SALALE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH TITLE;
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ADOPTION OF
AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES BY FARMERS IN CASE OF GIRAR
JARSO WOREDA A/KARE KEBELE

RESEARCH SUBMIITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR B.A DEGREE.

Name of Student’s ID
1. Degaga Gizawu……………………….….... Ru 1146/11
2. Sosina Agazhe……………………………… Ru 0564/11
3. Shibire Birahane………………………….… Ru 2154/10
4. Dewit Gonfa ………………………………... Ru 1925/10
Advisor: Abenezer A. (MSc)
AUGUST, 2021
FITCHE, ETHIOPIA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we want to thank the almighty God who helped us through all our life time.
Special and heartfelt thanks to our advisor Mr. Abenezer A. (MSc.) for his guidance, assistance
and comment in advising us. Thanks to our friends for their support related to our work.
Moreover, we would like to extend our grate full thanks to local people for sharing with us their
fruit full ideas towards the challenge and opportunity to adopt agroforestry practice in their
localities during the interview and question North Showa kebeles, we also want to forward our,
grateful to all of you who gave us comments and suggestions along the whole process of this
proposal project. we would like to greatly thanks.

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 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS AND ACRONYM............................................................................v
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................vi
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background...........................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of Problem............................................................................................................2
1.3. Significance of the Study......................................................................................................3
1.4. Scope of the study.................................................................................................................3
1.5.1 General objective.............................................................................................................4
1.5.2 Specific objectives...........................................................................................................4
1.6. Research Questions...............................................................................................................4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................5
2.1 Concept and Definition of Agroforestry................................................................................5
2.2. Importance of Agroforestry...................................................................................................5
2.2.1. Ecological role of agroforestry...........................................................................................5
2.2.2. Socio economic role of agroforestry...............................................................................6
2.3 Challenges and Opportunity of Farmers to Implement the Modern Agroforestry Practice...7
2.3.1. Challenges.......................................................................................................................7
2.3.2. Opportunity.....................................................................................................................9
2.4 Status of Agroforestry in Ethiopia..........................................................................................9
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................................11
3.1. Description of the study area...............................................................................................11
3.1.1. Location........................................................................................................................11
3.1.2. Topography...................................................................................................................11
3.1.3. Climate..........................................................................................................................11
3.1.4. Vegetation and Wildlife................................................................................................11
3.1.5. Soil type........................................................................................................................12
3.1.6. Land use and human settlement....................................................................................12

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 3.1.7. Population.....................................................................................................................12
3.2. Sample Size Determination and Sampling Techniques......................................................12
3.2.1. Sample size Determination...........................................................................................13
3.2.2. Method of Data Collection............................................................................................13
3.3. Data Analysis......................................................................................................................13
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................................14
4.1. Demographic composition of respondents..........................................................................14
4.2. Challenges Affecting Adoption of Agroforestry Practices.................................................16
4.2.1. Lack of awareness (lack understanding).......................................................................16
4.2.2. Lack of appropriate tree seed........................................................................................16
4.2.3. Shortage of yield...........................................................................................................16
4.2.4. Uncontrolled rearing live stock.....................................................................................17
4.3. Opportunity to Adopt Agroforestry Practice.......................................................................18
4.4. Importance of Agroforestry practices..................................................................................19
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION......................................................................20
5.1. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................20
5.2. Recommendation.................................................................................................................21
6. REFERENCE............................................................................................................................22
7. Appendix...............................................................................................................................24
Questionnaire for the Social Survey...........................................................................................24

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Sex composition of respondents......................................................................................14

Table 2: Age distribution of respondents.......................................................................................14
Table 3: Educational status of respondents...................................................................................15
Table 4: Household size of respondents........................................................................................15
Table 5: Challenges to adopt agroforestry practices......................................................................17
Table 6: Opportunity agroforestry practice...................................................................................18
Table 7: Importance of agroforestry practice…………………………………...
………………...19

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 LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS AND ACRONYM

A/kare Annokare
AF Agroforestry
FAO Food Agricultural Organization
G/jarso woreda Girar Jarso
Ha Hectare
Km Kilometer
NAC National Agroforestry Center
WMO Water Management Organization

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 ABSTRACT

Agroforestry practice among small scale household farmers worldwide and in particular
developing countries have a significant importance. The aim of this study was to assess the
challenge and opportunity towards adoption of agroforestry practice in G/jarso Woreda. We
hypothesized that there is challenge and there is opportunity to adopt agroforestry (AF) practice
in the study area. The data for this study were collected by using questionnaire for sampled
household and field observation. 89 sample farmers were selected based on random sampling
techniques. Then, the collected data were analyzed by using tools like percentage, mean,
frequency and presented by tables. They include climate change, food security, erosion,
agricultural intensification. Land tenure, impact of tree on environment, lack of adequate
market, lack of available tree seed, increasing of climate change are also challenge that AF
practice is important for fuel wood, soil conservation, and fodder for animal and beekeeping as
suggested from respondents. Sampled respondents said that many challenge such a lack of
awareness, impact of tree on crop and environment and weather condition affect them to adopt
AF. But in contrary to the challenges there were opportunities such as farmers’ interest,
additional benefit of tree. to adopt AF. Thus, we recommended hat, crucial public awareness by
training farmers should be considered, and appropriate technology and government nurseries
should be focused for production of seedling with respect to farmers’ performance and
compatibility with environmental condition.
Key Words: Agroforestry, Challenges, A/kare Kebele, Opportunities

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Agroforestry is land use management system in which tree or shrubs are grown around or among
crops or pastureland. On the other hand, it is management and integration of tree, crops or
livestock on the same plot of land and can be an integral component of productive agriculture. It
may include existing native forest and forests established by landholders (Regmi, 2003). It is
flexible concept involving both small and large sized land holding, it combines shrubs and tree in
agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse productive, profitable, healthy,
ecologically sound and sustainable land use system. Agroforestry is a lot in common interest-
cropping system. Plant species (such as nitrogen fixing plants) in close interaction, both provide
multiple out puts, as consequence, higher overall yields and because a single application or input
is shared, costs are reduced. In agricultural sustainability and food security agroforestry has an
important role. Therefore, marginal farmers should be motivated and supported to adopt
agroforestry. (Daily 2008).
The combined research has highlighted that agroforestry can reap substantial benefits both
economically and, producing more output and providing to be more sustainable than forestry or
agricultural mono culture. The agroforestry research trust agroforestry systems can include the
benefit of control run off and soil erosion, thereby reducing losses of water, soil material, organic
matter and nutrients and maintenance of soil organic matter and biological activity at level
satisfactory for soil fertility (Daily, 2008).

The status of agroforestry in Ethiopia is an alternative and probably cheaper option for
agricultural intensification and sustainability in Ethiopia. The impact of agroforestry on
livelihoods improvement and environmental protection is being demonstrated in many regions in
Ethiopia. Productivity is restored on degraded lands and food security has been effectively
archived with agroforestry practices. Examples include the practice enclosures combined with in
organic fertilizers and irrigation that Double or quadruple crop production (Jama et al., 2006,
Dereje and Girmay,2011).

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The challenges of agroforestry according to Berry (2003). While, WMO (2005) into biophysical
factors such an unsuitable land use (land use for the purpose for which environmentally for
sustainable use), socioeconomic factors such as poor land management practices, land tenure,
poor institutional support, low income and poor human health, and political factors such as lack
of incentives and political instability. In parallel, Mulugeta (2004) political causes in which
subsistence agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important challenges of agroforestry practice in
Ethiopia. Additional study by Fitsum (1999) illustrated that there is lack of awareness about
agroforestry practice in Ethiopia. Clearance of natural vegetation in Ethiopia is the results of
scars land resource, low agricultural productivity, intense demands for productive natural
resources, and recurring food insecurity problems. These have in turn contribute to unsustainable
use of natural resources, accelerate soil erosion, and widening and Loss of biodiversity.
The impact of agroforestry on livelihoods improvement and environmental protection is being
demonstrated in many regions in Ethiopia. However, productivity is restoring and food security
has been effectively achieved with agroforestry practices by putting the right plant, in the right
place, for the right purpose. Agroforestry is one of the best management practices of natural
resource (Mohan, 1999) which were be foundation for improving economic growth as well as
environmental protection.
Generally, agroforestry is one of the important mixed (both crops and livestock) agricultural
practice in different ways. Agroforestry is ecological based traditional farming practice. It
integrates trees in the farming system to increases agricultural productivity, improve soil fertility,
Control soil erosion, conserves biodiversity, and diversifies income for household and
community who participate indifferent agroforestry practice in Ethiopia (Regmi, 2003).

1.2. Statement of Problem

It’s obvious that agroforestry practices have both environmental and socio-economic significance
worldwide. However, the practice is in an intensified challenge both in Ethiopia and abroad. For
instance, climate change, food security, erosion, agricultural intensification, land tenure, lack of
adequate market, lack of available tree seed, lack of awareness and farmers to practice
agroforestry are of among the challenges (Ouattara, 2010). Kebele of G/jarso Woreda is not out
of this scenario. Besides the vast natural resource endowments, there are a number of challenges

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inhibiting adoption of Agroforestry practices. Identifying these challenges is the primary
intention of this paper. On the other hand, the managers of this sector need to focus on the
available opportunities that can initiate the practice of AF. Hence, uncovering such prospects is
also the other intention of this paper. Moreover, no study has been done on the issue so far.
Therefore, this study was initiated to fill the above gaps.

1.3. Significance of the Study

The study provides base line information for the local government, researcher, students,
universities, research institutes and farmers regarding the challenges and opportunity practice in
the study area.

1.4. Scope of the study

Agroforestry practice have various contribution and aspect’s to be considered in research.

However, this study focuses on the opportunity and challenges that have a clear and direct
influence on the adoption of agroforestry practice. In addition, this study limited to the specified
area (Anoqare Kebele) due to time and budget constraints.

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1.5. Objectives of the study

1.5.1 General objective

The overall objective of this study was to assess challenges and opportunities of adoption of
agroforestry practice by farmers in Kebele of G/Jarso Woreda.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

To find out ecological and socioeconomic important of agroforestry for the rural farmers
To examine key challenges to adopt agroforestry
To examine opportunities to adopt agroforestry practices in the study area

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 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of the study area

3.1.1. Location

The study was be conducted in G/Jarso woreda, which is found about 120km from Addis Ababa
and total land cover 2088.25 ha. (G/Jarso woreda agricultural office).

3.1.2. Topography

The area exhibits a gentle slope and steep slopes the slope average ranges from 1500-1800 m
above sea level source. (G/Jarso woreda agricultural office).

3.1.3. Climate

Study area is characterized by hot woyena degas climate condition, which is the mean annual
minimum and maximum temperature is 13 -70c and 22-90C, respectively or estimated 20°c the
area has mean annual rain fall of 1500_2500mm. The altitudinal range of the study area is
between1200m above sea level. The climate condition is weyina dega. Winter low temperature
cold and summer high rainfall (G/Jarso woreda agricultural office).

3.1.4. Vegetation and Wildlife

The study area vegetation cover has their own ways by (cash crop) maize (food purpose)
gauderies avocado onion (food purpose) banana surge cane and vegetables black pear cabbage of
classifying
pieces of lands depending on the slope for perennial or annual crops in agroforestry local
knowledge. Different species of trees, shrubs and vegetation and different type of wild life spices
such as ape, Monkey and Tigger. And domestic animal such as cow, sheep got the study area the

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area coverage which having 2088.25 in hectare and other land using farmer 1423.25 hectare and
forest coverage 665 hectare (G/Jarso woreda agricultural office.)

3.1.5. Soil type

The major soil types identified in the G/jarso woreda A/kare kebele are Loom, black clay (locally
called Kooticha), Sandy, Silty loam and the mixed type of the above soils. loom and sandy are
which used for impotent fruit (perennial) production of plant, coffee and plantation crops due to

high rainfall, the soil fertility reduces and crop production. (G/Jarso woreda agricultural office).

3.1.6. Land use and human settlement

In the study area the farmers are practicing agriculture activity mixed farming system perennial
crops and animal grazing, animal breeding and annual crops such growing maize, coffee (cash
crop, mango, guider (food purpose) and human distribution. and settle sparsely settle farmer are
growing vegetable such as cabbage, onion (source in agricultural office).

3.1.7. Population

The population of the study area according to A/kare Keble experts has1393 are male and 1421
are female and in totally 2814 But the numbers of household in the study area are 879The total
populations of study area are. from those 415 are male and 464 females. (Source A/kare kebele
office).

3.2. Sample Size Determination and Sampling Techniques

The kebele was selected purposively for this study because it is located near the Fitche

town. Furthermore, for selection of household’s respondents the researchers.

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3.2.1. Sample size Determination

The number of respondent’s was determined by using the formula developed by Yamane’s 2012.
Based on this formula, a total of 89 households were selected as a sample from a total household
of 879 living in the Kebele.
n=N/1+N(e)2
n=879/1+879(0.1)2
n=89

Were

n= is sample size

N= is total number of populations

e =is level of precision

3.2.2. Method of Data Collection

We used both the primary and secondary source of data. Primary data were collected through
questionnaire and field observation. The secondary data were gathered from different written
documents and electronic sources during the survey to generate full information regarding to this
study.

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3.3. Data Analysis

The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and
Percentage. In addition, text analysis (narration) was used to analyze qualitative data. Tables
were also used to present the information regarding with the study.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Demographic composition of respondents
Of the total respondents, 52 (58%) were males whereas the 37 (42%) were females (Table 1).

Table 1: Sex composition of respondents

Sex Frequency percentages

Male 52 58%

Female 37 42%

Total 89 100%

Source (field survey April (2021)

Regarding with age Result showed that the age of majority respondents in table 2 were found
between 19 - 49 years, this age class gives detail information about challenge and opportunity as
well as related issue of agroforestry practices because the respondents in this age are strong
workers and have well understanding about the problem on their environment
Table 2: Age distribution of respondents

Age Category Frequency Percentage

<18 28 31.47%

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 19—49 38 42.69%

>50 23 25.84%

Total 89 100%

Source: Field Survey April (2021).

Result showed that in table below, the respondents were non-educate 18, educated primary
school (1-4) and (5-8) were 24.71 and 43.82 respectively, between grade (9- 12) 7.86 and >12
were 5.61.

Table 3: Educational status of respondents

Educational status Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Non educated 16 18%
1-4 22 24.71%
5-8 39 43.82%
9-12 7 7.86%
>12 5 5.61%
Total 89 100%

Source: Field survey, 2021

As the data from the below table 4, showed that most of the respondents (65.2%) were those
household sizes between 3- 5, 26.94% were >5 and 7.86% were 1-2.

Table 4: Household size of respondents

Interval Number of respondents Percentage (%)

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 1-2 7 7.86%

3-5 58 65.2%

>5 24 26.94%

Total 89 100%

Source: Field survey April (2021)

4.2. Challenges Affecting Adoption of Agroforestry Practices

4.2.1. Lack of awareness (lack understanding)

The result showed that most of the respondents (25.8%) suggested that lack of understanding or
lack of awareness of farmers affect adoption of agroforestry. Even if some people know AF
practice, they do not fully understand the management and importance of tree species around
farm land. Most of respondents reflect that almost all tree species have large negative impact on
farm land and a few contributions for farmers (Table 5).

4.2.2. Lack of appropriate tree seed

The majority of respondents (12.4%) said that lack of appropriate tree seed retarded adoption of
agroforestry. Even if good supply of tree seed from nursery site through extension workers, most
of the farmers refused to take those species due to lack of interest of available species. From
farmers point of view only few species are compatible with their farmland. Additionally, some
respondents reflect that the costs of some tree seeds are very expensive. This finding supported
by Mukadasi 2008, Even if the seeds are available in small amount farmers cannot obtain the
seed due to its cost and lack of willingness to buy (Table 5).

4.2.3. Shortage of yield

The result above showed that 13.5% of respondents suggested that shortage of yield is one of the
challenges for adoption of agroforestry. The farmers also served as limiting factor to adopt AF
practice. This is because farmers could afford more easily to keep some part of their fields under

10
fallow. Most of them are integration of trees and to practice agroforestry. In addition, some of
respondents opposed to accept AF because of their available farmland used only for agricultural
crop production because their main source of income is agriculture. This finding is similar with
the finding which is conducted by Salam et al, 2000, found out that tree planting increased with
the amount of homestead land owed and the farmers whose main source of income was non-
agricultural were more lockets to decide to plant trees in their homestead (Table 5).

4.2.4. Uncontrolled rearing live stock

The next huge percentage constituted by respondents 14.6% who suggested that uncontrolled
rearing affects adoption of agroforestry. Farmers in the study area practice rearing of animal in
which their animal freely move around anywhere and they use AF tree species for their feeding
purpose. In addition, feeding of species by animals, tree species also served as shed for those
animals and the species becomes fail physically (Table 5).

4.2.5. Impact of tree

The remaining percentage (11.2%) covered by respondents who said that negative impact of tree.
From respondents view tree planting AF practice have both negative and positive effect. Some of
the tree affects the growth of under story crop by alternative liability of resources such as sun
light, water and soil nutrient competition. Respondents said that if tree which have highly
computed nutrient availability and high capacity for habitat of bird species were planted, crop
production decreases; as a result, food insecurity happened. Due to this reason AF development
not run rapidly. Similar to this finding study shows that AF often see reduced yields because
Agroforestry tree species highly computed with agricultural crops for light, nutrients and water
(Zebene, 2003) (Table 5).

Table 5: Challenges to adopt agroforestry practices

Challenges Frequency Percentage

Uncontrolled livestock 13 14.6%
Shortage of yield 12 13.5%
Lack of tree seed 20 22.5%
Lack of awareness 23 25.8%

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 Lack of appropriate tree seed 11 12.4%
Impact of tree 10 11.2%
Total 89 100%

Source: Our field survey, 2021

4.3. Opportunity to Adopt Agroforestry Practice

The agricultural workers suggested that there is sustainable of agroforestry, and other practices.
Respondents suggested that AF species give and in subsistence goods and services. Farmers said
that AF practice is interested because of both ecological and socio-economic role of AF tree
species. As respondents view AF species can able to grow and survive on marginal land with
minimum tending.
The majority of respondents in the study area were and it makes easier to transfer agricultural
technologies including AF and also the respondent willingness to adopt AF practices in the study
area the AF tree species with minimum cost by taking in consideration of their income
As the data from the study of table 6, showed that the major opportunities of agroforestry used
by respondents were excess rain fail (21%) and whether condition (16%) used for. And the
remaining utilized for 15% appropriate ground 14% increasing soil fertility, 13% livestock
production and 10% were favorable soil.

Table 6: Opportunity agroforestry practice

Opportunities of AF Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Whether condition 16 18%
Excess rain fall 21 23.5%
Livestock production 13 14.6%

Appropriate ground water 15 17%

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 Increasing soil fertility 14 15.7%
Favorable soil 10 11.2%
Total 89 100%

Source; Our field survey 2021

4.4. Importance of Agroforestry practices

According to respondents AF improve soil fertility by means of mulching from tree litter. The
species also help to protect soil from erosion by their root and tackle land degradation problems.
Additionally, income from AF species by selling seedling of species and for subsistence
consumption such as fuel (fire wood), animal fodder, building material for house etc. are the
main purpose of AF in the study area. According to respondents in the study area they have
grown tree on farm land (especially Eucalyptus) to alleviate the fire wood problem since they are
dependent on fire wood for fuel. This is supported by finding of Grierson (1998), who conclude
that the key to solving the fuel wood problem is encouraging farm families to grow sufficient
tree to meet their own requirements and to generate surplus for sale, since all farmers in the study
area are dependent on agriculture and their source of fuel are fire wood, AF is very essential for
their better way of life. Farmers also can get additional income by beekeeping around AF
practice to improve their livelihood.

Table7; Importance of Agroforestry

Source;
Importance of AF Number of respondents Percentage (%)
Our
Income 24 27% field
survey
Job opportunities 12 13.4%
2021
For Religious 21 23.6%

Fuel and fire wood 15 16.9%

Animal fodder 17 19.1%

Total 89 100%
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 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion

The aim of assessing the opportunities and challenges to adopt agroforestry practice, in

Annokare Kebele. Reduce the challenges and increasing opportunities of agroforestry practice by

creating awareness to the population about the important of agroforestry. Most the respondent’s

livelihood were depending on agroforestry practice for livestock production, wood, charcoal, soil

conservation, improving soil fertility and crop production. In which 58% of respondents were

male and 42% of respondent were female. Majority of respondent attend primary education. The

majority of respondent house hold size was between3-5. Respondent suggested that many

constraints such as uncontrolled livestock, shortage of yield, lack of tree seed, lack of awareness,

lack of appropriate tree seed and impact of tree to manage component of AF, on crop and

environment are hinder them to adopt the practice. The finding indicated that there were

opportunities to adopt AF practice by farmers in the study area such as, weather condition,

favorable soil appropriated grown water, excess rainfall. supply of AF tree seed to local farmers

through agricultural extension program, interest of farmers due to multi-purpose of tree species,

education level of majority respondent and their willingness to adopt AF practice, growing of AF

species on marginal land with minimum tending. The benefits obtained from practicing AF by

farmers both ecologically (improve soil fertility, reduce soil erosion and improve crop

production) and socio-economically (additional income from beekeeping, fire wood, and animal

fodder).

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5.2. Recommendation

Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations are proposed:

 Increasing the awareness level and knowledge of the local community about AF practice is
crucial to introduce and effectively implement AF practice

 Women should be involved in AF practice implementers as they remain in the villages all
year round.

 There should be intensification of farmers exchange visits

 There should encourage resource poor farmers to diversify their farming practice to enhance
their social and economic well being

 Government nurseries should be area of focus for production of seedling with respect to
farmers’ preference and compatibility with environmental conditions.

 We finally recommended that the future research is crucial to consider the affordable and
appropriate AF technology, which also rewarding the short run to resource poor farmers
faced with seasonal flood and drought challenges.

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 6. REFERENCE

Ajayai, O. C, 2008. Payment for environmental service: mechanism for promoting sustainable
agroforestry land use practice among small holder farmers in southern Africa.

Akyyeampony, A, 1995. The organic and economic performance of banana, been, and tree
intercropping in the high lands of sustainable Agriculture 2nd edition west view press.

Bharddulaj, D, 2006. Practical manual on plantation forest department silviculture and

Agroforestry.

Dad Hecht, 2004.Manual of Agroforestry and social forestry Y.D Ys permanent university of
holizixultural forestry Nau

Derge and Germany, 2011 Jmas et al, 2006, fertilizers and irrigation on agroforestry practice s.

Francis, p. 1987. Land tenure systems and agricultural innovation. The case of alley farming in
Nigeria. Land use policy. Butterworth and Co.pp.305-319.

King.N, 1987.The protection of land from erosion and conservation, Moscow Agroomitar in
Russia.

Leakey’s, 1993.Definition of agroforestry revision, agroforestry to dal (Pp5-7).

Nair PKR, 1993. An introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic publishers, Netherlands.

Oladele OI, Fawole P, 2007. Farmers’ perception of the Relevance of Agricultural technologies
in south-western Nigeria in: Journal of Human resources and Ecology (Pp 65).

Ouattara.k, 2010.Agroforestry, basic situation, challenges and opportunities.

Parwado, Gadzirayi, 2010. Adoption of agroforestry technologies among small holder farmers.

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Rarmachandran Nairp, 1993. An introduction to Agroforestry production published flower
Academic publisher, Netherland.

Regmi BN, 2003. Contribution of agroforestry for rural livelihoods, Paper presented at the
international conference on rural livelihood, forests and biodiversity, Bonn, Germany (Pp 19-23).

Salam, M.A., Noguchi, T. Koike, M. (2000). Understanding why farmers plant trees in their
homestead, Agroforestry in Bangladesh Journal of Agroforestry systems. 50(1).77-93.

Tesfaye Abebe, 2005. Diversity in home garden agroforestry system of southern Ethiop

Tripp.R.1999.Adoption of agricultural technology. A guide for survey design. Mexico

CIMMTY.

Young’s, 1997.Agroforestry for soil management. (AB international, Wallingford UK and

ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya).

Deben, A, 2003. The species diversity, top soil condition and arbuscurarmy chorizo Association
in the Sideman traditional agroforestry land use, southern, Ethiopia Doctoral the dissertation
Swedish University of Agricultural science.

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 7. Appendix

Questionnaire for the Social Survey

This questionnaire is an instrument to conduct an academic research for the fulfillment of

Bachelor of Science (B.sc) degree in Natural Resource Management in Salale University
College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Natural Resource Management.
The main objective of the research is to identify the opportunity and challenge on adoption of
agroforestry practice. Therefore, the information you would provide is very important for the
research. Furthermore, the information you give were be used for only the academic research.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation!
A. Personal Information
Name of Village: _________________________________________
Sex: (a) Male (b) Female
Age (a) Below 18; (b) 19-49; (c) above 50
Level of education: (a) Non educated (b) 1-8 (c) 9-12 (d) ≥Diploma
Your means of livelihood: (a) Crop cultivation (c) Mixed farming
(b) Livestock rearing (d) Other__________
6. Household size: (a) 1-2 (b) 3-5 (c) >5
B. History of Settlement and Land Ownership
7. How do you acquire land for farming? (a) Rent; (c) Purchase;
(b) Inheritance; (d) Others_____
8. Does the land tenure ship allow for planting or keeping trees on farms? (a) Yes (b) No
8.1. If No, Give reasons_______________
9. What types of crops do you grow? (a) Cereals (c) Cash crops (e) vegetables
(b) Tubers & Roots (d) pulse (f) others____
10. Do you rear animals? (a) Yes (b) No
10.1. If yes, list them (in kind)
11. What is the source of feed for your domestic animals? (a) Fodder; (c) Industrial (b)
Kitchen waste; (d) Others______

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12. What is your farm size? (In ha)_____________
13. What look like the slope nature of your farm land?
14. How long have you been farming? (a) 0-5 years; (b) 6-10 years (c) 11-15 years; (d) >15years
15. Do you plant trees on your farm land? (a) Yes (b) No
15.1. If no why____________________________________________
15.2. If yes list them ______________________________________
16. What do you do to improve the productivity of your farm land?
17. Do you have land, which are not used for farming? (a) Yes (b) No
17.1. If yes why_________________________________________
17.2. If no why______________________________________

Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes of Respondents about Agroforestry around Anno

kare kebele
18. Do you know anything about agroforestry (AF)? (a) Yes (b) No
18.1. If yes, where did you hear of this practice for the first time? __________________
19. Do you think that agroforestry is important? (a) Yes (b) No
19.1. If yes list th20. What are your other sources of income aside farming?
(A) Trading; (b) selling fire wood/animal dung; (c) weaving; (d) others ______
21. Do you sell your wood product? (a) Yes (b) No
22.1. If yes, how do you sell? (a) At the farm; (b) At the local market; (c) others _____
22. What is your main source of fuel for cooking?
(a) Firewood;
(b) charcoal; (c) gas; (d) others ____
23.what is challenges of agroforest a. Land degradation b. soil erosion
c lack of tree seed
24, what are the opportunity or important of agroforestry a. Control soil erosion .
increasing soil fertility c. all

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