An 

overhead projector (often abbreviated to OHP), like a film or slide projector, uses light
to project an enlarged image on a screen, allowing the view of a small document or picture to be
shared with a large audience.
In the overhead projector, the source of the image is a page-sized sheet of transparent plastic film
(also known as "foils" or "transparencies") with the image to be projected either printed or hand-
written/drawn. These are placed on the glass platen of the projector, which has a light source below
it and a projecting mirror and lens assembly above it (hence, "overhead"). They were widely used in
education and business before the advent of video projectors.
An overhead projector works on the same principle as a slide projector, in which a focusing lens
projects light from an illuminated slide onto a projection screen where a real image is formed.
However some differences are necessitated by the much larger size of the transparencies used
(generally the size of a printed page), and the requirement that the transparency be placed face up
(and readable to the presenter). For the latter purpose, the projector includes a mirror just before or
after the focusing lens to fold the optical system toward the horizontal. That mirror also accomplishes
a reversal of the image in order that the image projected onto the screen corresponds to that of the
slide as seen by the presenter looking down at it, rather than a mirror image thereof. Therefore, the
transparency is placed face up (toward the mirror and focusing lens), in contrast with a 35mm slide
projector or film projector (which lack such a mirror) where the slide's image is non-reversed on the
side opposite the focusing lens.
A related invention for enlarging transparent images is the solar camera, but a similar purpose for
opaque materials is served by the epidiascope.
Overhead projectors normally include a manual focusing mechanism which raises and lowers the
position of the focusing lens (including the folding mirror) in order to adjust the object distance
(optical distance between the slide and the lens) to focus at the chosen image distance (distance to
the projection screen) given the fixed focal length of the focusing lens. This permits a range of
projection distances.
Increasing (or decreasing) the projection distance increases (or decreases) the focusing
system's ma+gnification in order to fit the projection screen in use (or sometimes just to
accommodate the room setup). Increasing the projection distance also means that the same amount
of light is spread over a larger screen, resulting in a dimmer image. With a change in the projection
distance, the focusing must be readjusted for a sharp image. However, the condensing optics
(Fresnel lens) is optimized for one particular vertical position of the lens, corresponding to one
projection distance. Therefore, when it is focused for a greatly different projection distance, part of
the light cone projected by the Fresnel lens towards the focusing lens misses that lens. This has the
greatest effect towards the outer edges of the projected image, so that one typically sees either blue
or brown fringing at the edge of the screen when the focus is towards an extreme. Using the
projector near its recommended projection distance allows a focusing position where this is avoided
and the intensity across the screen is approximately uniform.

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Micro-teaching is a teacher training and faculty development technique whereby

the teacher reviews a recording of a teaching session, in order to get constructive feedback from
peers and/or students about what has worked and what improvements can be made to their
teaching technique. Micro-teaching was invented in 1963 at Stanford University by Dwight W. Allen,
and has subsequently been used to develop educators in all forms of education.
In the original process, a teacher was asked to prepare a short lesson (usually 20 minutes) for a
small group of learners who may not have been his/her own students. This was then recorded on
video. After the lesson, the teacher, teaching colleagues, a master teacher and the students together
viewed the videotape and commented on what they saw happening, referencing the teacher's
teaching objectives. Watching the video and getting comments from colleagues and students
provide teachers with an often intense "under the microscope" view of their teaching.
A review of the evidence for micro-teaching, undertaken by John Hattie as part of his Visible
Learning project, found it was the 6th most effective method for improving student outcomes.[1]
Microteaching is a technique aiming to prepare teacher candidates to the real classroom
setting (Brent & Thomson, 1996). Microteaching can also defined as a teaching technique
especially used in teachers’ pre-service education to train them systematically by allowing
them to experiment main teacher behaviors. By the help of this technique, teacher candidates
can experiment and learn each of the teaching skills by breaking them into smaller parts and
without encountering chaotic environment of the crowded classes. While instilling teaching
skills in students during microteaching, reciprocal negotiation of the students actively
presenting and watching about the performances can make great contribution to the
acquisition of the skills (Taşdemir, 2006). Wilkinson (1996), emphasizes that teacher
candidates can experience real teaching and teaching rules with the help of this method. This
method offers teachers opportunities for discovering and reflecting on both their own and
others’ teaching styles and enables them to learn about new teaching techniques (Wahba,
1999). Pre-service teacher can benefit to a great extent from microteaching applications.
Firstly, they reveal teaching facts; and roles of the teacher (Amobi, 2005; Hawkey, 1995;
Kpanja, 2001; Wilkinson, 1996); help pre-service teachers to see the importance of planning
and taking decisions (Gess-Newsome & Lederman, 1990); enable them to develop and

ADVANTAGES
improve their teaching skills (Benton-K

AND DISADVANTAGES OF
MICRO TEACHING
Like two sides of a coin, there are both advantages and disadvantages of
micro-teaching.

ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-
TEACHING
Micro-teaching helps student-teachers practice their skills with a small group
of students before teaching a bigger group. It focuses on sharpening and
developing specific teaching skills and eliminating errors. This helps them
build confidence and be prepared for a variety of classroom scenarios.
Through the micro-teaching cycle, aspiring teachers can get instant feedback,
which they can apply in the next round of teaching. This helps in
strengthening not only their skills but also their teaching methods, and modify
and improve their classroom behavior in the desired direction. It improves
their self-confidence and gives them an opportunity for self-evaluation.
There are many benefits of micro-teaching: 
1. Practice elasticity: Micro-teaching aids in the development of a variety of
abilities in both trainees and current teaching personnel. It aids in the
development of a teacher’s handling abilities.
2. Personality enhancer: Micro-teaching is also a confidence
booster. Micro-teaching entails a variety of activities and practices that
increase a teacher’s confidence significantly.
3. Cost-effective: Among other advantages of micro-teaching, it is cost-
effective. Teachers can practice in the classroom or at any other
location.
4. Focus on learning: The micro-teaching method is limited to three-four
students at a time. As a result, you will be able to gain more teaching
experience. It also reduces the likelihood of errors.
5. Positive attitude: Having a positive attitude helps you achieve better
results. As a result, one of the goals of this program is to help trainees
develop a positive attitude toward criticism. This is an
important advantage of micro-teaching. 
6. Encourages systematic lesson preparation: One of the skills that a
teacher must acquire is lesson planning. Within a specific curriculum, a
micro-teaching program assists the trainee in developing methodical
lesson plans. 
These were some of the advantages of micro-teaching.

DISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-
TEACHING
Micro-teaching comes with its drawbacks. If not planned right, it can convey
unrelated concepts. The techniques applied in the micro-teaching sessions
may fail in some situations while handling a large group of students. The
training program overall is said to be time-consuming because of the multiple
cycles being repeated. In some cases, micro-teaching can reduce the
creativity of the teacher. While micro-teaching helps in mastering some skills,
it can’t be used for all teaching skills: Only basic skills such as questioning
and explaining can be developed. 
The disadvantages of micro-teaching include: 
  The training program is time-consuming and can be costly at times.
 Personalized learning isn’t emphasized in this skill. 
 The curriculum usually focuses on teacher development and
occasionally overlooks students’ social-emotional development.

IMPORTANCE OF MICRO-
TEACHING
Micro-teaching is a versatile teaching technique. It has been used in various
fields such as life science, business, psychology and many more. It focuses
on ‘how to teach’. Furthermore, it emphasizes practicing teaching under
controlled conditions with specific teaching behaviors. 
Every teacher would agree that micro-teaching is critical to their professional
growth since it helps them develop their knowledge, a
upper, 2001). An overhead projector enables you to present individual, static transparencies that
contain business information and statistics. If you're accustomed to sharing movies, sound files
and illustrated documents from your notebook computer through a digital projector, stepping back
to older technology may prove challenging. In a pinch, an overhead projector can help you get
your message across, but the technology shows its age and its limiting disadvantages.

Transparencies
Whether you print, copy or handwrite on individual sheets of transparency film to convey your
message, you'll quickly discover that the cost of these plastic sheets adds up to more than pocket
change. Although you can reuse them to make the same presentation to a different audience,
transparencies eventually begin to show their age. Printed material can flake off, and the plastic
itself can scratch and dull over time.

Heat and Noise

An overhead projector uses a bright lamp to push its message from the illuminated transparency
onto a mirror and then onto a projection screen. Like any incandescent bulb, the lamp generates
byproduct heat while the device operates -- a significant enough amount of heat to require a noisy
fan to dissipate it. You'll need to source lamps from an office-supply store or website, as they're
not a garden-variety off-the-shelf item you can pick up where you buy regular light bulbs.

Bulky, Heavy Equipment

Picking up an overhead projector qualifies as weightlifting. With most of its bulk in the bottom of
the projector, along with the lamp and fan, topped by a long neck with a mirror assembly on the
end of it, it's difficult to carry for more than a short distance. Where they're moved from room to
room, you'll often see them on wheeled carts that double as projection platforms.

Projection Surface
 Finding enough room for an overhead projector can be a challenge, especially in small rooms or
facilities with hard-to-move furniture. In classroom-style setups in which these projectors see
frequent use, one desk may become a permanent projection stand. If the equipment rolls in on a
wheeled cart, you may be forced to move furniture to make room for it. Plan ahead by checking
out the space in which you'll be presenting.

Subject-Matter Limitations
Unlike today's digital generation of projection hardware, overhead projectors only display what you
place or write on their platforms, and only if you put your message on transparency film. That
forces you to prepare your message in advance, or write it out longhand with a grease pencil. If
you want to present audio or video with your slides, you'll need a separate player to add
multimedia to your message.

REFERENCES

WRITER BIO

IMAGE CREDIT

More Articles

 How to Keep Slides From Jamming in a Projector

 How to Change the Bulb in Sawyer Slide Projectors

 Overhead Projector vs. Projector

 How to Hook Up a Rear Projection Screen

More From AZCentral

Supine Exercises

HPV Symptoms on the Skin

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by Taboola

Opaque Projector Vs. Overhead Projector

by Elizabeth Mott

In an age of digital projectors that visualize files from computer to screen, opaque and overhead
projectors see far less use in classrooms and offices than they did in decades past. You may find
their lower-tech approach to the job of projection useful, however, especially by comparison to the
data hookups and expensive lamps that their digital cousins require. Which of the two device types
suits your business needs depends on the kinds of materials you want to project.

Opaque Projector
The opaque projector takes its name from the types of materials it projects: bound or unbound
printed materials or other reflective objects. As its cost and construction quality rise, the opaque
projector offers greater fidelity in its ability to reproduce fine details accurately and clearly. The
technology uses a very bright light source to illuminate projected material, and a system of lenses
and mirrors to display it on a wall or screen, usually at a much-enlarged size. These projectors can
include adjustments to change the scale at which your source material projects.

Overhead Projector
The overhead projector works with transmissive, or transparent, objects, such as sheets of plastic
film, on which you print or write messages, artwork or other source material. A bright light shines
through the transparent substrate and onto a mirror, which reflects the image through a lens and
onto a flat surface. Overhead projectors enable you to write in real time on a transparency that's
placed on the machine, sharing what you write with an audience. Although the technology requires
electricity and a projection surface, it offers the advantage of enabling you to write or draw
comfortably on a flat surface, compared to the awkward writing position required for traditional
whiteboards or lecture-hall chalkboards.

Applications
Opaque projectors form a mainstay of the muralist's toolset. An artist who creates large-scale
drawings at a smaller size on a traditional drawing medium uses an opaque projector to enlarge
the work on a surface for retracing. In meetings and lectures, a presenter can share a page from a
book without copying or reproducing it. By contrast, the transparent media required for overhead

to computer-printed
transparencies made from digital files.

Considerations
Both opaque and overhead projectors use light sources bright enough to generate considerable
byproduct heat. If you're projecting materials that suffer from heat exposure, or you must leave
transparent materials on a running overhead projector for long periods of time, exercise care to
avoid damaging your equipment or your sources. Because these projectors only work with one
type of material -- reflective or transmissive -- you'll need one of each if your workflow requires
projection of opaque as well as transparent sources. Although opaque projectors can display on a
wide range of surfaces, overhead projectors work best when their output displays on a traditional
screen, which means acquiring and caring for an additional piece of equipment, along with its
stand oAn overhead projector enables you to present individual, static transparencies that contain
business information and statistics. If you're accustomed to sharing movies, sound files and
illustrated documents from your notebook computer through a digital projector, stepping back to
older technology may prove challenging. In a pinch, an overhead projector can help you get your
message across, but the technology shows its age and its limiting disadvantages.

Transparencies
Whether you print, copy or handwrite on individual sheets of transparency film to convey your
message, you'll quickly discover that the cost of these plastic sheets adds up to more than pocket
change. Although you can reuse them to make the same presentation to a different audience,
transparencies eventually begin to show their age. Printed material can flake off, and the plastic
itself can scratch and dull over time.

Heat and Noise

An overhead projector uses a bright lamp to push its message from the illuminated transparency
onto a mirror and then onto a projection screen. Like any incandescent bulb, the lamp generates
byproduct heat while the device operates -- a significant enough amount of heat to require a noisy
fan to dissipate it. You'll need to source lamps from an office-supply store or website, as they're
not a garden-variety off-the-shelf item you can pick up where you buy regular light bulbs.

Bulky, Heavy Equipment

Picking up an overhead projector qualifies as weightlifting. With most of its bulk in the bottom of
the projector, along with the lamp and fan, topped by a long neck with a mirror assembly on the
end of it, it's difficult to carry for more than a short distance. Where they're moved from room to
room, you'll often see them on wheeled carts that double as projection platforms.

Projection Surface
Finding enough room for an overhead projector can be a challenge, especially in small rooms or
facilities with hard-to-move furniture. In classroom-style setups in which these projectors see
frequent use, one desk may become a permanent projection stand. If the equipment rolls in on a
wheeled cart, you may be forced to move furniture to make room for it. Plan ahead by checking
out the space in which you'll be presenting.

Subject-Matter Limitations
 Unlike today's digital generation of projection hardware, overhead projectors only display what you
place or write on their platforms, and only if you put your message on transparency film. That
forces you to prepare your message in advance, or write it out longhand with a grease pencil. If
you want to present audio or video with your slides, you'll need a separate player to add
multimedia to your message.

REFERENCES

WRITER BIO

IMAGE CREDIT

More Articles

 How to Keep Slides From Jamming in a Projector

 How to Change the Bulb in Sawyer Slide Projectors

 Overhead Projector vs. Projector

 How to Hook Up a Rear Projection Screen

More From AZCentral

Supine Exercises

HPV Symptoms on the Skin

How to Visit Topsail Island, North Carolina

The Best Places to Live with Low Humidity

by Taboola

Opaque Projector Vs. Overhead Projector

by Elizabeth Mott
In an age of digital projectors that visualize files from computer to screen, opaque and overhead
projectors see far less use in classrooms and offices than they did in decades past. You may find
their lower-tech approach to the job of projection useful, however, especially by comparison to the
data hookups and expensive lamps that their digital cousins require. Which of the two device types
suits your business needs depends on the kinds of materials you want to project.

Opaque Projector
The opaque projector takes its name from the types of materials it projects: bound or unbound
printed materials or other reflective objects. As its cost and construction quality rise, the opaque
projector offers greater fidelity in its ability to reproduce fine details accurately and clearly. The
technology uses a very bright light source to illuminate projected material, and a system of lenses
and mirrors to display it on a wall or screen, usually at a much-enlarged size. These projectors can
include adjustments to change the scale at which your source material projects.
Overhead Projector
The overhead projector works with transmissive, or transparent, objects, such as sheets of plastic
film, on which you print or write messages, artwork or other source material. A bright light shines
through the transparent substrate and onto a mirror, which reflects the image through a lens and
onto a flat surface. Overhead projectors enable you to write in real time on a transparency that's
placed on the machine, sharing what you write with an audience. Although the technology requires
electricity and a projection surface, it offers the advantage of enabling you to write or draw
comfortably on a flat surface, compared to the awkward writing position required for traditional
whiteboards or lecture-hall chalkboards.

Applications
Opaque projectors form a mainstay of the muralist's toolset. An artist who creates large-scale
drawings at a smaller size on a traditional drawing medium uses an opaque projector to enlarge
the work on a surface for retracing. In meetings and lectures, a presenter can share a page from a
book without copying or reproducing it. By contrast, the transparent media required for overhead
projection lend themselves to handwriting with wax pencils or liquid-ink markers, or, more recently,
to computer-printed transparencies made from digital files.

Considerations
Both opaque and overhead projectors use light sources bright enough to generate considerable
byproduct heat. If you're projecting materials that suffer from heat exposure, or you must leave
transparent materials on a running overhead projector for long periods of time, exercise care to
avoid damaging your equipment or your sources. Because these projectors only work with one
type of material -- reflective or transmissive -- you'll need one of each if your workflow requires
projection of opaque as well as transparent sources. Although opaque projectors can display on a
wide range of surfaces, overhead projectors work best when their output displays on a traditional
screen, which means acquiring and caring for an additional piece of equipment, along with its
stand or wall-mounting hardware.

r wall-mounting hardware.