FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON CROP

PRODUCTIVITY BY SMALL HOLDER FARMERS: (IN CASE OF

DESSIE ZURIA WOREDA, BORU KEBELE)

WOLLO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF
ARTS (BA) DEGREE IN ECONOMICS

PREPARED BY

NAME ID

1. HABTEMARIAM ERTBAN………………………..….WOUR/3028/12
2. BELAY AREF………..…………………………………WOUR/2524/12
3. BELETE TENAGNE…………………………………...WOUR/2532/12
4. AMARE KITAW……………………………………… WOUR/2391/12
5. BONSA ADELO……………………………………….. WOUR/2632/12

SUBMITTED: MR. ABRHAM M.

DESSIE, ETHIOPIA

JANUARY 2015 E.C

 Abstract
This study will be conduct in Dessie Zuria Woreda, Boru kebele with the objective of
adopting fertilizer to improve crop productivity by smallholder farmers. The study examines the
level of the adoption of different types of the contribution of organic and inorganic fertilizer on
farmer’s land, the decision of farmers regarding the use of chemical fertilizer and the awareness
of farmers regarding the use of fertilizer and agricultural technologies. The study will conduct
based on both primary and secondary data. A primary data will collect from household’s
questionnaire and the sample size of the study was 99 household from total 12308 household and
the technique was simple random sampling method. Data will be analyzed using descriptive
method and the result will presented using tables, percentages and frequency. And Secondary
data will be collect from agricultural and rural development office of Dessie zuria woreda.
Finally, based on the findings of the major contributions of adopting fertilizer to improve crop
productivity study area will identified, conclusion will be determine by researchers, and at the
end the recommendation were forwarded to the concerned body.

I
 Acknowledgement

First, we would like to say thanks to the almighty god and his mother St. Mary that has
been helping us by giving health and life. Secondly, we would thanks from our heart to my
advisor Temeslew Woldetsadik (MS) for all his remarkable evaluation and constructive advice
through the preparation of this paper. Thirdly, we would like to express my appreciation and
thanks to economics department due to, they helped me by necessary information. Fourthly, we
would thanks Dale Agricultural and Rural Development office for their support by giving us
relevant information for our research paper. Lastly, we say thanks to our families due to they
stand with our through moral and budget support.

II
 Acronyms

AFC African fertilizer conference

ATA Agricultural Transformation Agency

DAO Dlej Agricultural Office

CSA Central Statically Agency

DA’s Development Agriculture’s

DAP Di-ammonium phosphate

EEA Ethiopian Economic Association

FAO Food and agricultural Organization

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GTP II Second Gross and Transformation Plan

HYV High Yield Variety

III
 List of Table:

Table-1: Research work plan…………………………………………............................11

Table-2: Research Financial budgets......………………………………………………..12

IV
 Table of contents

Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... II
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................... III
List of Table: ................................................................................................................................................. IV
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. - 1 -
1.1. Back Ground of the Study .............................................................................................................. - 1 -
1.2. Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................. - 2 -
1.3. Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... - 2 -
1.4. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................................. - 3 -
1.4.1 General Objective. ................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.4.2. Specific objectives................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.5. Significance of the Study................................................................................................................ - 3 -
1.6. Scope of the Study ......................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.7. Limitation of the study................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.8. Organization of the study .............................................................................................................. - 4 -
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... - 4 -
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review ....................................................................................................... - 4 -
2.1.1. Definition of Agriculture ......................................................................................................... - 4 -
2.1.2. Agricultural Productivity ......................................................................................................... - 5 -
2.1.3. Role of Agriculture in Economic Development ...................................................................... - 5 -
2.1.4. Definition of Fertilizer ............................................................................................................. - 5 -
2.1.5. Economic Importance and Demand for Fertilizer .................................................................. - 6 -
2.1.6. History of Fertilizer ................................................................................................................. - 6 -
2.1.7. Contribution of Fertilizer Cereal Production .......................................................................... - 7 -
2.1.8. Farmer Adoption Decision ...................................................................................................... - 7 -
2.2. Empirical Literature Review ....................................................................................................... - 8 -
2.2.1. Yield and Fertilizers use .......................................................................................................... - 8 -
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................................ - 9 -

V
 3. Research methodology ..................................................................................................................... - 9 -
3.1. Description of the Study area ........................................................................................................ - 9 -
3.2. Data Types and Sources. ....................................................................................................... - 9 -
3.3. Method of Data Collection ........................................................................................................ - 9 -
3.4. Sampling Method and Sample Size ............................................................................................. - 10 -
3.5. Data Analysis methods ................................................................................................................ - 10 -
3.6. Work plan and budget /logistics .................................................................................................. - 11 -
3.6.2. Financial budgets .................................................................................................................. - 12 -
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ - 13 -

VI
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Back Ground of the Study

Agriculture is one of the earliest primary economic activities that contributed enormous for the
economic success that the contemporary developed world realized. It is rare to mention a strong
economy of the contemporary world that did not exploit the good virtue of agriculture at least at
its pre-takeoff stage of development. Agriculture is an economic sector which is considered by
so many economists as “hen of golden eggs”. It is primary economic activity which constitutes
both cultivation of crops and rising of livestock for own consumption and for commercial
purpose (Ayele, 2006). Agriculture contributes substantial share to the GDP of many low income
countries. It is often the leading sector of the economy as a source of income, employment and
foreign exchange. In Africa agriculture is a strong option for spurring growth overcoming
poverty and enhancing food security through the introduction and use of agricultural
technologies by distributing organic fertilizer (formerly Mo FED 2010). In Ethiopia, agriculture
is the largest economic sectors that employs more than 84 percent and contributes 45 percent of
the gross domestic product and almost 90 percent of goods export. However, its productivity is
very low. Ethiopia also faces several food shortages within the past decades one major reason
for poor agricultural productivity is the lowest rate of adoption of imposed agricultural
production technologies (CSA, 2015). Ethiopia, the country which use organizes fertilizer,
started strives for Agricultural productivity during the imperial period. It was airing this period
that government started to adopt different technological input such as fertilizer, pesticides and
herbicides to enhance Agricultural productivity (Befekadu, 2010). Ethiopia also adopted
agricultural transformation agency one of the mandates of Ethiopian agricultural transformation
agency is to build capacity in Ethiopia by introducing new technologies to farmer. Using updated
techniques by providing them with the knowledge needed to increase their crop yields (Flicker,
2016). The economic growth strategy formulated by Ethiopian government, the second growth
and transformation plan places very high priority on increasing agricultural productivity to
achieve food security and poverty alleviation. The core goal of this strategy is to increase
agricultural productivity through the use of improved agricultural technologies among farmers
(Teresa, and Heidhuess, 2012).

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 1.2. Statement of the Problem
Economic theories scores that, technical change in a corner stone to increase agricultural
productivity leads to finding the self-sufficiently and food security. The rapid population growth
and the consequent scarcity of reliable land accompanied by the declining of soil fertility
purchase and consumption, but the consumption per hectares for bellow the recommended rate.

Traditionally, the managed agriculture is the main source of food and income for small holder
which results in food insecure household in South Wollo zone, Ethiopia to improve the
productivity and production of the traditional agriculture, the adoption of fertilizer that is
technological intervention has been introduced and do successful promoted and distributed
among small holder farmer in Dessie zuria woreda. This may be due to low utilization of
fertilizer that increases agricultural productivity. The previous studies are not give attention for
climate, type of crop and access to irrigation for yield response of fertilizer use. The researcher
tries to fill this research gap and to shows the role of fertilizer adoption by farmers of Dessie
Zuria woreda. Therefore, the assessment of the contribution of adopting fertilizer in the study
area is half solution for the problem of productivity and food insecurity in the study area.

The above problems initiate the researchers to focus the study on the contribution of fertilizer
adopted by farmer and to access the problem that associated with the adoption of fertilizer on
their irrigated land in Dessie zuria woreda, boru kebele.

1.3. Research Questions

1. Does fertilizer have a contribution to improve agricultural productivity or not?
2. When do they decide to use chemical fertilizer? Why?
3. What is the problem regarding the usage of fertilizer on their land?

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1.4. Objectives of the Study
1.4.1 General Objective.
The general objective of the study will to assess the contribution of adopting different
organic and chemical fertilizer in improving crop productivity by smallholder farmers.

1.4.2. Specific objectives

To assess the utilization of different fertilization.
To examine the contribution of fertilization in crop productivity.
To examine the decision of farmers about fertilizer utilization.

1.5. Significance of the Study

This study probably provides information on the contribution of fertilizer in improving crop
productivity. It also provides awareness of the farmers about the use of fertilizer to improve their
productivity. Additionally it helps the emphasis of government on the distribution of the fertilizer
for the farmer is the importance of the study on this topic

1.6. Scope of the Study

The researchers will focus on the contribution of adopting fertilizer to improve crop
productivity. Due to time and resource exist the study are limited to Dessie zuria woreda, boru
kebele.

1.7. Limitation of the study

Every activity is not free from drawbacks. During the process of conducting the study, the
researcher has faced with different problems. The main obstacle that the researcher faced are;
lack of finance, time constraint, absence of access to computer to search different sources, lack
of well organized, and reliable data from the woreda agriculture and rural development office.
Since there is lack of knowledge on the side of farmers about the research, they are not interested

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1.8. Organization of the study
The research report will be organized into five chapters. Those are, The first chapter discussed
on introduction part including background of the study, statement of the problem, research
question, significance of the study, scope of the study as well as limitation of the study and
organization of the study. The second chapter discussed about literature review of study
including the theoretical and empirical. The third chapter devoted for methodology of the study,
fourth chapter devoted about result and discussion, and the last chapter about conclusion and
recommendation of the study.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1. Definition of Agriculture
Agriculture is the science or art of purpose full lending of crop and livestock to man and in
varying degree preparation of these products for men use and their disposal. It includes grouped
interrelated activities that encompass the planting raising subsequent care and final disposition of
wide range of crops and livestock (ibid). Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating the soil,
growing and harvesting crops, and raising livestock. Agriculture is the use of science or practice
of large-scale soil cultivation. It implies the cultivation of the soil, the production and harvesting
of crops the core and breeding of livestock (Rubenstain J.M 2003). Crop farming: it is an
extensive cultivation plants to yield food, fiber to provide medical or to grow ornamental
product. It encompasses the rain fed and irrigation crop production. Subsistence farming: it is
mainly producing food crop for house hold consumption and characterized by small scale
farming, dependent on rain fall, use human and animal power rather than mechanized equipment,
utilize limited chemical fertilizer, improved seeds and other modern input. It also characterized
by high risk and uncertainty; the main motivating force in the peasants’ life may be
maximization of his family’s chances of survival and use traditional and out-date tools.

Modern or commercial crop farming: which involves large field, large quantity of modern
inputs and advanced technology, capital-intensive and market, oriented production to maximize

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financial income? Technological progress and scientific research and development play a major
role in stimulating higher level of output (ibid).

2.1.2. Agricultural Productivity

Productivity is the ratio of output or product to an input or group of inputs. Frequently used
productivity measures in agricultural sector are yield of crop per unit of land, output per animal
or output per worker. Such productivity measures may be for a specific time period. The
appropriate measures of agricultural productivity depend up on objectives of the measurements.
Core must have taken in interpreting yield per unit of land or output per worker. A compression
of crop yield across either space or time does not indicates weather the land with the highest
yield use more than one in put land to produce a crop or not. The output from a particular piece
of land will depend on what anthers in puts are used within the land (Oxfam volume II, 1995).

2.1.3. Role of Agriculture in Economic Development

Despite early emphasis on indoctrination three import substitution, a first major lesson of
pastoral experience was that there is a close connection between the rate of growth in the output
of Agricultural sector and general rate economic. The high rate of economic growth associated
with rapid expansion of Agricultural output and low rates of economy’s growth with the slow
growth of agriculture. Since agriculture forms a large part of the total domestic products and of
the exports of the developing countries. Agriculture development is important because it raises
the income of the people in the country side in addition it increase the size of the dome tie maker
for the manufacturing sector and reduces internal economic disparities between the urban
centers and the rural districts (Vicor MC.H, 1990).

2.1.4. Definition of Fertilizer

Any of large number of organic or synthetic materials including manure and nitrogen
phosphorus and potassium compounds, spread on worked together in to soil to increase its
capacity to support plant growth is called fertilizer. Fertilizer is any organic or in organic
material of natural or synthetic origin (other than limiting factor) that is added to soil to supply
one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants fertilizer (Cooke, 1972). Broadly
speaking any chemical compound made in a factory or obtained by mining which supply land
nutrients and are not residue of plant or animal life (Ibid). Conservative estimates report 30% to
50% of crop yields are attributed to natural or synthetic commercial fertilizer. European fertilizer
market is expected to growth to Yoro 15.3billion by 2018 mined in organic fertilizers have been
used for many countries, whereas chemically synthesized inorganic fertilizers were only widely

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developed during the industrial revolution. Increased understanding and use of fertilizers were
important parts of the per-industrial British agricultural revolution and the industrial green
revolution of the 20th century. In organic fertilizers use has also significantly supported global
population growth; it has been estimated that almost half the people on the earth are currently fed
as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. A fertilizer is essentially, blended moisture of one
or more organic or in organic compounds or chemicals needed by the plants for enhanced and
nourished growth. Based on these constituent components, fertilizers have been divided into
following categories. (Berhanu, 2010)

2.1.5. Economic Importance and Demand for Fertilizer

Agricultural in puts are like seed, fertilizer, pesticides improved farm tools etc Supply in line
with efficient extension services would lead to ensure enhanced production and productivity.
One of the major importance’s that have contributed to the development of an economically
successful agriculture in developing countries is improving the poor soil fertilizer for crop
production. Agricultural production can of course, be boosted by increasing inputs and / or by
introducing modern agricultural technology. That means agricultural growth based on continuous
increase in yield requires technological change (CSA, 2004).

Fertilizers traditional role as a productivity enhancing agricultural inputs is being expected as

donors and governments seek to use it as an instruments for achieving a wide range of diverse
goals (GDP growth, poverty alleviation, soil fertility replenishment, soil conservation food
security and safety net) (world bank, 2007).The introduction HYV of various crops, the
possibilities of increasing farm yield and profit with intensive use of fertilizers has become
financially feasible. That means fertilizer is one of the most critical inputs in farming. It can
bring about a rapid increase in agricultural production even in the short run, which is the dire
need of a developing country. The provision of the fertilizer is one of the essential factors, which
plays a great role in improving agricultural productivity, particularly due to the use of fertilizer.
In line with this, the use of inorganic fertilizer has also a significant effect even on the local crop
varieties in which their responses to fertilizer are generalize believed to be low(Teresa and
Heidhues,1998).

2.1.6. History of Fertilizer

Fertilizer was first introduced to Ethiopia under the freedom from hunger program of the
(FAO) in the last 1960 dispute successful field demonstration on several deliberate policy
attempt to increase fertilizer use in the late 1970 and early 1980 fertilizer application level
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remained very low at a national level total import of fertilizer increased from about 3500 tons in
early 1970 to 34000 tons in 1985/6 with introduction of peasant agricultural development
program(PADEP)in 1986 increase member of farmer started using fertilizer and total imports
reached about 145000 tons have been a member of policy shift. While comparative have been
involved in fertilizer distribution in Ethiopia for a long time they become dominant from 2006
starting in 2006 competitive union provide with credit to import and distribute fertilizer. Hers
share is the market growth rapidly reaching 75% of total import (300 thousand ton) in 2007
(World Bank, 2007).

2.1.7. Contribution of Fertilizer Cereal Production

Commercial fertilizer is necessary to maintain global crop productivity in current level and
will be more crucial if yields are to be increase in many countries fertilizer in adequate an
unbalanced. Which limiters the expression of yield potential and negatively impact crop quality
even if the biotechnology industry can deliver their promise to increase crop yield through
genetics and improve nutrient uptake efficiency fertilizer is critical to avoid depletion of soil
nutrient and ensure soil quality. It’s difficult to determine exactly how much crop yield is due to
the use of commercial fertilizer because of inherent soil fertility, climate condition crop rotation
management and crop it. Some crops (e.g. legumes) are not responsive to N fertilizer and crop
differs in their nutrients requirement. Nevertheless meaningful estimates of the contribution of
commercial fertilizer crop yield have been made using omission trials and long term study
comparing yield of unfertilized control to yield with fertilizer. Stewart etal (2003) reviewed data
representing 362 Reasons of crop production are reported at least 30%to50% of crop yield can be
attributed to commercial fertilizer imputes (EEA, 2006).

2.1.8. Farmer Adoption Decision

Adoption is an improved parasite by a farmer is necessary based on his\her capacity to acquire
and absorb information about new technology and capacity to convert this knowledge to
parasites (Aregay, 1980). Adoption is a decision making process in which an individual goes
through a member of mental stage before making a final decision to adopt an innovation.
Decision making as the process of through which an individual pass from first knowledge of an
innovation to farming attitude toward an innovation to a decision to adopt or reject to
implementation of new idea and to confirmation of the decision (ray 2001) .

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 2.2. Empirical Literature Review
2.2.1. Yield and Fertilizers use
Byerlee (1994) states that, Fertilizer is a critical input for improving production technology
and increasing crop yield. Over the past 25 years chemical fertilizer have been the primary
means of enhancing soil fertility in small farm agriculture (Byerlee, 1994). Researcher and
policy makers widely recognize the importance of fertilizer in accelerating the growth of food
production in me SSA [Bumb 1988] Mellor Etal [1987). Give the fertilizer first functional
priority for accelerating food production in the region; they suggest that even with existing
technologies, a15% annual growth rate in fertilizer consumption in both possible and of great
potential significance. Slightly more than half of fertilizer is used on cereal, particular maize.
Although the area of the two important cereals millet and sorghum] is also large. Very little of
this area is fertilized, and when its application rate are low (Gerner and Harris 1993). General
fertilizer use has shifted from cash crop to cereals, particularly maize. Over the past 20 years
(Heisay and Mwangi, 2015).

As Abdullatef K., (2012) stated, the most effective production factors for increasing food
supply and reducing poverty are the use of HYV seeds and improved seeds along with the
applications of appropriate fertilizers. His finding shows that HYV seeds and fertilizers would
increase cereal production by 70% with appropriate extension service. He concluded that the
increase in cereal production is a consequence of the intensive use of fertilizers by the farmers
during the period. From 1980 to 1998 fertilizer use varied from about 3.2 million mT to 3.8
million mT or 0.96 annual percent increase in fertilizer use over the period under review. While
fertilizer use in Africa remained almost unchanged in the last 20 years, cereal production
increased at a high rate of 3.3 an annual rate of increase, in comparison to the previous rate of
2.8% during the previous two decided.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. Research methodology

3.1. Description of the Study area

The rural house hold of Boru kebele are reliant up on “Belg” and “Maher” seasons
depending on their agro ecological zone. Household in the dega boru kebele grow both belg and
meher crops. In a good year, the rain will begin in March and April, households will harvest in
the season of June. The meher rain will take place between July and September and the majority
of crop will be harvested in November and December. Nevertheless, boru kebele climate
condition is more concentrated on cold and wurch. The fertility of the land was considered and
classified as, fertile, average fertile and low fertile land. The size of land received by each house
hold was primarily determined by household size at that time, due to population pressure the size
of land owned by easily observe, the problem seems serious in climate zone. The study is
conducted in boru kebele which is located in the north of dessie town, in the west tossa
mountain, in the south kotaber and in the east have. The agricultural activity of boru kebele is
conduct on maize, pea, bean, teff, wheat, etc.

3.2. Data Types and Sources.

The researcher will use both primary and secondary types of data sources. Those were
primary and secondary data to identify the problem will be related to distribution practice. The
primary data will be collect through questioner by conducting both open - ended and cloth -
ended questioner for the participant and primary data based on questionnaires and interview with
the concerning employees, manager and customers of the factory. .Whereas secondary source of
data will be collect from the factory document, report and manual and other any written
document.

3.3. Method of Data Collection

For conducting of the research the researcher will be use both primary and secondary data
from various sources. The researcher collect primary source from the employees and agents.
questionnaire, include both close and open ended questionnaire.; because open ended question
should enabled respondents to expressing their idea freely and closed ended questions should and
un structuring form. The researcher also will collect secondary data from company annual report,
sales report and other material.

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 3.4. Sampling Method and Sample Size
The sampling method that the researcher will use in the study area to select the respondents
will be simple random sampling techniques. The researcher will be use simple random sampling
for it allows every an individual of the target population to have an equal chance to be include in
the respondents and for it is free from any personal bias. To minimize cost, time, as well as
unnecessary effort of the researchers, only boru kebele selected randomly based on ecological
zone.among Dessie zuria woreda kebeles the randomly selected kebele is boru with total target
population 12308. The total size of the sample was determined by using the following sample
size determination formula, (Yemane, 1967).

𝑁
n= 1+𝑁𝑒 2

Where

n= sample size

e=error terms, (0.1)

N= the total number of Households in the selected from three kebeles.

𝑁 12308
n= 1+𝑁𝑒 2 = 1+12308∗0.12 , 𝑛 = 12308 − − − − − −−→ 99.

Depend on this the researcher selected 99 respondents’ among 12308 HHS from boru
kebele.

3.5. Data Analysis methods

The method of data analysis that the researcher will be use is descriptive methods such as
tabulation, percentage of statistical tools. The data also will be analyzed by both quantitative and
qualitative methods. Questionnaire responses would take to analyze those quantitative data used
tabulation and percentage. The response of the employees for interview will treat as a qualitative
analysis by using paragraphs.

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 3.6. Work plan and budget /logistics
3.6.1. Work plan
This study will be conducted within total of six months from the month of November title
submission and selection , thorough various advisory consultants up to the month of April
presentation of the study finding. The activities to be performed with in these six months and
their associated time are as follows for the year 2015 E.C.

No Activity November December January February March April

1 Topic selection
2 Preparation of proposal
3 Collection of useful
material
4 Data collection
5 Data analysis and
writing Final research
6 Submission of research
7 Presentation of final
research
Table-1: Research work plan

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3.6.2. Financial budgets
This part of the proposal contains different types of expenditures that will be incurred in
conducting the study. This expenditure will be covered by the researcher families. The following
table shows expenditures of the items with their associative cost.

No. Descriptions of item Amount Unit cost in Total

Birr cost in
Birr
1 Pen 5 20 100
2 Flash disk 1 350 350
3 Paper 1 450 450
4 Transportation 2 20 40
5 Print 2 120 240
6 Mobile card 4 25 100
Total 1280
Table-2: Research Financial budgets

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 Reference

1. Assefa Admassie (2012), A study of the factors affect the use of agricultural credit
among peasant farmers in Ethiopia: The case of two districts, M.SC this is , Addis
Ababa university, June
2. Befekadu, D. & Dr. Berhanu, N., 2010. Annual report on the Ethiopian economy. Vol I.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Binswanger, H.P and Brawn, J.V.1991, technological change and communication in
Agriculture. The World Bank research observer.
4. Bye lee and Plank 1994, Stepwise adoption of technology, American journal of
Agricultural economics
5. CSA (central statistical agency), 2015 .Agricultural sample survey report on area under
cultivation, yield and production of the major crop, Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.
6. EEA, 2006, share of farming in total agricultural area
7. Endale, K. 2011. Fertilizer consumption and agricultural pr objectivity in Ethiopia.
8. EDRI working paper 003. Addis Ababa Ethiopia development research institute.
9. Gerner, 1993. Fertilizer demand of sub Saharan Africa.
10. Hayami, 1964. Agricultural productivity, American economics
11. Kefyalew Endale, Ethiopia development research institutions Addis Ababa Ethiopia
12. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (2010)
13. Mohammed, 1994. Performance of agricultural production
14. Rubenstein, J.M, 2003. Cultural land escape. 2nd ed. Columbus; Merrill publishing
company.
15. Stewart, 2003, sustainable agriculture and strengthening rural development policy
16. Teresa. & Heidhuess, 2012, Distribution and determinant of fertilizer adoption: Ethiopian
small holder farmers.
17. Vicor, MC. H., 1990. Commercial fertilizer and crop production .vol III. London: UK.
18. World Bank, 1989 agricultural sector review report
19. World Bank, 2007.agricultural development report
20. Yemane, W.G., 1967. Sampling techniques. 2nded. New York: John Wiley and sons, Inc.

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