1.

describe the phases of meiosis and meiotic in detail and explain the connection between
chromosomal behavior in meiosis and mendelian segregation, independent assortment and linkage?

What is mitosis?
 is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically
identical to itself


Phases of mitosis

1. Prophase
 During prophase, the spindle also begins to form as the two pairs of centrioles move to
opposite poles and microtubules begin to polymerize from the duplicated centrosomes.
2. Prometaphase

 begins with the abrupt fragmentation of the nuclear envelope into many small vesicles
that will eventually be divided between the future daughter cells. 

 The breakdown of the nuclear membrane is an essential step for spindle

assembly. Because the centrosomes are located outside the nucleus in animal
cells, the microtubules of the developing spindle do not have access to the
chromosomes until the nuclear membrane breaks apart.

3. Metaphase

 chromosomes assume their most compacted state during metaphase, 

 when the centromeres of all the cell's chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle . 

 Metaphase is particularly useful in cytogenetics, because chromosomes can be most easily

visualized at this stage

 visualized at this stage

4. Anaphase
The progression of cells from metaphase into anaphase is marked by the abrupt separation of sister
chromatids. 

A major reason for chromatid separation is the precipitous degradation of the cohesin molecules joining
the sister chromatids by the protease separase (
During the first part of anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten, and the chromosomes move
toward the spindle pole

During the second part of anaphase, the spindle poles separate as the non-kinetochore microtubules
move past each other.

4. Telophase and Cytokinesis

Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage at which the chromosomes reach the poles. 

The nuclear membrane then reforms, and the chromosomes begin to decondense into their interphase
conformations

Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

The daughter cells that result from this process have identical genetic compositions.

Phases of meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent
cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and
sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

Since cell division occurs twice during meiosis, one starting cell can produce four
gametes (eggs or sperm). In each round of division, cells go through four stages:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

1. Meiosis I
Before entering meiosis I, a cell must first go through interphase. As in mitosis, the cell
grows during G_11start subscript, 1, end subscript phase, copies all of its chromosomes
during S phase, and prepares for division during G _22start subscript, 2, end
subscript phase.

Meiosis II
 Meiosis II is a shorter and simpler process than meiosis I, and
you may find it helpful to think of meiosis II as “mitosis for haploid
cells."
2..Explain difference and similarity among food chain and food web?

Food webs describe the relationships — links or connections — among species in an ecosystem, but the
relationships vary in their importance to energy flow and dynamics of species populations.

A food chain refers to the order of events in an ecosystem, where one living organism eats another organism, and later that
organism is consumed by another larger organism. The flow of nutrients and energy from one organism to another at different
trophic levels forms a food chain.

The food chain also explains the feeding pattern or relationship between living organisms.

Difference Between Food Chain And Food Web

Food Chain Food Web

A linear pathway showing the flow of energy A multitude of networks showing the flow of
energy

An organism of higher level trophic feeds on a An organism of higher trophic level has access to
specific organism of lower trophic level more members of a lower trophic level.

Has no effect on the adaptability and Has a role in improving the adaptability and
competitiveness of organisms. competitiveness of an organism.

Similarity of food chain and web

Both the food chain and the food web are ways to visualize the “what-eats-what”
interactions in a certain biome”

The food web is really just a complex structure that consists of many interconnected
food chains

Both have lines connecting different species, where the species at one end of the line is
the hunter, while the species on the other end of the line is the prey.

The food web is among the most accurate ways of representing the structure of what eats what
in a certain biome. The food chain is a linear segment of a food web, representing only some of
the possible interactions. Still, they both represent the same interactions, connecting different
species based on who takes the role of the hunter and who takes the role of the prey. These
roles can change when taking into account different species, and both the food chain and the
food web represent that