Hawassa University

Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural

Resource
Department of Land Administration and surveying
Internship report on Rural Land Registration and Certificate
Process
Dejen Woreda Rural Land Administration office

Advisor: Eshetu G. (MSc)

Prepared by: ID NO.

Melkamu Amuwashe 1401/12

Date of submission:12/11/2021

Wendo, Ethiopia
November, 2021
 Acknowledgment
I would like to express thanks to my supervisor Mr Getnet Ayele and all host
organization members for those gives advices, supports, answer for all my
questions and continues follows up to my internship study effective and
successful. In addition, we would like to give thanks for all lectures especially to
my advisor Mr Eshetu G. (MSc).

Abstract

i
Historically, the Ethiopian farmers had no security on their land and property as it is
taken as one reason for the backwardness and poverty. Registration of holdings and
granting land use-right certificates to holders have recently become a government policy
in Ethiopia. Land registration is a process of recording rights on land which provides safe
and certain foundation of acquisition and disposal of rights in land.
The key focus of this internship is on the types of land registration and certification, the
seven steps of land registration and certification and effects of rural land registration and
certification in Amhara regions, dejen woreda. The internship also includes the
background and description of the internship site, opportunities and challenges what I
have observed at the organization from different viewpoint and the recommendation
taken to overcome the existing problem. The internship is largely based on a review of
land registration literatures and discussions with woredas experts in the field and office.
The objectives of formal land registration and certification is to improving tenure
security, reduces land related disputes, provides the government with the system to
collect tax from the land, helps to facilitate the credit services to the farmers to be highly
productive and be engaged in additional developmental activities. Land registration and
certification has been perceived as a precondition for secure property rights and
agricultural development. 

Table of Contents
Acknowledgment........................................................................................................................................i

ii
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................ii
List of figures...........................................................................................................................................iv
List of maps..............................................................................................................................................iv
List of tables.............................................................................................................................................iv
List of abbreviations.................................................................................................................................V
Chapter one: Introduction to the internship work.....................................................................................1
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the land registration and certificate.......................................................................1
1.2 Background of the organization......................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Goal..........................................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Mission.....................................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Vision.......................................................................................................................................2
1.2.3 SWOT analysis........................................................................................................................2
1.2.4 Value of the organization.........................................................................................................2
1.2.5 Structure of institution/organization........................................................................................4
1.2.6 HR............................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Objectives of land registration and certificate process.................................................................5
1.4 Scope of the internship....................................................................................................................6
Chapter two: Description of Internship Site..............................................................................................6
2.1 Geographical Location....................................................................................................................6
2.2 Climate............................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Population........................................................................................................................................7
2.4 Land Use / Land Cover...................................................................................................................7
2.5 Vegetation.......................................................................................................................................8
Chapter three: Materials and Methodology used/Approached You Followed.........................................8
3.1 Materials used..................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Methodology...................................................................................................................................9
3.3 Source of data..................................................................................................................................9
Chapter four: Focus area/activities that has been practiced/reviewed during internship period........10
4.1 Introduction to Land registration..................................................................................................10
4.2 Types of Land Registration...........................................................................................................10
4.3 Land certification..........................................................................................................................10
4.4 The Book of Holding....................................................................................................................11
4.5 steps in land registration and certification....................................................................................12

iii
Chapter five: Challenges observed at the organization...........................................................................14
Chapter six: Experiences gained and lessons learned.............................................................................14
Chapter seven: Conclusion and Recommendation..................................................................................15
7.1 Conclusions...................................................................................................................................15
7.2 Recommendation...........................................................................................................................15
REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................15
Glossary...................................................................................................................................................16

List of figures
Figure 1 structure of institution--------------------------------------------------------------------4

List of maps
Map1 Location map of Dejen woreda…………………………………………………….6

List of tables
TABLE 1-1 EDUCATIONAL STATUES OF THE ORGANIZATION............................5
TABLE 1-2 POPULATION OF DEJEN WOREDA..........................................................7
TABLE 1-3 LAND USE / LAND COVER.........................................................................8
Table 1-4 material and software used..................................................................................8

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 Lists of abbreviations

Abbreviations Definition
BoEPLAU Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and use
BS Bachler of Science
DGPS Differential Global positioning system
DIP Diploma
EPLAUO Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use Office
GIS Geographic Information system
GPS Global positioning system
HR Human Resource
ISLA Information System for Land Administration
L-4 Level-4
LAC Land Administration Committee
MS Master of Science
NRLAIS National Rural Land Administration Information System
QGIS Quantum Geographic Information system
SARDP Sida-Amhara Rural Development Program
SLLC Second-Level Land Certification
SWOT Strength weakness opportunity threat
Woreda Office of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and
WOoEPLAU use

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Chapter one: Introduction to the internship
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the land registration and certificate

Land registration and certification is used by many countries as a tool to enhance

tenure security, facilitate land market transactions, and enable better land
administration, taxation and land-use planning. It is a process of official recording
of rights in land through deeds or as title on properties. It gives an answer to the
question “who” and “how”. In Ethiopia, there has never been a system of
systematic rural land registration. Registration of landholdings and granting land
use certificates to holders has recently become government policy in Ethiopia.
During the Imperial regime before 1974, landowners registered the size of all
their plots of land, using local units of measurement, to enable tax collection.
Land transactions and agreements over land use were generally not registered
using written documents, but were confirmed in the presence of witnesses. When
land disputes arose, the only evidence presented by claimants was tax receipts.
After the land reform of 1974, the newly established lower administrative
structures (peasant associations) were given the power of land registration within
the boundary of the area for which they were responsible. The land registry listed
the names of all peasant association members entitled to user rights over land, an
estimation of the area and quality (in local units of measurement), the number of
parcels and approximate location of landholdings. Only where land disputes
arose, characteristics like boundaries and locations are mentioned in documents
(e.gs. at local courts). The information collected in the registry was used for
taxation and during land redistribution activities. The user of the land has no
document themselves, except for the tax receipts. Since 1991, lands continue to
remain state property and the local administrations in rural kebeles continue to
manage land issues. The registry still lists the community members who hold land
and some basic elements on approximate size and location which is used to

1
 collect land tax. In the process of land registration, communal lands, forest and
grazing areas will also be delineated, registered and certified.
1.2 Background of the organization
1.2.1 Goal
 To improve the living condition of the community by building a modern
land management system in the woreda, solving land related issues and
ensuring equitable land use.
 Inheriting undamaged land for future generation to ensure the benefit
people.
 Establish equitable land compensation for landowners leaving for
development for the benefit of the public.
 Collect, organize and maintain cadastral specific data and related
information for land administration and other activity to build land
information system and make it accessible for the desired purpose.
1.2.2 Mission
 Establish a sustainable and legitimate land management and use system
for the benefit of the present generation without compromising the right of
the woreda to determine and use the natural resource.
1.2.2 Vision
 To see the people of the woreda benefit from the result by building a fair
land administration and use system.

1.2.3 SWOT analysis

Strength of the organization
 Ability to use the limited budget allotted
 The employee social interaction is strong
 Ability to seed an updated monthly report of the works performed and a quarterly
report to the concerned bodies
 All experts are accountable and transparent for the community
 Accomplish different activities actively and quickly
 It creates good coordination between the experts because it is narrow
 They are polite and honest to give service to the community
 Most staff workers are punctuality and respecting and accepting diver
 Create awareness about land administration
Weakness of the organization
 Due to lack of budget and vehicles of the office, the work has been done down to
the kebele expert inability to support and evaluate.

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 Due to the lack of a client lounge, the clients have to go outside.
 The redundancy between active and dead files in different places
 Scarcity of materials in each department
 Traditional way of documentation
 Uncoordinated duty among different sectors and lack of coordination
 Lack of well-versed employee that has to do with the job
 Lack of training for employees and compelled to do their work traditionally
 Communication constraint
 Disposable income of the expert is low and fixed
 The organization could not grant development of professionals to the next
education level
 Shortage of land administration and surveying professionals in the host
organization.
Opportunity of the organization
From community perspective:
 Makes safe and modernize dejen woreda
 Easy to development of land markets
 Increase awareness for tax payers to pay their tax on time
 It helps to keep their land because they have clearly defined boundary
 Local elder does not confuse so as to resolve boundary disputes because the
boundary of each parcel is clearly visible
From government perspective:
 Makes easier for way of tax collection
 To reduce rate of unemployment
 In order to resolve land disputes easily
From NGO’S perspective:
 For the non-governmental organizations gives an opportunity to give their
services to the community by providing improved transportation system
From expert perspective:
 Experts have enough time for their capacity building
 Creates job opportunity

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 Simple job structures
Threat of the organization
 Corruption
 Illegal land grabbing can occur
 The sense of expectation may not disappear for a short time
 Boundary pushing can occur
 Farmer whose land have been affected by development may not be rehabilitated
 Uneven distribution of trained land management employee
 Lack of willingness among the society to combat illegal farming
 Due to absence of modernized surveying instruments it fails to inaccurate
boundary preparation and it leads to land related conflicts
1.2.4 Value of the organization
o Professional Competence
 Objectivity or impartiality
 Benevolence
 Team Work
1.2.5 Structure of institution/organization

Dejen Woreda
Rural Land
Administration

Land Value
Land
Assessment and
Administration Land Land
Sustainability
team Infrastructure Investment
Rehabilitation
Land use team planning team team
team

Figure 1 Structure of institution

4
1.2.6 HR
The Educational statues of the organization staff is shown by the following table:

NO Team Male Female Total Educational

statues
1 Office head 1 2 3 1MSc
1L-4 1Dip.
2 Land administration 5 3 8 2L-4
team 1Dip.
5BSc
3 Land use team 5 4 9 8BSc
1Dip.
4 Land assessment and 4 0 4 4BSc
sustainability
rehabilitation team
5 Land infrastructure 4 1 5 3L-4
planning team 2Dip.
6 Land investment
team

Table 1-1 Educational statues of the organization

1.3 Objectives of land registration and certificate process

- To improving tenure security
- To encouraging land and natural resources conservation and rehabilitation.
- To regulate land use and its protection
- To use the certified land as collateral for bank loans.
- To reducing conflicts over land boundaries and user rights among farmers.

1.4 Scope of the internship

The scope of the internship only limited to dejen woreda of east gojjam zone
concerning the land registration and certificate process.

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Chapter two: Description of Internship Site
2.1 Geographical Location
Dejen woreda is located in Amhara Region North-west Addis Abeba, East
Gojjam Zone, Dejen town at a distance of 229 km from Addis Ababa and
and 335 km distance from the regional capital city bahir dar and 70 km
from debre markos. Its astronomical location is 100 09´ 57" North latitude
and 380 09´ 03" East longitude.

Map 1: map of dejen

2.2 Climate
The climatic zone of the study area ranges from weina dega to kola which
characterizes most of the Ethiopian low lands. This climates zone divided in to
three. These are weina dega 75%, dega 2%, and kola 23% from the total climate.

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The rainfall distribution is bimodal having two rainy seasons per year which
means maximum rainfall from first June to the end of August and minimum
rainfall from the beginning of March to the end of May. The annual rainfall
amount ranges from 800-1200 mm and the temperature ranges between 15 0c_30
0
C.
2.3 Population
The 2010 national census reported a total population for this town of 129,719, of
whom 62,430 were men and 67,289 were women. The majority of the inhabitants
said they were Orthodox Christianity with 80.50% of the population reporting
they observed this belief, while 16.25% of the population practiced Ethiopian
Muslim, 3.25% were Protestant.
Town Population Total
Dejen Men Women 129,719
62,430 67,289

Table 1-2 Population of Dejen woreda

2.4 Land Use / Land Cover

Dejen Town is characterized by mountainous area and downstream of land.
Particularly Dejen is covered by different types of land use. Cultivated land is one
of the lands uses type in which most farmers rely on this land use type. Forest
cover, bush land, shrub land and grassland are the most land use type of Dejen.
Land Use / Land Cover summarized by the following table:
NO Land Use Area in Hector
1 Agriculture 37023
2 Grazing 1980
3 Forest 4921
4 Bush 2422
5 Residence 12046
6 Useless land 5006
Table 1-3 Land Use / Land Cover
2.5 Vegetation
The main crops grown either for consumption or sale are Pea, wheat, barley,
chickpea, teff, sorghum, maize, coffee and chat. Crops are grown in both seasons
(summer and spring), but summer is the most important season for crop
production. In their Orders of importance, the main crops grown for consumption

7
are teff and maize. The basic cash crops grown are coffee and chat. In addition to
the district is covered by different indigenous and natural forest. Wanza is one of
the natural forest species which have essential for timber production.

Chapter three: Materials and Methodology

used/Approached I Followed
3.1 Materials used
Material and Software’s to be used during my internship work
NO Material and Purpose/function
software’s used
1 Computer To store, process and analysis of data
2 GPS To take location coordinate point
3 Printer To printing of file on hard copy
4 QGIS 2.8 For digitizing orthophoto image
5 ISLA Used to registration land computerized
form
6 NRLAIS Used to make a map
7 Book of holding Used to register land manual form
Table 1-4 Material and Software used

3.2 Methodology
Procedures to conduct the internship activities and to collect relevant
information are:
 First, I tried to make a good communication with different officials.
 I attended in the office to understand different practices that could be done
in the office
 I determine the responsibilities of all officials in the staff
 I collected different documents that could help us to collect good data for
the report
 Reading land proclamations, manuals, laws, rule and regulation

8
  Exchange ideas and experience from other groups to develop our activity
 Finally, we made a conversation or interview with official and we
organized all the information’s we gathered.
3.3 Source of data
Generally, we have used primary and secondary data source to prepare these
internship report.
Primary data source
Communications with members of organization during field survey, Field
Observation, Observational work flow in office.
Secondary data source
The Secondary data sources are included documents from the organization,
internet, regional manuals, proclamations, land law, also we have used Aerial
photography, Existing base maps.

Chapter four: Focus area/activities that has been

practiced/reviewed during internship period
4.1 Introduction to Land registration
Land registration is usually a key part of a cadastral system, and it is the official
recording of legally recognized interests in land. The function of registration is to
provide safe and certain foundation for acquisition, enjoyment and disposal of
rights in land. The registration provides documentary evidence for solving
property disputes and information land valuation, taxation. Land registration is a
process of official recording of rights in land through deeds or as title on
properties. Land registration gives an answer to the question “who” and “how”
4.2 Types of Land Registration
There are many types of land registration systems classified based on legal,
organizational, procedural and information management distinction. From a legal
perspective, the major types are divided between; Title registration and Deed
registration

9
 1. Title Registration
It is a type of LR in which the legal consequence of the transaction is
registered. In this registration system, the right itself together with the name of
rightful claimant and the object of that right with its restrictions and charges
are registered.
2. Deed registration
Deed means legal document that contain the legal relationship between the
owner and its property (parcel of land), and it is legal document that register
which keeps the copy of transfer document at the register, while one copy is
relation by the owner.

4.3 Land certification

The issuance of an official written document certifying that the person(s) named
are the legal users and holders of the land described therein.
The land title certificate is issued in the name of the husband and wife, and
contains a list of all plots measured and names of family members. There are two
types of certificates. Those are primary/provisional and secondary/permanent
certificate. In the printed version of the formal certificate these two are located on
different pages. There is no legal difference between the primary and secondary
certificates. In the primary certification phase, individual landholdings are
recorded using traditional measurement and boundary demarcation methods. The
permanent certificate will be offered when a map of individual holdings is
prepared, using the land information and data, and given to the holders. Such a
full shift to the modern GPS-GIS techniques base outcome is envisaged in future.
The permanent certificate contains many pages which can be used at different
levels of the land registration. Both the primary and secondary certificates are
thus entered in the same Book of Holding, in consecutive, pre-printed pages.
Except for the difference in spatial description, the contents and legal value of the
primary and secondary certificates are the same.

The most important principles of land registration and certification:

• Registration is systematic and methodological, covering the whole area, kebele
by kebele.
• The registration is based on applications from the farmers.
• Members of the local Land Administration Committee, LAC, are elected by the
farmers in a process based on the land law.

10
 • BoEPLAU staff in the woredas compile the registration and issue Books of
Holdings.
• Certificates in the Book of Holding are authorized jointly by the district
BoEPLAU head and the local LAC chair-person.
• The temporary certificates are rapidly issued, thus providing a large number of
land users with tenure rights.

4.4 The Book of Holding

The land administration policy of Ethiopia states that land holders who have been
granted the right to use land should be provided with a Book of Holding, which
has legal recognition and acceptance. The Book of Holding (also known as the
Green Book, due to its green cover) contains the official certificate showing that
those named within are the rightful users of the land described in the book.
The Book of Holding can be issued to individuals, to married couples or to other
groups of people who have agreed jointly to use one or several parcels of land. On
the inside cover of the Book, there are photographs of those named as the
registered users. It also includes stamp and signature from the Woreda Office of
Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (WOoEPLAU) in
Amhara, and of the chairperson of the kebele (village) land administration
committee (LAC). Inside the Book, area, the name of the place where they are
located and the names of the landholders to the north, east, south and west are
recorded. The fertility and present use of the land are also described. The book
further lists the responsibilities of the land user, for example to use the land in a
sustainable manner. Later changes of land users or changes in the composition of
the land holding can also be entered in the book

4.5 steps in land registration and certification

The 7 steps in land registration and certification

In order to provide land use rights to as many land users as possible within a short
time, the authorities in the Amhara Region have designed the certification process
in such a way that each step in the process can be documented as soon as it is
finished. The steps are:
1. Preparation and awareness raising
The kebele land evaluation and registration process starts with information
to the woreda and kebele administration and awareness campaigns among
the farmers. Land Administration Committees (LAC) are then established
and members are elected and trained.
2. Application and identification
All farmers are encouraged to apply to the LAC for registration of their
land by filling in their names, number of parcels and total area claimed
(given in traditional measurements, timad). The application also contains a
description of present land use and gives the names of the neighbours east,
west, north and south. The LAC verifies the information in the field and
enters the checked information in a field sheet.

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 3. Temporary certificate
Based on the field sheet, the woreda EPLAUO (Environmental Protection,
Land Administration and Use Office) issues temporary a certificate to the
farmer. This gives farmers proof of their tenure rights at an early stage.
4. Public hearing
After the temporary certificate has been issued to the land users in a
kebele, the results are publicly displayed for one month. The LAC also
invites all concerned farmers to a public hearing during which all the
applications are read out aloud for discussions and, hopefully, agreement.
Any justified corrections are added to the field sheets and approved by the
LAC chairperson and the woreda EPLAUO head.
5. Registration
Information from the field sheets is registered in the Land Registry Book,
which is kept at the woreda office. Cases of conflicts will be documented,
but the registration process will proceed while the conflicts are resolved.
6. Book of Holding and Primary Certificate
Based on the information entered into the Land Registry Book, the woreda
administration office issues a Book of Holding for each registered
household. This booklet contains the name and picture of the owners, list
of family members and address, as well as basic rights and obligations
according to the law. It also contains the official certificate of a
household’s right to use their land, the Primary Certificate.
7. Secondary Certificate and Mapping
A detailed description of the parcels is still needed for the secondary
certificate, so a survey is carried out, which gives the geographical
coordinates of the parcel. Boundary corners are marked by permanent
corner stones. This survey is carried out using modern surveying
techniques and equipment. Based on this information, maps of the area are
created and distributed to the landholders.

In addition to the manual system described above, ISLA (Information System for
Land Administration), a computerized land administration system designed to
operate in the woreda offices, started to be developed by BoEPLAU in 2003.
ISLA supports the registration of property and possessions, transfers of
possession, transfers and divisions of parcels, leases and easements, and facilitates
statistical reporting.
The National Rural Land Administration Information System (NRLAIS) is also a
comprehensive rural cadaster software system, which is based on open-source
licensed. It is the main information and management system in Ethiopia’s rural
land administration sector and it is used at different administrative levels (federal,
regional, zonal, and woreda). The software handles systematic land registration
[mass registration, such as second-level land certification (SLLC)] and subsequent
transactions (such as inheritance, divorce, gifting, expropriation, parcel rent/lease)
and stores the official land holding data. Compared to traditional paper-based
systems, NRLAIS improves transparency and efficiency significantly as well as
the quality of transaction processes as it guides authorities through the steps. It

12
also enables regional and national monitoring and analyses as well as other sectors
to use the land data. Thus, some of the NRLAIS modules and features have been
developed by Ethiopian software experts.
The system was designed in a way that it can work without regular internet access
and new zones, woreda, and kebele can be brought on line gradually. NRLAIS has
functions to migrate data from the existing systems (like; ISLA, and others).

Some effects of land registration and certification

Studies have shown that in areas where landholdings have been registered
and certified:
• There are increased investments in farming equipment.
• People are aware of the value of certified rights to a piece of land.
• Tree planting has increased.
• The number of land disputes has declined.
• Self-esteem of the farmers has been strengthened.
• Because both the husband and the wife are named as land users,
women’s rights are strengthened.
• More land is rented to other users.
• Agriculture production has increased

Chapter five: Challenges observed at the organization

o Lack of budget
o Lack of office
o Increased filed coverage
o Existence of data handling gaps
o Lacks of modernized instruments/materials in the host organization area to
demarcation, delineation, measures, registers the lands.
o Lack of land administration and surveying professional experts in the host
organizations.
o There is no respecting of work
o The worker does not know the full information of institution
o Workers are not voluntary for field observation
o Some clients are arrogated
o Lack of internet access
o Lack of GIS experts
o Unavailability of data and error of data

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Chapter six: Experiences gained and lessons learned
 Advance our practical skill
 Enhance theoretical knowledge
 Provide opportunities to develop interpersonal communication skill
 Scale up leadership skill
 Understanding the work ethics skill
 Enabled us to build up team spirit
 Respecting and accepting diversity
 From some worker we gained experience loyalty and punctuality on the work
 I get the knowledge of report writing
 I get good practice how we can ask official employer to get the necessary
support during my work time
 I have developed the habit of tolerance and sociability with our colleague.

Chapter seven: Conclusion and Recommendation

7.1 Conclusions
Generally, I conclude about internship activities land registration and
certifications process from one-month internship day activities I have tried to
performed different practical activities and gain more work experiences, skills and
knowledge’s from in our host organization. Specially, I have developed our
theoretical lecture courses within integrated practical activities in the study area
like Land Administration, Land Law, GIS course. In addition, it creates good
opportunities to relationship within the host organization officials to create job
opportunities inside and outside the organization, to develop our work habits’. In
general land administration and surveying is a key role for deciding, managing
and administrations lands in Ethiopia and also it is very important for city
development in infrastructure, in economic and in socially good relationships.

14
7.2 Recommendation
I have recommended to the institution area they should be employed skilled man
powers like land administrations and surveying professionals to modernize their
land administrations, registrations and gives services to the community easily and
accurately within accountability and transparently. I have also recommended that,
the organizations they should be solve the shortage of materials like transportation
and land registration materials like total station, DGPS, stereoscope, computers
and materials for giving better service to the community and also, they do land
registration and certifications easily, accurately. Support all executives to use their
budgets and vehicles efficiently and leverage additional support and capacity
options. Involve people in solving their attitudes, skills and practices and
supporting a strong evaluation and feedback system.

REFERENCE
o Written documents stored in the office and worker of organization.
o The booklet that was produced in 2010 by the Sida-Amhara Rural
Development Program (SARDP) and the Bureau of Environment
Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU).
o Daniel Mebrie, 2020, report of GIS in utility management.

15
Glossary
Book of Holding: Also known as Book of Possession or “Green Book”, it
contains the official certificate of a household’s right to use land. The Book also
contains personal data, such as
name, sex, age, photograph, and address of the land user(s) as well as a list of
family members. It bears the signature of the land administrator in the woreda and
the chairman of Land Administration Committee in the kebele.

16
Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use
(BoEPLAU, previously Authority): Established by law in 2000, responsible for
land administration in Amhara Region. The Bureau’s main focus is planning and
implementation of the land certification and registration program
Primary certificate: A land use certificate for the Amhara Region, included in
the Book of Holding and issued after the registration
Secondary certificate: Additional parcel information from modern surveying that
is entered into the book of holding
ISLA: Information System for Land Administration, the computerized land
administration system developed by the BoEPLAU in Amhara Region, designed
to operate in woreda offices. ISLA supports the basic processes of property and
possession registration, transfer of possession, transfer and division of parcels,
registration of leases, registration of easements and statistical reporting.
Land Administration Committee (LAC): LAC is a body responsible for all the
practical matters of land administration and use at kebele level and for individual
farmers. The committee is elected by the kebele residents through a non-political,
democratic process on both kebele and sub-kebele level. At least two members in
the committees should be women. The members work on a volunteer basis
SARDP: The Sida-Amhara Rural Development Programme, initiated in 1995. It
is essentially a budget support to the Amhara Region. It supports local
government activities, in particular decentralization of planning, decision-making
and resource allocation rights from the regional to woreda and kebele levels.

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18