
security threats (insurgency, militia forces, a culture of warlords and gangs, violent crime); lack
of staff (weak or no civilian departments); lack of Knowledge (the operational dimensions of
civil-military relations); lack of functional skills (planning, budgeting, or financial control); Lack
of advanced skills (threat analysis, formulation of policy, doctrine and legislation); lack of
resource (communications, salaries, computers) foreigners than local experts.
Based on the above idea the challenges for SSR in Africa emanate from African governments. In
most cases, governments in Africa are not predictable due to the fact that the security policy is
centralized and captured by some group of political elites. Hence, leaders must be democratic
enough and design policies which would benefit all (Dylan, H and Andrzej K, 2001).
Edmunds, T. (2002), argued that, the core problem of SSR in Africa stems mainly from its
adoption by external forces which are characterized as piecemeal, narrow and short term in its
strategic objective. Hence, for them the underlying problem of Africa’s SSR is not only
internally built, but it is due to the insertion of the program by foreigners without assimilating to
the social and political context of African society. Therefore, SSR needs to be planted and
implemented in line with the context of the society having broader and pragmatic objectives.
On the other hand, pointed out the obstacles of reforming the security sector in Africa.
Accordingly, the challenges of SSR in Africa is complex and attributed in the institutional nature
of the security sector itself and it needs the rearrangement of such fragile institutions in such a
way that there would be strong oversight of civilian and the community in general (Joseph, L.
2003). To do so, it needs the commitment and dedication of leaders to implement the policies
and strategies of SSR. Likewise, DAC in its guideline has also identified the constraints of SSR
in Africa and it encompasses; lack of local ownership, lack of adequate funds, fragmented in
implementation, lack of political will, weak government leadership and inter-agency
collaboration, lack of transparency and participation, lack of policy and strategic frameworks
(DAC Guideline and Reference Series 2005). Lack of local ownership, among other things, is a
serious hindering factor for most Africa states. If the process of SSR is not shaped and run by
local actors, it would be less likely to implement and achieve the intended outcome (Nathan, L.,
Arévalo, B.D., et al., 2007).
According to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research module guide locally owned
SSR refers to “respect for local values and customs; flexibility and readiness to compromise;
promotion of participatory approaches; people-centered (as opposed to elite-focused) SSR
programs; civic empowerment/capacity building; donors take domestic actors seriously (United
Nations Institute for Training and Research, 2014). We can say that the SSR efforts made to
reform the security sector or other development efforts are mostly driven by So, if the African
SSR needs to be successful, it should be driven and exercised by the local actors and
stakeholders.
Hence, it is at this juncture that in most cases the African security institutions in general and the
military and police in particular have shown unremitting deficiency in protecting the security and
rights of its people. In this regard, delineated that the security forces in Africa are the mirror of
their colonial security institutions and solely served the security and wellbeing of their political
elites than the society at large (Bendix, D. and Stanley, R. 2008). Others also added that, many of
the security problems in Africa stem from the security forces than from the people (Mehler, A.
2009). This implies that security forces in most cases in Africa are the sources of conflict
because they are not executing their mandates as envisaged in the law. Therefore, the security
forces in general and police and the military in particular should stand for the protection of the
security and rights of the society in line with the prescribed laws.
1.6. SSR Experience of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone is one the African countries that practice effective SSR. The SSR in Sierra Leone
was embarked under the auspices of UK government agencies as a response for the protected
civil wars failure of both the army and police to execute their responsibility during and after the
war (Baker, 2010).The effectiveness of SSR in Sierra Leone the result of the integration/unified
links military, intelligence services, police, judges, and prisons all of which need to work in
tandem in order for the system to function and maintain itself. It is important to point out that
military integration is only one aspect of SSR, one link in the legitimacy chain. Indeed, for SSR
to succeed it should improve relations of the state with the population as a whole (Pickett, 2010).
A telling example is the SSR effort following the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991–2002). With
the conclusion of a peace agreement, the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)
was deployed in 1999. Once the security situation was largely stabilized in 2001, policymakers
within Sierra Leone, with strong external support from the UK, turned their attention to various
SSR-related tasks such as strengthening the Ministry of Defense, building the capacity of the
police forces, and developing a new national security policy (Glassmyer, K and Sambanis,
2008).
By the end of the civil war, a broad political consensus had emerged between the government
and the general population that significant SSR had to take place. This new national security
policy was shaped by consultations with the local populations conducted by the Office of
National Security (ONS). The ONS was established to provide the government information on
security matters outside of the capital. Accordingly, the ONS had links throughout the entire
country. The ONS used its emergent information network to manage a consultation process, in
which locals from several regions reported their most pressing security concerns. Importantly,
the high degree of ownership over the SSR process in Sierra Leone meant that the government
policy prioritized human security over traditional security-related goals. For instance, building
the capacity of the police was prioritized over that of the military forces.

The subsequent successful SSR process in Sierra Leone shows that citizens have to believe that
the state is working for them, not as a predator, and that all citizens are to be treated in the same
way. Most of the work on security sector reform has been focused on security sector provisions
as mediated through peace agreements, yet most civil wars end by military victory rather than
just through the conclusion of negotiated settlements. To investigate whether there is a difference
in settlement types in maintaining the peace, political scientist Monica Toft employs a statistical
analysis on civil war termination through settlements and victories.
She finds that all else equal, victory decreases the likelihood of war recurrence, whereas
negotiated settlements increase it. Toft explains that the reason victories are less likely than
peace agreements to lead to civil war recurrence is that the defeated party would risk outright
destruction if it were to take up arms again. Translating this insight to civil wars that have ended
through the conclusion of an agreement, Toft shows that peace agreements that credibly
guarantee great harm to potential defectors are most likely to succeed in maintaining the peace
(Carey, 2013).
At the heart of the successful SSR effort in Sierra Leone lies a policy that focused on both
restructuring the army and the many alternative security providers. Security providers were seen
as a system of actors that needed to be fully legitimated in order to be integrated and effective.
Indeed, the first draft of the National Security Policy stressed that that national security was part
of wider aspects of government activity, economics, and civil society (Chanaa, 2002).
Accordingly, policy- makers within Sierra Leone started to emphasize building the capacity of
the police forces from 2001 onwards (Chanaa, 2002).Thus, a relatively well-functioning police
force, seen as legitimate by most citizens of Sierra Leone, subsequently helped to deliver security
to the citizens of post-conflict Sierra Leone (OECD, 2005).
In addition, the intelligence services were part of the SSR process in Sierra Leone. Post-conflict
regimes often try to prevent any reform of intelligence services, as a lack of oversight over the
intelligence services allows the government side to continue its repressive and corrupt activities.
(Detzner, 2017)Washington- Pickett explains how one of the priorities of the SSR was to de-
politicize the intelligence services through the systematic removal of party politics from the
Office of National Security. The overall goal of this reform was to create an intelligence service
that would “primarily support the rule of law and protect the constitution, not individuals, parties
or tribal groupings (Ashington-Pickett, 2007).
Legitimacy enhanced, its effectiveness rose, again enhancing its legitimacy, and creating a self-
sustaining positive spiral. In addition to the reform of the police and the intelligence services,
SSR in Sierra Leone focused on the reform of the armed forces, the ministry of defense, the
judicial apparatus, and the prisons stem.
In other words, SSR in Sierra Leone was truly holistic, not simply in conception (i.e. on paper),
but policymakers undertook considerable personal risks to implement an integrated and
comprehensive SSR. In the end these efforts succeeded: SSR in Sierra Leone contributed to a
well-functioning integrated, unified security sector, which, in turn was effective at securing the
lives Sierra Leone’s citizens. Hence, the successful SSR in Sierra Leone suggests that it is crucial
that all relevant actors each link in the legitimacy chain within the security sector are supported
and included in SSR processes.
In essence, maintaining an armed force preserves a fall-back option of returning to violence
(Spring 1993). One way incumbent regimes try to preserve an effective fall-back option, while
pretending to engage in SSR, is to maintain or develop an effective intelligence service and an
elite force. For instance, the Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A paid lip service to SSR by
agreeing in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 that they would support joint units, but
they also maintained their own separate armed forces. Crucially, however, the peace agreement
stipulated that the National Security Service had to dismantle its operational arm: “The National
Security Service shall be professional and its mandate shall be advisory and focused on
information gathering and analysis.”Yet, this provision of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
was never implemented. Instead, the National Assembly adopted a bill which preserved the
existing structure of the National Security Service. In fact, the National Security Service even
gained command of a paramilitary force (deWaal, 2002).
1.7. Introduction of Modern Police in Ethiopia
As historical evidences show, the emergence of modern police system in Ethiopia was started
during the period of Menelik II in 1917, and named as (Andargachew, T. and Arada, Zebegna
2004). But, the most holistic picture of modern police system was started by Emperor Haile
Selassie I (1930-1974). During this period, the numbers of police officials have been increased in
order to widen their scope and reach in every corner of the country (Alemayehu, 2010) Hence,
for the sake of institutionalizing the police force in 1942, a distinct national police institution was
established having its own power and function. The Ethiopian Police Proclamation No. 6/42
stipulated that “The force shall be employed for the prevention of crime, the maintenance of
peace and good order, apprehension of offenders, the safety of persons and property and the
control of traffic”. This proclamation had served as a baseline for the establishment of today’s
police structure and its guiding principles in general. However, the police department could not
protect the rights and freedoms of citizens rather it served the regime and other nobilities in
prolonging their power onto the downfall of Emperor Haile Selassies’s regime (Haile Selassie,
1973) as cited in (Yeshiwas Degy, 2014).
After the downfall of Emperor Haile Selassie’s regime, the Dergue government came into power
and the structure and composition of police was also changed. The Dergue regime was
characterized by the facts that it transferred numbers of qualified police force to the national
army and neutralized the police via delegating its power to different organizations (Alemayehu,
2010).
Like that of its predecessors, police force during the Dergue government had served the regime
rather than citizens and led to the gross violations of rights and freedoms of citizens. Generally
speaking, the development of police in the two consecutive regimes was characterized by the
adoption of centralized police system and lack of clear objective e and served the regime than
that of the society in general.
Following the demise of the Dergue regime, the Ethiopian Federal Democratic Republic
government came into power. Hence, the structure of police was reorganized under the policy of
decentralization (Yeshiwas Degy, 2014). So, based on the decentralization policy today, the
Ethiopian police forces are organized at federal and regional levels. According to the FDRE
constitution Article 52 (2) and (9), in addition to the federal police the nine regional states and
two cities administrative shall have their own police force which can be administered under their
jurisdiction. The federal police force is accountable to the Ministry of Federal Affairs and the
regional police force on the other hand is accountable to the (Regional Security and
Administrative Affairs Office (Baker, B. 2013).
Ethiopia has one forensic laboratory. It is run by professional and paid executives. There is little
use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). As a result it is impossible to
establish a strategic prevention strategy. Police mobility is far too limited. Police officers
frequently disregard forensic evidence because the only forensic laboratory cannot cope with the
potential demand (IMF, 2004). It was adopted under the auspices of donor countries like UK and
Norwegian government. However, the SSR program is solely driven by the government without
the participation of the public and with little room for democracy and predominantly focused on
the military forces (Skaar, E., Samset, I., and Gloppen, S., 2004).
The Amhara National Regional State which is one of the nine regional states in Ethiopia,
established its police force under the power delegated by the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia constitution mentioned above. As a result, the police structure in the region is
decentralized up to local administrative bodies (kebeles) and they provide services to the
community vis-à-vis militias (local security guards).
1.8. The Need of SSR in Ethiopia
The need and initiatives for adopting SSR across countries is different given the existing
political, social and economic conditions. In most cases SSR is more likely needed for states
which emerge from long and protracted conflict and instability (United Nations Institute for
Training and Research 2014). It is intended to strengthen the overall peace building efforts which
would be made to bring lasting peace and sustainable development by preventing the recurrence
of conflict and protecting rights of citizens.
Therefore, the need for adopting SSR is mainly with the objective of transforming the roles,
responsibilities and actions of security institutions so that they will be managed and operated
based on democratic norms and principles of good governance and contribute for the overall
development endeavor of a state.
Coming to Ethiopia, the need to launch the SSR or locally known to be the JSRP is for different
reasons. While the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia government came into power since
1991, it has tried to transform its institution in a way that they can contribute for sustainable
development and ride out of poverty. Hence, the then Ministry of Civil Service (today’s Public
Service and Human Resource Development) has launched the 14 national capacity building
programs. Of these programs, the justice sector reform program is one given due emphasis at the
time (Ministry of Civil Service, 2013).
Yet, in spite of the efforts made by the government to reform institutions at the time such as the
justice system, different problems have been manifested. Therefore, the need to launch the JSRP
in Ethiopia was to avert these problems and facilitate the court system, improve law making
procedures, strengthen the capacity of law enforcement bodies (prosecutors, police and prisons),
enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Justice and law schools as well as legal training and
research centers, and to improve the information communication technology management and
skill of various justice institutions (Crisis Management Initiative, 2008).
As a result, the Justice System Reform Program in Ethiopia was launched in 2002 under the
authority of Ministry of Capacity Building (today’s Public Service and Human Resource
Development) as a means to take remedies on the weaknesses of the justice system and to assess
the performance of institutions like the court, prosecutor and police, and finally suggest some
possible reforms (Ministry of Capacity Building, Justice System Reform Program Office, 2005).
According to Elias, N. (2015) the Justice System Reform Program has five major components
and it includes:
 Law making and revision;
 The judiciary;
 The law enforcement bodies particularly the police, public prosecutor, prisons;
 Legal education, training and legal research;
 Access to justice like legal information, the bar, legal aid and alternative dispute
resolution.
Therefore, the police reform program is an integral part of the wider Justice System Reform
Program. In order to achieve the objective of SSR particularly in police force, different measures
have been undertaken by the government of Ethiopia. For example, to ensure the transparency,
accountability, effectiveness and efficiency and public participation, short and long term training
have been given; community policing are being implemented; modern information systems
accountability. It also lacks clear objective that needs to be achieved in each police department.
Consequently, the overall performance of the JSRP and police reform remains to be at stake and
it shows that the reform could not improve the service delivery of different justice and security
institutions like the police, courts, prosecutors and prisons. As a result, the police reform
programs are not designed in a manner that can improve the effectiveness and accountability of
police force in general. Indeed some attempts which are made either by the government or
donors countries are commendable. But, still much more efforts are needed from the government
and other stakeholders to improve the current status of JSRP and police reform in Ethiopia.
Like forensic laboratory also incorporated which would facilitate the service delivery of security
institutions (Ministry of Civil Service. 2013). Besides these, different programs such as
BPR/Business Process Re-engineering, BSC/Balanced Score Card, citizens’ charter and system
of handling complaints have been incorporated to strengthen the service delivery and
effectiveness of security and justice institutions (Demelash K, 2011). BPR refers to changing the
overall structure and process of a certain organization to bring radical improvement. BSC is
strategic plan used to be implemented through measuring the performance of workers in a
government institution (Ministry of Civil Service, 2013).
Indeed, the inaugurations of such programs to some existent have changed the modes of
operation and service delivery of justice and security institutions in general. In addition to the
efforts made by the government, different donors such as World Bank, EU, USA, Canada,
France, Netherland, Sweden, Norway and UK and provide support through their agencies (Skaar,
E., Samset, I., and Gloppen, S., 2004).
However, at the national level, in spite of the efforts made to improve the security institutions in
general and police forces in particular, the reform remains to be below the expected outcome.
There are different reasons why the reform program has taken a back seat in Ethiopia because the
reform program implemented by the government without intensive, public participation and with
little room for democracy and good governance.
Besides, as mentioned above the reform program has included many projects and these projects
were supposed to be implemented within a short period of time. It also hampered the reform
programs not to be implemented on the given time schedule.
According to the Ministry of Justice and Regional Justice Bureaus 2007-2010/11 report on
justice sector stated that the justice system or the reform program could not adequately make law
enforcement bodies to embrace the principles of transparency and accountability in practice with
little room for the participation of different stakeholders.
In addition, the Netherland based Center for International Legal Cooperation (CILC) asserted
that the security institutions in general and the police, courts and prosecutors in particular lack
accountability and could not adhere to the rule of law (Ministry of Capacity Building, Justice
System Reform Program Office 2005). Therefore, we can say that the Ethiopian SSR in general
and police reform in particular is not in a position to make police force adhere to the fundamental
objectives and principles of SSR envisaged by the country and other international institutions .
Generally speaking, the current condition under which the Ethiopian JSRP and the police reform
activities operating across different security force remains to be lip-service than improving their
service delivery in practice. The reform programs are not well articulated and designed in line
with protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens and could not enable the police force to
provide among others is merely driven
1.9. The Challenges of SSR and Police Reform in Ethiopia
Even though the JSRP and police reform was established by setting fascinating objectives which
are mentioned above, the program is overwhelmed with different constraints or challenges.
According to the Comprehensive Justice System reform Program Base Line study report, the
Ethiopian Justice System in general encountered the following challenges: Firstly, it is neither
accessible nor responsive to the needs of the poor. Secondly, serious steps to tackle corruption,
abuse of power and political interference in the administration of justice have yet to be taken.
Thirdly, inadequate funding of the justice institutions aggravates most deficiencies of the
administration of justice. The perception of the independence of the Judiciary is very low.
The system of justice in Ethiopia is generally characterized by delays in the dispensation of
justice, lack of institutional capacity in law enforcement, court and inefficient system of law
enforcement and congestion and creates obstacles in the promotion and protection of human and
democratic rights, inefficiencies in law enforcement as well as in the administration of justice
(Ministry of Capacity Building, Justice System Reform Program Office, 2005).
In the same fashion, efficient and effective service via adhering to the principles of transparency
and also revealed the Ethiopian JSRP and police reform in particular is attributed in high
politicization and tightly controlled by the higher executive bodies of the ruling government
which is geared to achieve political ends (Henoke, G. 2014).
Likewise, Elias argued that the reform program at its early phase was too ambitious followed by
fragmentation of the reform process with inadequate grassroots empowerment and harmonization
(Elias, N. 2015). In this regard, the Organization for Economic cooperation and Development
stated that while setting goals, it is advisable to be specific, realistic, achievable and pragmatic
other than being over ambitious (DAC Guideline and Reference Series, 2005). But, the Ethiopian
JSRP was aimed at addressing the problems of all justice institutions within a short time interval.
One of the basic pillars to have an effective SSR is the prevalence of strong oversight control by
the parliament or civilian.
However, lack of strong oversight control by the parliament of the Federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia government is also one of the challenges that the Ethiopian JSRP faces today (ibid).
And loosely oversight control of the security sector would exacerbate corrupt practices In
addition, Ato Mandefro Belay who was the then head of Justice System Reform Program Office
in the Ministry of Capacity Building stated that “One of the main challenges in the
implementation of the Justice System Reform Program has been its complexity and the desire to
undertake many reform projects in a short time” quoted in (Elias, N. 2015).
Ironically, this guy also pointed out the other challenges of JSR and delineated that the reform
program in its initial plan lacks to inculcate other important sectors of the Justice System like the
role of civil associations in justice System and social courts/traditional courts (Ibid). Therefore,
in order to compromise such paradox, there should be a mechanism whereby regular based
assessment of the JSR and police reform programs be envisaged under the authority of the
Ethiopian Federal Democratic Republic and injustices and which, in turn, led to violation of
rights of citizens.
Ministry of Public Service and Human Resource Development which has the authority to do so
outlining this policy framework, the AU reiterates its recognition of, and commitment to,
existing normative frameworks on SSR, particularly those developed by the United Nations and
other multilateral actors. The AU recognizes national and regional SSR frameworks that have
collectively built a rich body of knowledge and lessons learned in this important area.
The AU policy framework on SSR, therefore, emanates from the recognition of the continuing
gap between existing approaches to SSR and deficits in the delivery and governance of security
in many AU Member States. Thus, the policy is a major step in addressing the lack of African
ownership of current SSR approaches. The African Union has a unique responsibility to lend an
African character to and African ownership of SSR processes in conflict prevention,
peacekeeping, post-conflict reconstruction and peace-building contexts in Africa.
Ethiopia is a country of around 82 million people, including more than 80 distinct ethnic groups
and governed by the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which
follows a broadly socialist and state-led model of development. Emperor Haile Selassie ruled
until 1974 using an elitist approach that created deep societal cleavages and inequality. He was
eventually overthrown in 1974 by the Derg military regime of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam.
This espoused socialist intentions but was extremely harsh, and left a lasting legacy of police
brutality that remains.
As Ethiopia became increasingly raven by ethno-nationalist conflict, the Derg regime used the
police to maintain control, meaning violence against the local population. The background to any
police reform, therefore, remains a history of arbitrary arrests, violence and rape. In 1991, the
Derg was overthrown and replaced by Meles Zenawi, who ruled until his death in 2012. Meles
remains an important figure, not least because he managed to use his cross-ethnic power base
and credibility as former head of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front to establish a new
constitution, including reform of the police. In 1994, he established a transitional police regime
comprising former militia while he dismissed or retrained the Derg police force and trained a
new force (Denney and Demelash, 2013).
Given its history of violent regime change and oppressive militarized rule alongside strong
political separatist movements, Ethiopia has been subject to a series of pressures that have led to
competition between the central and the local. This has not least entailed continued attempts by
the center to impose rule on reluctant local areas, using the police as the main tool of oppression.
Currently, regime security is regarded as a critical element of the state strategy, given external
threats from Somalia and Eritrea, internal threats from several separatist groups and a significant
threat from domestic and international terrorism.3 High rates of violence, particularly against
women, mean personal security is also high on the agenda (Burton et al., 2011).
According to Baker (2013) points out, the state itself is aware of the limited resources available
to it and its own inability to extend effective control in some areas, particularly over the 83% of
the population in rural areas. In keeping with much African practice, security is delivered
alongside local providers, and traditional authorities retain influence at the local level. However,
these authorities have their own resource constraints and may also take up values that are
incompatible with modern perceptions of human rights or gender issues, for example with a poor
policing infrastructure, users are faced with a choice of inadequate state provision and lengthy
delays in investigation or court cases; or a justice system that reflects local political structures
and social hierarchies. It then moves on to examine the situation in Dire Dawa, showing the
interaction between local and police views on community policing and crime. Finally, it draws
three conclusions about community policing in this part of Ethiopia that may have broader
implications for approaches to policing more generally.
Community policing here has been successful in building considerable trust. This has resulted in
every interviewee reporting reductions in crime while crime figures have increased. This shows
clearly that reporting has increased, strongly implying that much crime under previous regimes
remained hidden. Second, some specific groups have benefited from the state-led and -sponsored
reform, specifically women and girls. Certainly in Dire Dawa, while gender-based violence,
female genital mutilation (FGM) and early marriage remain huge issues, the community police
have managed to rapidly increase the numbers of women and girls reporting these. Previously,
these practices remained hidden, and local authorities perpetuated them to protect the interests of
the conservative and highly unequal social order.
1.10. Conceptual Frameworks
According to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research module guide locally owned
SSR refers to “respect for local values and customs; flexibility and readiness to compromise;
promotion of participatory approaches; people-centered (as opposed to elite-focused) SSR
programs; civic empowerment/capacity building; donors take domestic actors seriously (UNITR,
2014). We can say that the SSR efforts made to reform the security sector or other development
efforts are mostly driven by foreigners than local experts. So, if the African SSR needs to be
successful, it should be driven and exercised by the local actors and stakeholders. The core
problem of SSR in Africa stems mainly from its adoption by external forces which are
characterized as piecemeal, narrow and short term in its strategic objective. Hence, for them the
underlying problem of Africa’s SSR is not only internally built, but it is due to the insertion of
the program by foreigners without assimilating to the social and political context of African
society. Therefore, SSR needs to be planted and implemented in line with the context of the
society having broader and pragmatic objectives (Hutchful, E. and Fayami, J.K, 2005).
On the other hand, pointed out the obstacles of reforming the security sector in Africa.
Accordingly, the challenges of SSR in Africa is complex and attributed in the institutional nature
of the security sector itself and it needs the rearrangement of such fragile institutions in such a
 way that there would be strong oversight of civilian and the community in general (Joseph, L.
2003). To do so, it needs the commitment and dedication of leaders to implement the policies
and strategies of SSR. Likewise, DAC in its guideline has also identified the constraints of SSR
in Africa and it encompasses; lack of local ownership, lack of adequate funds, fragmented in
implementation, lack of political will, weak government leadership and inter-agency
collaboration, lack of transparency and participation, lack of policy and strategic frameworks
(DAC 2005). Lack of local ownership, among other things, is a serious hindering factor for most
Africa states. If the process of SSR is not shaped and run by local actors, it would be less likely
to implement and achieve the intended outcome (Nathan, L., 2007). Based on the above
theoretical explanation, the following conceptual framework is developed, to assess the
implementation and challenges of SSR in Amhara regional police commission particularly Bahir
Dar city.
Figure: 1 Conceptual Framework
Weak government leadership
Lack of professional ethic
Lack transparency and accountability
Inadequate training of police force
Absence of rule of law
Lack of strong oversight mechanism

Valuation of human and democratic rights

Peace and stability would be threatened
The power of government weaken
Sense of belongingness will be decline
Corruption will be prevail

The need to SSR

Challenges
tical interference Limitations
gative attitude towards the reform program Inadequate resource
k of competent professional skills Lack of participatory approach
 Implementation of SSR

Source: Researcher’s owns sketch and compilation from different literatures.

CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents about the research design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument of
data collection, and method of data analysis are briefly discussed below.
3.1. Descriptions of the Study Area
The Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) is located in the north western and north central
part of Ethiopia. The Region is characterized by rugged mountains, extensive plateaus and
scattered plains separated by deep gorges, with altitudes ranging from 600 to 4600 meters. Water
is plentiful in the region and the rivers have a high potential for irrigation, hydro-power and
commercial fisheries. In Amhara, about 90% of the population lives in rural areas and is engaged
in agriculture. The population is very young with 55% below the age of 20 years. The Amhara
Region is densely populated and has a rapid population growth (1.7%). With a population of
about 17 million over an area of 170,000 km2, it has a population density of 100 per km2. In
combination with the rugged terrain, this means that little or no unused arable land is left
(ELTAP, 2007).
With a population of 21.1 million in 2017, Amhara is the second most populous region (making
up 22.4 per cent of the Ethiopian population). Apart from a small percentage of the population
engaged in the services and industry sectors, nearly 84 per cent of the population reside in rural
areas and are engaged in agriculture. Agriculture remains the dominant economic sector in the
region. It is the major source of food, raw materials for local industries and export earnings. The
region is large in terms of area and endowed with a diverse agro-ecology with very cold to warm
climatic zone (traditionally called Dega, Woyna Dega and Kolla), giving it a huge potential for
production of a variety of agricultural products both for export purposes and domestic
consumption. Moreover, the water resources from Lake Tana and the rivers found in the region
provide immense potential for irrigation development (UNICEF and OPM. 2015).
The Amhara region is comprised of 10 administrative zones and 169 woredas. There are three
tiers of governments: regional, woreda (district) and kebele (community level administration
with an average of 500 households) each with their respective legislative, executive and judiciary
organs. The region also has zonal administration serving as a bridge between the region and
woreda. The region receives non-earmarked block grants from the federal government as a major
source of its revenue which is coupled with the revenue generated within the region (CSA,
2015).
The study was conducted in Amhara Police Commission, Amhara National Region State
particularly Bahir Dar city. The reason why selected, this study area is that the region is one of
politically active as well as the head quarter of Police Commission and ANRS Administrative
and Security Affairs Bureau so as to get relevant information and sources to assess the existing
problem of SSR in the region in addition the researcher’s familiarity with the study area, so as to
get adequate information to accomplished the study on time.
3.2. Research Approach
According to Creswell, (2009) mixed research approach uses separate quantitative and
qualitative methods as a means to offset the weaknesses inherent within one method with the
strengths of the other method. On the other hand a mixed approach involves the collection both
quantitative and qualitative data concurrently or sequentially, and involve the integration of the
data at one or more stages in the process of research (Borrego, 2009). The study was employed
mixed approach (more qualitative and partly quantitative method). This approach enabled the
researcher to assess the behavior, attitude, experience, and performance of police force in their
distinctive institution. Therefore, it is a vital approach to assess the current implementation,
limitations and challenges of SSR in the Amhara National Regional Police Commission
particularly Bahir Dar city.
3.3. Research Design
According to Borrego, (2009) research cross sectional design is defined as the blue print through
which a study is conducted while ensuring maximum control over the factors that may influence
on the validity of the findings and it also the schematic guideline that shows a step to step guide
on how a given study is carried out. Therefore, this study was employed descriptive case study
research design. It is important to in-depth examinations of an individual, a group or institution
with the intent to get a true and complete description of the case that the researcher has selected
to study (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger, 2005). Since, the aim of the researcher is to
investigate the current implementation, challenges and limitations of SSR in Amhara Regional
Police institution and employing case and survey study was the most appropriate design.
3.4. Sampling Techniques and Procedures
The target population of this study is Amhara Regional Police Commission Unit members,
Police Officers, Special Forces and from the ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau
staff members. Due to their responsibility and position Amhara Regional Police Commissioners
Unit leaders, Police Officers, Special Forces and ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs
Bureau Officers were selected purposefully. In addition to these ANRS Administrative and
Security Affairs Bureau staff members and Aste Tewdros sub-city police station staff members
were included to questionnaires respondents. The sample respondents were selected through
stratified random sampling technique. It was selected because of the fact that ANRS
Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau staff members and Aste Tewdros sub-city police
station staff has a profound interaction with the ANRS Police Commission. Therefore, the
researcher believed that these participants would give deeper information regarding the problem.
According to (Yalew E, 2011) collecting data using different groups or strata is preferable to get
reliable result in assessing SSR on the study issue than the other techniques. Finally, the
researcher used a total of 47 participants, of which 15 of them were key informant and semi-
structured interviewees and 12 FGD discussants selected. To obtain detailed information from
each of the sampled unit, structured questionnaires was employed (12 from ANRS
Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau staff members and 8 from Hidar 11(currently Aste
Tewdros) sub-city police station staff members).
3.5. Data Sources
According to Kothari, (2004) the primary data is defined as the information gathered through
interaction with other people through questionnaire, meetings; one-to-one interview and focus
group discussions. Primary data are gathered and assembled specifically for research projects at
hand. The primary data in this study was collected from respondents and informants who were
included in the sample. On the other hand, Secondary data are the information gathered from
sources already existed and they are easier to obtain in a faster way; and are less expensive than
acquiring primary data (Kothari, 2004).
The study used both primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained from the
Amhara Regional Police Commission, Police Officers Bureau, and from the ANRS
Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau Office through interview, FGD and Questionnaire.
In addition to this the secondary data, journals, books, reports (at international, national and
regional levels), research, and journal articles, different conference proceedings, and others was
used. But in order to get relevant and empirical data, the researcher has relied more importantly
on primary sources of data.
3.6. Methods of Data Collection Instrument
In order to meet the objective of the study, different data collection instrument have been
employed. These includes semi structured interview, key informants interview, focus group
discussion and questionnaire survey.
3.6.1. Key Informants and Semi Structured Interview
Key informants interviews are those who are considered to be experts on a particular issues or
topics for the researcher and interviewed reputedly (Kikwaila, Study Group, 1994). Employing
key informants interview was pertinent to this study because it enabled the researcher to
understand the views of individual who were well experienced and knowledgeable on the
research problem. Thus, key informants interviews of this research were the ANRS particularly
Amhara Regional Police Commissions who are in different position. Hence, based on their work
experience, educational background and position six of them were selected and interviewed.
Because those individuals had better experience and knowledge about the on the whole progress
and challenges of security sector reform in the ANRS Police Commissions particularly Bahir Dar
city.
A semi structured interview by its nature needs open-ended interview questions in line with the
topic to be study and let both interviewer and interviewee to have opportunity to discuss the topic
in a more detailed manner (Mathers, Fox and Hunn, 2002). In addition the researcher has also the
freedom to elaborate equations for the interviewees at any time. Due to the nature of the problem
need close interactions between the researchers and the interviewees it was more appropriate for
such types of study. All of interviewees were unit leaders, officers ANRS Police Commissions
and ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau particularly the security institution
support and monitoring unit.
3.6.3. Questionnaires Survey
It was the main tool to obtain detailed information from each of the sampled units by
administering structured questionnaires that include both close ended and open response option
type of questions. From the total sample respondents 12 from ANRS Administrative and Security
Affairs Bureau staff members and 8 from Aste Tewdros sub-city police station staff members. In
the case of close ended questions, items were rated by use of Likert scale, rating scale based on
the scale from “ strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” or five part rating scale (strongly agree,
agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree). Regarding open ended questions the purpose is to
get additional and supportive information about the study under consideration and to get
background of information.
3.6.4. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
Focus Group Discussion was made discussion by from the ANRS Administrative and special
force discussant, currently Aste Tewdros sub-city discussant, and Aste Tewdros sub-city police
station crime protective and detective officers. This discussion was organized and there might
have been around two focus group (six participants for each group) discussion groups one at
each unit was used. Open ended questions were prepared for guiding FGD to gather data from
these selected informants. The participants of FGD were selected based on work experience and
position. The Aste Tewdros sub-city police station participants of FGD were heal in the
compound of their police station. The summarized idea obtained in the discussion of the different
focus groups arranged was used to enrich and triangulate the data obtained from interview.
3.7. Methods of Data Analysis
Since the study was employed mixed approach, the collected data was analyzed through thematic
analysis and descriptive statistics. Mixed approach is essential to associate an analysis of the
frequency of a theme with one of the whole content and give opportunity to understand any issue
in a wider spectrum (Marks, D. and Yardley, 2004) Therefore, the data collected via interview,
key informant and focus group discussion were analyzed thematically.
On the other hand, to characterize degree of association between the interview participants (the
ANRS Amhara Regional Police Commissions) and the survey data participants (ANRS
Administrative and Security Bureau Staff workers and Aste Tewodros sub-city) to the challenges
and other related issues of SSR descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, Std.
Deviation, t-test and spearman rank order correlation were used. Rank order correlation
coefficient is essential to measure the degree of association between/among different groups
(Kothari, 2006). The results at the end was, therefore, be illustrated by using tables, graphs, pie
charts and other diagrams. Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 was used
to analyze the data and present the findings.
3.8. Validity of Instruments and Reliability of Instruments
Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what someone actually wishes to measure.
Thus, to assure validity of the instruments, first the questionnaire were prepared by referring
various literatures related to the issue at hand. Second, all items of the instruments were prepared
on the basis of the objectives of the study. Finally, the researcher asked 3 individuals the one
who have taken PhD candidates in TFEL and the others are MA in TFEL to give their comments
about language, instruction and other related meanings clarity of the instruments. As a result, the
wordings and instructions of the instruments were believed to be understood easily by the
respondents. In addition, after receiving a feedback on the instruments from my staff members,
much modifications and improvements were made.
Reliability of instruments is used to verify the degree to which the instruments were help to make
honest the results of the study. To do this, the pilot test was made in the sampled population
through randomly selected police and Security Bureau Staff members. Through this, reliability of
the instruments was measured using Cronbach alpha where the more the reliability coefficient
will be to 1, the more reliable the instruments (Abidin, 2012). For more information, see the table
2 below.

No. Variables Cronbach's Alpha No, of Items

1. The practice of Current implementation of SSR 0.753 8
2. The challenges in the practice of SSR 0.796 10
3. Ways of management methods to address the 0.785 10
challenges of SSR
Total Items of the Instrument 0.778 28
Table 1: Test Reliability of the Questionnaire

As it is show in the above table, the results of pilot testing of the instrument was found to be
α=0.753 for the practice of Current implementation of SSR items, α=0. 796 for the challenges in
the practice of SSR item and α=0.785 Ways of management methods to address the challenges of
SSR. Totally, the instrument has α=0.778 Cronbach's Alpha value. Thus, from these Cronbach's
Alpha values, it is concluded that questionnaire was a reliable instrument. As a result, there was
no need of deleting the each of the two variables and thus all items of the questionnaire were
used to collect the final data.
3.9. Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations in research are critical. Ethics are the norms or standards for conduct that
distinguish between right and wrong. They help to determine the difference between acceptable
and unacceptable behaviors. Ethical considerations prevent against the fabrication or falsifying
of data and therefore promote the pursuit of knowledge of truth which is the primary goal of
research. Researchers must also adhere to ethical standards for the public to support and believe
in research. Knowing all these important facts before distributing questionnaires the researcher
will inform the participants of the study about the objectives of the study, and consciously
consider ethical issues in seeking consent, avoiding deception, maintaining confidentiality,
respecting the privacy, and protecting the anonymity of all respondents. A researcher had
 considered these points because the law of ethics on research condemns conducting a research
without the consensus of the respondents for the above listed reasons.

CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
4. Introduction
The main purpose of this study is to assess the implementation and challenges of Security Sector
Reform in Amhara Police Commission particularly Bahir Dar city. To address this study, data
was collected through different data collection methods and the collected data was analyzed and
presented using basic steeps of data analyzing techniques. To achieve the objective of the study,
therefore, a descriptive case study method was employed on the assumption that it could help to
show the current status of the SSR in the study area. In this section presents the major findings of
the study; these are current implementation of Security Sector Reform, major challenges and
ways of mechanisms to be used to improve effectiveness and efficiency of Security Sector
Reform.
4.1. Background Information of Respondents
The issues dealt in this sub-section provide baseline information of the study area under which
condition the main findings are manifested. Thus results are discussed in the following sections.
Table 2: Level of Education, Age and Work Experience of the sample respondents
Participants Sex Age Level of Education Work Tota
Experience l
M F <25 >26 Diploma BA MA/LLM < 5 6-10 > 10

Key informant 4 - - 4 - 1 3 4 4
interviewees -
Semi- 10 1 - 11 - 7 4 11 11
structured
interviewees
FGD 10 2 1 11 8 4 - 12 12
-
Questionnaires 11 9 2 18 14 6 2 11 7 20
Total 47
Source: Survey data and own calculation (2020)

Based on the profiles of the participant 72% were males whilst 18% were female. According to
the data the majority of the respondents are male. From 53 sample population, 91% % were in
the age above 25 and the remaining 9% below 25 years. The majority of the respondents’ ages
are adults (see table 2).With regard to education 49%, had diploma, 36% had degree and13.3%
had masters holders respectively. This indicts that the largest proportion of the participant
education level was diploma holders this also implies that, a small proportion of the respondents
have had masters holder (see table 2).
With regard to work experience of 53% had served more than ten years, 38% also had six up to
ten years and the remaining 9% had experienced below five years working experiences. The
majority of the participants (53%) work experiences have above ten years.
4.2. The Current Implementation of Security Sector Reform in ANRS Police
Commission
To assess the current implementation and existence of Security Sector Reform in the ANRS
Police Commission, participants were asked on the reform program based on the proposed
objective. In this regard, the key informant interviewees (COAPC-A,) explained that:
“The SSR program is practiced starting from the top to the local level (region up to kebele
level). Similarly, the structure of the police institutions is organized up to the keble level by
establishing different police stations as well as community policing. As a result of this, the
service delivery has reached up to the local level by establishing community policing station
and yet different social problems are solved within the community. In fact, before some
years ago(three or four years) the relationship between the police force and the community
was so worst; but now the relationship between the police and the community has been
improved in the regional level in general and the local community level in particular. But it
does not mean that the reform program has totally addressed the request of the community
as well”.
The study of Wallelign (2017) confirmed that due to the dynamicity nature of the reform program
in police force institution in Ethiopia in general and the ANRS Police Commission in particular
the police institution have been demilitarized and changed its image from oppression to public
service giver. This implies that the reform program has changed and improved the relationship
between the police and the community.

On the other hand, two of the key informant interviewees (ACAPC-E and ACAPC-F) stated
that:
“In general the current implementation of the SSR reform program in ANRS
remains weak. Police reform was practiced in the form of BPR, BSC, and 1: 5
planning and through community policing but this is not done concurrently with
planning as well as by community policing but this is not done concurrently
with the other lower governance (woreda to the kebele level). The reform
program gives more authority to regional offices. The SSR program totally
controlled by top government and power officials and it did not provide
appropriate service delivery to the community; rather it is a tool to achieve
their political mission of the ruling political party”.
Similarly, three of the FGD discussants of Ats Tewdros sub-city (TSCDPO-A, TSCDP-B and
SFASO-I) expressed her view by confirming the above idea.
“The main purpose of the police reforms program in Ethiopia in general and in
the Amhara national region state is to protract human and democratic rights of
citizens through execute the decentralization plan for police services delivery in
order to enable more local control of the local community level. But the current
practice is far from the aim of SSR program. For instance, one of the
mechanisms of the reform program in our institution is community policing.
The community policing officer ordered to call meeting to the local community
to discussed issues related to local security and police service delivery. But the
community has arrived on the meeting hall, the ruling party political elate can
started to speak their political program and the issues of the community was
ignored. Finally, the people left the meeting hall intentionally without the
permission of the chairman”.
Based on the above participants’ justification, SSR program has been implemented in ANRS
police commission. But the current reform program is losing its aims and objectives and
extremely influenced by political interference. The study William (2010) stated that, the SSR
reform in sub-Saharan Africa countries are highly influenced by patronage politics. Patronage
politics provide that local political leaders can influence to implement the interests of the
patronage countries and it also influences who local politicians’ recruit to assume positions of
power within the state.
According to the Ministry of Justice and Regional Justice Bureaus (MoJRJB) 2007-2010/11
report on justice sector confirmed that the justice system or the reform program could not
adequately make law enforcement bodies to embrace the principles of transparency and
accountability in practice with little room for the participation of different stakeholders.
In addition to this the reform program highly challenged by corruption, abuse of power and
political interference as a result, SSR program is inefficient and weak (MoJ, 2010).
Hence, SSR reform program in the ANRS is practiced through different sub-projects and
programs. But the program is not actually implemented in the way that could improve the overall
police service delivery in general and to protect rights of citizens.
4.3. Challenges of SSR Program in ANRS Police Commission
According to Ato Mandefro Belay who was the head of Justice System Reform Program Office
in the Ministry of Capacity Building confirmed that “One of the major challenges in the
implementation of the Justice System Reform or SSR Program has been its complexity and the
desire to undertake many reform projects in a short time. In addition to this the reform program
hijacked by corruption, abuse of power and political interference”.
Hence, the sample participants of this study (Amhara Regional Police Commission Unit
members, Police Officers, Special Forces and ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau
staff members), there are different challenges that hindering the police reform programs that are
not to be implemented authentically in the ANRS Police force. These are political interference of
SSR program, lack of continues and fragile capacity building, lack of competent professional
leaders, inadequate resource and materials inadequate budget and incentives, absence of
democratic culture, lack of appropriate policy and strategic frame work, lack of participatory
approaches, the SSR program excluded/not consider the local culture, values and norms and
inadequate and inefficient law enforcement body.
But the most major challenges that are frequently rated by all participants are; political
interference of SSR program, lack of continues and fragile capacity building, lack of competent
professional leaders, inadequate resource and materials and inadequate budget and incentives.
4.3.1. Political Interference
Different studies describe that security institution should be independent from any political
influence and runs in their institutional structure as well as in terms power and function.
According to, Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, documents states
that, security institution should be a strict separation from other governmental institutions interns
of power and function and its aim is assess or helps security forces (i.e police and other
stockholders) to be efficient, transparent and accountable for their actions (GCDCAF, 2012).
However, the data obtained from the study participants stated that objectionable political
interference of government institution is the major hind most factors that affect the SSR
programs in ANRS police commission. The majority of the interviewees (key informative
interviewees and semi-structured interview) confirmed that the Police institution in general
should be non-partisan and run its activities independently and serve the people fairly. But, the
current implementation of SSR program in ANRS is highly influenced and controlled by the
ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau and everything should pass through this
institution. The structural arrangement of the Police Commission is designed for the interest of
the ruling party (ANDM/EPDF now ANP/PP) and accountable to Administrative and Security
Affairs Bureau.
For instance, one of the interviewee CAPC-B explained that
“currently due to the political instability in the country in general and the
Amhara regional state in particular the SSR program has been challenged by
the political interference of the ruling party and hence the reform program
totally operates for the well the government officials. This political interference
does not only affect the operation of reform program but also human and
democratic rights of citizens largely violated by the Administrative and Security
officers and government army”. In addition to this, one of the semi-structured
interviewee ASAO-D ADSAO-H confirmed that, “the reform program led by top
government officials who had no any knowledge and capacity about the
program. The reform program runs by the ruling party political elite without
professional ethics. The ruling party government officials enforced police
forces to do their political mission without legal ground. They are also obliged
to run out of their mandate and even they are order to violate the rights of
citizens particularly on the time of operations of the system”.
Concerning to the impacts of political interference on SSR program, other studies confirmed
that, the SSR program in Africa highly threaten by the political interference of government.
In consistence with the above, Henoke (2014) as strengthening the views of key
informant interview discussion participants, “the Ethiopian JSRP is credited in high
politicization and strongly controlled by the top executive organs of the ruling party
which is a tool to achieve their political missions”.
Similarly, the study of CAU, (2014), indicated that, political interference of higher government
officials are the major challenge of police reform in Kenya. This political interference highly
affected the reform program in general and police service delivery in particular. As a result, the
study conclude that, Police Commission is not independent and lack of strict separation from
other government institutions and the forcefully control and interference of officials from such
institutions has affected the overall reform activities of the police force in the ANRS Police
Commission.
4.3.2. Lack of Continues and Fragile Capacity Building
It is one of the reform gear used to improve the capacity of police forces in general and police
officers in particular. Capacity building is providing through short or long term trainings on
different issues including proper handling mechanisms of citizens who are suspects in custody,
on protecting the rights of citizens, using of modern technologies (such as forensic libratory), the
code of conduct and mechanisms of accountability and transparency and etc. The Amhara
National Regional State Zikre Hig under part two article 3 (a, b and c) stated that police forces
shall take basic police training related to their professional and service competency (the ANRS
Zikre Hig February 25th, 2004). However, the ANRS police commission had provide some
training to improve the capacity of police forces, but much effort has not yet done. The
government and other stakeholders are focused their political ends rather than improving the
capacity of police forces. The FGD discussants from former Hidar 11(currently Aste Tewdros)
Sub-city:
"In my experience, some training that I had taken by the ANRS police
commission, but the training focused on personal attack and political mission
rather than how to improve and implement the security program in to the
ground". Other participants also states that, "in fact transiting has given annual
to the community policing officer only. But, the rest of the police members who
are working in the same institution are excluded. This creates knowledge gaps
the reform program among police members".
Based on this, the result of Demeelash (2013) confirmed that lack of training for police forces in
general and the community officers in particular is the major challenges for the police reform
activities. Due to this, community police officer implements traditional policing approach in their
services delivery.
4.3.3. Lack of Competent Leadership
The other challenge that hinders the reform programs not to meet its objective is lack of competent and
effective leader. In line with this one of the FGD participant’s states that; most of the leaders appointed in
different positions of the ANRS Police Commission are not based on their professional qualification
rather they are assigned based on their personal loyalty networks and relationship as well as commitment
to the ruling party/government. This, in turn, led to the inefficient performance of the Police Commission
institution in general and the police force in particular. Personal loyalty networks provides that the
ruling party or government leaders influence how they obtain and use resources and to assume
positions of power within the state. Therefore, it is possible to state that lack of capable and
knowledgeable leadership practice in the ANRS Police Commission has an impact on the overall
accomplishment of SSR program and the service delivery of police force. According to (de
Waal, A, 2017) approved that security sector is the personality, loyalty-based security sector, in which
the executive retains a military force and this force is premised on patronage and personal loyalty
networks.
4.3.4. Inadequate Resources and Materials
Inadequate resource and budget it that hindered the reform program in the ANRS Police
Commission. Resources are includes insufficient number of both human and material resources
in the institution. The reforms program in the ANRS Police Commission had no sufficient
human and material resources. The police commission is understaffed. For example,
interviewees CAPC-E stated that:
"The number of police forces for each police station and community policing
center are under the standard. The standard of community policing officer is
two for each kebele but there is only one police officer in each community
policing center. Besides, there is also insufficient police officer in each
department of the police commission". Especially forensic laboratory
investigation still not functional because the existing personnel are not
professionally well trained and lack skill to investigate forensic lab".
In addition to lack of human resources, inadequate material recourse is the other challenges
which affect the reform program in the ANRS Police Commission. All the interviewees state that
inadequate technological materials are the common problems in Amhara region in general and
the study area in particular. For example, those technologies and materials such as; Masks
(security gauged), Vehicles and Motorcycles, modern guns (Shotgun, Handgun etc), Close
Circuit TV Camera, and forensic laboratory are not fulfilled. Moreover, Hidar 11(Currently Aste
Tewdros) sub-city FGD discussants confirmed that:
"Inadequate human and material resources are the major challenges that affect
the police service delivery in our sub-city police station. For instance, Business
Processing Re-engendering manual any police station should be kept by more
than 8 police officers, but now we are 4 in number. In addition to this, the
community policing standard document the ratio of police to people should be 1
 to 500 people. Besides, we have no sufficient technological materials and inputs
such as Masks (security gauged), Vehicles and Motorcycles, modern guns,
military cloths (uniform) and shoes which are facilitate police service delivery
in our institution. Due to this and other problems police service delivery in our
sub-city is not run in the right track and the people cannot get proper service".
Inadequate resources such as human and material resources are the major challenges that affect
SSR program in the study area and hence the practice of the reform program is inefficient and
nominal. Therefore, the study concludes that the SSR program in ANRS police commission is
implemented within limited human and material resources.
4.3.5. Inadequate Budget and Incentives
Lack of adequate budget is the most common problem in the federal police commission in
general and in the ANRS Police Commission in particular. On these issues, the majority of key
informant interviewers and all semi-structured interviewers said that:
"In most cases there is inadequate and in most often no annual budget
allocation for the police reform activities, the Federal government giving high
attention to the defense forces/ military department'. Therefore, inadequate
allocating of budget for police institutions directly affects the overall human
development activities". This is so because where there is no budget, academic
institutions which are primarily aimed to improve human development in
different police institutions could not be expanded and strengthened.
For example, one of the key informant interviewers ADSAO-L confirmed that:
“Due to inadequacy of budget, the institution cannot employ additional police
forces. Hence, people to police ratio to be left under the standards”.
In this aspect the annual study report of CAU, (2014) display that inefficient allocation of
budget directly affects the reform activates sub- Saharan Africa in general and the policy service
delivery in Kenya.
In addition, the majority of the participants of FGD discussants in the former Hidar 11(Currently
Aste Tewdros) sub-city confirmed that, in the Aste Tewdros sub-city police station they could
not have any budget that allocated to the reform program from the ANRS police commission,
rather through the contribution of the volunteer people some money and resources they run our
service delivery activates insignificantly. As a consequence, they could not entirely apply our
duets in according to the law of the organization. Furthermore, one of the FGD discussants
TKKD- 8 pronounced that:
"Salary and other incentives paid for the police forces are very low compared
with other civil servants. Because the duties of Police force is 24 hours, but the
 salary and other incentives are not fair and reasonable". Besides, the quality of
clothe/uniform are not made based on the standards. It is fade up within a
month given to us. To sum up, due to law salary and incentives the status \of the
police profession given to the community is very law. Therefore, it is plausible to
conclude that, lack of regular budget allocation and low salary as well as
incentives is also the other challengers that affect SSR program in the study area.
4.4. Measures Taken To Address the of Challenges Security Sector Reform
Security sector reform (SSR) has become a prominent policy instrument to prevent states from
collapsing, relapsing into civil war, and in securing the lives and livelihoods of a state’s citizens.
Hence, the effectiveness of the security sector is typically measured by the ability of the security
forces to operate to maintain order and peace, and how effectively the security sector is
managed, monitored, and held accountable by the body of citizens. Therefore, successful SSR
requires high levels of legitimacy across the entire security sector (Krebs, R and Licklider, R.
2016).
To improve the SSR reform program and police service delivery in the ANRS police
commission, different measures have been undertaken so far by the ANRS Police Commission
and other stakeholders. For instance, one of the key informant interviewee DCAPC-2 states that:
“Different measures have been taken by the ANRS police commission. To
improve the capacity of police officer and leaders who are in position, capacity
building training has been given and self criticism weekly within members of
each department unit in the police commission as well. In addition the
commission creates an opportunities local community tries to criticize the
performance of police officer and police service delivery and based on this
there are officers and police members who are being punished due to their low
performance. Today police station and community policing center are
established from the sub-city to the kebele level which helps to improve and
address the low performance of service delivery of police officers. Even though,
different measures taken by the ANRS Police Commission the reform program
couldn’t fully address the demands of the people police service delivery at
large”.
One of the semi structured interviewee ACPAC-4 outlines that:
”To implement effective and efficient police service delivery SSR program is
highly recommended. To do these different mechanisms measures undertaken by
the ANRS Police Commission and other stakeholders such as awareness
creation to the police members how to protect the rights of citizens and how to
 implement appropriate corrective measures and how to handle customers to get
effective police service delivery. Hence we discussed the current SSR practice
and evaluate our action based on performance and finally take appropriate
measures. To strengthen these practice the institution preparing suggestion box
and identification baji to police officers and police members this helps us to
increase the performance and efficiency of police service delivery”.
Other semi structured interviewee CIAPC-M states that to solve the inadequacy of budget in the
police institution different mechanisms have been taken. For example, in order get resources
(money and other materials) the institution create a link by writing suggestion letter to those
hotel owners and NGOs in the city and then the institution implement different capacity building
activities to police officers and police members.
The FGD discussants indicated that different measures has been taken to improve SSR program
and police service delivery the ANRS Police Commission, but the reform program are not
reliable and adequate. For instance, short term training and others capacity building issues are
attempted but the training focused on the political issues of the ruling party. These could not
improve the professional competency of police.
Generally, key informant interviewee stated that the ANRS Police Commission, take different
measures to improve the current SSR program in general and police service delivery in
particular. While the semi structured interviewee and FGD discussants on the other hand
believed that the different measures by the ANRS Police Commission and other stakeholders are
not sufficient enough rather it is inconsistence. Hence, the study concludes that the measures
taken by the ANRS Police Commission to improve the SSR program are insignificant and
limited to address the challenges.
4.5. Descriptive Statistics of Scaled Type Questionnaires
Here in this part of descriptive statistics the respondent’s perception on each independent and
dependent variable is presented. The mean, frequency, percentage, and spearman rank order
correlation were used to characterize the decision, attitude, and behavior of people or other
phenomena in depth. Each question under each independent variable was clearly described. The
responses of the respondents for the variables indicated below were measured on five-point
Likert scale with: 5=.strongly agrees, 4= agree, 3= underside, 2= disagree and 1= strongly
disagree.
Figure 2: Issues in the Considered Implementation of SSR

The practice and implmentation of SSR

Implemented by independent judicary 35

65

20
Implemented throgh participatory approaches 35
45

Implemented by consider the local culture, values and norms 40

60

20
Agree
Implemented through appropriate policy and strategic frame work 30 Disagree
50
S/DA
Implemented through continues capacity building 45
55

Lead and implemented by professional leaders 30

70

Free from Political interference 10

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Source: Survey data and own calculation (2020)

As it is clearly seen in the above figure 1.1 respondents and their perception regarding to the
current practice and implementation of SSR in ANRS and the variable clearly shows what the
outlook of respondents regarding to the current practice and performance of SSR. Based on this
(90%), (70%) competent professional leaders, (65%) independent judiciary, (60%) consider the
local culture, values and norms,(55%) continues capacity building and (50%) appropriate policy
and strategic frame work the majority of the respondents strongly disagree that the current
practice and implementation of SSR in ANRS should not consider the above issues.
From the above figure it is easy to understand that most respondents replied that strongly
disagree on political interference and absence of competent professional leaders have great
impact on the practice and implementation of SSR in ANRS police commission.
4.6. Challenges of Police Security Sector Reform Program in ANRS Police
Commission
Challenges are those hindering factor that contributes for the low performance and insufficient
implementation of SSR. Therefore, there are different challenges that hindered the SSR programs
in the ANRS Police commission and it includes; political interference of SSR program, lack of
continues and fragile capacity building, lack of competent professional leaders, inadequate
resource and materials, inadequate budget and incentives, absence of democratic culture, lack of
appropriate policy and strategic frame work, lack of participatory approaches, the SSR program
excluded/not consider the local culture, values and norms and inadequate and inefficient law
enforcement body. This is the challenges which could measure the performance that hamper the
SSR programs in the ANRS Police commission.
Table 3: Descriptive statistics of the Challenges of SSR program
Challenges of SSR Mean Std. Deviation
Political interference 3.58 1.259
Lack of competent professional leaders 3.40 1.250
Inadequate and inefficient law enforcement body 3.32 1.299
lacks participatory approaches 3.06 1.363
Lack of appropriate policy and strategic frame work 2.99 1.267
Lack of consider the local culture, values and norms 2.85 1.248
Lack of continues and fragile capacity building 2.67 1.239
Inadequate resource and budget 2 .53 1.227
Source: Survey data and own calculation (2020)
As it is clearly seen in the above table 1.2 respondents and their perception regarding to the
challenges of SSR has been seen. This variable clearly shows what the outlook of respondents
regarding to the challenges on the practice of SSR in ANRS. Based on this, political interference
has scored a mean of 3.58, lack of competent professional leaders has scored a mean of 3.40,
inadequate and inefficient law enforcement body has also scored a mean of 3.32, and lacks
approaches has scored a mean of 3.06. Therefore, the value of the highest mean were those
challenges highly rated by the respondents whereas problems with values of lowest mean
rankings were taken as the least preferred problems. From the table it is also possible to
understand that lack of appropriate policy and strategic frame work has scored a mean of 2.99,
lack of consider the local culture, values and norms scored a mean of 2.85, lack of continues and
fragile capacity building has scored a mean of 2.67 and inadequate resource and budget which
could measure a mean of 2.53. Finally, which clearly mean that majority of the respondents
agree that among the above challenges Political interference has significant impact on the
practice and implementation of SSR in the ANRS police commission.
To examine the effectiveness of management methods taken by the ANRS Police Commission to
address the challenges to implement SSR in the study area, One Sample t-test was competed the
result was display on table 5.
Table 4: Management measures taken by the concerned bodies
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3
T Sig. (2- Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the
tailed) Difference
Lower Upper
Average -12.935 .000 -1.352 -1.60 -1.10

The One-Sample t-test procedure tests whether the mean of a single variable differs from a
specified constant (3.00). The descriptive table displays the t-value, the, mean, Sig. (2-tailed,
mean difference and 95% confidence interval of the difference for each of the 20 samples. The
sample means disperse far away from the specified constant (3.00) by what appears to be a large
amount of variation. The t-column displays the observed t-statistic for each sample, calculated as
the ratio of the mean difference divided by the standard error of the sample mean. The column
labeled Sig. (2-tailed) displays a probability from the t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom.
The value listed is the probability of obtaining an absolute value greater than or equal to the
observed t statistic, if the difference between the sample mean and the test value is purely
random.
The Mean Difference is obtained by subtracting the test value (3.00) in this example) from each
sample mean. The 95% confidence interval of the difference provides an estimate of the
boundaries between which the true mean difference lies in 95% of all possible random samples
of the study. Since their confidence intervals recline entirely below 0.0, it can be safe to say that
all the responds of the 20 sample population to each of the 9 items are significantly lower than
the test value (3.00) (see the detail in the Appendix-E).
In the same way, as it is indicated in the same table (5), the average response of the sample
respondents mean (1.352) was dispersed below the test- value (3.00) standard by what appears to
be a large amount of variation. In the other way, as it can be seen in table 5 above, the t-value of
the average response of major challenges (12.935) is significantly greater than the t-critical value
(2.086). Thus, the observed average response of management method (1.352) was significantly
lower than the test- value or the constant value (3.00). Therefore, from this statistical analysis, it
can be implied that the management method taken by the concerned bodies to address the major
challenges was not effective and appropriate.
4.7. Measures To Be Taken To Address the Challenges of SSR Program
In order to improve the SSR program and police, service delivery, different measures have been
undertaken by the ANRS Police Commission and other stakeholders. For example, to address
lack of adequate budget they mobilize the people to contribute something for the police force
through collecting different material particularly from hotels and resort owners in the city.
To measures weather it was a close agreement or not between the challenges of SSR program
and management measures in the study area, chi-square test statistics was employed. However,
the results reveal that there was significance difference between challenges of SSR and
management measures because calculated value is less than table value (X²=0.2348 calculated
value and critical or table value 12.595 at 0.05 significance level). This implies that the
management measure that was taken by the ANRS Police Commission to address the challenges
of SSR program was not appropriate (see table 3). The detail results are listed in appendix C.

Table 5: Responses of Police Members and ANRS Security Bureau Staff Workers
Major Challenges Observed Expected (O-E) (O-E)2 X²
Frequency Frequency

(O) ( E)

Political interference of SSR 18 15.6 2.4 5.76

 program
Lack of competent professional 14 15.6 -1.6 2.56
leaders
Inadequate resource and budget 17 15.6 1.4 1.96

Lack of continues and fragile 15 15.6 -0.4 0.16

capacity building
Lack of appropriate policy and 12 15.6 -3.6 12.94
strategic frame work X²=0.2348
The SSR program lacks 16 15.6 0.5 0.25
participatory approaches
Inadequate and inefficient law 17 15.6 1.4 1.96
enforcement body
Source: *(Significant at 5% level) Survey data and own calculation (2020)

On the other hand, to measure the degree of agreement between the police members and ANRS
security bureau staff workers on the issue of management measures in the study area, spearman
rank order correlation coefficient (rs) was computed. The result confirmed that the responses of
the police members and ANRS security bureau staff workers were highly correlated or no
significance difference between the ranking of police members and ANRS security bureau staff
workers. Because t critical is greater than t calculated (t:critical=3.97 and t:calculated=2.72) refer
appendix (D).Therefore, the value of the highest mean were those management measures highly
rated by the respondents whereas management measures with values of lowest mean rankings
were taken as the least preferred measures. As indicated in table 4 establishing strong community
policing practice, designing and implementing appropriate policy and strategies, upgrading of
police officers (diploma to degree), providing short and long term training, building well
articulated and independent justice system, introducing modern method of information system
like forensic laboratory, allocated adequate budget and resources and providing service delivery
without discrimination respectively are the major management measures to address the
challenges of SSR program in the study area.
Table 6: Responses of Police Members and ANRS Security Bureau Staff Workers on
management measures:
Management Measures SO mean PM mean t-calculated
Establishing strong community policing practice 4.66 4.83
Providing short and long term training 3. 39 2.69

Designing and implementing appropriate policy and 4. 52 3.92

strategies
Allocated adequate budget and resources 1. 86 1.72
 Introducing modern method of information system like 2.36 2. 79
forensic laboratory t=2.720
Building well articulated and independent justice 2. 87 3.75
system
Upgrading of police officers (diploma to degree) 4.03 4.18

Providing service delivery without discrimination 1.83 1.91

Establishing
** (Significant at 5% level) Source: Survey data and own calculation (2020)
Generally, the ANRS Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau have full power and authority
to the overall operation and implementation of the regional governments. The ANRS
Administrative and Security Affairs Bureau and police commission has tried their efforts to
improve the SSR program in the ANRS police commission. But due to political intervention and
ineffective structural change are the series problems that affect the practice and implementation
of SSR program in the region in general and police service delivery in the study area in
particular.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusion
Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world with infant democratic culture and
inadequate protection of human and democratic right. Due to this, the majority of its people are
suffering from maladministration and other related problems (Alemayehu, S. 2010).
The result of the study shows that security sector reform program is practiced in the ANRS
Police Commission in general and Bahir Dar city in particular. The reform program was
practiced in the form of BPR, BSC, and 1:5 planning and through community policing. But the
result was not effective and efficient; rather it is/was a tool to run the political agenda of the
ruling party.
The study although identified the major challenges that hinder the security sector reform
program in the ANRS Police Commission. Political interference, lack of competent and
professional leaders, inadequate resources and materials, lack of continuous and fragile capacity
building, lack of access for education, lack of adequate budget and incentives were the major
challenges. But, political interference, inadequate resources and materials, and competent and
professional leadership are the most severe challenges that affected the reform programs in the
ANRS Police Commission.
The study also revealed that, different management measures implemented by the ANRS Police
Commission and other concerned bodies to improve the reform programs. These methods
include; establishing strong community policing practice, designing and implementing
appropriate policy and strategies, upgrading of police officers (diploma to degree), providing
short and long term training, building well articulated and independent justice system,
introducing modern method of information system like forensic laboratory, allocated adequate
budget and resources and providing service delivery without discrimination establishing. But due
to lack of cooperation and absence of transparent oversight mechanisms the management
methods taken by the stockholders are inefficient and inconsistent.

Finally, the study concluded that in order to improve the efficiency of the police reform program
and police service delivery in the ANRS Police Commission the major challenges that are
mentioned above should be addressed with a collaborations manner. In addition stakeholders
such as NGOs should have fully participated in the reform activities of the Police Commission. If
such conditions are fulfilled, the service delivery of police force will be improved and this, in
turn, leads to protection of the human and democratic rights of citizens and ensure good
governance as well.
5.2. Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations were forwarded:
 Based on the result of the study shows that the SSR program in the ANRS Police
Commission was fragile and well not coordinated rather the reform program mostly focused
on civil service reform tools and political mission of the ruling party. Therefore, to
 implement effective SSR program the security institution and the ANRS Police Commission
in particular established workable and appropriate management mechanisms.
 The finding of the study also reviled that different challenged highly affected the practice of
SSR program ANRS Police Commission. In order to address the challenges of SSR and
improve the effectiveness of police service delivery, the leaders must be professionally well
ethical, committed and knowledgeable. In addition to these the role of civil societies and
NGOs in the ANRS Police Commission is insignificant. So to improve the role and
engagement of civil societies and NGOs in the issue of SSR program in the national level in
general and the regional level in particular should create link and open up their room for
various purposes such as to providing training and material support to police forces.
 University research centers and other educational institutions should play enormous role to
improve the practice of SSR program and police service delivery through providing
research. The university community service delivery should include and consider the police
department particularly community policing because it is one of the most important
institution for the prevalence of peace, security and good governance.
 The police commission including police forces as well as other stockholders should develop
to have positive attitude towards the reform program. In addition to this the police members
should behave themselves to the different laws and regulation in order to treat citizens
freely, legally and equally in the region.
 Finally, the researcher strongly recommend that due to the complexity, sensitivity and
dynamicity natures of security, the concerned bodies particularly the ANRS Police
Commission and ANRS Security Bureau need to work in the committed and cooperated
manner to improve the SSR program timely.

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APPENDIX- A
Gondar University
College of Social Science and Humanities
Department of Civics and Ethical studies
Dear interviewee, my name is Anbesaw Melese I am a master student of peace and conflict
studies in Gondar University. I am conducting my master’s degree thesis entitled “An
Assessments of Security Sector Reform in Amhara Police Commission in the Case of Amhara
National Regional State Particularly Bahir Dar City”. In order to attend objective of my study, I
am on the edge of collecting data from the sample participants. Hence, you are the one who
could provide valuable information regarding the issue of Security Sector Reform. Therefore, I
would like to express my appreciation to your willingness to participate and respond on some
questions pertaining to SSR.
Thank you in advance for your valuable cooperation!!!!

Demographic characteristics of respondents

Date: __________________
Time: ________________
Place of interview ________________

Sex: 1. Male □ 2. Female □

Age: 1. 20-30 □ 2. 31-40 □ 3. 41-50□ 4. 51 and above □
Work Experience: 1. Below 5 □ 2. 5-10 □ 3. 11-15 □
4. 16 -20 □ 5. Above 21 years □
Educational Qualification: 1. Completed junior and secondary school (10-12) □
2. Diploma □ 3. Degree □ 4. MA and above □

Part one: Questions for key informant interviewees of the ANRS Police Commissioner:
• Do you think that the SSR program implemented properly in the ANRS Police
Commission?
• How can you measure the level of effectiveness and efficiency of SSR program in
the ANRS Police Commission?
• How SSR is being currently implemented in the ANRS Police Commission?
• What are the challenges facing the implementation of SSR in ANRS Police
Commission?
• Is there any training you have taken to improve your professional skills and service
competency? If yes, what types of training they are?
• If do you have any idea, please add_____________________________________
 • What are the actions taken by the ANRS police Commission and other stockholders
(governmental and non-government organization/institutions) to deal with these
problems and improve police service delivery?
Part two: Semi-Structured Interview Guide Question for police officers in the ANRSPC
1. How do you understand the concept of SSR in your institution?
2. How do you explain the implementation of SSR in the ANRSOC?
3. What procedures to be taken to improve the SSR in the ANRSOC in general and
the service delivery of police in particular?
4. Do you think that the reform programs have improved the professional
effectiveness and efficiency of police in the service delivery?
5. What are the challenges and limitations of stakeholders to improve service
delivery of police force?
6. If do you have any idea, please add_____________________________________
7. What measures should be done to alleviate the challenges of SSR in the ANRS
police Commission?

Part three: FGD Guide Questions: For Special Force and Atse Tewdrose police officer:
1. Do you have any information about SSR program and its practice in police
institution?
2. How do you describe the current performance of service delivery in your
institution?
3. Dose SSR program implemented in a proper manner in the police institution?
4. Dose the reform program such as BPR, BSC and 1 to 5 enables you to improve
the service delivery of your institution?
5. Do you think that the reform programs have improved the effectiveness and
efficiency of police service delivery?
 6. What challenges you have observed in the practice of SSR in the ANRS police
Commission?
7. Have you taken a training to improve your professional skills and service
delivery? If yes, what types of training they are?
8. Do you have any information about SSR program and its practice in police
institution?
9. What measures should be taken to and improve the SSR to meet its objective in
general your service delivery in particular?
10. Is there any issues concerning SSR you can add
more________________________________________________________

Part Four: Questioner for Police and Security Office Members:

A. The major challenges and limitations to implement SSR in the Amhara National
Regional State Police Commission

No. Items Rating

S/Agre Agree Undecided Disagree S/Disagree
e
1 Political interference of
SSR program
2 Lack of competent
professional leaders
3 Inadequate resource and
budget
4 Lack of continues and
fragile capacity building
 5 Lack of functional skills
and
financial control
6 Absence of democratic
culture and lacks
participatory approaches
7 Lack of appropriate policy
and strategic frame work
8 The SSR program
excluded/not consider the
local culture, values and
norms
9 Inappropriate and inefficient
law

If you have any more please add__________________________________________________

B. Kinds of mechanisms to be taken to improve effectiveness and efficiency of SSR in

the Amhara National Regional State Police Commission
No. Items Rating
S/Agree Agre Undecided Disagree S/Disagree
e
1 Establishing transparency
and accountability practice
2 Providing short and long
term training
3 Establishing strong
community policing practice
4 Introducing modern method
of information system like
forensic laboratory
5 Education Upgrading of
police officers
6 Building well articulated and
independent justice system
7 Allocated adequate budget
and resources
8 Providing non-discriminatory
service delivery
9 Establishing strong oversight
mechanisms
10 Designing and implementing
appropriate policy and
strategies

C. Current implementation of Security Sector Reform in Amhara National Regional

State Police Commission

No. Items Rating

S/Agree Agree Undecided Disagree S/Disagree
1 Free from Political
interference
2 Lead and implemented by
competent professional
leaders
3 The SSR program should
implemented through
adequate resource
(including human
resource) and budget
4 Implemented through
continues capacity building
5 Implemented through
 appropriate policy and
strategic frame work
6 The SSR program should
include and consider the
local culture, values and
norms
7 The SSR program should
implemented participatory
approaches
8 The SSR program should
implemented through
adequate and
efficient law enforcement
body

APPENDIX- B
Code of key informant interviewers Participants

No Code of Participants Sex Age Level of Education Work Experience

.
1 OAPC-A M 42 MA 18
2 DCAPC-B M 39 MA 17
3 ACAPC-C M 45 BA 15
4 ACAPC-D M 43 BA 19
Key: OAPC- Officer of the Amhara police commission, DCAPC-Deputy Commissioner of the
Amhara Police Commission, ACAPC-Assistant Commissioner of the Amhara Police
Commission

Code of FGD interviewers Participants

No. Code of Participants Sex Age Level of Education Work Experience

1 TSCPSCDO-A M 40 BA 19
2 TSCPSCDO-B F 46 BA students 21
3 TSCPSCDO-C M 42 BA students 19
4 TSCPSCPO-D M 37 Diploma 12
5 TSCPSCPO-E M 43 Diploma 20
6 TSCPSCPO-F M 38 BA students 12
7 TSCPSCPO-G M 36 Diploma 11
8 TSCPSO-H F 43 BA 19
9 SFASO-I M 45 BA students 20
 10 SFASO-J M 39 BA students 15
11 SFASO-K M 38 BA 14
12 SFASO-L M 43 BA 18
Key: TSCPSCDO- Tewdros Sub-City Police Station Crime Protective Officer, TSCPSCPO-
Tewdros Sub-City Police Station Crime Detective Officer, TSCPSO- Tewdros Sub-City Police
Station Mine Officer, SFASO-Special Force Administrative Security Officers

Code of semi structured informant interviewers Participants

No. Code of Participants Sex Age Level of Work Experience

Education

1 CAPC-A M 43 MA 19
2 CAPC-B M 38 LLM 14
3 CAPC-C M 43 BA 20
4 CAPC-D F 36 LLM 13
5 CAPC-E M 47 BA 21
6 CAPC-F M 45 BA 19
7 CAPC-G M 39 LLM 18
8 ADSAO-H M 47 BA 22
9 ADSAO-K M 40 BA 16
10 ADSAO-L M 46 BA 19
11 CIAPC-M M 42 LLM 21
Key: CAPC- Commander in the Amhara Police Commission, chief inspection Amhara Police
Commission, Administrative and security affairs officer
 APPENDIX- C
Response of Police Members and ANRS Security Bureau Staff Workers
Observed Expected (O-E) (O-E)2

Major Challenges Frequency Frequency

(O) ( E)
Political interference of SSR 18 15.6 2.4 5.76
program
Lack of competent professional 14 15.6 -1.6 2.56
leaders
Inadequate resource and budget 17 15.6 1.4 1.96

Lack of continues and fragile 15 15.6 -0.4 0.16

capacity building
Lack of appropriate policy and 12 15.6 -3.6 12.94
strategic frame work
The SSR program lacks 16 15.6 0.5 0.25
participatory approaches
Inadequate and inefficient law 17 15.6 1.4 1.96
enforcement body
XO=109 XE=109 ∑ (O-E)²= 25.59

E=109

Calculated value= 0.2348

∑(O−E)² 25.59
= = 0.2348 this is calculated value
E 109

t critical = 12.595 at k-1df (7-1=6) 0.05,two tailed

 APPENDIX- D

Response of Police Members and ANRS Security Bureau Staff Workers

No SO mean R1 PM mean R2 D=(R1-R2) D²
. Management Measures

1 Establishing strong community 4.66 1 4.83 1 0 0

policing practice

2 Providing short and long term 3. 39 4 2.69 6 2 4

training

3 Designing and implementing 4. 52 2 3.92 3 1 1

appropriate policy and strategies

4 Allocated adequate budget and 1. 86 7 1.72 7 0 0

resources

5 Introducing modern method of 2.36 6 2. 79 5 1 1

information system like forensic
laboratory
6 Building well articulated and 2. 87 5 3.75 4 1 1
independent justice system

7 Upgrading of police officers 4.03 3 4.18 2 1 1

(diploma to degree)
Providing service delivery 1.83 8 1.91 8 0 0
without discrimination
Establishing
∑ D² =8

1−∑ D2
n ( n2−1 )
n = is the paired ranks
Where: D =the difference between paired ranks
D² = is the sum of the difference between ranks and 1−∑ D2
n ( n2−1 )
 1−6 ∑ D2
7 ( 7 2−1 )
1−X 8 1−48
rs= 2 rs= 0.904
8(8 −1) 504
Test of significance of rs

rs √ n−2 0.90 √ 8−2 2.20

t= t= = t= 2.72
√ 1−rs ² √ 1−0.90 2 0.81

t calculated = 2.73
t critical = 3.97 at ∞ 0.05,two tailed
Therefore, there is no significance difference between the ranking of police members and ANRS
security bureau staff workers. Because t critical is greater than t calculated.

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Difference
Lower Upper
Major challenges of SSR -10.693 7 .000 -1.750 -2.14 -1.36
Major challenges of SSR
-10.693 7 .000 -1.750 -2.14 -1.36
Major challenges of SSR
-15.000 7 .000 -1.875 -2.17 -1.58
Major challenges of SSR
-10.693 7 .000 -1.750 -2.14 -1.36
Major challenges of SSR
-3.742 7 .007 -1.000 -1.63 -.37
Major challenges of SSR
-6.177 7 .000 -1.625 -2.25 -1.00
Major challenges of SSR
-3.742 7 .007 -1.000 -1.63 -.37
Major challenges of SSR
-7.638 7 .000 -1.250 -1.64 -.86
Major challenges of SSR
-7.638 7 .000 -1.250 -1.64 -.86
Major challenges of SSR
-15.000 7 .000 -1.875 -2.17 -1.58
Major challenges of SSR
-7.638 7 .000 -1.250 -1.64 -.86
Major challenges of SSR
-.882 7 .407 -.500 -1.84 .84
Major challenges of SSR
-1.256 7 .250 -.625 -1.80 .55
Major challenges of SSR
-1.930 7 .095 -.625 -1.39 .14
Major challenges of SSR
-1.667 7 .140 -.625 -1.51 .26
Major challenges of SSR
-2.815 7 .026 -.792 -1.46 -.13
Major challenges of SSR
-7.937 7 .000 -1.500 -1.95 -1.05
Major challenges of SSR
-8.881 7 .000 -1.625 -2.06 -1.19
Major challenges of SSR
-8.881 7 .000 -1.625 -2.06 -1.19
Major challenges of SSR
-15.000 7 .000 -1.875 -2.17 -1.58
Average
-12.935 7 .000 -1.352 -1.60 -1.10

APPENDIX-E

APPENDIX-F

Remark-1
Remark-2

Remark- 3
Remark- 4