MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF AGRO-FORESTRY PRACTIECE ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC

AND ENVIRONMENT OF AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA; THE CASE OF
ANBESITE KEBELE, ADET DISTRICT

SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR ART DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

BY; Hunegnaw Anteneh

ADVISOR; Behailu .Legesse (MA)

JUNE, 2021

BALE ROBE, ETHIOPIA

ACKNOWLEDMENT
First of all I wuold like to thanks my God for being be my side in all endeavors. Next, I would
thank my advisor Behailu Legesse for his excellent advise in the preparation of paper. I would
like thank my family Ato Anteneh Enyew and Woyzero Mare Abawa they support me and
starting to end of the study and I would like to thanks individual who have the same way and
other contribute to the successful completion of this study . Finaly I also would like to thank
Adet District Agricultural office who give to me information during data collection about
agroforetry.

I
List of Acronyms
ADO; Adet District Office

AF:-Agro Forestry

AFP:-Agro Forestry Practices

AFR; Agro-Forestry Respondent

AFS:-Agro Forestry Systems

AFFP; Agro-Forestry Farming Practice

ASL:-Altitude of sea level

CO:-community

DFID:-Department for international Development

HHs:-Households

ICRAF:-International Centers for Research in agro forestry

Km: - Kilo meter

M:-Meter

MASL:-Meters above sea level

MM:-Millimeter

MOS; Metrological Office Station

NAFC; National Agro-Forest Center

ND; National Development

SLF:-Sustainable livelihood framework

II
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDMENT.......................................................................................................................................I
List of Acronyms..........................................................................................................................................II
TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................................................III
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF FIGURE..........................................................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study...................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of Problem......................................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives.........................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Objectives.....................................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................................3
1.4. Basic Research Questions.................................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the Study...................................................................................................................3
1.6. Scope of Study Area..........................................................................................................................4
1.7. Operational Definition......................................................................................................................4
1.8. Limitation of the Study.....................................................................................................................4
1.9. The organization of paper.................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................6
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...........................................................................................................6
2.1. Concepts and Types of Agro-forestry...............................................................................................6
2.1.1. Concepts of Agro Forestry.........................................................................................................6
2.2. Types of Agro-forestry......................................................................................................................8
2.2.1. Banana, Mango System.............................................................................................................8
2.2.2. Home Garden............................................................................................................................9
2.2.3 Agri-silvicultural systems............................................................................................................9
2.2.4 Agro silvo pastoral systems.........................................................................................................9
2.3. Structure and Compositions of Home Garden................................................................................10
2.4. Home Garden Practice....................................................................................................................10
2.5. Interactions of Home Garden and Inset..........................................................................................10
2.6 Socio-Economic Benefits of Agro-Forestry Systems.........................................................................11

III
 2.7 Benefits of Agro-Forestry System....................................................................................................11
2.7.1 Environmental Benefits of Agro-Forestry.................................................................................11
2.7.2 Economic Benefits of Agro-Forestry Systems:..........................................................................12
2.7.3 Social Benefits of Agro-Forestry................................................................................................13
2.8 A Working Definition of Livelihoods................................................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................14
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................14
3.1. Description of the Study Area.........................................................................................................14
3.1.1 Location....................................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 Topography...............................................................................................................................15
3.1.3 Climate form.............................................................................................................................15
3.1.4 Soil type....................................................................................................................................15
3.1.5 Vegetation................................................................................................................................15
3.1.6 Religions...................................................................................................................................15
3.1.7 Agricultural practices................................................................................................................15
3.2 .Methods of data analysis................................................................................................................16
3.3. Sampling techniques.......................................................................................................................16
3.4 Sampling size...................................................................................................................................16
3.5. Data Source....................................................................................................................................17
3.6. Data collection instruments/tools..................................................................................................18
3.6.1. Questionnaires.........................................................................................................................18
3.6.2. Interview..................................................................................................................................18
3.7. Data analysis...................................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................19
4. DATA ANALIYISIS AND INTERPRTATION.................................................................................................19
4.1. Assessment of Socio-economic Impacts of Agro forestry practice.................................................19
4.1.1. Socio – economic and Demographic analysis of the respondent.............................................19
4.2 The livelihood of the Local people...................................................................................................21
4.3 composition of agro-forestry system...............................................................................................22
4.3.1 Farmers traditional knowledge towards agro-forestry practice (AGFP)....................................22
4.5 Other benefits of agro forestry........................................................................................................24
4.6 Constraints of Agro forestry Systems...............................................................................................25

IV
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................26
5. FINDING, SUMMARY, CONCULISION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................26
5.1. FINDING..........................................................................................................................................26
5.2. CONCULISION.................................................................................................................................26
5.3. RECOMMENDATON........................................................................................................................27
References.................................................................................................................................................29
APPENDEX.................................................................................................................................................31

V
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3. 1: DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE............................................................................................................................17
TABLE 4. 1: SEX OF RESPONDENTS...................................................................................................................................19
TABLE 4. 2 AGE OF RESPONDENT.......................................................................................................................................19
TABLE 4. 3 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF RESPONDENTS....................................................................................................20
TABLE 4. 4 SIZE OF THE FARM LAND...................................................................................................................................20
TABLE 4. 5 LIVELIHOOD CONDITION OF THE RESPONDENTS.....................................................................................................21
TABLE 4. 6 THE ALLOCATION OF THE LAND IN THE STUDY SIDE.................................................................................................21
TABLE 4. 7: DOMINANT TREES LOCATE IN STUDY AREAS.........................................................................................................22
TABLE 4. 8 PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS ON THE USE OF AGRO-FORESTRY CONSUMPTION PURPOSE............................................22
TABLE 4. 9: PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS ON THE PROFITABILITY AGRO-FORESTRY.........................................................................23
TABLE 4. 10 THE PERCENT OF RESPONDENT AND OTHER USE OF AGRO FORESTRY.......................................................................24

VI
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 3. 1: MAP OF STUDY AREA....................................................................................................................................14
FIGURE 4. 1 PERCENTAGES OF RESPONDENTS THE USE OF AGRO FORESTRY CONSUMPTION PURPOSE...............................................23

VII
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Agro forestry is the collective for land use system and technologies where woody perennials
(trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used the land management units as
agricultural crops and animals in some forms of special arrangement or temporal sequence. In an
agro forestry system there are both ecological and economical interactions between the various
components. Agro forestry is any sustainable land-use system that maintains or increases total
yields by combining food crops (annuals) with tree crops (perennials) and livestock on the same
unit of land, either alternately or at the same time, using management practices that suit the
social and cultural characteristics of the local people and the economic and ecological conditions
of the area. Social forestry is defined as “Forestry outside the conventional forests which
primarily aim at providing continuous flow of goods and services for the benefit of people. This
definition implies that the production of forest goods for the needs of the local people is Social
forestry. Thus, social forestry aims at growing forests of the choice of the local population.
Stated that conceptually social forestry deals with poor people to produce goods such as fuel,
fodder etc. to meet the needs of the local community particularly underprivileged section (shah,
1985).

In some agro-forestry systems there are both ecological and economic interaction between the
different components. The sustainability could be mainly due to the presence of different types
of trees and capacity of “Banana” to feed more people per units’ area of production and also due
to the diversity of production practices (Tsehaye, 1986). Traditional low inputs agricultural
system involving trees has been designed managed for centuries by poor present around the
world and are still conspicuous in the tropics. During the past century land use intensification,
agro ecosystem, intensification and social changes have undermined the functionality of many of
these low input system and comforted peasants agricultural sustainability challenges (Nair,
1986).

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In the topics there are a numbers of reports that are the integration of trees into subsistence
farming system has both an established and potential role in improve sustainability and
profitability (Nair, 1993, Young, 1997). Agro-forestry system (AFS) can maintain more
favorable soil physical property than agriculture through organic matter maintenance and effects
of trees rooting (Young, 1997).Socio-economic background of farmers affects tree cultivation.
Women may prefer fruits and fodder trees near their house and may maintain and then men may
prefer timber woody lot away from homestead or healthy households may prefer fruit trees and
multistate garden .Agro forestry increase site productivity, increase the values of outputs on a
given area of land and spread of the need of labor input. However, agro forestry has a certain
disadvantage in that it reduces output of stable food crops. One alternative to mitigate the
problem of food insecurity or improve rural livelihood is to integrate home garden which serve
as reliable source of health food and cash supplement economy in the agricultural system
(Kebede, 1994).This study was to asses Agro-forestry social, economic and environmental in the
study area in anbesite kebele in Adet district.

1.2. Statement of Problem

Agro forestry practices changes the way of agricultural process by solving land use problems and
it can sustain the livelihood of the farmers. Since agro forestry practices play a significant role in
satisfying the need of rural community, it sustains the long term agricultural productivity. But the
use of agro forestry in the rural livelihood has not been properly studied, documented and used
as a base of rural livelihood. Agro forestry is the land use management system in which trees or
shrubs are grown around or among crops pastureland. It combines shrubs and trees in
agricultural forestry technologies to create more diverse productive profitable healthy,
ecologically sound, and sustainable land use system. Agro-forestry has proven to be positively
affecting several ecosystem services in sub African Sahara (NAFC, 2010).

Agro-forestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural, and forest production
methods. They can offer increased productivity, economic benefits, and more diversity, in the
ecological goods and services provided. Although forestry systems do not provide as many
floristic species as forests and do not show the same canopy height, they still provide food and
nesting possibilities (C.A and Villa lobo (2010).Even though there are numerous impact of agro-
forestry practices on socio-economic and environmental factor the researcher was fill for the soil,
not use artificial fertilizer, less use of compost, manure etc. The gap that may be unique factors

2
in Adet district in anbesite kebele. There gap in explanation that asses Agro-forest on socio-
economic and environmentally.

1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General Objectives
The general objective of the study is attempts to assess the impacts of agro forestry practices on
socio-economic and Environment of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, The case of Anbesite
kebele. Adet District.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

To achieve the main purpose, the following specific objectives are set:
 To investigate the role of agro forestry in sustainable farm land management practice
 Types of Agro forestry practices.
 To determine the contribution of Agro forestry practices in conservation of natural resource
 To examine impacts of agro forestry systems on the socio-economic of farmers.

1.4. Basic Research Questions

 What is the role of agro forestry system in sustainable farm land management practice?
 What are the types of Agro forestry practices?
 What are the contributions of Agro forestry practices in conservation of natural resource?
 What are the agro forest systems on socio-economic impacts of farmers?

1.5. Significance of the Study

Agro forestry is less developed countries like, Ethiopia it is the most important attention given by
researcher,scholars,administration in various to minimize negative impact of agro-forest on
social, economic and environmentally the major significances of this research finding investigate
the role of Agro-forestry in sustainable farm land management practices it also provides
information that helps to the contribution of Agro-forest practices in conservation of natural
resource and it may create awareness about the impact of Agro-forest system on the socio-
economic of farmers. Collective name for the use system and technologies where woody
perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboo, etc.) are deliberately used on same land management
units. Agro-forestry is primary aimed at running the basic needs of food, fuel, fodder and timber.
Helping the farmer is increasing productivity and sustainability of production, particularly from
marginal agricultural land. There are global crisis for energy and agro forestry provides and
alternate source of energy. Trees supply cheap sources of fuel wood, fruits and timber yielding

3
trees can be help enriching the diet of rural people and in meeting the demand for timber. Agro-
forestry is an answer to the problem of soil and water conservation (Jose, S 2010).

1.6. Scope of Study Area

This study has been on the assessing of impact of agro forestry practice on the socio-economic
and environmental factors in the case of Adet district in selected Anbesite kebele. Moreover, the
study conducted to investigate the influence of Agro forestry in conservation of farm land
environment and ensure the sustainable socio economic benefit of the farmers. The study focuses
the problem of impacts of agro forestry practice method solution for the Amhara regional state in
Adet District specifically the case of Anbesite kebele.

1.7. Operational Definition

Agro-Forestry; Agricultural method of planting trees.

Environmental Factor; the factor that affect on the surrounding area.

Socio-economic; is in social Science the studies how economic activity affect and shaped by
social process.

Environmental Factor; the factor that affect on the surrounding area.

1.8. Limitation of the Study

Limitations of the study were lack of time and material as well as lack of willingness the
respondents to give the detail information in the area. In addition to these, there was
unavailability of the documented information data and some missing data was there. The other
constraints were forced in unwillingness on the part of some respondents to give detail
information about data, the issues

1.9. The organization of paper

The research paper is contains five chapters. The first chapter consists of the background of the
study, statement of problem, general and specific objectives of the study, basic research
questions, significance of the study, and scope of the study and the limitations of the study. The
second chapter contains review related literature about challenges and benefits of Agroforestry
practices. The third chapter deals with the background of the study area of research
methodology, description of the study area, research methedeology,location, topography,
climate, soil type, vegetation, religious, Agricultural practices, method of data analysis, sampling
techniques, sampling size, data source, data collection instruments(tools),data analysis. The
4
fourth chapter deals with Assessment of socio-economic impacts of Agro forestry practices, the
demographic analysis of the respondents, the livelihood of the local people, composition of agro
forestry, home garden, characteristics of home garden, structure of home garden, other Agro
forestry and constraints agro forestry systems. The final and last chapter of this research
contains finding, summary, conclusion and recommendation.

5
CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Concepts and Types of Agro-forestry
2.1.1. Concepts of Agro Forestry
Agro-forestry the word coined with in early 17 th century has made its place in all the developed
and developing countries of the world. Some definitions of a agro forestry are:- Agro forestry “A
sustainable management system for land that increases overall production, combines agricultural
crops, tree crops and forest plants or animals simultaneously or sequentially and applies
management practices that are compatible with cultural patterns of local population(Kebede H
2010).

Agro-forestry is based on the concept of associating trees with crops on the same piece of land
simultaneously or sequentially for increased, diversified and sustained benefits, and for
environment preservation. It is a natural resource management option that can be used to solve a
specific problem in a manner that benefits farmers, consumers, and environmentalists (Jose S,
2009).

Agroforestry denotes a sustainable land and crop management system that strives to increase
yields on a continuing basis, by combining the production of woody forestry crops (including
fruit and other tree crops) with arable or field crops and animals simultaneously or sequentially
on the same unit of land, and applying management practices that are compatible with the
cultural practices of the local population(ICRAF 1982).

Use of trees in the system: the woody perennial to be introduced in farmlands should be adapted
to the locality, and provide various benefits, such as food, income, medicine, and shelter to the
local population for many years. The species should be known to positively interact ecologically
and economically with staple-food crops of the locality. However, some agro-forestry systems do
not have a food crop component, like mixed orchards, and cocoa agro-forestry (Melese N, 2002).

All stakeholders (farmers, researchers, extension services, consumers, traders, and policy-
makers) should be involved during the development and fine-tuning of the agro forestry system,

6
from species identification to dissemination of the technology that increases the adoptability and
spread of the system (Torch, 1991).
The process should be participatory important factors to be taken in to consideration when
designing an Agro-forestry system in a specific region are; Environment; is ecology of the
locality, such as soil type, climate and relief. Human environment; eating habits, cultivation
practices and demography definition and classification of Agro-forestry systems(Young H,
2009).Economy; market accessibility, economic value of products, competing products,
periodicity and opportunity costs of the system (Abebe Haile,2004).
Agro forestry is a collective for land-use systems and technologies in which woody perennials
including trees, shrubs, bamboos etc. are deliberately combined on the same land –management
unit with herbaceous crops animals either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal
sequence. “Agro forestry is a land-use that involves deliberate retention, introduction, or
mixtures of trees or other woody perennials in crop/ animal production field to benefits from the
resultants of ecological and economical interactions. It is a dynamic, ecologically based natural
resource management practice that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the
agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and
environmental benefits (Refer, 2006).
Agro forestry practices are systems are deliberately designed and managed to maximize positive
interactions between trees and non-tree components and encompass a wide range components
and encompass a wide range of practices like contour farming, inter- cropping, established
shelterbelts, riparian zones/buffer strips, etc. The fundamental idea behind the practice of AF is
that trees are an essential part of natural ecosystems, and their presence in agricultural systems
provides a range of benefits to the soil, other plant species and overall biodiversity. With threats
that smallholder farmers in the developing world face with predicted impacts of climate
variability and change, the scope of systems to reduce vulnerability and adapt to the conditions
of a warmer, drier, more unpredictable climate is now being recognized (McCabe, 2013). An
Agro forest system are also being increasingly recognized as a tool for mitigating climate change
by reducing the overall volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and profiting the
economically weaker sections from emerging carbon markets agro forestry and does not help in
defining agro forestry. The existence of ecological interactions among the components is not a
sufficient condition to define agro forestry; biological interactions must be present (Habib,
2006).

7
Similarly the term significant interactions among the components cannot be used objectively in
the defining agro forestry, and its use should be avoided. The presence of animals is not essential
to agro forestry. AF implies management of at least one plant species for forage, an annual of
perennial crop production. Once appropriate time limits are imposed on the system, time
sequences involving at least two plant species and with at least one or more woody perennial
must be considered agro forestry. On the basis of this analysis, the final definition of Agro
forestry is a form of multiple cropping which satisfies the three basic conditions there exists at
least two plant species that intact biologically at least one of the plant species is a woody
perennial and at least one of plant species managed for forage, annual or perennial crop
production (M.C. Cube 2009).

When a normal survey was conducted to assess from forestry in Amhara Regional State of which
five agro forestry practices were mainly reported by the respondents. These are home garden,
tree on farmlands (park land agro forestry), wood lots, live fence and road side tree planting and
the evolutions and performance of each agro forestry practices were reported to currently
employed by resettles. As Behailu(2010) said, despite the dependence developed on outside aid
and the difficulties faced in established managing especially horticultural crops, home garden
currently continue to serve household purpose and at times produce a surplus for market
(Berhanu K 2009).

2.2. Types of Agro-forestry

2.2.1. Banana, Mango System
Amhara Regional State, which has almost similar agro-forestry systems are well known for its
traditional agro-forestry system which is intensive on farm management of trees. This is “based
land use systems that dominate the area (Kebele Manager, 2010). Trees are integral components
of the agricultural systems. Trees play various environmental, economic and ecological roles and
their maintenances in to the overall production strategy of farmers (by Melese, N, 2000).
“Banana-mango” based agro forestry systems fit well into Amhara social organization. In this
system stable food such as “Inset-Mango” (cash crop) and trees are integrated in harmony
(ADSM, 2010).

8
2.2.2. Home Garden
Home garden defined as a land use practice involving deliberate management of multipurpose
trees and shrubs in intimate association with annual and perennial agricultural crops in variably
livestock within the compound of individual houses of crop-tree animal, (agro-silvo pastoral)
unit being managed by the family labor. This system also has been described as small scale
supplementary food production system (Fresco, 1993).

Two types of home garden can be recognized on the basis of their contribution to the welfare of
households. The first one common in tropics are small scale supplementary food production
systems around house in area where livelihood of the owner is based on the other land use or
other activities that renewed home garden of java that supplement monoculture rice production
(Wirsum. 1998).The second category of home gardens are extended farm field around houses
that form the principal means of livelihood for farming households. Most of home gardens in the
highlands of eastern Africa belong to this category (Odal and Aluma, 1990) where the farmers
have additional lands or it is small and supplementary to the home garden.

2.2.3 Agri-silvicultural systems

The components in these systems are the crops and tree crops that are
intercropped between the trees. Crops can be grown for two years, given that
protective irrigation is being carried out. Crops can even be grown for four
years in this system if refined farming is carried out. It should however be
advised to farmers that grain crops should not be grown repeatedly over a
specified period as doing that may potentially lead to economic losses in the
long run. Farmers should also give wider spacing for their crops to achieve the
best yield as each crop will then obtain the best possible nourishment from the
soil. (Opera 2013)

2.2.4 Agro silvo pastoral systems

Agrosilvo pastoral systems involve combining annuals and pastures with
woody perennials. This too can be divided into two categories; Woody
hedgerows and Home gardens.    

9
2.3. Structure and Compositions of Home Garden
Home gardens are characterized by vegetation layers (Stories) imitating the tropical forest
structure. The top story consists of a canopy of all trees which reduces radiation and mechanical
impacts of rainfall create relatively constant micro climate in the lower layers and trough leaf fall
contributes to the maintenance of the soil fertility. The lower layers features stable food and fruit
production (example, cassava, maize, pepper) in the third layer. In the ground and ground
covering species(root, tubers and others) from the last layer, while, climbing species transverse
the lower stories ( Fernald and Nair, 1986).

2.4. Home Garden Practice

Extensive areas of traditional agro forestry home garden existing the North and Northwest parts
of Ethiopia. Most of this garden is located at latitude of 1500m -2500m at sea level where
temperature condition are favorably for agriculture which is characterized by unique
combination of two native perennial crops ( banana and mango).other components of these
multispecies agro-ecosystem includes chat, roots and tubers crops, fruit, vegetables cereals
species and other crops(Gustafson,2005).

2.5. Interactions of Home Garden and Inset

The “Inset-mango” home gardens have stable agricultural systems for centuries supporting the
dense population of up to 100 people per squares kilometers. The diversity of the systems and
the ability of Inset to produce a relatively large amount of food per unit area and time (Adimasu
and Strick, 2001), could be the main factors that contributed this stability. Advantages of home
garden to ensure a constant flow of produce from the home garden it is important to maintain the
distribution of these layers.

 Production of food is continuous and diverse.

 Farmers have easy access to food, timber, fuel, fodder, spices and medicines.
 Home gardens protect the soil and conserve water.
 Labor can be used efficiently because home gardens are situated close to houses.
 Produce may be sold locally and act as a financial buffer in times of need

10
2.6 Socio-Economic Benefits of Agro-Forestry Systems
Indigenous multipurpose trees are maintained on farm land for varies uses. Established wood lots
planted trees the main purpose being to produce construction and fuel wood trees grown as live
fence are multipurpose and at time are used as source feed for animals (Kebede, 2006).

Agro-forestry has both productive and service functions. It is distinctive contribution to the
production is to provide tree products from the farm and in the form of fuel wood , fodder and
fruit with construction wood and a lot of other items such as gums, resins and medical products.
The service function includes shade, reduction of winds, and control of weeds, fencing, and
control of erosion and control of soil fertility management (Young, 1997).

2.7 Benefits of Agro-Forestry System

When land is scarce or when soil has a low fertility or is sensitive to erosion, agro-forestry
techniques offer considerable benefits for long term agricultural sustainability. Trees and shrubs
have an important ecological and economic role in farming systems. Agro-forestry is useful in
the following ways (Young 2009).

2.7.1 Environmental Benefits of Agro-Forestry

The environmental benefits of agro forestry are:

1. Improving natural resource development: The total crop and wood production from an agro
forestry plot is more than the separate production on the same piece of land. This is because
the trees and crops complement each other’s growth. Weeds in young forestry plantations are
substituted by harvested pasture or crops. Maintenance is less expensive and environmental
resources are used effectively.
2. Original open landscapes are created and are aesthetically pleasing and favor recreational
activities. Agro forestry plots have landscaping potential and can enhance the public image of
farmers in society.
3. The greenhouse effect is countered by the constitution of an efficient system for carbon
sequestration, by integrating the stock maintenance of organic material in the soil and
superimposing a net fixing wooded layer. Enable the protection of soil and water specially in
sensitive areas enhance biodiversity in the sense that crops are protected by their association
with trees stimulating the hyper parasite (parasite of parasites) population of crops Off-site
benefits from water-table control - An agro forestry system helps decrease the water table

11
 and helps reduce the off-site impacts from dry land salinity and water logging (A WDavis,
2010).

Flood mitigation - The risk of flooding in large areas is increased by rising water tables. By
lowering water tables, this can be reduced and downstream towns can benefit. Soil erosion and
runoff can be controlled by reducing water loss, soil material, nutrients and organic matter.
Biological activity and soil organic matter can be maintained at satisfactory levels for soil
fertility through organic matter maintenance and the impact of tree roots, physical properties of
soil can be maintained (FAO, 2003).

The development of soil toxicities can be checked or reduced – soil acidification and salivation
can be monitored and trees can be employed to reclaim polluted soils. Solar energy is used more
effectively than monoculture systems; a range of leaf shapes, alignments and plants of different
heights all contribute to this Agro forestry may result in a reduction in insect pests and related
diseases. It can also reclaim degraded or eroded land. Trees and shrubs that aid in nitrogen fixing
increase nitrogen inputs to agro forestry systems. Agro forestry is capable of creating a diverse
farm economy and stimulating the entire rural economy resulting in more stable communities
and farms. When systems produce a number of products, economic risks are reduced (Eyasu E,
2002).

The ecological benefit includes: Reduction of pressures on forest deforestation ecology

balancing, soil erosions. More efficient recycling of nutrients by deep-rooted trees on the site
nets. Better protection of ecological systems. Reduction of surface run-off and nutrients loose by
effect of trees roots and stems of these processes. Improvement of micro climate, such as lower
reduction of evaporation of the soil moistures through a combination mulching and shading.
Improvement of soil structure through the consistent addition of organic decomposed litters
(Berhe, 1996).

2.7.2 Economic Benefits of Agro-Forestry Systems:

Agro-forestry systems on crop lands or farm lands bring significant economic and reason and the
reduce the incidence of total crop failures, common to single cropping or comes due to improve
and sustained productivity (FAO, 2006).

12
2.7.3 Social Benefits of Agro-Forestry
Besides the economic benefits, social benefits occurs from increasing in crop and ND higher and
not in nutritional and health due to increased quality and diversity of food, ND improvement of
upland community through elimination of the needs of classification of agro-forestry system
stems can be classified according to the following sets basis: considering the compositions of the
components, including spatial admixture based on the major functions or the role of the different
components. Livelihood strategies, trees also play a role. For instance, the farmer’s domestic
needs for food, construction materials, fuel, cash serving and etc. farmers overall livelihood
strategies and sources base determine their tree growing strategies. (Dixon, 1996).

2.8 A Working Definition of Livelihoods

When asked “what is a livelihood”, few would struggle to answer. “Making a living”,
“supporting a family”, or “my job” all describe a livelihood. The term is well recognized as
humans inherently develop and implement strategies to ensure their survival. The hidden
complexity behind the term comes to light when governments, civil society, and external
organizations attempt to assist people whose means of making a living is threatened, damaged, or
destroyed. From extensive learning and practice, various definitions have emerged that attempt
to represent the complex nature of a livelihood. This document embraces the definition suggested
by (Chambers and Conroy, 2003)
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and
activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and
recover from stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and
in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base. (Chambers & Conway, 1991).In
order to better understand how people develop and maintain livelihoods, the UK Department for
International Development (DFID), building on the work of practitioners and academics,
developed the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF, 2002).
This framework is an analysis tool, useful for understanding the many factors that affect a
person’s livelihood and how those factors interact with each other. The SLF views livelihoods as
systems and provides a way to understand, The assets people draw upon, The strategies they
develop to make a living, The context within which a livelihood is developed and Those factors
that make a livelihood more or less vulnerable to shocks and stresses (SLF, 2002).

13
CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.1.1 Location
Anbesite Kebele is found in amhra region in West Gojjam Zone. Anbesite Kebele
is found in Yilmana Densa woreda (Adet district). Anbesite Kebele is located about
505 kilo meters from Addis Ababa, around 42 km southwest of Bahirdar or 12 kilo meters from
Debre Wewi town. Anbesite Kebele is bordered on the south by Yegebeta Kebele Washera
special sub woreda, on the west by the Zagie Kebele which separates it from the Quarit Woreda,
on the north by the Adet town, and on the east by Asterio special Kebele. The administrative
center of Yilmana Densa is Adet town. Absolute location of this area is located
between110 16'75'' to 110 41' 00’’ North Latitude and 11 0 16'46'' to 110 45'42'' East longitudes

(MWAO, 2013E.C).

Figure 3. 1: Map of study area

Source: QGIS LAB (2013)

14
3.1.2 Topography
Steep slope and undulated topography is a typical characteristic of the study area. The majority
(75%) of the study area is mountainous and consists of dissected terrain with steep slopes, and
the remaining (25%) has UN undulated topography with gentle slopes. Adet lies within an
elevation ranges of 1800 to 3500 meters above sea level. . (ADO, 2018

3.1.3 Climate form

The state has diverse climate. The later includes the familiar traditional zones –woina degas
types of climate. About 75% of the State is classified as "woina degas" (high lands) which is
above 1800 meters above sea level. The altitude ranges from 1,800 to 3,500meters above sea
level. The average annual temperature reaches from 20-250 degree calicos. During the hottest
months (January - May) it reaches a 28 – 340 degree delicious. (MOS, 2018)

3.1.4 Soil type

The dominant soil types found in the study is brown and verity soil .It is suitable for the
production of barely, wheat, Teff and bean production for Adet. The production of Adet is Teff.

3.1.5 Vegetation
The dominant vegetation types found in Adet is Acacia, tide, eucalyptus trees and this vegetation
were used for the purpose of construction, fire wood and charcoal.

3.1.6 Religions
The Religions that are prevailing in the woreda are Orthodox Christianity and Islam about 96.4%
of the total population is Orthodox Christianity while Muslims constitute 3.6 percent.
(MWoSCA, 2009/10)

3.1.7 Agricultural practices

Agriculture is the dominant economic activity and the base livelihood of the
majority of residents of the study area .The agricultural activities are
characterized by mixed farming 40 systems. The most important crops produced
in the woreda are cereal crops including Teff, maize, and barley wheat. In
additions to cereal crops pulses, oilseeds vegetables and fruits are also produced.
Among pulses are horse beans, chick peas, piece, while oil seeds include lentils
and Niger seeds, Vegetables such as onion, garlic, potato, tomato pepper and
carrot are the major vegetables produced. Banana, mango, papaya, and oranges
are the fruits common being produced where irrigation is possible. Agricultural
15
sector is characterized mostly by subsistence type of production mostly for
household consumption and not geared to market conditions. In addition to
various impediments such as high population pressure and land fragmentations,
ecological and environmental imbalances resulting in drought and poor
infrastructure development have hampered the development of the sector in the
woreda (MWoWRD, 2009). 4.4.1 Farming System The concept denoting the
manner of human interaction with natural resources in rural.

3.2 .Methods of data analysis

The data collect from different sources would analyze by both qualitative and quantitative
methods. The qualitative data analysis the narration or describe collect through interview.in
qualitative method the existing situation of the problem are organize, summarize and explain by
using feasible words. The quantitative methods of data analysis the numerical and statistical
value, then the researcher use to quantitative data were analyze and interpret by using numerical
analysis to compare, contrast also explain the personal and socio-economic factor of the sample

3.3. Sampling techniques

Sample random sampling technique has been used to select the sample households because its
equal chance to all households to be included in the study area.

3.4 Sampling size

The total number of population of the study area is 1049, out of this 529 were males and the
remaining 520 were females. The kebele has 262 households, First Anbesite Kebele has been
randomly select, second by taking in to account the financial capacity and time constraints the
researcher was select from the list of the 262 households by using simple random sampling
method. Total of 37 respondents were taken out of 262 household heads. Each respondent was
selected from the list of the Kebele using simple random sampling method.

Table 3. 1: Determining Sample size

16
 Total population Male Female Total Sample size
of the kebele
Anbesite kebele 1049 529 520
Selected house 21 16 37
hold
Source; by (Researcher, 2018)

By using this formula n=N/1+N (e) where

n= is number of sample size N=262, e=0.155, 1=constant

N=number of total house hold

E= is confidential error

n=262/1+262(0.155*0.155) so

n=262/1+262(0.024) =37

N=37

3.5. Data Source

The main sources of data would been used for this study are primary and secondary data .The
primary data would been collected through direct contact with the farmers using questioner and
interview and direct observation. The secondary data would be collected from written
documents, reports, books and articles.

3.6. Data collection instruments/tools

In order to gather relevant data that is useful to the study, both qualitative and quantitative data
collection tools were employed. In order to primary data questionnaires and structured interviews
would been employed whereas secondary data would collected from published materials and
documents like journal and internet.
17
3.6.1. Questionnaires

The researcher used both open and close ended questions and distribute to, because easy to
administer and collected from sample of population. The questionnaires contains both close and
open ended, which refers to fixed chance questions in which respondents choice responds from
the provided questions and open-ended questions that requires respondents and comments
depending up on the questions provided from the respondents

3.6.2. Interview
The study the researcher was used structure interviews, because it involves the use of questions
based on predetermined and identical set of question. The questions are usually read out by
researcher in neutral tone of voice to avoid social influencing or prompting a particular response
from Adet administration head office, and the Kebele’s managers.

3.7. Data analysis

To analysis the data from the sample respondents, percentage was based on questionnaires,
interviews, discussion, field of observation would be used as an instrument for data collection.
To do this, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods has been applied or used. The
quantitative data gathered from questionnaires and analyzed by using descriptive statistics to
measure the frequency, percentage. To analyze qualitative data, the researcher can collected by
using interviews, observation and relevant information interpreted and summarization would be
conducted.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALIYISIS AND INTERPRTATION

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of data. The data were categorized in to two
major parts. Part one present socio-demographic and economic characteristic of respondent, the
second part deals with the analysis and interpretation of socio-economic impact of Agro-forestry
practices in social and economical in the study areas.

4.1. Assessment of Socio-economic Impacts of Agro forestry practice .

The characteristics of respondents were analyzed interpreted the data and information obtained
through questionnaire were analyzed and interpreted in this chapter

18
4.1.1. Socio – economic and Demographic analysis of the respondent
Table 4. 1: Sex of respondents

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 23 62.5%
Female 14 37.5%
Total 37 100%

Source: own survey data 2018

As mentioned in the above table one out of 40 household 23(62.5%) male and 14 (37.5%) are
female. 62.5% of household was dominated by male this emphasis of the rural house hold
activity of agro forestry practice taken place by most of male. 37.5% of the house of rural is agro
forestry practice was performed by female.

Table 4. 2 Age of respondent

Age distribution No. of respondents Percent

25-35 9 25%
36-45 15 40%
46-60 13 35%
Total 37 100%
Own, survey, 2018

As indicated the above table 4.2 out of 37 samples household were 25-35 age was 25%, about
36-45 age was 40%, 46-60 aged were 35% which means the experience of agro forestry is more
aged group. The traditional knowledge of agro forestry in elders is they know how to agro
forestry system in continuing and sustainable manner.

Table 4. 3 Educational background of respondents

Educational level Frequency Percentage

1-4 10 25.5%
5-8 5 12.5%
9-10 13 35%
11-12 2 5%
Illiterate 7 20%
Total 37 100%
Survey Source; 2018

19
The above table 4.3 indicated that out of 37 respondents 25.5% of the respondents were learned
from grade 1-4, 12.5% were 5-8, 35% of the respondents are learned 9-10, 5% were learned 11-
12,20% were illiterate of the respondents could not read and write.

Table 4. 4 size of the farm land

Size of land Frequency Percentage

0.5-1 19 25%
1-1.5 14 37.5%
1.5-4 14 37.5%
Total 37 100%
Source survey, 2018

As it’s indicated in the above table 4.4 out of 37 respondents 25% of the respondents were farm
0.5-1 hectare of land, 37.5% were respondent’s farm 1.-1.5 hectare of lands and 37.5% of the
respondents farm 1.5-4 hectare of the land.

4.2 The livelihood of the Local people

Agro forestry has a great role for the development of nations it facilitate the level of economic
growth because doing alone and with other are not the same. The tables illustrate the highlights
of the main role by agro forestry in changing the livelihood conditions of the respondents of local
people.

Table 4. 5 livelihood condition of the respondents

Livelihood condition respondents Percentage

Mixed crop and animals 26 70%
Crop production and animal rearing 11 30%
Total 37 100%
Source flied survey 2018

As it is indicted in the above table 4.5 agricultural (both crop production and animal rearing) is
identifies as the main stay of the livelihood of the people in the surveyed area. Almost all of the
respondents (70%) depend on the agriculture is there as a sole occupation or as a major parts of
their livelihood occupation. Of the 37 households of the 30% of depend on the agriculture
(mixed crop and animals) as their sole occupation.

20
Table 4. 6 the allocation of the land in the study side

Land use No of respondent Percentage

Agriculture 19 50%
Agro-forestry 7 20%
Grazing land 11 30%
Total 37 100%
Source own survey, 2018

As it can be seen from above table, the major land use or the dominant land use by the
households in the size is the agriculture which is about 50% and the remaining 20% and 30%
were Agro-forestry and grazing land.

4.3 composition of agro-forestry system

4.3.1 Farmers traditional knowledge towards agro-forestry practice (AGFP)
Table 4. 7: Dominant trees locate in study areas

Number Tree Frequency Percentage

1 Mango 20 55%

2 Lemon 17 45%

Total 37 100%

Source: own survey 2018.

The above table indicated in the 55% of the study area was mango planted and 45% of the study
area households were lemon planted.

Table 4. 8 Percentage of respondents on the use of agro-forestry consumption purpose

Number Importance No. of respondent Percentage (%)

1 Income generation 12 33.33 %
2 HHs consumption 3 6.67 %
21
 3 Conservation of soil
4 For soil fertility
5 For bee living
Total
Source: own survey, 2018
6 16.67%
9 23.33%
7 20%
37 100%

Figure 4. 1 percentages of respondents the use of agro forestry consumption purpose

According to the five majorities of the respondent’s uses about the 33.33% percent of the
respondent claimed that the agro-forestry respondent (AFR) products are important for income
generation and 23.33%of the respondents use HHs consumption. The production of these edible
trees in the area makes the society of the study area free from famine and contributed more
production of their food security in their household even during dry season. In general,
intercropping of trees, fruit trees vegetable and cereals maximizing production of food items for
consumption than other activities 23.33 percent of the respondents said that agro forestry could
be used as a means of soil fertility. According to their ideas all the products of agro forestry
(fruit, timber, fuel wood, seeds and medical herbs) and other could be sold for cash benefits.

Table 4. 9: Percent of respondents on the profitability agro-forestry

No. No. HHs % of proportion

1 Profitable 21 56%
2 Not profitable 6 17%
3 Neutral 10 27%
4 Total 37 100%
Source: own survey, 2018
22
From the table above 56% of respondents said that the product of agro-forestry was profitable
because of it gives fruit more than one in a year and it did not require additional inputs. For this
reason, the farmers use the product of AF for their consumption purpose and large numbers of
people sell agro forestry products to generate their income to satisfy their basic needs. This
indicates that the cash flow throughout the and it is more profitable than single agricultural gives
production annually or once in a year. From the interview and discussion during data collection
time all rich farmers and some medium farmers indicate that they sell the product of agro
forestry and use for their basic needs. They also use agro forestry products especially coffee to
generate additional income. On the other hand, the poor farmers use different products of agro
forestry as their means of life. Even though it was not enough to sell, they some of the trees to
collect fuel wood, fodders for cattle and used to construction of house for themselves.

4.5 Other benefits of agro forestry

Table 4. 10 The percent of respondent and other use of agro forestry

No. Benefits No. of HHs %of HHs

1 Fuel wood 9 25%
2 Fencing 7 20%
3 Constructing 11 30%
4 Pole 6 15%
5 Timber 4 10%
Total - 37 100%

Source: own survey, 2018

According to above table the benefits of agro forestry 25 percent of respondents indicated that a
tree from the agro forestry practices and Eucalyptus trees around their boundary are capable for
meeting almost all demands of construction materials. In addition to this, 30% and 10% of
interviewed farmers explained that they produce timber and fencing materials from agro forestry
practice and farmers need agro forestry for other ecological economic benefits.

4.6 Constraints of Agro forestry Systems

As interviewed and discussion of agro forestry systems with farmers, it was understood that there
were socio- economic issues that discourage and limits farmers practice to agro forestry. Some of
the main limiting problems was lack of credit facility, silence of the professional from giving
23
technical supports about management of agro forestry, absence of support from governments and
nongovernmental interims of agricultural inputs like seed and others. More of the cultural
practice the people focuses on the production of annual crops because of the absence of
extension service according to scientific agro forestry practice in the study area. In addition to
this, there is a problem on the selection of sustainable tree spices and planting trees with
appropriate space or distance. There are some of the problems which were seen during the
research work that constraints the practice of agro forestry in the study area.

CHAPTER FIVE

5. FINDING, SUMMARY, CONCULISION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. FINDING
The finding of the result of the Agro-forestry indicates in the above objectives. The Agro forestry
is both positive and negative socio-economic and environmental effects, positively it enhanced
agricultural production, facilitates environmental conservation, protect soil conservation and help
farmers to conserve environment as generally.

Negative effect not grows nearest plant in soil fertility. can be data analyzed and interpreted of
the study area in the socio-economic impacts of the Agro-forestry practice in the demographic
24
characteristic to obtained through questioner were analyzed in the livelihood of the local people
composition of the Agro-forestry system in the study area.

The farmer traditional knowledge towards agro-forestry practice in the study area .so Agro-
forestry is one of the most socio-economic impacts uses different things in the study area can
analyzed the socio-economic influence of the Agro-forestry.

5.2. CONCULISION
The objective of the study was to examine impacts of agro-forestry system in socio-economic
farmer those factors influencing the adoption of agro forestry. The result of this study have
showing that land owner in Adet District Anbesite kebele have adopted agro forestry practice
that provide both conservation and economic benefit with and without government incentives.

Own knowledge agro forestry was positively and significantly associated with agro forestry
adoption. This supports the previous research that prior knowledge of technology has been to
shown to increase interests and adoption of agro forestry. Since the knowledge has been shown
to be so important, it is necessary to provide access to information to land owners in an attempt
to increase the knowledge of agro forestry practices.

Generally, agro forestry systems existing in the study area was providing diversified benefits for
local farmers for their means of livelihood. The combination of crops with different perennial
trees with different production cycle results uninterrupted supply of products. So that, agro
forestry has both productive and service function. It is distinctive contribution to production is to
provide trees products from the farm in the form of fuel wood, fruit, construction materials,
generating the cash and to household consumption were the most important benefits that the
local farmers often from their agro forestry practice. The service or the ecological functions
includes shed, reduction of wind speed or wind break, control of soil erosion, soil fertility
management. Intercropping of trees, fruit trees and cereals are maximizing production of food
items for consumptions and provide may other benefits. Therefore agro forestry was the core
elements to satisfy the basic needs of the people. There are some constraints on the existing agro
forestry practices when the farmers has been facing the problem in the selecting important trees
species which has intimate relation with agro forestry systems and planting trees with
appropriate spaces. So that, in order to gain high productive and service function form agro
forestry it was necessary to fill the gaps in the agro forestry systems and the integration of the
existing agro forestry system with scientific agro forestry was very important.
25
5.3. RECOMMENDATON
The variables that were selected to represent transaction costs are awareness of someone using
agro forestry practices and awareness of timber market in your area. One of the limitation of the
research was that there were in sufficient variables that adequately describe the transaction costs
because when the survey question were being prepared, questions on transaction constraints
costs were not considered. More research is needed to address the issues of transaction costs. In
the future, it will be to create survey questions that captured transaction costs to see and
considering these limitations some very specific recommendation have been provided according
to the study. In the general the following measures are recommended to be taken:

 Selection of appropriate tree species for agro forestry (root pattern, canopy and others) to be
profitable in the world.
 Using of appropriate planting space and arrangement between trees with in Agro-forestry in
the Amhara region in Adet District.
 Selection of multi-purpose tree species to get better production
 The most variables are representing of sources information and personal knowledge of agro
forestry were found to be significant. Since one at the aims of agro forestry is to increase
adoption of agro forestry, it is recommended that the federal and state governments should
invest in research that provides the underlying sciences and should strength then and support
the work of those who deliver agro forestry information and those who apply agro forestry
practices on the ground. One of the ways can be educating land owners by on- site
demonstration to increase their knowledge of the agro forestry practices that could be
beneficial to them and as an initial stage in the adoption methods.
 Creation of awareness towards agro forestry practice that make practices more profitable that
can encourage land owners to adopt despite the price of corn hat.
 Encourage that the local people to apply agro forestry practice more and more relevant for
extension of agro forestry adoption.
 Local farmers should accept the scientific techniques to improve the agro forestry practice
and increase in income from the agro forestry production like corn, millet etc.

26
References
FAO (2003).State of Worlds Forest 2003.Rome.

Abebe Haile, 2004.Sustainable development in Ago-forestry in Ethiopia, efforts, trends. and future
research and development project in south west Ethiopia.

FAO (2006), Global Forest Resource Assesments.2005.Progress wards sustainable forest

management.FAO Forestry paperNO.147. Rome (press).

Berhe (1996) twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia Personal Overview. SIDA regional state.

Jose, S (2009). Agro-forestry is an answer to the problem of soil and water conservation

Dixon, (1996). The potential land area suitable for agro forestry in Africa, Asia and America.
27
Eyasu Elias, 2002.Farmers Agro-forestry system institute of sustainable development. Addis
Ababa

Bahailu K; Land cover, Land use change and Agro forestry at past settlement district of

And Nair, (1986). Analysis of Agro biodiversity of home gardens in the North Wollo, Ethiopia
(MSC theisis).

Fernald Tropics.

Jose, S (2009). Agro forestry is an answer to the problem of soil and water conservation

Kebede, (1994); economist in food security.

Fresco, (1993), Rate and patterns of deforestation in Philippines.

Kebede, assessment of Agro forestry system in Dilla (MSC thesis).

Nair (1996); Agro forestry systems in Tropics.

Refer and Habib.2006; 109 Conservation of Natural resource in agro forest in society effort
rational explanation.

Gustafson, 2005; 99The production of production material use for fuel and shelter as well as
green forest vegetation in food grown on the soil.

Melese N. (2002); Socio-economic impacts of farmers Eucalyptus planting practices.

Oduol and Aluma, (1990); Patterns of farmers tree growing in East Africa.

Young 1997; Agro forestry and Soil conservation.

Tadesse W. and Masresha F. (2002); Forest of Sheka.

Tesfaye (1986); Traditional Agro forestry of south Ethiopia.

28
29
 APPENDEX
MADDA WALABU UNVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Questionnaires to be filled by House hold
Dear respondents this questionnaire is intended to collect data for the research works of
undergraduate study in Geography and Environmental studies. Therefore you are kindly
requested to provide accurate information. The objectives of this questionnaire are to the
assessment of socio-economic impacts of agro forestry practices in Amhara, Ethiopia

Part I. Background of respondents

1. Age A/ 25-35 B/36-45 C/ 40-65

2. . Sex A/ male B/ female
3. . Education A/0-4 B/ 5-7 C/ 8-10 D/ illiterates
4. . Land holding (hectare)
A 1 B 2-3 C 3-4 D 4-above

Part II. People’s livelihood information

5. What household income generated from AF products? Products Annual production (Kg) Sold
Tshs) Amount consumed Kg) Amount stored (Kg) Cash crops Tree product Jack fruits Mango
fruits horticultural Spice Banana Maize Others; specify
6. Which among these is hindering the market of AF?
1. Poor road (2) information (3) poor processing technology
7. Do the level of production from AF and income satisfy most of your household`s basic needs?
(1) Yes (2) No ( )
8. If, No mention 4 suggestion that can be done to improve level of production........
9. What are the major importance of trees grown around farming/
A/ for income generation
B/ for home consumption
C / for conservation
D/ for soil fertility
30
 E / for bee living

10. Do the AFS contribute in improving the livelihood?

A/ yes B/ No
If Yes, what percentage ……………………………………………………………………
If NO, justify the reason ……………………………………………………………………

Part III. Information of on composition of agro- forestry

11. Do you grow trees around your home or on your farm land?

A/ Yes B/ No

12. Do you integrate home garden and inset?

A/Yes B/No
14. Do practice inset-coffee in your area?
A/Yes B/No

III. Information on socio-economic importance of agro-forestry system

13. Do you harvest that the agro forestry systems? If yes, for what purpose?
A/ for wood
B / for construction
C / for conservation
D / for consumption
14. What is your perception on the profitability of agro forestry?
15. What are the other benefits of the agro forestry? List down you’re feeling about agro
forestry.
16. What are the major constraints of agro forestry system?

31
 APPENDEX B
MADDA WALABU UNVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Interview to be filled by District Experts

1. What is the role of agro forestry in sustainable farm land management practice?
2. What is the determinant contribution of Agro forestry practices in conservation of natural
resource?
3. What is the impact of agro forestry systems on the socio-economic of farmers?

32